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Drewitt JWE, Emmens B, Kong ZH, Drinkwater BW, Barnes AC. MightyLev: An acoustic levitator for high-temperature containerless processing of medium- to high-density materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:103903. [PMID: 39382392 DOI: 10.1063/5.0221899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
"MightyLev," a new multi-emitter ultrasonic acoustic levitation device capable of extremely stable levitation of materials of density up to at least 11.3 g cm-3, is described. The exceptional stability of medium- to high-density samples levitated in MightyLev makes the device highly suitable for chemical and structural analysis using micro-focused spectroscopic and x-ray scattering techniques. In combination with mid-infrared laser heating, MightyLev is capable of levitating metallic and oxide materials during high-temperature cycling and melting above 1500 K. Instabilities in particle confinement during heating were investigated by directly visualizing the acoustic field using schlieren imaging. The results reveal jets of hot-air directed along the anti-nodes of the acoustic field. The reaction force on the sample from the jet, coupled with the restoring force of the acoustic trap, generates a parametric lateral oscillation of the sample. This result provides valuable insight for future optimization and wider application of acoustic levitation for high-temperature containerless material processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W E Drewitt
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, H H Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby Emmens
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, H H Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Zhe-Hui Kong
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, H H Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce W Drinkwater
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Barnes
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, H H Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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2
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Turner TD, O’Shaughnessy C, He X, Levenstein MA, Hunter L, Wojciechowski J, Bristowe H, Stone R, Wilson CC, Florence A, Robertson K, Kapur N, Meldrum FC. Flow-Xl: a new facility for the analysis of crystallization in flow systems. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:1299-1310. [PMID: 39387089 PMCID: PMC11460381 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724006113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Characterization of crystallization processes in situ is of great importance to furthering knowledge of how nucleation and growth processes direct the assembly of organic and inorganic materials in solution and, critically, understanding the influence that these processes have on the final physico-chemical properties of the resulting solid form. With careful specification and design, as demonstrated here, it is now possible to bring combined X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, coupled to a range of fully integrated segmented and continuous flow platforms, to the laboratory environment for in situ data acquisition for timescales of the order of seconds. The facility used here (Flow-Xl) houses a diffractometer with a micro-focus Cu Kα rotating anode X-ray source and a 2D hybrid photon-counting detector, together with a Raman spectrometer with 532 and 785 nm lasers. An overview of the diffractometer and spectrometer setup is given, and current sample environments for flow crystallization are described. Commissioning experiments highlight the sensitivity of the two instruments for time-resolved in situ data collection of samples in flow. Finally, an example case study to monitor the batch crystallization of sodium sulfate from aqueous solution, by tracking both the solute and solution phase species as a function of time, highlights the applicability of such measurements in determining the kinetics associated with crystallization processes. This work illustrates that the Flow-Xl facility provides high-resolution time-resolved in situ structural phase information through diffraction data together with molecular-scale solution data through spectroscopy, which allows crystallization mechanisms and their associated kinetics to be analysed in a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Turner
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - C. O’Shaughnessy
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - X. He
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - M. A. Levenstein
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LIONS91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - L. Hunter
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - J. Wojciechowski
- Rigaku Europe SE, Hugenottenallee 167, 63263Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - H. Bristowe
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - R. Stone
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - C. C. Wilson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - A. Florence
- Centre for Continuous CrystallisationUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - K. Robertson
- Faculty of Engineering, University ParkUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2RDUnited Kingdom
| | - N. Kapur
- School of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - F. C. Meldrum
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
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3
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Muelas-Hurtado RD, Contreras V. The resonant behavior of airborne standing-wave acoustic levitators based on arrays of ultrasonic transducers. ULTRASONICS 2024; 145:107454. [PMID: 39260081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Recently airborne standing-wave acoustic levitation has seen great advances, and its applicability has been broadened due to the development of cavities constructed with arrays of compact ultrasonic sources. Yet, the numerical methods employed to study and predict the pressure distributions inside these cavities do not consider the effect of multiple reflections on the boundaries, hiding their resonant effects. This work presents an analytical, numerical, and experimental study of the effect of multiple reflections inside ultrasonic cavities based on arrays of transducers exhibiting their influence on the pressure amplitudes of focused standing waves. Our numerical results come from a modified version of the Matrix Method to numerically compute the multiple wave reflections of cavities constructed by two opposite arrays of multiple compact sources as boundaries. The correlation between numerical and experimental results reveals that intra-cavity reflections are relevant in focused axisymmetric cavities based on two arrays of multiple ultrasonic sources having a considerable impact on the amplitude of the standing waves and consequently, on the acoustic levitation performance. Thus, intra-cavity reflections must be considered for optimal cavity designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben D Muelas-Hurtado
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Victor Contreras
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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4
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Qiu L, Li X, Holden DT, Cooks RG. Reaction acceleration at the surface of a levitated droplet by vapor dosing from a partner droplet. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12277-12283. [PMID: 39118618 PMCID: PMC11304536 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03528c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical reactions in micrometer-sized droplets can be accelerated by up to six orders of magnitude. However, this acceleration factor (ratio of rate constants relative to bulk) drops to less than 10 for millimeter-sized droplets due to the reduction in surface/volume ratio. To enhance the acceleration in millimeter-sized droplets, we use a new synthesis platform that directly doses reagent vapor onto the reaction droplet surface from a second levitated droplet. Using Katritzky transamination as a model reaction, we made quantitative measurements on size-controlled vapor-dosed droplets, revealing a 31-fold increase in reaction rate constants when examining the entire droplet contents. This enhancement is attributed to a greater reaction rate constant in the droplet surface region (estimated as 105 times greater than that for the bulk). The capability for substantial reaction acceleration in large droplets highlights the potential for rapid synthesis of important chemicals at useful scales. For example, we successfully prepared 23 pyridinium salts within minutes. This efficiency positions droplets as an exceptional platform for rapid, in situ catalyst synthesis. This is illustrated by the preparation of pyridinium salts as photocatalysts and their subsequent use in mediation of amine oxidation both within the same droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Xilai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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5
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Rowland S, Aghakhani A, Whalley RD, Ferreira AM, Kotov N, Gentile P. Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticle Assembly for Biomedicine: Mechanisms, Technologies, and Advancement via Acoustofluidics. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:15874-15902. [PMID: 39086513 PMCID: PMC11287493 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The deposition of thin films plays a crucial role in surface engineering, tailoring structural modifications, and functionalization across diverse applications. Layer-by-layer self-assembly, a prominent thin-film deposition method, has witnessed substantial growth since its mid-20th-century inception, driven by the discovery of eligible materials and innovative assembly technologies. Of these materials, micro- and nanoscopic substrates have received far less interest than their macroscopic counterparts; however, this is changing. The catalogue of eligible materials, including nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymers, proteins, cells and liposomes, along with some well-established layer-by-layer technologies, have combined to unlock impactful applications in biomedicine, as well as other areas like food fortification, and water remediation. To access these fields, several well-established technologies have been used, including tangential flow filtration, fluidized bed, atomization, electrophoretic assembly, and dielectrophoresis. Despite the invention of these technologies, the field of particle layer-by-layer still requires further technological development to achieve a high-yield, automatable, and industrially ready process, a requirement for the diverse, reactionary field of biomedicine and high-throughput pharmaceutical industry. This review provides a background on layer-by-layer, focusing on how its constituent building blocks and bonding mechanisms enable unmatched versatility. The discussion then extends to established and recent technologies employed for coating micro- and nanoscopic matter, evaluating their drawbacks and advantages, and highlighting promising areas in microfluidic approaches, where one distinctly auspicious technology emerges, acoustofluidics. The review also explores the potential and demonstrated application of acoustofluidics in layer-by-layer technology, as well as analyzing existing acoustofluidic technologies beyond LbL coating in areas such as cell trapping, cell sorting, and multidimensional particle manipulation. Finally, the review concludes with future perspectives on layer-by-layer nanoparticle coating and the potential impact of integrating acoustofluidic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Rowland
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Richard D. Whalley
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Kotov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
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6
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Uddin R, Al-Jumaily AM. Ultrasonic Levitation for Airway Humidification. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4691. [PMID: 39066089 PMCID: PMC11281218 DOI: 10.3390/s24144691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study employs the transmitter part of an ultrasonic proximity sensor to generate a powerful ultrasonic field for medical humidification. This field is created using an arrangement of small ultrasonic transmitter transducers configured in an acoustic levitator-style setup. As droplets pass through this ultrasonic field, they undergo disintegration, leading to an accelerated evaporation process. The research findings highlight a significant change in droplet size distribution due to ultrasonics, resulting in a notable increase in the rate of evaporation. As a result, this study presents a conceptual framework for reimagining humidification devices for lung therapeutic purposes through the utilization of simple sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
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7
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Hao B, Wang X, Dong Y, Sun M, Xin C, Yang H, Cao Y, Zhu J, Liu X, Zhang C, Su L, Li B, Zhang L. Focused ultrasound enables selective actuation and Newton-level force output of untethered soft robots. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5197. [PMID: 38890294 PMCID: PMC11189400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Untethered miniature soft robots have significant application potentials in biomedical and industrial fields due to their space accessibility and safe human interaction. However, the lack of selective and forceful actuation is still challenging in revolutionizing and unleashing their versatility. Here, we propose a focused ultrasound-controlled phase transition strategy for achieving millimeter-level spatially selective actuation and Newton-level force of soft robots, which harnesses ultrasound-induced heating to trigger the phase transition inside the robot, enabling powerful actuation through inflation. The millimeter-level spatial resolution empowers single robot to perform multiple tasks according to specific requirements. As a concept-of-demonstration, we designed soft robot for liquid cargo delivery and biopsy robot for tissue acquisition and patching. Additionally, an autonomous control system is integrated with ultrasound imaging to enable automatic acoustic field alignment and control. The proposed method advances the spatiotemporal response capability of untethered miniature soft robots, holding promise for broadening their versatility and adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Yue Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Morphing Mechanisms and Adaptive Robotics, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Chen Xin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Haojin Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Yanfei Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Xurui Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Lin Su
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Morphing Mechanisms and Adaptive Robotics, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China.
- Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China.
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China.
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, PR China.
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8
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Alamri AM, Zhao W, Tassios S, Dai S, Alwahabi ZT. Elemental analysis of levitated solid samples by microwave-assisted laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:3433-3443. [PMID: 38721993 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00375f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A novel analysis technique of elements at ambient conditions has been developed. The technique is based on microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (MW-LIBS) applied to acoustically levitated samples. The technique has been demonstrated using three solid samples with different properties and compositions. These are ore containing multiple elements (OREAS 520), aluminium oxide (Al3O2) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). The mass of samples was 21 mg, 23 mg, and 55 mg for gypsum, mineral ore, and Al3O2, respectively. Significant signal enhancements were recorded for a variety of elements, using microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and levitation (MW-LIBS-Levitation). The signal enhancement for Mn I (403.07 nm), Al I (396.13 nm) and Ca II (393.85 nm) was determined as 123, 46, and 63 times, respectively. Moreover, it was found that MW-LIBS-Levitation minimises the self-absorption of the Ca I (422.67 nm) and Na I (588.99 nm and 589.59 nm) spectral lines. In addition to the signal enhancements, the levitation process produces a spinning motion in the solids with an angular frequency of 7 Hz. This feature benefits laser-based analysis as a fresh sample is introduced at each laser pulse, eliminating the need for the usual mechanical devices. Based on the single-shot analysis, it was found that ∼80% of the laser pulses produced successful MW-LIBS-Levitation detection, confirming an impressive repeatability of the process. This contactless analytical technique can be applied in ambient pressure and temperature conditions with high sensitivity, which can benefit disciplines such as forensics science, isotope analysis, and medical analysis, where the sample availability is often diminutive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Alamri
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Wanxia Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | | | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Zeyad T Alwahabi
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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9
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Milsom A, Squires AM, Macklin J, Wady P, Pfrang C. Acoustic levitation combined with laboratory-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to probe changes in crystallinity and molecular organisation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17519-17525. [PMID: 38818358 PMCID: PMC11138859 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Single particle levitation techniques allow us to probe samples in a contactless way, negating the effect that surfaces could have on processes such as crystallisation and phase transitions. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a common method characterising the nanoscale order in aggregates such as colloidal, crystalline and liquid crystalline systems. Here, we present a laboratory-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) setup combined with acoustic levitation. The capability of this technique is highlighted and compared with synchrotron-based levitation-SAXS and X-ray diffraction. We were able to follow the deliquescence and crystallisation of sucrose, a commonly used compound for the study of viscous atmospheric aerosols. The observed increased rate of the deliquescence-crystallisation transitions on repeated cycling could suggest the formation of a glassy sucrose phase. We also followed a reversible phase transition in an oleic acid-based lyotropic liquid crystal system under controlled humidity changes. Our results demonstrate that the coupling of acoustic levitation with an offline SAXS instrument is feasible, and that the time resolution and data quality are sufficient to draw physically meaningful conclusions. There is a wide range of potential applications including topics such as atmospheric aerosol chemistry, materials science, crystallisation and aerosol spray drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Milsom
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
| | - Adam M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath South Building, Soldier Down Ln, Claverton Down BA2 7AX Bath UK
| | - Jack Macklin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath South Building, Soldier Down Ln, Claverton Down BA2 7AX Bath UK
| | - Paul Wady
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House Harwell Science and Innovation Campus OX11 0DE Didcot UK
| | - Christian Pfrang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading Whiteknights, Earley Gate RG6 6BB Reading UK
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10
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Lim MX, VanSaders B, Jaeger HM. Acoustic manipulation of multi-body structures and dynamics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:064601. [PMID: 38670083 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad43f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Sound can exert forces on objects of any material and shape. This has made the contactless manipulation of objects by intense ultrasound a fascinating area of research with wide-ranging applications. While much is understood for acoustic forcing of individual objects, sound-mediated interactions among multiple objects at close range gives rise to a rich set of structures and dynamics that are less explored and have been emerging as a frontier for research. We introduce the basic mechanisms giving rise to sound-mediated interactions among rigid as well as deformable particles, focusing on the regime where the particles' size and spacing are much smaller than the sound wavelength. The interplay of secondary acoustic scattering, Bjerknes forces, and micro-streaming is discussed and the role of particle shape is highlighted. Furthermore, we present recent advances in characterizing non-conservative and non-pairwise additive contributions to the particle interactions, along with instabilities and active fluctuations. These excitations emerge at sufficiently strong sound energy density and can act as an effective temperature in otherwise athermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody X Lim
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Bryan VanSaders
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Heinrich M Jaeger
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
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11
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Jagadale VS, Deshmukh D, Hanstorp D, Mishra YN. Bubble dynamics and atomization of acoustically levitated diesel and biodiesel droplets using femtosecond laser pulses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8285. [PMID: 38594290 PMCID: PMC11004170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the bubble dynamics and associated breakup of individual droplets of diesel and biodiesel under the influence of femtosecond laser pulses. The bubble dynamics were examined by suspending the droplets in the air through an acoustically levitated setup. The laser pulse energies ranged from 25 to 1050 µJ, and droplet diameters varied between 0.25 and 1.5 mm. High-speed shadowgraphy was employed to examine the influence of femtosecond laser intensity and multiple laser pulses on various spatial-temporal parameters. Four distinct sequences of regimes have been identified, depending on early and late times: bubble creation by individual laser pulses, coalescence, bubble rupture and expansion, and droplet fragmentation. At all laser intensities, early-time dynamics showed only bubble generation, while specifically at higher intensities, late-time dynamics revealed droplet breaking. The droplet breakup is further categorized into three mechanisms: steady sheet collapse, unstable sheet breakup, and catastrophic breakup, all following a well-known ligament and secondary breakup process. The study reveals that laser pulses with high repetition rates and moderate laser energy were the optimal choice for precise bubble control and cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S Jagadale
- Spray and Combustion Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, MP, 453552, India
| | - Devendra Deshmukh
- Spray and Combustion Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, MP, 453552, India
| | - Dag Hanstorp
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Yogeshwar Nath Mishra
- Spray and Combustion Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, MP, 453552, India.
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
- Currently with Visual Computing Center, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Morrell MC, Lee JE, Grier DG. Spectral holographic trapping: Creating dynamic force landscapes with polyphonic waves. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:044901. [PMID: 38755870 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.044901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Acoustic trapping uses forces exerted by sound waves to transport small objects along specified trajectories in three dimensions. The structure of the time-averaged acoustic force landscape acting on an object is determined by the amplitude and phase profiles of the sound's pressure wave. These profiles typically are sculpted by deliberately selecting the amplitude and relative phase of the sound projected by each transducer in large arrays of transducers, all operating at the same carrier frequency. This approach leverages a powerful analogy with holographic optical trapping at the cost of considerable technical complexity. Acoustic force fields also can be shaped by the spectral content of the component sound waves in a manner that is not feasible with light. The same theoretical framework that predicts the time-averaged structure of monotone acoustic force landscapes can be applied to spectrally rich sound fields in the quasistatic approximation, creating opportunities for dexterous control using comparatively simple hardware. We demonstrate this approach to spectral holographic acoustic trapping by projecting acoustic conveyor beams that move millimeter-scale objects along prescribed paths. Spectral control of reflections provides yet another opportunity for controlling the structure and dynamics of an acoustic force landscape. We use this approach to realize two variations on the theme of a wave-driven oscillator, a deceptively simple dynamical system with surprisingly complex phenomenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia C Morrell
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - David G Grier
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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13
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Krushinski LE, Qiu L, Dick JE. Levitating Droplet Electroanalysis. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38316404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reactions that occur in droplets proceed much differently compared to bulk phases. For instance, many groups have studied droplets during levitation by mass spectrometry and fluorescence to gain more detailed mechanistic insight. Such droplets maximize the probability of solution species interacting with the solution-air interface, an interface that is inherently difficult to probe electrochemically. In this Technical Note, we overcome this limitation by developing a laser-pulled dual-barrel electrode. Having two microwires sealed within the same glass capillary allows one to make two-electrode measurements. We show that the electrode can be positioned within a levitating water droplet and that the voltammetry of a redox indicator (hexacyanoferrate (II/III)) can be observed in real-time. Such foundational measurement tools are important to probe a variety of chemical reactions at complex interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Mohsenvand K, Carnicer A, Marmiroli B, Moradi AR. 3D integral imaging of acoustically trapped objects. Sci Rep 2024; 14:28. [PMID: 38168597 PMCID: PMC10761982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
3D imaging provides crucial details about the objects and scenes that may not be obtained via 2D imaging methods. However, there are several applications in which the object to be 3D-imaged requires to be immobilized. The integrated digital holographic microscopy (DHM) and optical trapping (OT) system is a useful solution for such a task, but both DHM and OT are mostly suitable for microscopic specimens. Here, for the first time to the best of our knowledge and as an analogy to the DHM-OT system, we introduce integral imaging (InIm) and acoustic trapping (AT) integrated system for 3D imaging of immobilized mesoscopic and macroscopic objects. Post-processing of InIm data enables reconstructing the scene at any arbitrary plane, therefore, it re-focuses any particular depth of the object, which is a curtail task, especially when the object is trapped by AT. We demonstrate the capability of our system by simultaneous trapping and 3D imaging of single and multiple irregularly shaped objects with mm sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kooshan Mohsenvand
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Artur Carnicer
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benedetta Marmiroli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali-Reza Moradi
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
- School of Nano Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, 19395-5531, Iran.
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15
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Contreras V, Volke-Sepúlveda K. Enhanced standing-wave acoustic levitation using high-order transverse modes in phased array ultrasonic cavities. ULTRASONICS 2024; 138:107230. [PMID: 38176289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Airborne acoustic trapping by ultrasonic phased arrays has seen great advances in recent years, and yet the manipulation of objects with different shapes and sizes or heavy particles remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate that the manipulation capabilities of a standing-wave acoustic levitator can be extended by introducing intracavity high-order transverse (HOT) modes in the azimuthal direction, enabling the simultaneous trapping of several objects within a wide range of shapes and sizes with positional and rotational stability, including objects with sizes larger than one wavelength and weights in the scale of millinewtons. The conditions to generate different HOT modes are theoretically analyzed and experimentally implemented. We numerically calculate the pressure distributions, exhibiting good qualitative agreement with the experimental pressure distributions obtained with schlieren images. In addition, we calculate the acoustic force field for several examples of HOT modes and different particle sizes, which leads to a qualitative understanding of the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Contreras
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico.
| | - Karen Volke-Sepúlveda
- Instituto Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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16
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Sharif S, Jung D, Cao HX, Park JO, Kang B, Choi E. Ultrasonic Manipulation of Hydrodynamically Driven Microparticles in Vessel Bifurcation: Simulation, Optimization, Experimental Validation, and Potential for Targeted Drug Delivery. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:13. [PMID: 38276841 PMCID: PMC10819303 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Microrobots driven by multiple external power sources have emerged as promising tools for targeted drug and stem cell delivery in tissue regeneration. However, navigating and imaging these devices within a complex colloidal vascular system at a clinical scale is challenging. Ultrasonic actuators have gained interest in the field of non-contact manipulation of micromachines due to their label-free biocompatible nature and safe operation history. This research presents experimentally validated simulation results of ultrasonic actuation using a novel ultrasonic transducer array with a hemispherical arrangement that generates active traveling waves with phase modulation. Blood flow is used as a carrier force while the direction and path are controlled by blocking undesirable paths using a highly focused acoustic field. In the experiments, the microrobot cluster was able to follow a predefined trajectory and reach the target. The microrobot size, maximum radiation pressure, and focus position were optimized for certain blood flow conditions. The outcomes suggest that this acoustic manipulation module has potential applications in targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Sharif
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (H.X.C.); (J.-O.P.)
| | - Daewon Jung
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (H.X.C.); (J.-O.P.)
| | - Hiep Xuan Cao
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (H.X.C.); (J.-O.P.)
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (H.X.C.); (J.-O.P.)
| | - Byungjeon Kang
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (H.X.C.); (J.-O.P.)
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Data Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (H.X.C.); (J.-O.P.)
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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17
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Morrell M, Grier DG. Acoustodynamic mass determination: Accounting for inertial effects in acoustic levitation of granular materials. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064903. [PMID: 38243452 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Acoustic traps use forces exerted by sound waves to confine and transport small objects. The dynamics of an object moving in the force landscape of an acoustic trap can be significantly influenced by the inertia of the surrounding fluid medium. These inertial effects can be observed by setting a trapped object in oscillation and tracking it as it relaxes back to mechanical equilibrium in its trap. Large deviations from Stokesian dynamics during this process can be explained quantitatively by accounting for boundary-layer effects in the fluid. The measured oscillations of a perturbed particle then can be used not only to calibrate the trap but also to characterize the particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Morrell
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - David G Grier
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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18
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Cancino-Jaque E, Meneses-Diaz J, Vargas-Hernández Y, Gaete-Garretón L. On the dynamics of a big drop in acoustic levitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106705. [PMID: 38029567 PMCID: PMC10716583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic levitation of a drop is a complex process that needs a high-intensity non-linear acoustic field; the sound pressure level has to be sufficient to raise the drop but not too large to avoid its atomization, limiting the maximum size of a levitated drop. In this paper, we present an experimental study of big drops levitation with a volume up to 166±2μl and with an effective diameter 6.82±0.03mm, figures one magnitude order larger than the maximum drop volume reported in the literature. Our acoustic levitator produces an acoustic field with a different shape than the field produced by a typical levitator. Our measurements and simulations of the acoustic field and drop dynamics suggest that the levitation of big drops is possible because the distribution of radiation pressure over the drop surface in our system differs from that in a typical acoustic levitator; its maximum value appears on the top surface of the drop and not in its equator. In addition, we determined the upper and lower limits of sound pressure necessary for the levitation of drops of various sizes that allow our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cancino-Jaque
- Laboratorio de Ultrasonidos, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 917-0124, Avenida Victor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Josué Meneses-Diaz
- Laboratorio de Ultrasonidos, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 917-0124, Avenida Victor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Y Vargas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ultrasonidos, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 917-0124, Avenida Victor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Gaete-Garretón
- Laboratorio de Ultrasonidos, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 917-0124, Avenida Victor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Qiu L, Saha M, Kraft S, Dziekonski ET, Welch CJ, Dai Y, Kaerner A, Cooks RG. Quantitative Determination of Water in Organic Liquids by Ambient Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310884. [PMID: 37740943 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
This study uses a rapid tandem mass-spectrometry method to determine water content in complex organic solutions. Emphasis is placed on trace-water analysis by a fast and accurate alternative to the Karl-Fischer method. In this new method, water is captured by a charge-labeled molecular probe. Water binds strongly with high specificity to the strongly electrophilic aldehyde site in a charge-labelled molecule (N-methylpyridinium); competitive binding by other analytes is effectively discriminated against in the mass-measurement step. Quantitative determinations are made over a wide concentration range, 0.001 % (10 ppm) to 99 %, with better than 10 % relative standard deviation, along with short (1 min) analysis times using small sample volumes (several μL). Applications include water measurement in simple organic solvents, for example, deuterated solvents, as well as in complex mixtures, for example, organic reaction mixtures. Additionally, this method allows for water monitoring in levitated droplets. Mechanistic investigations into the impact of water on important chemical processes in organic synthesis and environmental science are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mousumi Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Eric T Dziekonski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Welch
- Indiana Consortium for Analytical Science & Engineering (ICASE), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yumin Dai
- Department of Analytical Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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20
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Mu G, Qiao Y, Sui M, Grattan KTV, Dong H, Zhao J. Acoustic-propelled micro/nanomotors and nanoparticles for biomedical research, diagnosis, and therapeutic applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1276485. [PMID: 37929199 PMCID: PMC10621749 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1276485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic manipulation techniques have gained significant attention across various fields, particularly in medical diagnosis and biochemical research, due to their biocompatibility and non-contact operation. In this article, we review the broad range of biomedical applications of micro/nano-motors that use acoustic manipulation methods, with a specific focus on cell manipulation, targeted drug release for cancer treatment and genetic disease diagnosis. These applications are facilitated by acoustic-propelled micro/nano-motors and nanoparticles which are manipulated by acoustic tweezers. Acoustic systems enable high precision positioning and can be effectively combined with magnetic manipulation techniques. Furthermore, acoustic propulsion facilitates faster transportation speeds, making it suitable for tasks in blood flow, allowing for precise positioning and in-body manipulation of cells, microprobes, and drugs. By summarizing and understanding these acoustic manipulation methods, this review aims to provide a summary and discussion of the acoustic manipulation methods for biomedical research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kenneth T. V. Grattan
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- School of Science and Technology, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huijuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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21
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Songsaeng R, Goddard NJ, Gupta R. An investigative study into an oscillatory reaction in acoustically levitated droplets. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30002-30009. [PMID: 37842669 PMCID: PMC10571017 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06514f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time we have studied an oscillatory chemical reaction (the well-known Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction) in acoustically levitated droplets. Acoustically levitated droplets allow wall-less reaction studies, reduce consumption of sample/reagents, offer high throughput measurements, and enable environmentally friendly chemistry by significantly reducing plastic waste. In this work, microdroplets of the BZ reactants were mixed at the central axis of a low-cost acoustic levitator. The chemical reaction observed in acoustically levitated droplets proceeded in the same way as that in both stirred and unstirred vials where the volume of droplets was 750-fold lower than the solutions in vials. The observed oscillation frequency in droplets was lower than that observed in vials, possibly as a result of evaporative cooling of the droplets. This work has shown that oscillatory reactions can be successfully carried out in acoustically levitated droplets, which allows the application of this technique to areas such as analysis, synthesis and actuation of smart materials and studies of the origins of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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22
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Castagna R, Riminesi C, Pianesi MS, Sabbatini S, Di Donato A, Singh G, Francescangeli O, Cantisani E, Castellini P, Lucchetta DE. Development of a Quartz-Based Photo-Mobile Polymer Film for Controlled Motion Triggered by Light or Heat. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3046. [PMID: 37109883 PMCID: PMC10147076 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a photo-mobile polymer film, that combines organic and inorganic materials, to allow for controlled motion that can be triggered by light or heat. Our film is made using recycled quartz and consists of two layers: a multi-acrylate polymer layer and a layer containing oxidized 4-amino-phenol and N-Vinyl-1-Pyrrolidinone. The use of quartz in our film also gives it a high temperature resistance of at least 350 °C. When exposed to heat, the film moves in a direction that is independent of the heat source, due to its asymmetrical design. Once the heat source is removed, the film returns to its original position. ATR-FTIR measurements confirm this asymmetrical configuration. This technology may have potential applications in energy harvesting, due to the piezoelectric properties of quartz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Castagna
- URT-CNR@UNICAM, Photonic Materials Laboratory, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Università di Camerino (UNICAM), Ex-Carmelitane, Via Sant’Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy;
- CNR, Institute of Heritage Science, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Cristiano Riminesi
- URT-CNR@UNICAM, Photonic Materials Laboratory, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Università di Camerino (UNICAM), Ex-Carmelitane, Via Sant’Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy;
- CNR, Institute of Heritage Science, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | | | - Simona Sabbatini
- Dip. SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Donato
- Dip. DII, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Gautam Singh
- Department of Applied Physics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Oriano Francescangeli
- Dip. SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Emma Cantisani
- CNR, Institute of Heritage Science, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Paolo Castellini
- Dip. DIISM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Daniele Eugenio Lucchetta
- Dip. SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
- Optoacoustic Lab, Dip. SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
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23
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Viral Preservation with Protein-Supplemented Nebulizing Media in Aerosols. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0154522. [PMID: 36856430 PMCID: PMC10057872 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01545-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has emphasized the need for a deeper understanding of infectivity, spread, and treatment of airborne viruses. Bacteriophages (phages) serve as ideal surrogates for respiratory pathogenic viruses thanks to their high tractability and the structural similarities tailless phages bear to viral pathogens. However, the aerosolization of enveloped SARS-CoV-2 surrogate phi6 usually results in a >3-log10 reduction in viability, limiting its usefulness as a surrogate for aerosolized coronavirus in "real world" contexts, such as a sneeze or cough. Recent work has shown that saliva or artificial saliva greatly improves the stability of viruses in aerosols and microdroplets relative to standard dilution/storage buffers like suspension medium (SM) buffer. These findings led us to investigate whether we could formulate media that preserves the viability of phi6 and other phages in artificially derived aerosols. Results indicate that SM buffer supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) significantly improves the recovery of airborne phi6, MS2, and 80α and outperforms commercially formulated artificial saliva. Particle sizing and acoustic particle trapping data indicate that BSA supplementation dose-dependently improves viral survivability by reducing the extent of particle evaporation. These data suggest that our viral preservation medium may facilitate a lower-cost alternative to artificial saliva for future applied aerobiology studies. IMPORTANCE We have identified common and inexpensive lab reagents that confer increased aerosol survivability on phi6 and other phages. Our results suggest that soluble protein is a key protective component in nebulizing medium. Protein supplementation likely reduces exposure of the phage to the air-water interface by reducing the extent of particle evaporation. These findings will be useful for applications in which researchers wish to improve the survivability of these (and likely other) aerosolized viruses to better approximate highly transmissible airborne viruses like SARS-CoV-2.
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24
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Argyri SM, Evenäs L, Bordes R. Contact-free measurement of surface tension on single droplet using machine learning and acoustic levitation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:637-646. [PMID: 36889061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Acoustic levitation provides the possibility to deform levitated droplets in a controllable, and quantifiable manner, thus offering a means to measure the surface tension of a liquid droplet based on its deviation from sphericity. However, for new generation of multi-source and highly stable acoustic levitators, no model relates the acoustic pressure field to the deformation and surface tension. Utilizing a machine learning algorithm is expected to identify correlations between the experimental data without any set preconditions. EXPERIMENTS A series of aqueous surfactant solutions with a large range of surface tensions were prepared, and evaporated under levitation, while the acoustic pressure was varied. A dataset of over 50,000 images was used for the training and evaluation of the machine learning algorithm. Prior to that, the machine learning approach was validated on in silico data that also included artificial noise. FINDINGS We achieved high accuracy in predicting the surface tension of single standing droplets (±0.88 mN/m), and we surpassed certain physical conditions related to the size, and shape of the suspended samples that simpler theoretical models are subject to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaragda-Maria Argyri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Lars Evenäs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Romain Bordes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.
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25
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McElligott A, Guerra A, Denoncourt A, Rey AD, Servio P. Interfacial Effects during Phase Change in Multiple Levitated Tetrahydrofuran Hydrate Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1573-1584. [PMID: 36662650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent strategies developed to examine the nucleation of crystal structures like tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrates without the effects of a solid interface have included acoustic levitation, where only a liquid-gas interface initially exists. However, the ability now exists to levitate and freeze multiple droplets simultaneously, which could reveal interdroplet effects and provide further insight into interfacial nucleation phenomena. In this study, using direct digital and infrared imaging techniques, the freezing of up to three simultaneous THF hydrate droplets was investigated for the first time. Nucleation was initiated at the aqueous solution-air interface. Two pseudo-heterogeneous mechanisms created additional nucleation interfaces: one from cavitation effects entraining microbubbles and another from subvisible ice particles, also called hydrate-nucleating particles (HNPs), impacting the droplet surface. For systems containing droplets in both the second and third positions, nucleation was statistically simultaneous between all droplets. This effect may have been caused by the high liquid-solid interfacial pressures that developed at nucleation, causing some cracking in the initial hydrate shell around the droplet and releasing additional HNPs (now of hydrate) into the air. During crystallization, the THF hydrate droplets developed a completely white opacity, termed optical clarity loss (OCL). It was suggested that high hydrate growth rates within the droplet resulted in the capture of tiny air bubbles within the solid phase. In turn, light refraction through many smaller bubbles resulted in the OCL. These bubbles created structural inhomogeneities, which may explain how the volumetric expansion of the droplets upon complete solidification was 23.6% compared with 7.4% in pure, stationary THF hydrate systems. Finally, the thermal gradient that developed between the top and bottom of the droplet during melting resulted in a surface tension gradient along the air-liquid interface. In turn, convective cells developed within the droplet, causing it to spin rapidly about the horizontal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McElligott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - André Guerra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Alexia Denoncourt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Alejandro D Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Phillip Servio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
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26
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Lucchetta DE, Castellini P, Martarelli M, Scalise L, Pandarese G, Riminesi C, Singh G, Di Donato A, Francescangeli O, Castagna R. Light-Controlled Rotational Speed of an Acoustically Levitating Photomobile Polymer Film. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16020553. [PMID: 36676299 PMCID: PMC9860897 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the light-induced changes of the rotational speed of a thin photomobile film using a single-axis acoustic levitator operating at 40 kHz. In our experiments, a 50 μm thick photomobile polymer film (PMP) is placed in one of the nodes of a stationary acoustic field. Under the action of the field, the film remains suspended in air. By externally perturbing this stable equilibrium condition, the film begins to rotate with its natural frequency. The rotations are detected in real time by monitoring the light of a low power He-Ne laser impinging on and reflected by the film itself. During the rotational motion, an external laser source is used to illuminate the PMP film; as a consequence, the film bends and the rotational speed changes by about 20 Hz. This kind of contactless long-distance interaction is an ideal platform for the development and study of many electro-optics devices in microgravity and low-friction conditions. In particular, we believe that this technology could find applications in research fields such as 3D dynamic displays and aerospace applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Eugenio Lucchetta
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Optoacoustic Lab, Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.E.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Paolo Castellini
- Dipartimento DIISM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Milena Martarelli
- Dipartimento DIISM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scalise
- Dipartimento DIISM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pandarese
- Dipartimento DIISM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Riminesi
- CNR, Institute of Heritage Science, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gautam Singh
- Department of Applied Physics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Andrea Di Donato
- Dipartimento DII, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Oriano Francescangeli
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castagna
- CNR, Institute of Heritage Science, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- URT-CNR@UNICAM, Photonic Materials Laboratory, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Università di Camerino (UNICAM), Polo di Chimica, Via Sant’Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.E.L.); (R.C.)
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27
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A reinforced CenterNet scheme on position detection of acoustic levitated objects. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-08140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Fang Z, Taslim ME, Wan KT. Sloshing Resonance of an Acoustically Levitated Air-in-Liquid Compound Drop. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15534-15539. [PMID: 36493398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An acoustically levitated air-in-liquid compound drop is set into an out-of-phase azimuthal sloshing resonance by a modulated frequency with modes n = 4-9. Waveforms of the inner and outer liquid-air interfaces conform to the classical Saffren model. Resonance peaks and their harmonics in the frequency spectrum are found to be a function of drop dimension and resonance modes. Drops with multiple small air bubbles do not resonate in sync because of asymmetry. This work has significant implications in the dynamics of core-shell compound drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Fang
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Mohammad E Taslim
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Kai-Tak Wan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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29
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Cao HX, Jung D, Lee HS, Nguyen VD, Choi E, Kim CS, Park JO, Kang B. Fabrication, Acoustic Characterization and Phase Reference-Based Calibration Method for a Single-Sided Multi-Channel Ultrasonic Actuator. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2182. [PMID: 36557481 PMCID: PMC9782305 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasonic actuator can be used in medical applications because it is label-free, biocompatible, and has a demonstrated history of safe operation. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in using an ultrasonic actuator in the non-contact manipulation of micromachines in various materials and sizes for therapeutic applications. This research aims to design, fabricate, and characterize a single-sided transducer array with 56 channels operating at 500 kHz, which provide benefits in the penetration of tissue. The fabricated transducer is calibrated using a phase reference calibration method to reduce position misalignment and phase discrepancies caused by acoustic interaction. The acoustic fields generated by the transducer array are measured in a 300 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm container filled with de-ionized water. A hydrophone is used to measure the far field in each transducer array element, and the 3D holographic pattern is analyzed based on the scanned acoustic pressure fields. Next, the phase reference calibration is applied to each transducer in the ultrasonic actuator. As a result, the homogeneity of the acoustic pressure fields surrounding the foci area is improved, and the maximum pressure is also increased in the twin trap. Finally, we demonstrate the capability to trap and manipulate micromachines with acoustic power by generating a twin trap using both optical camera and ultrasound imaging systems in a water medium. This work not only provides a comprehensive study on acoustic actuators but also inspires the next generation to use acoustics in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep Xuan Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Jung
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Du Nguyen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sei Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjeon Kang
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Data Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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30
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Stein M, Keller S, Luo Y, Ilic O. Shaping contactless radiation forces through anomalous acoustic scattering. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6533. [PMID: 36319654 PMCID: PMC9626492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Waves impart momentum and exert force on obstacles in their path. The transfer of wave momentum is a fundamental mechanism for contactless manipulation, yet the rules of conventional scattering intrinsically limit the radiation force based on the shape and the size of the manipulated object. Here, we show that this intrinsic limit can be broken for acoustic waves with subwavelength-structured surfaces (metasurfaces), where the force becomes controllable by the arrangement of surface features, independent of the object's overall shape and size. Harnessing such anomalous metasurface scattering, we demonstrate complex actuation phenomena: self-guidance, where a metasurface object is autonomously guided by an acoustic wave, and tractor beaming, where a metasurface object is pulled by the wave. Our results show that bringing the metasurface physics of acoustic waves, and its full arsenal of tools, to the domain of mechanical manipulation opens new frontiers in contactless actuation and enables diverse actuation mechanisms that are beyond the limits of traditional wave-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stein
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sam Keller
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Yujie Luo
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Ognjen Ilic
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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31
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Méndez Harper J, Harvey D, Huang T, McGrath J, Meer D, Burton JC. The lifetime of charged dust in the atmosphere. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac220. [PMID: 36712382 PMCID: PMC9802237 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Wind-blown dust plays a critical role in numerous geophysical and biological systems, yet current models fail to explain the transport of coarse-mode particles (>5 μm) to great distances from their sources. For particles larger than a few microns, electrostatic effects have been invoked to account for longer-than-predicted atmospheric residence times. Although much effort has focused on elucidating the charging processes, comparatively little effort has been expended understanding the stability of charge on particles once electrified. Overall, electrostatic-driven transport requires that charge remain present on particles for days to weeks. Here, we present a set of experiments designed to explore the longevity of electrostatic charge on levitated airborne particles after a single charging event. Using an acoustic levitator, we measured the charge on particles of different material compositions suspended in atmospheric conditions for long periods of time. In dry environments, the total charge on particles decayed in over 1 week. The decay timescale decreased to days in humid environments. These results were independent of particle material and charge polarity. However, exposure to UV radiation could both increase and decrease the decay time depending on polarity. Our work suggests that the rate of charge decay on airborne particles is solely determined by ion capture from the air. Furthermore, using a one-dimensional sedimentation model, we predict that atmospheric dust of order 10 μm will experience the largest change in residence time due to electrostatic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Méndez Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, 1272 University of Oregon Eugene , OR 97403, USA
| | - Dana Harvey
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tianshu Huang
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jake McGrath
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Meer
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Justin C Burton
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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32
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Cao HX, Nguyen VD, Jung D, Choi E, Kim CS, Park JO, Kang B. Acoustically Driven Cell-Based Microrobots for Targeted Tumor Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102143. [PMID: 36297578 PMCID: PMC9609374 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery using microrobots manipulated by an external actuator has significant potential to be a practical approach for wireless delivery of therapeutic agents to the targeted tumor. This work aimed to develop a novel acoustic manipulation system and macrophage-based microrobots (Macbots) for a study in targeted tumor therapy. The Macbots containing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can serve as drug carriers. Under an acoustic field, a microrobot cluster of the Macbots is manipulated by following a predefined trajectory and can reach the target with a different contact angle. As a fundamental validation, we investigated an in vitro experiment for targeted tumor therapy. The microrobot cluster could be manipulated to any point in the 4 × 4 × 4 mm region of interest with a position error of less than 300 μm. Furthermore, the microrobot could rotate in the O-XY plane with an angle step of 45 degrees without limitation of total angle. Finally, we verified that the Macbots could penetrate a 3D tumor spheroid that mimics an in vivo solid tumor. The outcome of this study suggests that the Macbots manipulated by acoustic actuators have potential applications for targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep Xuan Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Van Du Nguyen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Daewon Jung
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Chang-Sei Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.K.); (J.-O.P.); (B.K.)
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.K.); (J.-O.P.); (B.K.)
| | - Byungjeon Kang
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Graduate School of Data Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.K.); (J.-O.P.); (B.K.)
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33
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Sharma S, Jain S, Saha A, Basu S. Evaporation dynamics of a surrogate respiratory droplet in a vortical environment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 623:541-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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The effects of indoor temperature and humidity on local transmission of COVID-19 and how it relates to global trends. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271760. [PMID: 35947557 PMCID: PMC9365153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, analyses on global data have not reached unanimous consensus on whether warmer and humid weather curbs the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We conjectured that this lack of consensus is due to the discrepancy between global environmental data such as temperature and humidity being collected outdoors, while most infections have been reported to occur indoors, where conditions can be different. Thus, we have methodologically investigated the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the spread of expired respiratory droplets from the mouth, which are assumed to be the main cause of most short-range infections. Calculating the trajectory of individual droplets using an experimentally validated evaporation model, the final height and distance of the evaporated droplets is obtained, and then correlated with global COVID-19 spread. Increase in indoor humidity is associated with reduction in COVID-19 spread, while temperature has no statistically significant effect.
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35
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Korozlu N, Biçer A, Sayarcan D, Adem Kaya O, Cicek A. Acoustic sorting of airborne particles by a phononic crystal waveguide. ULTRASONICS 2022; 124:106777. [PMID: 35660202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional phononic crystal linear defect waveguide is utilized for size-based sorting of millimeter-sized solid particles in the air through acoustic radiation force. The waveguide channels ultrasonic waves at 20 kHz, as calculated through Finite-Element Method simulations. Spherical solid particles released from rest at the top of the vertically aligned waveguide experience the combined effect of the acoustic radiation, gravity, and drag forces. When the particles are released from the symmetry plane of the waveguide, they follow straight paths where the ones with radii smaller than a threshold value are trapped at the waveguide nodal planes, whereas larger particles are let pass through. This requires input sound pressure levels between 173 dB and 177 dB. Moreover, such particles can also be differentiated with respect to density. Alternatively, the release of particles with a slight offset from the symmetry center induces unbalanced acoustic radiation potential, and thus uneven radiation force, resulting in the initiation of horizontal displacement whose extent depends on particle radius. Thus, both simulation results and experimental findings suggest that this scheme can be employed in size-based particle separation. Sorting of spherical glass particles with 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm radii are experimentally demonstrated for low ultrasonic transducer acoustic power output up to 90 W. The proposed approach can be utilized in applications where contact-free separation of airborne particles is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurettin Korozlu
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Biçer
- Opticianry Programme, Gölhisar Vocational School of Health Services, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Döne Sayarcan
- Opticianry Programme, Gölhisar Vocational School of Health Services, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Olgun Adem Kaya
- Department of Computer Education and Educational Technology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cicek
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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36
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TinyLev acoustically levitated water: Direct observation of collective, inter-droplet effects through morphological and thermal analysis of multiple droplets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 619:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Li J, Jamieson WD, Dimitriou P, Xu W, Rohde P, Martinac B, Baker M, Drinkwater BW, Castell OK, Barrow DA. Building programmable multicompartment artificial cells incorporating remotely activated protein channels using microfluidics and acoustic levitation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4125. [PMID: 35840619 PMCID: PMC9287423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31898-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular compartments are functional units that support the metabolism within living cells, through spatiotemporal regulation of chemical reactions and biological processes. Consequently, as a step forward in the bottom-up creation of artificial cells, building analogous intracellular architectures is essential for the expansion of cell-mimicking functionality. Herein, we report the development of a droplet laboratory platform to engineer complex emulsion-based, multicompartment artificial cells, using microfluidics and acoustic levitation. Such levitated models provide free-standing, dynamic, definable droplet networks for the compartmentalisation of chemical species. Equally, they can be remotely operated with pneumatic, heating, and magnetic elements for post-processing, including the incorporation of membrane proteins; alpha-hemolysin; and mechanosensitive channel of large-conductance. The assembly of droplet networks is three-dimensionally patterned with fluidic input configurations determining droplet contents and connectivity, whilst acoustic manipulation can be harnessed to reconfigure the droplet network in situ. The mechanosensitive channel can be repeatedly activated and deactivated in the levitated artificial cell by the application of acoustic and magnetic fields to modulate membrane tension on demand. This offers possibilities beyond one-time chemically mediated activation to provide repeated, non-contact, control of membrane protein function. Collectively, this expands our growing capability to program and operate increasingly sophisticated artificial cells as life-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - William D Jamieson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Ave, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | | | - Wen Xu
- Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Aberconway Building, Colum Dr, Cardiff, CF10 3EU, UK
| | - Paul Rohde
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool St, Darlinhurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool St, Darlinhurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew Baker
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bruce W Drinkwater
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK.
| | - Oliver K Castell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Ave, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
| | - David A Barrow
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
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38
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Andersson C. Acoustic levitation of multi-wavelength spherical bodies using transducer arrays of non-specialized geometries. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:2999. [PMID: 35649903 DOI: 10.1121/10.0010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, acoustic levitation of a wavelength-sized spherical object using a general-purpose ultrasonic transducer array was demonstrated. In this article, the possibility of extending the capabilities of such arrays to levitate multi-wavelength-sized objects is explored. The driving signals for the elements in the array are determined via numerical optimization of a physics-based cost function that includes components for trap stabilization. The cost function is balanced with an improved approach, mimicking dynamical de-weighting of the included components to avoid over-optimization of each individual component. Sound fields are designed and analyzed for levitation of objects with diameters up to 50 mm for various general-purpose simulated array configurations. For a 16 × 16 element transducer array, simulations predict levitation of spheres with diameters up to 20 mm (2.3 wavelengths), which is verified experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Andersson
- Division of Applied Acoustics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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39
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Rothlisberger M, Schuck M, Kolar JW. Kilohertz-Frequency Rotation of Acoustically Levitated Particles. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:1528-1534. [PMID: 35120003 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3149131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The achievable rotational frequency of acoustically levitated particles is limited by the suspension stability and the achievable driving torque. In this work, a spherical ring arrangement of piezoelectric transducers and an improved excitation concept are presented to increase the rotational speed of an acoustically levitated particle by more than a factor of 10 compared to previously published results. A maximum rotational frequency of 3.6 kHz using asymmetric expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles is demonstrated. At such rotational speeds, high-frequency resonances of the transducers cause disturbances of the acoustic field which present a previously unexplored limit to the achievable manipulation rate of the particle. This limit is investigated in this work by means of calculations based on an analytical model and high precision measurements of the transducer characteristics beyond the conventional frequency range.
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40
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Bunio LB, Wang J, Kannaiyan R, Gates ID. Evaporation and crystallization of NaCl-water droplets suspended in air by acoustic levitation. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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Rothlisberger M, Schmidli G, Schuck M, Kolar JW. Multi-Frequency Acoustic Levitation and Trapping of Particles in All Degrees of Freedom. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:1572-1575. [PMID: 35130156 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3149302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of the position and orientation of non-spherical, sub-wavelength particles in mid-air is required for using acoustic levitation forces in applications such as automation of micro manufacturing processes, 3-D scanning, and inspection. Acoustic locking has previously been demonstrated by time-multiplexing of different acoustic traps at the same frequency. In this case, the magnitude of the acoustic levitation forces and the stabilizing torque are coupled by the ratio of the durations during which the different traps are applied and cannot be adjusted independently assuming operation at maximum power. This work presents a compact device that uses a method for independently adjusting the vertical trapping forces and the stabilizing torque using two different ultrasonic frequencies. A 40-kHz vertical standing wave is used to generate levitation forces that counteract the gravitational force. Additionally, a 25-kHz horizontal standing wave is used to generate a tunable stabilizing torque. Using this method, objects made from high-density materials across a wide range of geometries can be locked acoustically with increased stability compared with state-of-the-art methods. This is demonstrated by locking tin cuboids with a density of 7.3 g/cm3 and plastic cuboids with average side lengths between 0.9 and 3.5 mm. The experimental results demonstrate torsional spring constants of up to 50 nN · m/rad and an orientation stability of <7.5°.
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42
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Mohanty S, Fidder RJ, Matos PM, Heunis CM, Kaya M, Blanken N, Misra S. SonoTweezer: An Acoustically Powered End-Effector for Underwater Micromanipulation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:988-997. [PMID: 34990355 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3140745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in contactless micromanipulation strategies have revolutionized prospects of robotic manipulators as next-generation tools for minimally invasive surgeries. In particular, acoustically powered phased arrays offer dexterous means of manipulation both in air and water. Inspired by these phased arrays, we present SonoTweezer: a compact, low-power, and lightweight array of immersible ultrasonic transducers capable of trapping and manipulation of sub-mm sized agents underwater. Based on a parametric investigation with numerical pressure field simulations, we design and create a six-transducer configuration, which is small compared to other reported multi-transducer arrays (16-256 elements). Despite the small size of array, SonoTweezer can reach pressure magnitudes of 300 kPa at a low supply voltage of 25 V to the transducers, which is in the same order of absolute pressure as multi-transducer arrays. Subsequently, we exploit the compactness of our array as an end-effector tool for a robotic manipulator to demonstrate long-range actuation of sub-millimeter agents over a hundred times the agent's body length. Furthermore, a phase-modulation over its individual transducers allows our array to locally maneuver its target agents at sub-mm steps. The ability to manipulate agents underwater makes SonoTweezer suitable for clinical applications considering water's similarity to biological media, e.g., vitreous humor and blood plasma. Finally, we show trapping and manipulation of micro-agents under medical ultrasound (US) imaging modality. This application of our actuation strategy combines the usage of US waves for both imaging and micromanipulation.
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Aono K, Aoyagi M. Rapid rise of planar object by near-field acoustic levitation on recessed acoustic radiation surface. ULTRASONICS 2022; 119:106596. [PMID: 34624582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Near-field acoustic levitation (NFAL) can be observed for a planar object placed on the vibrating surface of a longitudinal vibrator. However, for a vibrating surface with a recess, not only NFAL was observed, but also jumping behavior with a snapping sound. This phenomenon was examined analytically and experimentally with bolt-clamped Langevin transducers and a duralumin vibratory horn. Jumping occurred when the minimum value of the acoustic radiation force was larger than the weight of the object. The snapping sound during jumping was generated by the sound pressure that was focused at the center of the bottom surface of the object when the acoustic radiation force peaked due to acoustic resonance in the recessed space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Aono
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan.
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Guo C, Yang M, He J, Kan G, Yu K, Liu Z, Lin S, Jiang J, Zhang H. Hypochlorous acid initiated lipid chlorination at air-water interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149320. [PMID: 34340067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been a surge of interest in interfacial hypochlorous acid (HOCl) chemistry for indoor air quality and public health. Here we combined nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (nESI-MS) and acoustic levitation (AL) techniques to study the chlorination chemistry of three model lipids (DPPE, POPG, DOPG) mediated by HOCl at the air-water interface of levitated water droplet. For DPPE with no CC double bonds, HOCl was insensitive to the alkane chains, and showed considerable delay directing to head amino groups compared to that in aqueous environment. Chlorination chemistry, for POPG and DOPG with CC double bonds, preferentially reacted with double bonds of one chain. The mechanism was discussed in light of these observations, and it is concluded that the increased hydrophilicity of the chlorinated chain disturbed the lipid packing and attracted it toward the water phase. In addition, the reaction rate constant and reactive uptake coefficient suggested that the chlorination of lipids exposed to HOCl at the air-water interface is likely to occur rapidly. These results gain the knowledge of HOCl mediated lipid interface reaction at the molecule level, and would better understand the adverse health effects associated with elevated indoor pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlu Guo
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Guangfeng Kan
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Sifan Lin
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
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Wang F, Yang P, Tao X, Shi Y, Li S, Liu Z, Chen X, Wang ZL. Study of Contact Electrification at Liquid-Gas Interface. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18206-18213. [PMID: 34677929 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the suspended liquid droplets in clouds can generate electrostatic charges, which finally results in the lightning. However, the detailed mechanism related to the contact-electrification process on the liquid-gas (L-G) interfaces is still poorly understood. Here, by introducing an acoustic levitation method for levitating a liquid droplet, we have studied the electrification mechanism at the L-G interface. The tribo-motion between water droplets and air induced by the ultrasound wave leads to the generation of positive charges on the surface of the droplets, and the charge amount of water droplets (20 μL) gradually reaches saturation within 30 s. The mixed solid particles in droplets can increase the amount of transferred charge, whereas the increase of ion concentration in the droplet can suppress the charge generation. This charge transfer phenomenon at L-G interfaces and the related analysis can be a guidance for the study in many fields, including anti-static, harvesting rainy energy, micro/nano fluidics, triboelectric power generator, surface engineering, and so on. Moreover, the surface charge generation due to L-G electrification is an inevitable effect during ultrasonic levitation, and thus, this study can also work for the applications of the ultrasonic technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinglin Tao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqi Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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Zhong R, Yang S, Ugolini GS, Naquin T, Zhang J, Yang K, Xia J, Konry T, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic Droplet Sorter Based on Single Phase Focused Transducers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103848. [PMID: 34658129 PMCID: PMC8686687 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics has revolutionized the biomedical and drug development fields by allowing for independent microenvironments to conduct drug screening at the single cell level. However, current microfluidic sorting devices suffer from drawbacks such as high voltage requirements (e.g., >200 Vpp), low biocompatibility, and/or low throughput. In this article, a single-phase focused transducer (SPFT)-based acoustofluidic chip is introduced, which outperforms many microfluidic droplet sorting devices through high energy transmission efficiency, high accuracy, and high biocompatibility. The SPFT-based sorter can be driven with an input power lower than 20 Vpp and maintain a postsorting cell viability of 93.5%. The SPFT sorter can achieve a throughput over 1000 events per second and a sorting purity up to 99.2%. The SPFT sorter is utilized here for the screening of doxorubicin cytotoxicity on cancer and noncancer cells, proving its drug screening capability. Overall, the SPFT droplet sorting device shows great potential for fast, precise, and biocompatible drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhong
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Giovanni Stefano Ugolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Palo Alto, CA, 94301, USA
| | - Ty Naquin
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kaichun Yang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jianping Xia
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Tania Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Palo Alto, CA, 94301, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Tang Z, Lin S, Wang ZL. Quantifying Contact-Electrification Induced Charge Transfer on a Liquid Droplet after Contacting with a Liquid or Solid. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102886. [PMID: 34476851 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contact electrification (CE) is a common physical phenomenon, and its mechanisms for solid-solid and liquid-solid cases have been widely discussed. However, the studies about liquid-liquid CE are hindered by the lack of proper techniques. Here, a contactless method is proposed for quantifying the charges on a liquid droplet based on the combination of electric field and acoustic field. The liquid droplet is suspended in an acoustic field, and an electric field force is created on the droplet to balance the acoustic trap force. The amount of charges on the droplet is thus calculated based on the equilibrium of forces. Further, the liquid-solid and liquid-liquid CE are both studied by using the method, and the latter is focused. The behavior of negatively precharged liquid droplet in the liquid-liquid CE is found to be different from that of the positively precharged one. The results show that the silicone oil droplet prefers to receive negative charges from a negatively charged aqueous droplet rather than positive charges from a positively charged aqueous droplet, which provides a strong evidence about the dominant role played by electron transfer in the liquid-liquid CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
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48
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Rossbach V, Padoin N, Meier HF, Soares C. Influence of ultrasonic waves on the gas-solid flow and the solids dispersion in a CFB riser: Numerical and experimental study. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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49
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Carminati M, Scandurra G. Impact and trends in embedding field programmable gate arrays and microcontrollers in scientific instrumentation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:091501. [PMID: 34598486 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcontrollers and field-programmable gate arrays have been largely leveraged in scientific instrumentation since decades. Recent advancements in the performance of these programmable digital devices, with hundreds of I/O pins, up to millions of logic cells, >10 Gb/s connectivity, and hundreds of MHz multiple clocks, have been accelerating this trend, extending the range of functions. The diversification of devices from very low-cost 8-bit microcontrollers up to 32-bit ARM-based ones and a system of chip combining programmable logic with processors make them ubiquitous in modern electronic systems, addressing diverse challenges from ultra-low power operation, with sub-µA quiescent current in sleep mode for portable and Internet of Things applications, to high-performance computing, such as in machine vision. In this Review, the main motivations (compactness, re-configurability, parallelization, low latency for sub-ns timing, and real-time control), the possible approaches of the adoption of embedded devices, and the achievable performances are discussed. Relevant examples of applications in opto-electronics, physics experiments, impedance, vibration, and temperature sensing from the recent literature are also reviewed. From this bird-eye view, key paradigms emerge, such as the blurring of boundaries between digital platforms and the pervasiveness of machine learning algorithms, significantly fostered by the possibility to be run in embedded devices for distributing intelligence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carminati
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - G Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
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50
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Lu X, Twiefel J, Ma Z, Yu T, Wallaschek J, Fischer P. Dynamic Acoustic Levitator Based On Subwavelength Aperture Control. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100888. [PMID: 34105900 PMCID: PMC8336493 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic levitation provides a means to achieve contactless manipulation of fragile materials and biological samples. Most acoustic levitators rely on complex electronic hardware and software to shape the acoustic field and realize their dynamic operation. Here, the authors introduce a dynamic acoustic levitator that is based on mechanically controlling the opening and (partial) closing of subwavelength apertures. This simple approach relies on the use of a single ultrasonic transducer and is shown to permit the facile and reliable manipulation of a variety targets ranging from solid particles, to fluid and ferrofluidic drops. Experimental observations agree well with numerical simulations of the Gor'kov potential. Remarkably, this system even enables the generation of time-varying potentials and induces oscillatory and rotational motion in the levitated objects via a feedback mechanism between the trapped object and the trapping potential. This is shown to result in long distance translation, in-situ rotation and self-modulated oscillation of the trapped particles. In addition, dense ferrofluidic droplets are levitated and transformed inside the levitator. Controlling subwavelength apertures opens the possibility to realize simple powerful levitators that nevertheless allow for the versatile dynamic manipulation of levitated matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsHeisenbergstr. 3Stuttgart70569Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical StructuresNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjingJiangsu210016China
| | - Jens Twiefel
- Institute of Dynamics and Vibration ResearchLeibniz Universität HannoverAn der Universität 1Garbsen30823Germany
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsHeisenbergstr. 3Stuttgart70569Germany
| | - Tingting Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsHeisenbergstr. 3Stuttgart70569Germany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 55Stuttgart70569Germany
| | - Jörg Wallaschek
- Institute of Dynamics and Vibration ResearchLeibniz Universität HannoverAn der Universität 1Garbsen30823Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsHeisenbergstr. 3Stuttgart70569Germany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 55Stuttgart70569Germany
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