1
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Rheinlaender J, Schäffer TE. Measuring the Shape, Stiffness, and Interface Tension of Droplets with the Scanning Ion Conductance Microscope. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38868865 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Imaging and probing liquid-liquid interfaces at the micro- and nanoscale are of high relevance, for example, in materials science, surface chemistry, and microfluidics. However, existing imaging techniques are limited in resolution, average over large sample areas, or interact with the sample. Here, we present a method to quantify the shape, stiffness, and interface tension of liquid droplets with the scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM), providing submicrometer resolution and the ability to perform noncontact mechanical measurements. We show that we can accurately image the three-dimensional shape of micrometer-sized liquid droplets made of, for example, decane, hexane, or different oils. We then introduce numerical models to quantitatively obtain their stiffness and interface tension from SICM data. We verified our method by measuring the interface tension of decane droplets changing under the influence of surfactants at different concentrations. Finally, we use SICM to resolve the dissolution dynamics of decane droplets, showing that droplet shape exhibits different dissolution modes and stiffness continuously increases while the interface tension remains constant. We thereby demonstrate that SICM is a useful method to investigate liquid-liquid interfaces on the microscale with applications in materials or life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rheinlaender
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tilman E Schäffer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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2
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Gu S, Zhuang J, Wang T, Hu S, Song W, Liao X. The target region focused imaging method for scanning ion conductance microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 257:113910. [PMID: 38091869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has developed rapidly and has wide applications in biomedicine, single-cell science and other fields. SICM scanning speed is limited by the conventional raster-type scanning method, which spends most of time on imaging the substrate and does not focus enough on the target area. In order to solve this problem, a target region focused (TRF) method is proposed, which can effectively avoid the scanning of unnecessary substrate areas and enables SICM to image the target area only to achieve high-speed and effective local scanning. TRF method and conventional hopping mode scanning method are compared in the experiments using breast cancer cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells as experimental materials. It was demonstrated that our method can reduce the scanning time for a single sample image significantly without losing scanning information or compromising the quality of imaging. The TRF method developed in this paper can provide an efficient and fast scanning strategy for improving the imaging performance of SICM systems, which can be applied to the dynamic features of cell samples in the fields of biology and pharmacology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
| | - Tianying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shiting Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Weilun Song
- Shaanxi Province Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, PR China; National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China.
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3
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Nakazawa K, Tsukamoto T, Iwata F. Scanning ion conductance microscope with a capacitance-compensated current source amplifier. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:073705. [PMID: 37466407 DOI: 10.1063/5.0150948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A high-speed imaging method for a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) based on a current source amplifier that compensates for unavoidable capacitance is proposed. The capacitance is generated on a side wall of a nanopipette in the principle of the SICM. The electrical response time is deteriorated due to the capacitance, and the probe overshoots the setpoint of the detection of the sample surface. A capacitance compensation circuit was installed in a feedback circuit of the current source amplifier. The proposed capacitance compensation method is useful because it can shorten the imaging time by only installing the compensation circuit in the ion current detection circuit of an existing SICM. The maximum approaching speeds with and without capacitance compensation were found to be 1050 and 450 µm/s, respectively. The approaching speed with capacitance compensation was 2.3 times faster than that without capacitance compensation. A topographic image of the test sample was successfully obtained at an approaching speed of 1050 µm/s. The images of microvillus dynamics of COS-7 cells were obtained at ∼23.4 s/frame as an application of the developed technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Teruki Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Futoshi Iwata
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Photonics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
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4
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Wang D, Nguyen HG, Nakayama M, Oshima H, Sun L, Oshima M, Watanabe S. Mapping Nanomechanical Properties of Basal Surfaces in Metastatic Intestinal 3D Living Organoids with High-Speed Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206213. [PMID: 36504356 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Studying mechanobiology is increasing of scientific interests in life science and nanotechnology since its impact on cell activities (e.g., adhesion, migration), physiology, and pathology. The role of apical surface (AS) and basal surface (BS) of cells played in mechanobiology is significant. The mechanical mapping and analysis of cells mainly focus on AS while little is known about BS. Here, high-speed scanning ion conductance microscope as a powerful tool is utilized to simultaneously reveal morphologies and local elastic modulus (E) of BS of genotype-defined metastatic intestinal organoids. A simple method is developed to prepare organoid samples allowing for long-term BS imaging. The multiple nano/microstructures, i.e., ridge-like, stress-fiber, and E distributions on BS are dynamically revealed. The statistic E analysis shows softness of BS derived from eight types of organoids following a ranking: malignant tumor cells > benign tumor cells > normal cells. Moreover, the correlation factor between morphology and E is demonstrated depending on cell types. This work as first example reveals the subcellular morphologies and E distributions of BS of cells. The results would provide a clue for correlating genotype of 3D cells to malignant phenotype reflected by E and offering a promising strategy for early-stage diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Han Gia Nguyen
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakayama
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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5
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Sun L, Yeo T, Middha E, Gao Y, Lim CT, Watanabe S, Liu B. In Situ Visualization of Dynamic Cellular Effects of Phospholipid Nanoparticles via High-Speed Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203285. [PMID: 35946985 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid nanoparticles have been actively employed for numerous biomedical applications. A key factor in ensuring effective and safe applications of these nanomaterials is the regulation of their interactions with target cells, which is significantly dependent on an in-depth understanding of the nanoparticle-cell interactions. To date, most studies investigating these nano-bio interactions have been performed under static conditions and may lack crucial real-time information. It is, however, noteworthy that the nanoparticle-cell interactions are highly dynamic. Consequently, to gain a deeper insight into the cellular effects of phospholipid nanoparticles, real-time observation of cellular dynamics after nanoparticle introduction is necessary. Herein, a proof-of-concept in situ visualization of the dynamic cellular effects of sub-100 nm phospholipid nanoparticles using high-speed scanning ion conductance microscopy (HS-SICM) is reported. It is revealed that upon introduction into the cellular environment, within a short timescale of hundreds of seconds, phospholipid nanoparticles can selectively modulate the edge motility and surface roughness of healthy fibroblast and cancerous epithelial cells. Furthermore, the dynamic deformation profiles of these cells can be selectively altered in the presence of phospholipid nanoparticles. This work is anticipated to further shed light on the real-time nanoparticle-cell interactions for improved formulation of phospholipid nanoparticles for numerous bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Sun
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Trifanny Yeo
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Eshu Middha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yuji Gao
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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6
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Nakayama M, Wang D, Kok SY, Oshima H, Oshima M. Genetic Alterations and Microenvironment that Drive Malignant Progression of Colorectal Cancer: Lessons from Mouse and Organoid Models. J Cancer Prev 2022; 27:1-6. [PMID: 35419304 PMCID: PMC8984654 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2022.27.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive genome analyses have identified frequently mutated genes in human colorectal cancers (CRC). These include APC, KRAS, SMAD4, TP53, and FBXW7. The biological functions of the respective gene products in cell proliferation and homeostasis have been intensively examined by in vitro experiments. However, how each gene mutation or combinations of specific mutations drive malignant progression of CRC in vivo has not been fully understood. Based on the genomic information, we generated mouse models that carry multiple mutations of CRC driver genes in various combinations, and we performed comprehensive histological analyses to link genetic alteration(s) and tumor phenotypes, including liver metastasis. In this review article, we summarize the phenotypes of the respective genetic models carrying major driver mutations and discuss a possible mechanism of mutations underlying malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Nakayama
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Dong Wang
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sau Yee Kok
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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7
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Zhou Y, Sun L, Watanabe S, Ando T. Recent Advances in the Glass Pipet: from Fundament to Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 94:324-335. [PMID: 34841859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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8
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Leitao S, Drake B, Pinjusic K, Pierrat X, Navikas V, Nievergelt AP, Brillard C, Djekic D, Radenovic A, Persat A, Constam DB, Anders J, Fantner GE. Time-Resolved Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy for Three-Dimensional Tracking of Nanoscale Cell Surface Dynamics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17613-17622. [PMID: 34751034 PMCID: PMC8613909 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanocharacterization plays a vital role in understanding the complex nanoscale organization of cells and organelles. Understanding cellular function requires high-resolution information about how the cellular structures evolve over time. A number of techniques exist to resolve static nanoscale structure of cells in great detail (super-resolution optical microscopy, EM, AFM). However, time-resolved imaging techniques tend to either have a lower resolution, are limited to small areas, or cause damage to the cells, thereby preventing long-term time-lapse studies. Scanning probe microscopy methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) combine high-resolution imaging with the ability to image living cells in physiological conditions. The mechanical contact between the tip and the sample, however, deforms the cell surface, disturbs the native state, and prohibits long-term time-lapse imaging. Here, we develop a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) for high-speed and long-term nanoscale imaging of eukaryotic cells. By utilizing advances in nanopositioning, nanopore fabrication, microelectronics, and controls engineering, we developed a microscopy method that can resolve spatiotemporally diverse three-dimensional (3D) processes on the cell membrane at sub-5-nm axial resolution. We tracked dynamic changes in live cell morphology with nanometer details and temporal ranges of subsecond to days, imaging diverse processes ranging from endocytosis, micropinocytosis, and mitosis to bacterial infection and cell differentiation in cancer cells. This technique enables a detailed look at membrane events and may offer insights into cell-cell interactions for infection, immunology, and cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
M. Leitao
- Laboratory
for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Institute of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Barney Drake
- Laboratory
for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Institute of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Katarina Pinjusic
- Laboratory
of Developmental and Cancer Cell Biology, Institute for Experimental
Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Pierrat
- Laboratory
of Microbial Mechanics, Institute of Bioengineering and Global Health,
School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Vytautas Navikas
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Adrian P. Nievergelt
- Laboratory
for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Institute of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Brillard
- Laboratory
for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Institute of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Denis Djekic
- Institute
of Smart Sensors, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70049, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Persat
- Laboratory
of Microbial Mechanics, Institute of Bioengineering and Global Health,
School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B. Constam
- Laboratory
of Developmental and Cancer Cell Biology, Institute for Experimental
Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute
of Smart Sensors, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70049, Germany
| | - Georg E. Fantner
- Laboratory
for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Institute of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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9
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Wang D, Sun L, Okuda S, Yamamoto D, Nakayama M, Oshima H, Saito H, Kouyama Y, Mimori K, Ando T, Watanabe S, Oshima M. Nano-scale physical properties characteristic to metastatic intestinal cancer cells identified by high-speed scanning ion conductance microscope. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121256. [PMID: 34794825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have indicated relationships between gene mutations and colon cancer phenotypes. However, how physical properties of tumor cells are changed by genetic alterations has not been elucidated. We examined genotype-defined mouse intestinal tumor-derived cells using a high-speed scanning ion conductance microscope (HS-SICM) that can obtain high-resolution live images of nano-scale topography and stiffness. The tumor cells used in this study carried mutations in Apc (A), Kras (K), Tgfbr2 (T), Trp53 (P), and Fbxw7 (F) in various combinations. Notably, high-metastatic cancer-derived cells carrying AKT mutations (AKT, AKTP, and AKTPF) showed specific ridge-like morphology with active membrane volume change, which was not found in low-metastatic and adenoma-derived cells. Furthermore, the membrane was significantly softer in the metastatic AKT-type cancer cells than other genotype cells. Importantly, a principal component analysis using RNAseq data showed similar distributions of expression profiles and physical properties, indicating a link between genetic alterations and physical properties. Finally, the malignant cell-specific physical properties were confirmed by an HS-SICM using human colon cancer-derived cells. These results indicate that the HS-SICM analysis is useful as a novel diagnostic strategy for predicting the metastatic ability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Satoru Okuda
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakayama
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Yuta Kouyama
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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11
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Jiao Y, Zhuang J, Zhang T, He L. Research on the Adaptive Sensitivity Scanning Method for Ion Conductance Microscopy with High Efficiency and Reliability. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12296-12304. [PMID: 34347443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a type of in situ measurement technology for noncontact detection of samples in electrolytes with nanoscale resolution and has been used increasingly in biomedical and electrochemical fields in recent years. However, there is an inherent contradiction in the technique that makes SICM's sensitivity and accuracy difficult to balance. Higher sensitivity allows for faster probe speeds and higher scanning reliability but leads to lower accuracy, and vice versa. To resolve this problem, an adaptive sensitivity scanning method is proposed here that is designed to increase SICM's imaging efficiency without reducing its scanning reliability and accuracy. In the proposed scanning method, the sensitivity is automatically switched via the bias voltage based on the probe-sample distance. When the probe is located far away from the sample, the probe then predetects the sample position rapidly with high sensitivity. When the sample has been sensed in the high-sensitivity phase, the probe then detects the sample with low sensitivity. The basic theory and the feasibility of the alterable sensitivity detection strategy is also studied using the finite element method (FEM) and by performing experiments in this work. Finally, through testing of the standard silicon and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples, the proposed method is shown to increase SICM imaging efficiency significantly by up to 5 times relative to the conventional hopping mode without sacrificing the scanning accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbohan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Langchong He
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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12
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Marchesi A, Umeda K, Komekawa T, Matsubara T, Flechsig H, Ando T, Watanabe S, Kodera N, Franz CM. An ultra-wide scanner for large-area high-speed atomic force microscopy with megapixel resolution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13003. [PMID: 34155261 PMCID: PMC8217563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a powerful tool for visualizing the dynamics of individual biomolecules. However, in single-molecule HS-AFM imaging applications, x,y-scanner ranges are typically restricted to a few hundred nanometers, preventing overview observation of larger molecular assemblies, such as 2-dimensional protein crystal growth or fibrillar aggregation. Previous advances in scanner design using mechanical amplification of the piezo-driven x,y-positioning system have extended the size of HS-AFM image frames to several tens of micrometer, but these large scanners may suffer from mechanical instabilities at high scan speeds and only record images with limited pixel numbers and comparatively low lateral resolutions (> 20–100 nm/pixel), complicating single-molecule analysis. Thus, AFM systems able to image large sample areas at high speeds and with nanometer resolution have still been missing. Here, we describe a HS-AFM sample-scanner system able to record large topographic images (≤ 36 × 36 µm2) containing up to 16 megapixels, providing molecular resolution throughout the image frame. Despite its large size, the flexure-based scanner features a high resonance frequency (> 2 kHz) and delivers stable operation even at high scans speeds of up to 7.2 mm/s, minimizing the time required for recording megapixel scans. We furthermore demonstrate that operating this high-speed scanner in time-lapse mode can simultaneously identify areas of spontaneous 2-dimensional Annexin A5 crystal growth, resolve the angular orientation of large crystalline domains, and even detect rare crystal lattice defects, all without changing scan frame size or resolution. Dynamic processes first identified from overview scans can then be further imaged at increased frame rates in reduced scan areas after switching to conventional HS-AFM scanning. The added ability to collect large-area, high-resolution images of complex samples within biological-relevant time frames extends the capabilities of HS-AFM from single-molecule imaging to the study of large dynamic molecular arrays. Moreover, large-area HS-AFM scanning can generate detailed structural data sets from a single scan, aiding the quantitative analysis of structurally heterogenous samples, including cellular surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin Marchesi
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Umeda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takumi Komekawa
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeru Matsubara
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Holger Flechsig
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Clemens M Franz
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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13
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Li P, Li G. Advances in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy: Principles and Applications. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2020.3037431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Zhuang J, Yan H, Zheng Q, Wang T, Liao X. Study on a Rapid Imaging Method for Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Using a Double-Barreled Theta Pipette. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15789-15798. [PMID: 33283496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a new noncontact, high-resolution scanning probe microscopy technique, which has become increasingly popular in recent years. The hopping mode-currently the most widely used scanning mode-can be used for imaging samples with complicated surface topographies. However, its slow scanning rate seriously restricts its broader application. This paper proposes a fast imaging control mode using a double-barreled theta pipette as the probe, which effectively increases the imaging rate. In this mode, sample surface height information is obtained when the double-barreled theta pipette approaches the sample in a two-step downward process. The ion current sum of two barrels and ion current of one barrel are used as feedback signals to approach the sample until the feedback signals decrease to the set threshold, respectively, thereby obtaining the height of the imaging point. First, this work used COMSOL to establish an SICM model and perform simulation analysis. The simulation results verified the proposed method's feasibility. Second, a scanning time mathematical model was established. The results revealed that the new method is superior to the traditional method in terms of imaging rate. Finally, experiments were performed on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) samples using the two imaging modes described above. The results demonstrated that the new scanning mode could significantly improve the imaging rate of SICM without a loss in imaging quality and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Heng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tingkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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15
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Shigyou K, Sun L, Yajima R, Takigaura S, Tajima M, Furusho H, Kikuchi Y, Miyazawa K, Fukuma T, Taoka A, Ando T, Watanabe S. Geometrical Characterization of Glass Nanopipettes with Sub-10 nm Pore Diameter by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15388-15393. [PMID: 33205942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glass nanopipettes are widely used for various applications in nanosciences. In most of the applications, it is important to characterize their geometrical parameters, such as the aperture size and the inner cone angle at the tip region. For nanopipettes with sub-10 nm aperture and thin wall thickness, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) must be most instrumental in their precise geometrical measurement. However, this measurement has remained a challenge because heat generated by electron beam irradiation would largely deform sub-10 nm nanopipettes. Here, we provide methods for preparing TEM specimens that do not cause deformation of such tiny nanopipettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Shigyou
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Riku Yajima
- Division of Nano Life Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shohei Takigaura
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Tajima
- College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Furusho
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yousuke Kikuchi
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Azuma Taoka
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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16
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Kodera N, Ando T. High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy to Study Myosin Motility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:127-152. [PMID: 32451858 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a unique tool that enables imaging of protein molecules during their functional activity at sub-100 ms temporal and submolecular spatial resolution. HS-AFM is suited for the study of highly dynamic proteins, including myosin motors. HS-AFM images of myosin V walking on actin filaments provide irrefutable evidence for the swinging lever arm motion propelling the molecule forward. Moreover, molecular behaviors that have not been noticed before are also displayed on the AFM movies. This chapter describes the principle, underlying techniques and performance of HS-AFM, filmed images of myosin V, and mechanistic insights into myosin motility provided from the filmed images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kodera
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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