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Ghimire A, Xu L, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. A recombinant chimeric spider pyriform-aciniform silk with highly tunable mechanical performance. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101073. [PMID: 38711935 PMCID: PMC11070712 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Spider silks are natural protein-based biomaterials which are renowned for their mechanical properties and hold great promise for applications ranging from high-performance textiles to regenerative medicine. While some spiders can produce several different types of silks, most spider silk types - including pyriform and aciniform silks - are relatively unstudied. Pyriform and aciniform silks have distinct mechanical behavior and physicochemical properties, with materials produced using combinations of these silks currently unexplored. Here, we introduce an engineered chimeric fusion protein consisting of two repeat units of pyriform (Py) silk followed by two repeat units of aciniform (W) silk named Py2W2. This recombinant ∼86.5 kDa protein is amenable to expression and purification from Escherichia coli and exhibits high α-helicity in a fluorinated acid- and alcohol-based solution used to form a dope for wet-spinning. Wet-spinning enables continuous fiber production and post-spin stretching of the wet-spun fibers in air or following submersion in water or ethanol leads to increases in optical anisotropy, consistent with increased molecular alignment along the fiber axis. Mechanical properties of the fibers vary as a function of post-spin stretching condition, with the highest extensibility and strength observed in air-stretched and ethanol-treated fibers, respectively, with mechanics being superior to fibers spun from either constituent protein alone. Notably, the maximum extensibility obtained (∼157 ± 38 %) is of the same magnitude reported for natural flagelliform silks, the class of spider silk most associated with being stretchable. Interestingly, Py2W2 is also water-compatible, unlike its constituent Py2. Fiber-state secondary structure correlates well with the observed mechanical properties, with depleted α-helicity and increased β-sheet content in cases of increased strength. Py2W2 fibers thus provide enhanced materials behavior in terms of their mechanics, tunability, and fiber properties, providing new directions for design and development of biomaterials suitable and tunable for disparate applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Ghimire
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K. Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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2
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Huang L, Zhang D, Bu N, Zhong Y, Tan P, Lin H, Pang J, Mu R. Pullulan nanofibrous films incorporated with W/O emulsions via microfluidic solution blow spinning technology. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130437. [PMID: 38412935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this work, pullulan (PUL) nanofibrous films incorporated with water-in-oil emulsions (PE) were prepared by microfluidic blowing spinning (MBS). The microstructures of nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). With the addition of W/O emulsions, the thermal stability, mechanical, and water barrier properties of PUL nanofibers were improved. Increases in emulsion content significantly affected the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of nanofibrous films. ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging rates increased from 10.26 % and 8.57 % to 60.66 % and 57.54 %, respectively. The inhibition zone of PE nanofibers against E. coli and S. aureus increased from 11.00 to 20.00 and from 15.67 to 21.17 mm, respectively. In addition, we investigated the freshness effectiveness of PE nanofibrous films on fresh-cut apples. PE nanofibrous films significantly maintained the firmness, and reduced the weight loss and browning index of the fresh-cut apple, throughout the 4 days of storage. Thus, the PE nanofibrous films exhibited good potential to prolong the shelf life of fresh-cut fruit and promote the development of active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Huang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Nitong Bu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhong
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Pingping Tan
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Huanglong Lin
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jie Pang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Ruojun Mu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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3
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Wang X, Ye X, Guo J, Dai X, Yu S, Zhong B. Modeling the 3-dimensional structure of the silkworm's spinning apparatus in silk production. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:217-227. [PMID: 38030101 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The silk-spinning process of the silkworms transforms the liquid silk solution to a solid state under mild conditions, making it an attractive model for bioinspiration However, the precise mechanism behind silk expulsion remains largely unknown. Here we selected the silkworms as representative models to investigate the silk-spinning mechanism. We used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to reconstruct the three-dimensional structures of the spinnerets in silkworms at various stages and with different gene backgrounds. By comparing the musculature and duct deformation of these spinneret models during the spinning process, we were able to simulate the morphological changes of the spinneret. Based on the results, we proposed three essential factors for silkworm spinning: the pressure generated by the silk gland, the opening duct, and the pulling force generated by head movement. Understanding the silkworm spinning process provides insights into clarify the fluid-ejecting mechanism of a group of animals. Moreover, these findings are helpful to the development of biomimetic spinning device that mimics the push-and-pull dual-force system in silkworms. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The silkworms' spinning system produces fibers under mild conditions, making it an ideal candidate for bioinspiration. However, the mechanism of silk expulsion is unknown, and the three-dimensional structure of the spinneret is still uncertain. In this study, we reconstructed a detailed 3-dimensional model of the spinneret at near-nanometer resolution, and for the first time, we observed the changes that occur before and during the silk-spinning process. Our reconstructed models suggested that silkworms have the ability to control the spinning process by opening or closing the spinning duct. During the continuously spinning period, both the pressure generated by the silk gland and the pulling force resulting from head movement work in tandem to expel the silk solution. We believe that gaining a full understanding of the spinning process steps can advance our ability to spin synthetic fibers with properties comparable to those of native fibers by mimicking the natural spinning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiu Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Ye
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Boxiong Zhong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Sun Z, Liu H, Dai D, Lyu H, Huang R, Wang W, Guo C. Injectable cell-laden silk acid hydrogel. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:316-319. [PMID: 38063025 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04280d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an injectable cell-laden hydrogel system based on silk acid, a carboxylated derivative of natural silk fibroin, which exhibits promising applications in biomedicine. The hydrogel is produced under physiological conditions (37 °C and pH 7.4) via physical crosslinking. Notably, the hydrogel demonstrates remarkable cytocompatibility, enabling efficient cell encapsulation, and exhibits good injectability. These promising results strongly indicate the potential of silk acid hydrogel for transformative applications, including 3D cell culture, targeted cell delivery, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Sun
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China.
| | - Haoran Liu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China.
| | - Dandan Dai
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China.
| | - Hao Lyu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China.
| | - Ruochuan Huang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China.
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China.
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
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5
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Sun Z, Huang R, Lyu H, Yu X, Wang W, Li J, Lu X, Guo C. Silk Acid as an Implantable Biomaterial for Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301439. [PMID: 37647626 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin derived from the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori is a protein-based biopolymer with low immunogenicity, intrinsic biodegradability, and tunable mechanical properties, showing great potential in biomedical applications. Using chemical modification to alter the primary structure of silk fibroin enables the expanded generation of new silk-based biomaterials. Inspired by the molecular structure of hyaluronic acid, which is enriched in carboxyl groups, an efficient method with scaling-up potential to achieve controlled carboxylation of silk fibroin to prepare silk acid (SA) is reported, and the biological properties of SA are further studied. The SA materials show tunable hydrophilicity and enzymatic degradation properties at different carboxylation degrees (CDs). Subcutaneous implantation in mice for up to 1 month reveals that the SA materials with a high CD present enhanced degradation while causing a mild foreign-body response, including a low inflammatory response and reduced fibrotic encapsulation. Immunofluorescence analysis further indicates that the SA materials show pro-angiogenesis properties and promote M2-type macrophage polarization to facilitate tissue regeneration. This implies great promise for SA materials as a new implantable biomaterial for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Sun
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Ruochuan Huang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Jinghang Li
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
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6
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Perera D, Li L, Walsh C, Silliman J, Xiong Y, Wang Q, Schniepp HC. Natural spider silk nanofibrils produced by assembling molecules or disassembling fibers. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:323-332. [PMID: 37414111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Spider silk is biocompatible, biodegradable, and rivals some of the best synthetic materials in terms of strength and toughness. Despite extensive research, comprehensive experimental evidence of the formation and morphology of its internal structure is still limited and controversially discussed. Here, we report the complete mechanical decomposition of natural silk fibers from the golden silk orb-weaver Trichonephila clavipes into ≈10 nm-diameter nanofibrils, the material's apparent fundamental building blocks. Furthermore, we produced nanofibrils of virtually identical morphology by triggering an intrinsic self-assembly mechanism of the silk proteins. Independent physico-chemical fibrillation triggers were revealed, enabling fiber assembly from stored precursors "at-will". This knowledge furthers the understanding of this exceptional material's fundamentals, and ultimately, leads toward the realization of silk-based high-performance materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Spider silk is one of the strongest and toughest biomaterials, rivaling the best man-made materials. The origins of these traits are still under debate but are mostly attributed to the material's intriguing hierarchical structure. Here we fully disassembled spider silk into 10 nm-diameter nanofibrils for the first time and showed that nanofibrils of the same appearance can be produced via molecular self-assembly of spider silk proteins under certain conditions. This shows that nanofibrils are the key structural elements in silk and leads toward the production of high-performance future materials inspired by spider silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinidu Perera
- Applied Science Department, William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
| | - Linxuan Li
- Applied Science Department, William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
| | - Chloe Walsh
- Applied Science Department, William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
| | - Jacob Silliman
- Applied Science Department, William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
| | - Yawei Xiong
- Applied Science Department, William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
| | - Qijue Wang
- Applied Science Department, William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
| | - Hannes C Schniepp
- Applied Science Department, William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA.
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7
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Mu X, Amouzandeh R, Vogts H, Luallen E, Arzani M. A brief review on the mechanisms and approaches of silk spinning-inspired biofabrication. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1252499. [PMID: 37744248 PMCID: PMC10512026 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1252499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk spinning, observed in spiders and insects, exhibits a remarkable biological source of inspiration for advanced polymer fabrications. Because of the systems design, silk spinning represents a holistic and circular approach to sustainable polymer fabrication, characterized by renewable resources, ambient and aqueous processing conditions, and fully recyclable "wastes." Also, silk spinning results in structures that are characterized by the combination of monolithic proteinaceous composition and mechanical strength, as well as demonstrate tunable degradation profiles and minimal immunogenicity, thus making it a viable alternative to most synthetic polymers for the development of advanced biomedical devices. However, the fundamental mechanisms of silk spinning remain incompletely understood, thus impeding the efforts to harness the advantageous properties of silk spinning. Here, we present a concise and timely review of several essential features of silk spinning, including the molecular designs of silk proteins and the solvent cues along the spinning apparatus. The solvent cues, including salt ions, pH, and water content, are suggested to direct the hierarchical assembly of silk proteins and thus play a central role in silk spinning. We also discuss several hypotheses on the roles of solvent cues to provide a relatively comprehensive analysis and to identify the current knowledge gap. We then review the state-of-the-art bioinspired fabrications with silk proteins, including fiber spinning and additive approaches/three-dimensional (3D) printing. An emphasis throughout the article is placed on the universal characteristics of silk spinning developed through millions of years of individual evolution pathways in spiders and silkworms. This review serves as a stepping stone for future research endeavors, facilitating the in vitro recapitulation of silk spinning and advancing the field of bioinspired polymer fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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8
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King JA, Zhang X, Ries ME. The Formation of All-Silk Composites and Time-Temperature Superposition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103804. [PMID: 37241431 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies have been conducted on utilising natural fibres as reinforcement in composite production. All-polymer composites have attracted much attention because of their high strength, enhanced interfacial bonding and recyclability. Silks, as a group of natural animal fibres, possess superior properties, including biocompatibility, tunability and biodegradability. However, few review articles are found on all-silk composites, and they often lack comments on the tailoring of properties through controlling the volume fraction of the matrix. To better understand the fundamental basis of the formation of silk-based composites, this review will discuss the structure and properties of silk-based composites with a focus on employing the time-temperature superposition principle to reveal the corresponding kinetic requirements of the formation process. Additionally, a variety of applications derived from silk-based composites will be explored. The benefits and constraints of each application will be presented and discussed. This review paper will provide a useful overview of research on silk-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A King
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael E Ries
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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9
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Deng N, Li J, Lyu H, Huang R, Liu H, Guo C. Degradable silk-based soft actuators with magnetic responsiveness. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7650-7660. [PMID: 36128873 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01328b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Soft actuators with stimuli-responsiveness have great potential in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and minimally invasive surgery. In this study, protein-based soft actuators with magnetic actuation are fabricated using naturally occurring silk proteins and synthesized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). Briefly, magnetic silk films are first prepared by solution casting of a mixture containing silk proteins, synthesized Fe3O4 NPs, and glycerol. The molecular structures of the magnetic silk films are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, which show that the β-sheet content in the films is about 20%. The mechanical tests show that the magnetic silk films can be stretched to over 200% under wet conditions and Young's modulus is estimated to be 4.89 ± 0.69 MPa, matching the stiffness of soft tissues. Furthermore, the enzymatic degradability, good biocompatibility, and in vivo X-ray visibility of the films are demonstrated by the in vitro enzymatic degradation test, in vivo biocompatibility test, and micro-CT imaging, respectively. Degradable silk-based soft actuators with magnetic responsiveness are successfully prepared by thermal forming or plastic molding of the magnetic silk films. The fabricated soft actuators can be actuated and move with precise locomotive gaits in solutions using a magnet. In addition, the retention of the soft actuators and localized drug delivery in gastrointestinal tracts by attaching a magnet to the abdominal skin are demonstrated using model systems. The degradable silk-based soft actuators provide many opportunities for improving current therapeutic strategies in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niping Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Jinghang Li
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Hao Lyu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Ruochuan Huang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Haoran Liu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China. .,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China
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10
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Mecwan M, Li J, Falcone N, Ermis Sen M, Hassani A, Haghniaz R, Mandal K, Sharma S, Maity S, Zehtabi F, Zamanian B, Herculano R, Akbari M, John JV, Khademhosseini A. Recent advances in biopolymer-based hemostatic materials. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac063. [PMID: 36196294 PMCID: PMC9522468 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, in hospital and pre-hospital settings. Hemostasis is a complex mechanism that involves a cascade of clotting factors and proteins that result in the formation of a strong clot. In certain surgical and emergency situations, hemostatic agents are needed to achieve faster blood coagulation to prevent the patient from experiencing a severe hemorrhagic shock. Therefore, it is critical to consider appropriate materials and designs for hemostatic agents. Many materials have been fabricated as hemostatic agents, including synthetic and naturally derived polymers. However, compared to synthetic polymers, natural polymers or biopolymers, which include polysaccharides and polypeptides, have greater biocompatibility, biodegradability, and processibility. Thus, in this review, we focus on biopolymer-based hemostatic agents of different forms, such as powder, particles, sponges, and hydrogels. Finally, we discuss biopolymer-based hemostats currently in clinical trials and offer insight into next-generation hemostats for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Mecwan
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Jinghang Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Natashya Falcone
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Menekse Ermis Sen
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Alireza Hassani
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Surjendu Maity
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Fatemeh Zehtabi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Behnam Zamanian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Rondinelli Herculano
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bioengineering & Biomaterials Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences , Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- University of Victoria Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology , Akademicka 2A, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Johnson V John
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
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11
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Lyu H, Li J, Yuan Z, Liu H, Sun Z, Jiang R, Yu X, Hu Y, Pei Y, Ding J, Shen Y, Guo C. Supertough and Highly Stretchable Silk Protein-based Films with Controlled Biodegradability. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:149-158. [PMID: 36100175 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Naturally derived protein-based biopolymers are considered potential biomaterials in biomedical applications and eco-friendly materials for replacing current petroleum-based polymers due to their good biocompatibility, low environmental impact, and tunable degradability. However, current strategies for fabricating protein-based materials with superior properties and tailored functionality in a scalable manner are still lacking. Here, we demonstrate an aqueous-based scalable approach for fabricating silk protein-based films through controlled molecular self-assembly (CMS) of silk proteins with plasticizers and salt ions. The films fabricated using this method can achieve a toughness of up to 64±5 MJ/m3 with a stretchability of up to 574±31%. We also demonstrate the tunable enzymatic degradability, low in vitro cytotoxicity, and good in vivo biocompatibility of the films. Furthermore, the films can be patterned with predesigned complex structures through laser cutting and functionalized with bioactive components. The functional silk protein-based films show great potential in various applications, including flexible electronics, bioelectronics, tissue engineering, and bioplastic packaging. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Inspired by the naturally optimized multi-scale self-assembly of silk proteins in natural silks, we develop an aqueous-based approach for scalable production of superior protein-based films through controlled molecular self-assembly (CMS) of silk proteins with glycerol and calcium ions. The prepared silk films present outstanding mechanical properties, controlled enzymatic biodegradability, low in vitro cytotoxicity, and good in vivo biocompatibility. Notably, the films fabricated using this method can achieve a high toughness of 64±5 MJ/m3 with a stretchability of 594±31%. The approach introduced in this work provides a facile route toward making silk-based materials with superior properties. It also paves new avenues for developing functional protein-based materials with precisely controlled structures and properties for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lyu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Jinghang Li
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Zhechen Yuan
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 315211; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of Lihuili Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 315040
| | - Haoran Liu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Ziyang Sun
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Rui Jiang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 315211; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of Lihuili Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 315040
| | - Ying Pei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, 450001
| | - Jie Ding
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310024
| | - Yi Shen
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 315211; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of Lihuili Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 315040.
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023.
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12
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Yao X, Zou S, Fan S, Niu Q, Zhang Y. Bioinspired silk fibroin materials: From silk building blocks extraction and reconstruction to advanced biomedical applications. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100381. [PMID: 36017107 PMCID: PMC9395666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin has become a promising biomaterial owing to its remarkable mechanical property, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and sufficient supply. However, it is difficult to directly construct materials with other formats except for yarn, fabric and nonwoven based on natural silk. A promising bioinspired strategy is firstly extracting desired building blocks of silk, then reconstructing them into functional regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) materials with controllable formats and structures. This strategy could give it excellent processability and modifiability, thus well meet the diversified needs in biomedical applications. Recently, to engineer RSF materials with properties similar to or beyond the hierarchical structured natural silk, novel extraction and reconstruction strategies have been developed. In this review, we seek to describe varied building blocks of silk at different levels used in biomedical field and their effective extraction and reconstruction strategies. This review also present recent discoveries and research progresses on how these functional RSF biomaterials used in advanced biomedical applications, especially in the fields of cell-material interactions, soft tissue regeneration, and flexible bioelectronic devices. Finally, potential study and application for future opportunities, and current challenges for these bioinspired strategies and corresponding usage were also comprehensively discussed. In this way, it aims to provide valuable references for the design and modification of novel silk biomaterials, and further promote the high-quality-utilization of silk or other biopolymers.
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Chakraborty J, Mu X, Pramanick A, Kaplan DL, Ghosh S. Recent advances in bioprinting using silk protein-based bioinks. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121672. [PMID: 35835001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has experienced swift growth for biological applications in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Essential features of bioprinting include determining the appropriate bioink, printing speed mechanics, and print resolution while also maintaining cytocompatibility. However, the scarcity of bioinks that provide printing and print properties and cell support remains a limitation. Silk Fibroin (SF) displays exceptional features and versatility for inks and shows the potential to print complex structures with tunable mechanical properties, degradation rates, and cytocompatibility. Here we summarize recent advances and needs with the use of SF protein from Bombyx mori silkworm as a bioink, including crosslinking methods for extrusion bioprinting using SF and the maintenance of cell viability during and post bioprinting. Additionally, we discuss how encapsulated cells within these SF-based 3D bioprinted constructs are differentiated into various lineages such as skin, cartilage, and bone to expedite tissue regeneration. We then shift the focus towards SF-based 3D printing applications, including magnetically decorated hydrogels, in situ bioprinting, and a next-generation 4D bioprinting approach. Future perspectives on improvements in printing strategies and the use of multicomponent bioinks to improve print fidelity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Chakraborty
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2155, USA
| | - Ankita Pramanick
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2155, USA
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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Wu S, Dong T, Li Y, Sun M, Qi Y, Liu J, Kuss MA, Chen S, Duan B. State-of-the-art review of advanced electrospun nanofiber yarn-based textiles for biomedical applications. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2022; 27:101473. [PMID: 35434263 PMCID: PMC8994858 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made biotextiles, including face masks and protective clothing, quite familiar in our daily lives. Biotextiles are one broad category of textile products that are beyond our imagination. Currently, biotextiles have been routinely utilized in various biomedical fields, like daily protection, wound healing, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and sensing, to improve the health and medical conditions of individuals. However, these biotextiles are commonly manufactured with fibers with diameters on the micrometer scale (> 10 μm). Recently, nanofibrous materials have aroused extensive attention in the fields of fiber science and textile engineering because the fibers with nanoscale diameters exhibited obviously superior performances, such as size and surface/interface effects as well as optical, electrical, mechanical, and biological properties, compared to microfibers. A combination of innovative electrospinning techniques and traditional textile-forming strategies opens a new window for the generation of nanofibrous biotextiles to renew and update traditional microfibrous biotextiles. In the last two decades, the conventional electrospinning device has been widely modified to generate nanofiber yarns (NYs) with the fiber diameters less than 1000 nm. The electrospun NYs can be further employed as the primary processing unit for manufacturing a new generation of nano-textiles using various textile-forming strategies. In this review, starting from the basic information of conventional electrospinning techniques, we summarize the innovative electrospinning strategies for NY fabrication and critically discuss their advantages and limitations. This review further covers the progress in the construction of electrospun NY-based nanotextiles and their recent applications in biomedical fields, mainly including surgical sutures, various scaffolds and implants for tissue engineering, smart wearable bioelectronics, and their current and potential applications in the COVID-19 pandemic. At the end, this review highlights and identifies the future needs and opportunities of electrospun NYs and NY-based nanotextiles for clinical use.
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Key Words
- CNT, carbon nanotube
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Electrospinning
- FDA, food and drug administration
- GF, gauge factor
- GO, graphene oxide
- HAVIC, human aortic valve interstitial cell
- HAp, hydroxyapatite
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- MSC-SC, MSC derived Schwann cell-like cell
- MWCNT, multiwalled carbon nanotube
- MY, microfiber yarn
- MeGel, methacrylated gelatin
- NGC, nerve guidance conduit
- NHMR, neutral hollow metal rod
- NMD, neutral metal disc
- NY, nanofiber yarn
- Nanoyarns
- PA6, polyamide 6
- PA66, polyamide 66
- PAN, polyacrylonitrile
- PANi, polyaniline
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PEO, polyethylene oxide
- PGA, polyglycolide
- PHBV, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
- PLCL, poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLLA, poly(L-lactic acid)
- PMIA, poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide)
- PPDO, polydioxanone
- PPy, polypyrrole
- PSA, poly(sulfone amide)
- PU, polyurethane
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PVAc, poly(vinyl acetate)
- PVDF, poly(vinylidene difluoride)
- PVDF-HFP, poly(vinylidene floride-co-hexafluoropropylene)
- PVDF-TrFE, poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene)
- PVP, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SC, Schwann cell
- SF, silk fibroin
- SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotube
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1
- Textile-forming technique
- Tissue scaffolds
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Wearable bioelectronics
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Dong
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiran Li
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingchao Sun
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ye Qi
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shaojuan Chen
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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15
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Shen X, Shi H, Wei H, Wu B, Xia Q, Yeo J, Huang W. Engineering Natural and Recombinant Silks for Sustainable Biodevices. Front Chem 2022; 10:881028. [PMID: 35601555 PMCID: PMC9117649 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.881028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a structural protein derived from natural silkworm silks. Materials fabricated based on SF usually inherit extraordinary physical and biological properties, including high mechanical strength, toughness, optical transparency, tailorable biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Therefore, SF has attracted interest in the development of sustainable biodevices, especially for emergent bio-electronic technologies. To expand the function of current silk devices, the SF characteristic sequence has been used to synthesize recombinant silk proteins that benefit from SF and other functional peptides, such as stimuli-responsive elastin peptides. In addition to genetic engineering methods, innovated chemistry modification approaches and improved material processing techniques have also been developed for fabricating advanced silk materials with tailored chemical features and nanostructures. Herein, this review summarizes various methods to synthesize functional silk-based materials from different perspectives. This review also highlights the recent advances in the applications of natural and recombinant silks in tissue regeneration, soft robotics, and biosensors, using B. mori SF and silk-elastin-like proteins (SELPs) as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Shen
- The Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoyuan Shi
- J Lab for Engineering Living Materials, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hongda Wei
- The Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boxuan Wu
- The Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Xia
- The Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- J Lab for Engineering Living Materials, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Wenwen Huang
- The Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenwen Huang,
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Mu X, Gonzalez-Obeso C, Xia Z, Sahoo JK, Li G, Cebe P, Zhang YS, Kaplan DL. 3D Printing of Monolithic Proteinaceous Cantilevers Using Regenerated Silk Fibroin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072148. [PMID: 35408547 PMCID: PMC9000323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin, regenerated from Bombyx mori, has shown considerable promise as a printable, aqueous-based ink using a bioinspired salt-bath system in our previous work. Here, we further developed and characterized silk fibroin inks that exhibit concentration-dependent fluorescence spectra at the molecular level. These insights supported extrusion-based 3D printing using concentrated silk fibroin solutions as printing inks. 3D monolithic proteinaceous structures with high aspect ratios were successfully printed using these approaches, including cantilevers only supported at one end. This work provides further insight and broadens the utility of 3D printing with silk fibroin inks for the microfabrication of proteinaceous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (C.G.-O.); (Z.X.); (J.K.S.); (G.L.)
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Constancio Gonzalez-Obeso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (C.G.-O.); (Z.X.); (J.K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Zhiyu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (C.G.-O.); (Z.X.); (J.K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (C.G.-O.); (Z.X.); (J.K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (C.G.-O.); (Z.X.); (J.K.S.); (G.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.S.Z.); (D.L.K.)
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (C.G.-O.); (Z.X.); (J.K.S.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.Z.); (D.L.K.)
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17
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Heseltine PL, Bayram C, Gultekinoglu M, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Ulubayram K, Edirisinghe M. Facile One-Pot Method for All Aqueous Green Formation of Biocompatible Silk Fibroin-Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Fibers for Use in Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1290-1300. [PMID: 35232011 PMCID: PMC9096800 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) fibers are highly regarded in tissue engineering because of their outstanding biocompatibility and tunable properties. A challenge remains in overcoming the trade-off between functioning and biocompatible fibers and the use of cytotoxic, environmentally harmful organic solvents in their processing and formation. The aim of this research was to produce biocompatible SF fibers without the use of cytotoxic solvents, via pressurized gyration (PG). Aqueous SF was blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in ratios of 80:20 (labeled SF-PEO 80:20) and 90:10 (labeled SF-PEO 90:10) and spun into fibers using PG, assisted by a range of applied pressures and heat. Pure PEO (labeled PEO-Aq) and SF solubilized in hexafluoro-isopropanol (HFIP) (labeled SF-HFIP) and aqueous SF (labeled SF-Aq) were also prepared for comparison. The resulting fibers were characterized using SEM, TGA, and FTIR. Their in vitro cell behavior was analyzed using a Live/Dead assay and cell proliferation studies with the SaOS-2 human bone osteosarcoma cell line (ATCC, HTB-85) and human fetal osteoblast cells (hFob) (ATCC, CRL-11372) in 2D culture conditions. Fibers in the micrometer range were successfully produced using SF-PEO blends, SF-HFIP, and PEO-Aq. The fiber thickness ranged from 0.71 ± 0.17 μm for fibers produced using SF-PEO 90:10 with no applied pressure to 2.10 ± 0.78 μm for fibers produced using SF-PEO 80:10 with 0.3 MPa applied pressure. FTIR confirmed the presence of SF via amide I and amide II bands in the blend fibers because of a change in structural conformation. No difference was observed in thermogravimetric properties among varying pressures and no significant difference in fiber diameters for pressures. SaOS-2 cells and hFOb cell studies demonstrated higher cell densities and greater live cells on SF-PEO blends when compared to SF-HFIP. This research demonstrates a scalable and green method of producing SF-based constructs for use in bone-tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Louiseanne Heseltine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Cem Bayram
- Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Merve Gultekinoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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18
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Lyu H, Sun Z, Liu Y, Yu X, Guo C. Processing-Structure-Properties Relationships of Glycerol-Plasticized Silk Films. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041339. [PMID: 35209124 PMCID: PMC8877885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Silk possesses excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility due to its unique protein sequences and hierarchical structures. Thus, it has been widely used as a biomaterial in a broad spectrum of biomedical applications. In this study, an in-depth investigation of glycerol-plasticized silk films was carried out to understand the processing-structure-properties relationships. A series of glycerol-plasticized silk films with glycerol contents in the range of 0 to 30% (w/w) were prepared. The molecular structures and organizations of silk proteins and the interactions between glycerol and proteins were studied using FTIR, XRD, and DSC. At a low glycerol content (<12%), DSC revealed that the glass transition temperature and thermally induced crystallization temperature decreased as the glycerol content increased, implying that glycerol mainly interacts with silk proteins through hydrogen bonding. As the glycerol content further increased, the chain mobility of the silk proteins was promoted, leading to the formation of β-sheet structures, water insolubility, and increased crystallinity. In addition, the stretchability and toughness of the films were significantly enhanced. The role of glycerol as a plasticizer in regulating the silk protein structures and determining the properties of the films was thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lyu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Ziyang Sun
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China;
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (C.G.)
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (C.G.)
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19
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Chitin Nanocrystals: Environmentally Friendly Materials for the Development of Bioactive Films. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biobased nanomaterials have gained growing interest in recent years for the sustainable development of composite films and coatings, providing new opportunities and high-performance products. In particular, chitin and cellulose nanocrystals offer an attractive combination of properties, including a rod shape, dispersibility, outstanding surface properties, and mechanical and barrier properties, which make these nanomaterials excellent candidates for sustainable reinforcing materials. Until now, most of the research has been focused on cellulose nanomaterials; however, in the last few years, chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) have gained more interest, especially for biomedical applications. Due to their biological properties, such as high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial and antioxidant properties, as well as their superior adhesive properties and promotion of cell proliferation, chitin nanocrystals have emerged as valuable components of composite biomaterials and bioactive materials. This review attempts to provide an overview of the use of chitin nanocrystals for the development of bioactive composite films in biomedical and packaging systems.
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20
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Li C, Wu J, Shi H, Xia Z, Sahoo JK, Yeo J, Kaplan DL. Fiber-Based Biopolymer Processing as a Route toward Sustainability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105196. [PMID: 34647374 PMCID: PMC8741650 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most abundant biomass on earth is sequestered in fibrous biopolymers like cellulose, chitin, and silk. These types of natural materials offer unique and striking mechanical and functional features that have driven strong interest in their utility for a range of applications, while also matching environmental sustainability needs. However, these material systems are challenging to process in cost-competitive ways to compete with synthetic plastics due to the limited options for thermal processing. This results in the dominance of solution-based processing for fibrous biopolymers, which presents challenges for scaling, cost, and consistency in outcomes. However, new opportunities to utilize thermal processing with these types of biopolymers, as well as fibrillation approaches, can drive renewed opportunities to bridge this gap between synthetic plastic processing and fibrous biopolymers, while also holding sustainability goals as critical to long-term successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Junqi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Haoyuan Shi
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhiyu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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21
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Jao D, Hu X, Beachley V. Bioinspired Silk Fiber Spinning System via Automated Track-Drawing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8192-8204. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Zhang Q, Li M, Hu W, Wang X, Hu J. Spidroin-Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering: General Approaches and Potential Stem Cell Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:7141550. [PMID: 34966432 PMCID: PMC8712125 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider silks are increasingly gaining interest for potential use as biomaterials in tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Owing to their facile and versatile processability in native and regenerated forms, they can be easily tuned via chemical synthesis or recombinant technologies to address specific issues required for applications. In the past few decades, native spider silk and recombinant silk materials have been explored for a wide range of applications due to their superior strength, toughness, and elasticity as well as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and nonimmunogenicity. Herein, we present an overview of the recent advances in spider silk protein that fabricate biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Beginning with a brief description of biological and mechanical properties of spidroin-based materials and the cellular regulatory mechanism, this review summarizes various types of spidroin-based biomaterials from genetically engineered spider silks and their prospects for specific biomedical applications (e.g., lung tissue engineering, vascularization, bone and cartilage regeneration, and peripheral nerve repair), and finally, we prospected the development direction and manufacturing technology of building more refined and customized spidroin-based protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Naskar D, Sapru S, Ghosh AK, Reis RL, Dey T, Kundu SC. Nonmulberry silk proteins: multipurpose ingredient in bio-functional assembly. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34428758 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac20a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicines utilising artificial polymers is facing many problems. Despite having mechanical stability, non-toxicity and biodegradability, most of them lack cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. Natural polymers (such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, fibrin, fibroin, and others), including blends, are introduced to the field to solve some of the relevant issues. Another natural biopolymer: silkworm silk gained special attention primarily due to its specific biophysical, biochemical, and material properties, worldwide availability, and cost-effectiveness. Silk proteins, namely fibroin and sericin extracted from domesticated mulberry silkwormBombyx mori, are studied extensively in the last few decades for tissue engineering. Wild nonmulberry silkworm species, originated from India and other parts of the world, also produce silk proteins with variations in their nature and properties. Among the nonmulberry silkworm species,Antheraea mylitta(Indian Tropical Tasar),A. assamensis/A. assama(Indian Muga), andSamia ricini/Philosamia ricini(Indian Eri), along withA. pernyi(Chinese temperate Oak Tasar/Tussah) andA. yamamai(Japanese Oak Tasar) exhibit inherent tripeptide motifs of arginyl glycyl aspartic acid in their fibroin amino acid sequences, which support their candidacy as the potential biomaterials. Similarly, sericin isolated from such wild species delivers unique properties and is used as anti-apoptotic and growth-inducing factors in regenerative medicines. Other characteristics such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-inflammatory nature make it suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine based applications. A diverse range of matrices, including but not limited to nano-micro scale structures, nanofibres, thin films, hydrogels, and porous scaffolds, are prepared from the silk proteins (fibroins and sericins) for biomedical and tissue engineering research. This review aims to represent the progress made in medical and non-medical applications in the last couple of years and depict the present status of the investigations on Indian nonmulberry silk-based matrices as a particular reference due to its remarkable potentiality of regeneration of different types of tissues. It also discusses the future perspective in tissue engineering and regenerative medicines in the context of developing cutting-edge techniques such as 3D printing/bioprinting, microfluidics, organ-on-a-chip, and other electronics, optical and thermal property-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboki Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,Present address: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sunaina Sapru
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,Present address: Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, IL, Israel
| | - Ananta K Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-4805-017 Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Tuli Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,3Bs Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-4805-017 Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
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24
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Kono N, Nakamura H, Mori M, Yoshida Y, Ohtoshi R, Malay AD, Pedrazzoli Moran DA, Tomita M, Numata K, Arakawa K. Multicomponent nature underlies the extraordinary mechanical properties of spider dragline silk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2107065118. [PMID: 34312234 PMCID: PMC8346794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107065118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dragline silk of golden orb-weaver spiders (Nephilinae) is noted for its unsurpassed toughness, combining extraordinary extensibility and tensile strength, suggesting industrial application as a sustainable biopolymer material. To pinpoint the molecular composition of dragline silk and the roles of its constituents in achieving its mechanical properties, we report a multiomics approach, combining high-quality genome sequencing and assembly, silk gland transcriptomics, and dragline silk proteomics of four Nephilinae spiders. We observed the consistent presence of the MaSp3B spidroin unique to this subfamily as well as several nonspidroin SpiCE proteins. Artificial synthesis and the combination of these components in vitro showed that the multicomponent nature of dragline silk, including MaSp3B and SpiCE, along with MaSp1 and MaSp2, is essential to realize the mechanical properties of spider dragline silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Kono
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nihonkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Spiber Inc., 234-1 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Mori
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nihonkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nihonkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Rintaro Ohtoshi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ali D Malay
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nihonkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Depertment of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nihonkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan;
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
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25
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Li J, Zhu Y, Yu H, Dai B, Jun YS, Zhang F. Microbially Synthesized Polymeric Amyloid Fiber Promotes β-Nanocrystal Formation and Displays Gigapascal Tensile Strength. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11843-11853. [PMID: 34251182 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of amyloid proteins to form stable β-sheet nanofibrils has made them potential candidates for material innovation in nanotechnology. However, such a nanoscale feature has rarely translated into attractive macroscopic properties for mechanically demanding applications. Here, we present a strategy by fusing amyloid peptides with flexible linkers from spidroin; the resulting polymeric amyloid proteins can be biosynthesized using engineered microbes and wet-spun into macroscopic fibers. Using this strategy, fibers from three different amyloid groups were fabricated. Structural analyses unveil the presence of β-nanocrystals that resemble the cross-β structure of amyloid nanofibrils. These polymeric amyloid fibers have displayed strong and molecular-weight-dependent mechanical properties. Fibers made of a protein polymer containing 128 repeats of the FGAILSS sequence displayed an average ultimate tensile strength of 0.98 ± 0.08 GPa and an average toughness of 161 ± 26 MJ/m3, surpassing most recombinant protein fibers and even some natural spider silk fibers. The design strategy and the biosynthetic approach can be expanded to create numerous functional materials, and the macroscopic amyloid fibers will enable a wide range of mechanically demanding applications.
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26
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Rizzo G, Lo Presti M, Giannini C, Sibillano T, Milella A, Guidetti G, Musio R, Omenetto FG, Farinola GM. Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Regeneration in Solution of Lanthanide Ions: A Systematic Investigation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:653033. [PMID: 34178956 PMCID: PMC8222627 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.653033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk Fibroin (SF) obtained from Bombyx mori is a very attractive biopolymer that can be useful for many technological applications, from optoelectronics and photonics to biomedicine. It can be processed from aqueous solutions to obtain many scaffolds. SF dissolution is possible only with the mediation of chaotropic salts that disrupt the secondary structure of the protein. As a consequence, recovered materials have disordered structures. In a previous paper, it was shown that, by modifying the standard Ajisawa's method by using a lanthanide salt, CeCl3, as the chaotropic agent, it is possible to regenerate SF as a fibrous material with a very ordered structure, similar to that of the pristine fiber, and doped with Ce+3 ions. Since SF exhibits a moderate fluorescence which can be enhanced by the incorporation of organic molecules, ions and nanoparticles, the possibility of doping it with lanthanide ions could be an appealing approach for the development of new photonic systems. Here, a systematic investigation of the behavior of degummed SF in the presence of all lanthanide ions, Ln+3, is reported. It has been found that all lanthanide chlorides are chaotropic salts for solubilizing SF. Ln+3 ions at the beginning and the end of the series (La+3, Pr+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Yb+3, Lu+3) favor the reprecipitation of fibrous SF as already found for Ce+3. In most cases, the obtained fiber preserves the morphological and structural features of the pristine SF. With the exception of SF treated with La+3, Tm+3, and Lu+3, for all the fibers re-precipitated a concentration of Ln+3 between 0.2 and 0.4% at was measured, comparable to that measured for Ce+3-doped SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Presti
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Antonella Milella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Guidetti
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Roberta Musio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo G. Omenetto
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Gianluca M. Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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27
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Wu L, Gao S, Zhao T, Tian K, Zheng T, Zhang X, Xiao L, Ding Z, Lu Q, Kaplan DL. Pressure-driven spreadable deferoxamine-laden hydrogels for vascularized skin flaps. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3162-3170. [PMID: 33881061 PMCID: PMC8096535 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00053e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of hydrogels that support vascularization to improve the survival of skin flaps, yet establishing homogeneous angiogenic niches without compromising the ease of use in surgical settings remains a challenge. Here, pressure-driven spreadable hydrogels were developed utilizing beta-sheet rich silk nanofiber materials. These silk nanofiber-based hydrogels exhibited excellent spreading under mild pressure to form a thin coating to cover all the regions of the skin flaps. Deferoxamine (DFO) was loaded onto the silk nanofibers to support vascularization and these DFO-laden hydrogels were implanted under skin flaps in rats to fill the interface between the wound bed and the flap using the applied pressure. The thickness of the spread hydrogels was below 200 μm, minimizing the physical barrier effects from the hydrogels. The distribution of the hydrogels provided homogeneous angiogenic stimulation, accelerating rapid blood vessel network formation and significantly improving the survival of the skin flaps. The hydrogels also modulated the immune reactions, further facilitating the regeneration of the skin flaps. Considering the homogeneous distribution at the wound sites, improved vascularization, reduced barrier effects and low inflammation, these hydrogels appear to be promising candidates for use in tissue repair where a high blood supply is in demand. The pressure-driven spreading properties should simplify the use of the hydrogels in surgical settings to facilitate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China. and Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, P. R. China
| | - Suyue Gao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, P. R. China and Department of Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianlan Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, P. R. China
| | - Kai Tian
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, P. R. China
| | - Tingyu Zheng
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liying Xiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaozhao Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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28
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Mu X, Agostinacchio F, Xiang N, Pei Y, Khan Y, Guo C, Cebe P, Motta A, Kaplan DL. Recent Advances in 3D Printing with Protein-Based Inks. Prog Polym Sci 2021; 115:101375. [PMID: 33776158 PMCID: PMC7996313 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a transformative manufacturing strategy, allowing rapid prototyping, customization, and flexible manipulation of structure-property relationships. Proteins are particularly appealing to formulate inks for 3D printing as they serve as essential structural components of living systems, provide a support presence in and around cells and for tissue functions, and also provide the basis for many essential ex vivo secreted structures in nature. Protein-based inks are beneficial in vivo due to their mechanics, chemical and physical match to the specific tissue, and full degradability, while also to promoting implant-host integration and serving as an interface between technology and biology. Exploiting the biological, chemical, and physical features of protein-based inks can provide key opportunities to meet the needs of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Despite these benefits, protein-based inks impose nontrivial challenges to 3D printing such as concentration and rheological features and reconstitution of the structural hierarchy observed in nature that is a source of the robust mechanics and functions of these materials. This review introduces photo-crosslinking mechanisms and rheological principles that underpins a variety of 3D printing techniques. The review also highlights recent advances in the design, development, and biomedical utility of monolithic and composite inks from a range of proteins, including collagen, silk, fibrinogen, and others. One particular focus throughout the review is to introduce unique material characteristics of proteins, including amino acid sequences, molecular assembly, and secondary conformations, which are useful for designing printing inks and for controlling the printed structures. Future perspectives of 3D printing with protein-based inks are also provided to support the promising spectrum of biomedical research accessible to these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Francesca Agostinacchio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Ning Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ying Pei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yousef Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Antonella Motta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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29
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Hirano A, Wada M, Sato TK, Kameda T. The solubility of N-acetyl amino acid amides in organic acid and alcohol solutions: Mechanistic insight into structural protein solubilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:607-615. [PMID: 33631265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural proteins such as spider silk and silkworm silk are generally poorly soluble in aqueous and organic solutions, making them difficult to manipulate in manufacturing processes. Although some organic acids and alcohols, such as formic acid and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), effectively solubilize poorly soluble proteins, little is known about their protein solubilization mechanism. In this study, the solubility of N-acetyl amino acid amide compounds in organic solvents-formic acid, acetic acid, HFIP and isopropanol-was measured to clarify the protein solubilization mechanism at the amino acid residue level. On the basis of thermodynamic analyses of the solubility in terms of the transfer free energy (from water to organic solvents), every organic solvent was found to be effective in thermodynamically stabilizing hydrophobic amino acid side chains in the liquid phase. Formic acid and HFIP were comparably effective in the stabilization of the polypeptide backbone, whereas acetic acid and isopropanol were ineffective. Therefore, the significant solubilizing effect of formic acid and HFIP on the structural proteins was attributed to their favorable interactions with hydrophobic amino acid side chains and with the polypeptide backbone of the proteins. The present findings are useful for the optimization of protein manipulation and amino acid sequence design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hirano
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Momoyo Wada
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takehiro K Sato
- Spiber Inc., 234-1 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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30
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Clegg MH, Harris TI, Zhang X, Barney JT, Jones JA, Vargis E. Silkworm Silk Fiber Bundles as Improved In Vitro Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6853-6863. [PMID: 33320626 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To mimic skeletal muscle tissues in vitro, native and transgenic spider silk/silkworm silks were seeded with C2C12 myoblasts to observe if these three-dimensional substrates are preferable to a traditional two-dimensional polystyrene cell culture surface. Silks were wound around an acrylic chassis to produce a novel, three-dimensional cell culture device with suspended muscle fibers that genetically and morphologically resemble native skeletal muscle tissue. The transgenic spider silk/silkworm silk has never before been studied for this application. Genetic expression verified skeletal muscle lineage and differentiation, while fluorescent imaging verified contractile protein synthesis. Genetic analysis also revealed an increase in expression of the Myh2 contractile protein gene on silkworm silks, particularly on the transgenic silk. Mechanical properties and protein secondary structure content of the silks indicated correlation between substrate properties and Myh2 gene expression. This increase in contractile protein gene expression suggests that biologically derived silk substrates that are suspended may be a preferable substrate for in vitro muscle modeling because of the proteinaceous character and mechanical flexibility of the silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Clegg
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Thomas I Harris
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Jacob T Barney
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Justin A Jones
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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31
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Mu X, Sahoo JK, Cebe P, Kaplan DL. Photo-Crosslinked Silk Fibroin for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2936. [PMID: 33316890 PMCID: PMC7763742 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin in material formats provides robust mechanical properties, and thus is a promising protein for 3D printing inks for a range of applications, including tissue engineering, bioelectronics, and bio-optics. Among the various crosslinking mechanisms, photo-crosslinking is particularly useful for 3D printing with silk fibroin inks due to the rapid kinetics, tunable crosslinking dynamics, light-assisted shape control, and the option to use visible light as a biocompatible processing condition. Multiple photo-crosslinking approaches have been applied to native or chemically modified silk fibroin, including photo-oxidation and free radical methacrylate polymerization. The molecular characteristics of silk fibroin, i.e., conformational polymorphism, provide a unique method for crosslinking and microfabrication via light. The molecular design features of silk fibroin inks and the exploitation of photo-crosslinking mechanisms suggest the exciting potential for meeting many biomedical needs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (J.K.S.)
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32
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Li D, Wang Q, Xu C, Cheng Y, Zhang YW, Ji B. How Does Nature Evade the "Larger is Weaker" Fate of Ultralong Silk β-Sheet Nanocrystallites. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8516-8523. [PMID: 33054228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silk protein builds up one of the strongest fibers superior to most synthetic and natural polymers. However, the strengthening mechanisms of the silk proteins remain largely elusive because of their complex nanocomposite structures. Here, we report an unusual behavior of this kind of material that is distinctively different from those of metals and other polymers. We find that there are multiple interface microcracks nucleating and stacking under the shear loading, dividing the interchain interface into small segments, by which the silk protein can achieve a high strength even with the ultralong chains. This is a new strategy of microstructure design of soft matter that could avoid the "larger is weaker" fate due to the increase of the chain length. This novel mechanism is crucial for building strong polymer materials with long chain molecules and at the same time retaining their complex functional and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechang Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qianchun Wang
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changjian Xu
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Baohua Ji
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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33
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Ouyang L, Armstrong JPK, Lin Y, Wojciechowski JP, Lee-Reeves C, Hachim D, Zhou K, Burdick JA, Stevens MM. Expanding and optimizing 3D bioprinting capabilities using complementary network bioinks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc5529. [PMID: 32948593 PMCID: PMC7500929 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is the limited number of bioinks that fulfill the physicochemical requirements of printing while also providing a desirable environment for encapsulated cells. Here, we address this limitation by temporarily stabilizing bioinks with a complementary thermo-reversible gelatin network. This strategy enables the effective printing of biomaterials that would typically not meet printing requirements, with instrument parameters and structural output largely independent of the base biomaterial. This approach is demonstrated across a library of photocrosslinkable bioinks derived from natural and synthetic polymers, including gelatin, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dextran, alginate, chitosan, heparin, and poly(ethylene glycol). A range of complex and heterogeneous structures are printed, including soft hydrogel constructs supporting the 3D culture of astrocytes. This highly generalizable methodology expands the palette of available bioinks, allowing the biofabrication of constructs optimized to meet the biological requirements of cell culture and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliang Ouyang
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James P K Armstrong
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yiyang Lin
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan P Wojciechowski
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Charlotte Lee-Reeves
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel Hachim
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Finnigan W, Roberts AD, Ligorio C, Scrutton NS, Breitling R, Blaker JJ, Takano E. The effect of terminal globular domains on the response of recombinant mini-spidroins to fiber spinning triggers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10671. [PMID: 32606438 PMCID: PMC7327021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spider silk spidroins consist of long repetitive protein strands, flanked by globular terminal domains. The globular domains are often omitted in recombinant spidroins, but are thought to be essential for the spiders' natural spinning process. Mimicking this spinning process could be an essential step towards producing strong synthetic spider silk. Here we describe the production of a range of mini-spidroins with both terminal domains, and characterize their response to a number of biomimetic spinning triggers. Our results suggest that mini-spidroins which are able to form protein micelles due to the addition of both terminal domains exhibit shear-thinning, a property which native spidroins also show. Furthermore, our data also suggest that a pH drop alone is insufficient to trigger assembly in a wet-spinning process, and must be combined with salting-out for effective fiber formation. With these insights, we applied these assembly triggers for relatively biomimetic wet spinning. This work adds to the foundation of literature for developing improved biomimetic spinning techniques, which ought to result in synthetic silk that more closely approximates the unique properties of native spider silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Finnigan
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Aled D Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Cosimo Ligorio
- Department of Materials, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jonny J Blaker
- Bio-Active Materials Group, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Eriko Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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