1
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The scaling law of cluster sizes revisited: clusters formed via coexpansion of a molecular and a rare gas species. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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2
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Bacellar C, Chatterley AS, Lackner F, Pemmaraju CD, Tanyag RMP, Verma D, Bernando C, O'Connell SMO, Bucher M, Ferguson KR, Gorkhover T, Coffee RN, Coslovich G, Ray D, Osipov T, Neumark DM, Bostedt C, Vilesov AF, Gessner O. Anisotropic Surface Broadening and Core Depletion during the Evolution of a Strong-Field Induced Nanoplasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:073201. [PMID: 36018694 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.073201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong-field ionization of nanoscale clusters provides excellent opportunities to study the complex correlated electronic and nuclear dynamics of near-solid density plasmas. Yet, monitoring ultrafast, nanoscopic dynamics in real-time is challenging, which often complicates a direct comparison between theory and experiment. Here, near-infrared laser-induced plasma dynamics in ∼600 nm diameter helium droplets are studied by femtosecond time-resolved x-ray coherent diffractive imaging. An anisotropic, ∼20 nm wide surface region, defined as the range where the density lies between 10% and 90% of the core value, is established within ∼100 fs, in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions. At longer timescales, however, the width of this region remains largely constant while the radius of the dense plasma core shrinks at average rates of ≈71 nm/ps along and ≈33 nm/ps perpendicular to the laser polarization. These dynamics are not captured by previous plasma expansion models. The observations are phenomenologically described within a numerical simulation; details of the underlying physics, however, remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Bacellar
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Adam S Chatterley
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Florian Lackner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C D Pemmaraju
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rico Mayro P Tanyag
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Deepak Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Charles Bernando
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Sean M O O'Connell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Maximilian Bucher
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue B109, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Ken R Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ryan N Coffee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Giacomo Coslovich
- Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dipanwita Ray
- Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Timur Osipov
- Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue B109, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Andrey F Vilesov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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3
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Wȩgrzyński Ł, Fok T, Szczurek M, Bartnik A, Wachulak P, Janulewicz KA, Kim CM. An Abundance of Extremely Large Clusters as a Target for Intense Laser-Matter Interaction. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Tanyag RMP, Bacellar C, Pang W, Bernando C, Gomez LF, Jones CF, Ferguson KR, Kwok J, Anielski D, Belkacem A, Boll R, Bozek J, Carron S, Chen G, Delmas T, Englert L, Epp SW, Erk B, Foucar L, Hartmann R, Hexemer A, Huth M, Leone SR, Ma JH, Marchesini S, Neumark DM, Poon BK, Prell J, Rolles D, Rudek B, Rudenko A, Seifrid M, Swiggers M, Ullrich J, Weise F, Zwart P, Bostedt C, Gessner O, Vilesov AF. Sizes of pure and doped helium droplets from single shot x-ray imaging. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:041102. [PMID: 35105059 DOI: 10.1063/5.0080342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in x-ray free-electron lasers on producing ultrashort, ultrabright, and coherent x-ray pulses enable single-shot imaging of fragile nanostructures, such as superfluid helium droplets. This imaging technique gives unique access to the sizes and shapes of individual droplets. In the past, such droplet characteristics have only been indirectly inferred by ensemble averaging techniques. Here, we report on the size distributions of both pure and doped droplets collected from single-shot x-ray imaging and produced from the free-jet expansion of helium through a 5 μm diameter nozzle at 20 bars and nozzle temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 9 K. This work extends the measurement of large helium nanodroplets containing 109-1011 atoms, which are shown to follow an exponential size distribution. Additionally, we demonstrate that the size distributions of the doped droplets follow those of the pure droplets at the same stagnation condition but with smaller average sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Mayro P Tanyag
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Camila Bacellar
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Weiwu Pang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Charles Bernando
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Luis F Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Curtis F Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Ken R Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Justin Kwok
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Denis Anielski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Belkacem
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca Boll
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Bozek
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sebastian Carron
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tjark Delmas
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Englert
- Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Sascha W Epp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Huth
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan H Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stefano Marchesini
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Billy K Poon
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - James Prell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Rudek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Artem Rudenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Michele Swiggers
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Joachim Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Weise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Petrus Zwart
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrey F Vilesov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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5
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Rupp D, Flückiger L, Adolph M, Colombo A, Gorkhover T, Harmand M, Krikunova M, Müller JP, Oelze T, Ovcharenko Y, Richter M, Sauppe M, Schorb S, Treusch R, Wolter D, Bostedt C, Möller T. Imaging plasma formation in isolated nanoparticles with ultrafast resonant scattering. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:034303. [PMID: 32596413 PMCID: PMC7304997 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have recorded the diffraction patterns from individual xenon clusters irradiated with intense extreme ultraviolet pulses to investigate the influence of light-induced electronic changes on the scattering response. The clusters were irradiated with short wavelength pulses in the wavelength regime of different 4d inner-shell resonances of neutral and ionic xenon, resulting in distinctly different optical properties from areas in the clusters with lower or higher charge states. The data show the emergence of a transient structure with a spatial extension of tens of nanometers within the otherwise homogeneous sample. Simulations indicate that ionization and nanoplasma formation result in a light-induced outer shell in the cluster with a strongly altered refractive index. The presented resonant scattering approach enables imaging of ultrafast electron dynamics on their natural timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rupp
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | | | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tais Gorkhover
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tim Oelze
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria Richter
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Nishiyama T, Niozu A, Bostedt C, Ferguson KR, Sato Y, Hutchison C, Nagaya K, Fukuzawa H, Motomura K, Wada SI, Sakai T, Matsunami K, Matsuda K, Tachibana T, Ito Y, Xu W, Mondal S, Umemoto T, Nicolas C, Miron C, Kameshima T, Joti Y, Tono K, Hatsui T, Yabashi M, Ueda K. Refinement for single-nanoparticle structure determination from low-quality single-shot coherent diffraction data. IUCRJ 2020; 7:10-17. [PMID: 31949900 PMCID: PMC6949595 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519014222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of X-ray free-electron lasers, it is possible to investigate the structure of nanoscale samples by employing coherent diffractive imaging in the X-ray spectral regime. In this work, we developed a refinement method for structure reconstruction applicable to low-quality coherent diffraction data. The method is based on the gradient search method and considers the missing region of a diffraction pattern and the small number of detected photons. We introduced an initial estimate of the structure in the method to improve the convergence. The present method is applied to an experimental diffraction pattern of an Xe cluster obtained in an X-ray scattering experiment at the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA) facility. It is found that the electron density is successfully reconstructed from the diffraction pattern with a large missing region, with a good initial estimate of the structure. The diffraction pattern calculated from the reconstructed electron density reproduced the observed diffraction pattern well, including the characteristic intensity modulation in each ring. Our refinement method enables structure reconstruction from diffraction patterns under difficulties such as missing areas and low diffraction intensity, and it is potentially applicable to the structure determination of samples that have low scattering power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Akinobu Niozu
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont IL 60439, USA
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- LUXS Laboratory for Ultrafast X-ray Sciences, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ken R. Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yuhiro Sato
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Kiyonobu Nagaya
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fukuzawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Koji Motomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Wada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Physical Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakai
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsunami
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuda
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tachibana
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Weiqing Xu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Subhendu Mondal
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Umemoto
- Department of Physical Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Christophe Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Catalin Miron
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, Măgurele RO-077125, Jud.Ilfov, Romania
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Takashi Kameshima
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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7
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Multispectroscopic Study of Single Xe Clusters Using XFEL Pulses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) deliver ultrashort coherent laser pulses in the X-ray spectral regime, enabling novel investigations into the structure of individual nanoscale samples. In this work, we demonstrate how single-shot small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements combined with fluorescence and ion time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy can be used to obtain size- and structure-selective evaluation of the light-matter interaction processes on the nanoscale. We recorded the SAXS images of single xenon clusters using XFEL pulses provided by the SPring-8 Angstrom compact free-electron laser (SACLA). The XFEL fluences and the radii of the clusters at the reaction point were evaluated and the ion TOF spectra and fluorescence spectra were sorted accordingly. We found that the XFEL fluence and cluster size extracted from the diffraction patterns showed a clear correlation with the fluorescence and ion TOF spectra. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the multispectroscopic approach for exploring laser–matter interaction in the X-ray regime without the influence of the size distribution of samples and the fluence distribution of the incident XFEL pulses.
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8
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Zimmermann J, Langbehn B, Cucini R, Di Fraia M, Finetti P, LaForge AC, Nishiyama T, Ovcharenko Y, Piseri P, Plekan O, Prince KC, Stienkemeier F, Ueda K, Callegari C, Möller T, Rupp D. Deep neural networks for classifying complex features in diffraction images. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:063309. [PMID: 31330687 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.063309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intense short-wavelength pulses from free-electron lasers and high-harmonic-generation sources enable diffractive imaging of individual nanosized objects with a single x-ray laser shot. The enormous data sets with up to several million diffraction patterns present a severe problem for data analysis because of the high dimensionality of imaging data. Feature recognition and selection is a crucial step to reduce the dimensionality. Usually, custom-made algorithms are developed at a considerable effort to approximate the particular features connected to an individual specimen, but because they face different experimental conditions, these approaches do not generalize well. On the other hand, deep neural networks are the principal instrument for today's revolution in automated image recognition, a development that has not been adapted to its full potential for data analysis in science. We recently published [Langbehn et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 255301 (2018)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.121.255301] the application of a deep neural network as a feature extractor for wide-angle diffraction images of helium nanodroplets. Here we present the setup, our modifications, and the training process of the deep neural network for diffraction image classification and its systematic bench marking. We find that deep neural networks significantly outperform previous attempts for sorting and classifying complex diffraction patterns and are a significant improvement for the much-needed assistance during postprocessing of large amounts of experimental coherent diffraction imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Zimmermann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michele Di Fraia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy.,ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany.,European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Paolo Piseri
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, University degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | | | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Carlo Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy.,ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Langbehn B, Sander K, Ovcharenko Y, Peltz C, Clark A, Coreno M, Cucini R, Drabbels M, Finetti P, Di Fraia M, Giannessi L, Grazioli C, Iablonskyi D, LaForge AC, Nishiyama T, Oliver Álvarez de Lara V, Piseri P, Plekan O, Ueda K, Zimmermann J, Prince KC, Stienkemeier F, Callegari C, Fennel T, Rupp D, Möller T. Three-Dimensional Shapes of Spinning Helium Nanodroplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:255301. [PMID: 30608832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.255301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of superfluid helium nanodroplets produced in a free-jet expansion has been observed to gain high angular momentum resulting in large centrifugal deformation. We measured single-shot diffraction patterns of individual rotating helium nanodroplets up to large scattering angles using intense extreme ultraviolet light pulses from the FERMI free-electron laser. Distinct asymmetric features in the wide-angle diffraction patterns enable the unique and systematic identification of the three-dimensional droplet shapes. The analysis of a large data set allows us to follow the evolution from axisymmetric oblate to triaxial prolate and two-lobed droplets. We find that the shapes of spinning superfluid helium droplets exhibit the same stages as classical rotating droplets while the previously reported metastable, oblate shapes of quantum droplets are not observed. Our three-dimensional analysis represents a valuable landmark for clarifying the interrelation between morphology and superfluidity on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Sander
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrew Clark
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Marcel Drabbels
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Di Fraia
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Iablonskyi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Paolo Piseri
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Julian Zimmermann
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | | | - Carlo Callegari
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Gartmann TE, Hartweg S, Ban L, Chasovskikh E, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Electron scattering in large water clusters from photoelectron imaging with high harmonic radiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16364-16371. [PMID: 29872831 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-energy electron scattering in water clusters (H2O)n with average cluster sizes of n < 700 is investigated by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using high harmonic radiation at photon energies of 14.0, 20.3, and 26.5 eV for ionization from the three outermost valence orbitals. The measurements probe the evolution of the photoelectron anisotropy parameter β as a function of cluster size. A remarkably steep decrease of β with increasing cluster size is observed, which for the largest clusters reaches liquid bulk values. Detailed electron scattering calculations reveal that neither gas nor condensed phase scattering can explain the cluster data. Qualitative agreement between experiment and simulations is obtained with scattering calculations that treat cluster scattering as an intermediate case between gas and condensed phase scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gartmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Coherent diffractive imaging of single helium nanodroplets with a high harmonic generation source. Nat Commun 2017; 8:493. [PMID: 28887513 PMCID: PMC5591197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent diffractive imaging of individual free nanoparticles has opened routes for the in situ analysis of their transient structural, optical, and electronic properties. So far, single-shot single-particle diffraction was assumed to be feasible only at extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers, restricting this research field to large-scale facilities. Here we demonstrate single-shot imaging of isolated helium nanodroplets using extreme ultraviolet pulses from a femtosecond-laser-driven high harmonic source. We obtain bright wide-angle scattering patterns, that allow us to uniquely identify hitherto unresolved prolate shapes of superfluid helium droplets. Our results mark the advent of single-shot gas-phase nanoscopy with lab-based short-wavelength pulses and pave the way to ultrafast coherent diffractive imaging with phase-controlled multicolor fields and attosecond pulses. Diffraction imaging studies of free individual nanoparticles have so far been restricted to XUV and X-ray free - electron laser facilities. Here the authors demonstrate the possibility of using table-top XUV laser sources to image prolate shapes of superfluid helium droplets.
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12
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Rupp D, Flückiger L, Adolph M, Gorkhover T, Krikunova M, Müller JP, Müller M, Oelze T, Ovcharenko Y, Röben B, Sauppe M, Schorb S, Wolter D, Mitzner R, Wöstmann M, Roling S, Harmand M, Treusch R, Arbeiter M, Fennel T, Bostedt C, Möller T. Recombination-Enhanced Surface Expansion of Clusters in Intense Soft X-Ray Laser Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:153401. [PMID: 27768378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the nanoplasma formation and explosion dynamics of single large xenon clusters in ultrashort, intense x-ray free-electron laser pulses via ion spectroscopy. The simultaneous measurement of single-shot diffraction images enabled a single-cluster analysis that is free from any averaging over the cluster size and laser intensity distributions. The measured charge state-resolved ion energy spectra show narrow distributions with peak positions that scale linearly with final ion charge state. These two distinct signatures are attributed to highly efficient recombination that eventually leads to the dominant formation of neutral atoms in the cluster. The measured mean ion energies exceed the value expected without recombination by more than an order of magnitude, indicating that the energy release resulting from electron-ion recombination constitutes a previously unnoticed nanoplasma heating process. This conclusion is supported by results from semiclassical molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rupp
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Maria Krikunova
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Philippe Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Oelze
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Röben
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - David Wolter
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wöstmann
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Roling
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Treusch
- FLASH, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Kirian RA, Awel S, Eckerskorn N, Fleckenstein H, Wiedorn M, Adriano L, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Bean R, Beyerlein KR, Chavas LMG, Domaracky M, Heymann M, Horke DA, Knoska J, Metz M, Morgan A, Oberthuer D, Roth N, Sato T, Xavier PL, Yefanov O, Rode AV, Küpper J, Chapman HN. Simple convergent-nozzle aerosol injector for single-particle diffractive imaging with X-ray free-electron lasers. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2015; 2:041717. [PMID: 26798816 PMCID: PMC4711644 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in high-resolution x-ray free-electron laser-based coherent diffractive imaging is the development of aerosol injectors that can efficiently deliver particles to the peak intensity of the focused X-ray beam. Here, we consider the use of a simple convergent-orifice nozzle for producing tightly focused beams of particles. Through optical imaging we show that 0.5 μm particles can be focused to a full-width at half maximum diameter of 4.2 μm, and we demonstrate the use of such a nozzle for injecting viruses into a micro-focused soft-X-ray FEL beam.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N Eckerskorn
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - H Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - L Adriano
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Barthelmess
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Bean
- European XFEL GmbH , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K R Beyerlein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L M G Chavas
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - M Heymann
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D A Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - A Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Oberthuer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Roth
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Sato
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - O Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A V Rode
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
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14
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Barke I, Hartmann H, Rupp D, Flückiger L, Sauppe M, Adolph M, Schorb S, Bostedt C, Treusch R, Peltz C, Bartling S, Fennel T, Meiwes-Broer KH, Möller T. The 3D-architecture of individual free silver nanoparticles captured by X-ray scattering. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6187. [PMID: 25650004 PMCID: PMC4347053 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of nanoparticle shapes generated by condensation from gaseous matter reflects the fundamental competition between thermodynamic equilibration and the persistence of metastable configurations during growth. In the kinetically limited regime, intermediate geometries that are favoured only in early formation stages can be imprinted in the finally observed ensemble of differently structured specimens. Here we demonstrate that single-shot wide-angle scattering of femtosecond soft X-ray free-electron laser pulses allows three-dimensional characterization of the resulting metastable nanoparticle structures. For individual free silver particles, which can be considered frozen in space for the duration of photon exposure, both shape and orientation are uncovered from measured scattering images. We identify regular shapes, including species with fivefold symmetry and surprisingly large aspect ratio up to particle radii of the order of 100 nm. Our approach includes scattering effects beyond Born’s approximation and is remarkably efficient—opening up new routes in ultrafast nanophysics and free-electron laser science. The occurrence of thermodynamically metastable nanoparticles determines the particle growth in nature, but capturing them is experimentally challenging. Barke et al. identify the three-dimensional shape of metastable silver nanoparticles in gas phase, characterized by X-ray free-electron laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Barke
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hannes Hartmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- 1] IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany [2] Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- 1] Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] PULSE Institute, Stanford University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Rolf Treusch
- FLASH, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Bang W, Quevedo HJ, Bernstein AC, Dyer G, Ihn YS, Cortez J, Aymond F, Gaul E, Donovan ME, Barbui M, Bonasera A, Natowitz JB, Albright BJ, Fernández JC, Ditmire T. Characterization of deuterium clusters mixed with helium gas for an application in beam-target-fusion experiments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:063109. [PMID: 25615207 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.063109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured the average deuterium cluster size within a mixture of deuterium clusters and helium gas by detecting Rayleigh scattering signals. The average cluster size from the gas mixture was comparable to that from a pure deuterium gas when the total backing pressure and temperature of the gas mixture were the same as those of the pure deuterium gas. According to these measurements, the average size of deuterium clusters depends on the total pressure and not the partial pressure of deuterium in the gas mixture. To characterize the cluster source size further, a Faraday cup was used to measure the average kinetic energy of the ions resulting from Coulomb explosion of deuterium clusters upon irradiation by an intense ultrashort pulse. The deuterium ions indeed acquired a similar amount of energy from the mixture target, corroborating our measurements of the average cluster size. As the addition of helium atoms did not reduce the resulting ion kinetic energies, the reported results confirm the utility of using a known cluster source for beam-target-fusion experiments by introducing a secondary target gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - H J Quevedo
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - A C Bernstein
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - G Dyer
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Y S Ihn
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - J Cortez
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - F Aymond
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - E Gaul
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - M E Donovan
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - M Barbui
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - A Bonasera
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA and LNS-INFN, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - J B Natowitz
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - B J Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - J C Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - T Ditmire
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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