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Keumatio Doungtsop BC, Nardini E, Kalay H, Versteeg SA, Lübbers J, van Barneveld G, Li ER, van Vliet SJ, van Ree R, de Jong EC, van Kooyk Y. Sialic acid-modified der p 2 allergen exerts immunomodulatory effects on human PBMCs. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2024; 3:100193. [PMID: 38187864 PMCID: PMC10770723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Background House dust mite extract-based allergen immunotherapy (AIT) to treat house dust mite allergy is substantially effective but still presents some safety and efficacy concerns that warrant improvement. Several major allergen-based approaches to increase safety and efficacy of AIT have been proposed. One of them is the use of the group 2 allergen, Der p 2. Objective We sought to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of sialic acid-modified major allergen recombinant Der p 2 (sia-rDer p 2) on PBMCs from healthy volunteers. Methods We activated PBMCs with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies and incubated them at 37°C for 6 days in the presence or absence of either native rDer p 2 or α2-3 sialic acid-modified rDer p 2 (sia-rDer p 2). We assessed the changes in CD4+ T-cell activation and proliferation by flow cytometry and changes in T-lymphocyte cytokine production in cell culture supernatant by ELISA. Results We observed that PBMCs treated with sia-rDer p 2 presented with a markedly decreased expression of CD69 and an increased abundance of LAG-3+ lymphocytes compared with cells treated with rDer p 2. Moreover, PBMCs treated with sia-rDer p 2 showed a reduced production of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 and displayed a higher IL-10/IL-5 ratio compared with rDer p 2-treated PBMCs. Conclusions We demonstrate that sia-rDer p 2 might be a safer option than native rDer p 2 for Der p 2-specific AIT. This is most relevant in the early phase of AIT that is often characterized by heightened TH2 responses, because sia-rDer p 2 does not enhance the production of TH2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte-Carole Keumatio Doungtsop
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Nardini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serge A. Versteeg
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Lübbers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gaby van Barneveld
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline R.J. Li
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- DC4U Technologies, Abcoude, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra J. van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Program, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- DC4U Technologies, Abcoude, The Netherlands
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2
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Hosseini B, Berthon BS, Starkey MR, Collison A, McLoughlin RF, Williams EJ, Nichol K, Wark PA, Jensen ME, Da Silva Sena CR, Baines KJ, Mattes J, Wood LG. Children With Asthma Have Impaired Innate Immunity and Increased Numbers of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Compared With Healthy Controls. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664668. [PMID: 34220812 PMCID: PMC8248177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is the most frequent cause of hospitalisation among children; however, little is known regarding the effects of asthma on immune responses in children. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), PBMC composition and lung function in children with and without asthma. Methods Using a case-control design, we compared 48 children with asthma aged 3-11 years with 14 age-matched healthy controls. PBMC composition and cytokine production including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-5 and lL-6 following stimulation with rhinovirus-1B (RV1B), house dust mite (HDM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured. Lung function was assessed using impulse oscillometry and nitrogen multiple breath washout. Results The frequency of group 2 innate lymphoid cells were significantly higher in asthmatics and PBMCs from asthmatics had deficient IFN-γ production in response to both RV1B and LPS compared with controls (P<0.01). RV1B-induced IL-1β response and HDM-stimulated IL-5 production was higher in asthmatics than controls (P<0.05). In contrast, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly reduced in response to HDM and LPS in asthmatics compared to controls (P<0.05). Children with asthma also had reduced pulmonary function, indicated by lower respiratory reactance as well as higher area of-reactance and lung clearance index values compared with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion Our study indicates that children with asthma have a reduced lung function in concert with impaired immune responses and altered immune cell subsets. Improving our understanding of immune responses to viral and bacterial infection in childhood asthma can help to tailor management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafshe Hosseini
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Berthon
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Collison
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca F McLoughlin
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Evan J Williams
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristy Nichol
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Ab Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan E Jensen
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Carla Rebeca Da Silva Sena
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine J Baines
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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3
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Helou DG, Shafiei-Jahani P, Lo R, Howard E, Hurrell BP, Galle-Treger L, Painter JD, Lewis G, Soroosh P, Sharpe AH, Akbari O. PD-1 pathway regulates ILC2 metabolism and PD-1 agonist treatment ameliorates airway hyperreactivity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3998. [PMID: 32778730 PMCID: PMC7417739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a leading chronic disease associated with airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a potent source of T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines that promote AHR and lung inflammation. As the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitory axis regulates a variety of immune responses, here we investigate PD-1 function in pulmonary ILC2s during IL-33-induced airway inflammation. PD-1 limits the viability of ILC2s and downregulates their effector functions. Additionally, PD-1 deficiency shifts ILC2 metabolism toward glycolysis, glutaminolysis and methionine catabolism. PD-1 thus acts as a metabolic checkpoint in ILC2s, affecting cellular activation and proliferation. As the blockade of PD-1 exacerbates AHR, we also develop a human PD-1 agonist and show that it can ameliorate AHR and suppresses lung inflammation in a humanized mouse model. Together, these results highlight the importance of PD-1 agonistic treatment in allergic asthma and underscore its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doumet Georges Helou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Lo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lauriane Galle-Treger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob D Painter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gavin Lewis
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Kakumanu S, Jaffee K, Visness CM, Dresen A, Burger M, Witter FR, O'Connor GT, Cruikshank WW, Shreffler WG, Bacharier LB, Gern JE. The influence of atopy and asthma on immune responses in inner-city adults. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:80-90. [PMID: 27042305 PMCID: PMC4768071 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Asthma in the inner‐city population is usually atopic in nature, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying immune abnormalities that underlie asthma in urban adults have not been well defined. We investigated the influence of atopy and asthma on cytokine responses of inner‐city adult women to define immune abnormalities associated with asthma and atopy. Blood samples were collected from 509 of 606 inner‐city women enrolled in the Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA) study. We tested for associations between atopy and asthma status and cytokine responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated ex vivo with a panel of innate and adaptive immune stimulants. Atopic subjects had heightened Th2 cytokine responses (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13) to cockroach and dust mite antigens, tetanus toxoid, and phytohemagglutinin (P < 0.05 for all). Differences in cytokine responses were greatest in response to stimulation with cockroach and dust mite. In a multivariate analysis, atopy was broadly related to increased Th2‐like responses to all antigens and PHA, while asthma was only weakly related to mitogen‐induced IL‐4 and IL‐5 responses. There were few asthma or allergy‐related differences in responses to innate stimuli, including IFN‐α and IFN‐γ responses. In this inner‐city adult female population, atopy is associated with enhanced Th2 responses to allergens and other stimuli, and there was little or no additional signal attributable to asthma. In particular, these data indicate that altered systemic interferon and innate immune responses are not associated with allergies and/or asthma in inner‐city women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujani Kakumanu
- School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin
| | - Katy Jaffee
- Division of Federal Systems Rho Inc. Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | | | - Amy Dresen
- School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin
| | - Melissa Burger
- School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin
| | - Frank R Witter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - George T O'Connor
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - William W Cruikshank
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Wayne G Shreffler
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and the Food Allergy Center Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital St. Louis Missouri
| | - James E Gern
- School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin
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5
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease which causes recurrent breathlessness affecting 300 million people worldwide of whom 250,000 die annually. The epigenome is a set of heritable modifications and tags that affect the genome without changing the intrinsic DNA sequence. These marks include DNA methylation, modifications to histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped and expression of noncoding RNA. Alterations in all of these processes have been reported in patients with asthma. In some cases these differences are linked to disease severity and susceptibility and may account for the limited value of genetic studies in asthma. Animal models of asthma suggest that epigenetic modifications and processes are linked to asthma and may be tractable targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Brook
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Mark M Perry
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Andrew L Durham
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
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6
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Potter PC, Baker S, Fenemore B, Nurse B. Clinical and cytokine responses to house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114:327-34. [PMID: 25661658 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine responses accompanying sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) responder phenotypes have not previously been reported. OBJECTIVE To investigate clinical and cytokine responses of house dust mite (HDM) sensitive patients with allergic rhinitis receiving HDM SLIT or placebo for 2 years. METHODS Sixty adults were randomized to receive SLIT or placebo. Clinical symptoms were measured using the Total 5 Symptom Score (TSS5) and Juniper Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. HDM specific IgE, IgG, skin prick tests, and HDM-stimulated release of interleukin (IL) 5 and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied at 0, 6, 12, and 24 months and IL-13, IL-4, and IL-10 at 0 and 24 months. RESULTS A total of 32 of 39 SLIT and 16 of 21 placebo patients completed the study. There was significant clinical improvement in both the SLIT and placebo groups. Median T5SS decreased from 14.75 to 5.25 in the SLIT group (P < .001) and 12.7 to 6.0 in the placebo group (P = .003). The median quality-of-life score also decreased in the SLIT group (P < .001) and the placebo group (P < .001). A subgroup analysis of patients found a 60% or greater improvement (on the T5SS and the Juniper Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire) in the good responders group and a 30% to 59% improvement or no improvement in the intermediate responders group. This subgroup analysis also found more good responders in the SLIT group (47%) compared with the placebo group (25%; P = .07). Significant decreases in the IL-5/IFN-γ (P < .001), IL-13/IFN-γ (P < .001), and IL-4/IFN-γ (P = .03) ratios were found in the combined good clinical improvement group at 24 months. CONCLUSION A good clinical response (≥60% improvement in both TSS5 and quality of life) is associated with significant decreases in IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4 relative to IFN-γ during 2 years of SLIT therapy for HDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Potter
- Allergy Diagnostic and Clinical Research Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sheila Baker
- Allergy Diagnostic and Clinical Research Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bartha Fenemore
- Allergy Diagnostic and Clinical Research Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Nurse
- Division of Immunology, National Health Laboratory Service and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Woodfolk JA. Epitope-specific T-cell responses and allergic phenotypes: implications for T-cell peptide therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:309-18. [PMID: 20477080 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.2.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the 1990s, elucidation of the primary amino acid sequence of several major allergens using molecular cloning techniques opened the door to T-cell epitope mapping studies. Such analyses underscored the complexity of the allergen-specific T-cell repertoire and the challenges to using allergen-derived peptides to identify epitope-specific differences associated with allergic and nonallergic responses. This review highlights important factors that may influence the nature of epitope-specific T-cell responses observed in vitro. These include the properties of the allergen, genetics of the host and selection of patients with defined allergic phenotypes based on serum antibody profiles and skin test reactivity. By taking these factors into account, T-cell epitope-specific differences associated with distinct allergic phenotypes can be identified. Observations at the T-cell epitope level undermine the Th1/Th2 paradigm as a model for the development of allergic versus nonallergic responses. Instead, they support the mounting data that point to a network of interactions between T helper cells and regulatory T cells, which controls the allergic response. The ability of peptides that localize to polypeptide chain 2 of the major cat allergen, Fel d 1, to preferentially induce interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma is discussed. Mechanisms whereby specific allergen-derived peptides may modify the T-cell repertoire and influence the immune outcome are also outlined. Further investigation of allergen-derived T-cell epitopes is warranted in order to optimize the design of peptide vaccines for the treatment of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Woodfolk
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA.
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8
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Pacciani V, Gregori S, Chini L, Corrente S, Chianca M, Moschese V, Rossi P, Roncarolo MG, Angelini F. Induction of anergic allergen-specific suppressor T cells using tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from children with allergies to house dust mites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:727-36. [PMID: 20153036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) regulate the immune response to allergens in the lung; they induce either effector or regulatory T cells, which promote or suppress, respectively, the development of allergy. IL-10 is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine that induces type 1 regulatory (Tr1) T cells. OBJECTIVE To generate allergen-specific Tr1 cells in vitro from children with allergy. METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs from children with allergy to house dust mites (HDM) were generated by incubating the cells with IL-10 and pulsing them with Der p 2, a major HDM allergen, or by pulsing them with Der p 2 and incubating them with IL-10 during their last 2 days of differentiation. RESULTS Der p 2-specific T-cell proliferation and T(H)2 cytokine production were significantly reduced when T cells from patients with allergy to HDM were activated with autologous Der p 2-pulsed DCs that had been differentiated or incubated with IL-10. T-cell lines generated with Der p 2-pulsed DCs that were differentiated with IL-10 were hyporesponsive to reactivation with Der p 2 and able to suppress Der p 2-specific T(H)2 effector cells. CONCLUSION Dendritic cells differentiated in the presence of IL-10 and pulsed with allergen gave rise to a population of tolerogenic DCs that induced allergen-specific Tr1 cells. This finding represents an important step forward to the prospective clinical application of tolerogenic DCs to modulate allergen-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pacciani
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Immuno-Infectivology Unit, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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9
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Jung JA, Kita H, Yawn BP, Boyce TG, Yoo KH, McGree ME, Weaver AL, Wollan P, Jacobson RM, Juhn YJ. Increased risk of serious pneumococcal disease in patients with atopic conditions other than asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:217-21. [PMID: 20109748 PMCID: PMC2825162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported an increased risk of serious pneumococcal disease (SPD) among patients with asthma. It is not known whether this is true for patients with other atopic conditions. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between atopic conditions other than asthma and SPD. METHODS The study subjects were residents of Rochester, Minn, who developed SPD between 1964 and 1983 and their 2 sex-matched and age-matched controls. We used a population-based computer-linked medical diagnosis system to identify all individuals with potential SPD. All records were reviewed by using explicit predetermined criteria for SPD. All individuals with atopic conditions were identified by the physician diagnoses including atopic dermatitis or eczema, allergic rhinitis, and hay fever documented in medical records. The associations between these atopic conditions and SPD were assessed by using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 3941 records were reviewed, and we identified 174 SPD cases. Of these 174 cases, 50.6% were male, and 94.3% were Caucasian. Twenty-six (14.9%) of the SPD cases and 29 (8.3%) of the controls had atopy. Atopic conditions other than asthma were associated with an increased risk of SPD (odds ratio, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.04-4.35; P = .04) after adjusting for smoking status, previous high-risk conditions for SPD, educational status, and ethnicity. CONCLUSION Like asthma, other atopic conditions, particularly atopic dermatitis, are associated with an increased risk of SPD. There may be a common immunogenetic mechanism underlying increased risk of SPD among individuals with either asthma or other atopic conditions. Our study findings need to be studied further.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Asthma/complications
- Asthma/diagnosis
- Asthma/epidemiology
- Case-Control Studies
- Databases, Factual
- Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
- Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/complications
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/diagnosis
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/epidemiology
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Minnesota
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/etiology
- Risk Factors
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji A Jung
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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10
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Th2 responses elicited by nasal epithelial cells exposed to house dust mite extract. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 2:175-80. [PMID: 20072691 PMCID: PMC2804092 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2009.2.4.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Respiratory epithelial cells are the first site of interaction of allergens with the immune system. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of epithelial cells, which were stimulated with house dust mite (HDM) extracts, on the immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods Primary nasal polyp epithelial cells were exposed to dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and dermatophagoides farina for 48 hr, and then the supernatant and cells were collected. After stimulation with HDM extract, the epithelial cells were co-cultured with PBMCs for 72 hr and then the supernatant was collected. We measured the interleukin (IL)-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor to determine the activation of the epithelial cells. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-5 and interferon-γ were measured to evaluate the interaction between the epithelial cells and the PBMCs. The mRNA expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was assessed using the anti-ICAM-1 antibody. Results The HDM extracts activated the nasal epithelial cells and enhanced the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA and cell membrane ICAM-1. When the activated epithelial cells were co-cultured with PBMCs, the PBMCs produced lager amounts of TNF-α and IL-5. However the cytokine production was not inhibited by pretreatment with ICAM-1 antibody. Conclusion HDM allergens induce allergic inflammation by activating nasal epithelial cells, yet the interaction of the epitheila cells and the PBMCs may not be associated with an ICAM-1 medicated mechanism.
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11
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DNA methylation and the expression of IL-4 and IFN-gamma promoter genes in patients with bronchial asthma. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:139-46. [PMID: 18004650 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although CpG methylation is thought to be a negative regulator of gene transcription, its relationship with cytokine expression remains unclear. Interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma are major cytokines that affect the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes into the Th1 and Th2 lineage. We used bisulfite deoxyribonucleic acid modification and sequencing to examine the relationship between CpG methylation and IL-4 and IFN-gamma gene expression before and after allergen stimulation in human CD4+ T lymphocytes from sensitized hosts. In naïve cells, the CpGs in the promoter regions were methylated largely in both the IL-4 and IFN-gamma genes. After Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/Dermatophagoides farinae stimulation, the degree of unmethylation in the IL-4 gene increased in cells from patients with bronchial asthma. After phytohemagglutinin stimulation, the degree of unmethylation increased in cells from nonallergic control subjects. The concentration of IL-4 was strongly correlated with the degree of unmethylation in the patient group. These data suggest that CpGs located at -80 of the IL-4 gene and at -295, -186, and +122 of the IFN-gamma gene have regulatory activities important for cytokine expression. We conclude that the stimulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes causes considerable increases in the degree of unmethylation and that in sensitized hosts, the extent of unmethylation correlates with the concentration of IL-4.
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Thomas WR, Hales BJ. T and B cell responses to HDM allergens and antigens. Immunol Res 2007; 37:187-99. [PMID: 17873403 DOI: 10.1007/bf02697369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
House dust mites provide well-characterized proteins to study human responses to inhaled antigens. Even in the absence of allergy they induce a high frequency of T cell precursors. The healthy response manifests by T cell proliferation and Th1 cytokines with little antibody. Responses of allergic people include Th1 and Th2 cytokines and IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 antibodies. Regulatory cells limit effector responses in healthy people. About half the IgE and IgG antibodies bind the group 1 and 2 allergens and 30% bind the group 4, 5, and 7 allergens. Although HLA independent, the recognition of the group 1 allergen shows an immunodominant region and a T cell receptor bias. The major allergens are not produced in higher amounts than many of the poorly non-allergenic proteins. The non-allergenic mite ferritin antigen shows high T cell proliferative responses with mixed cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Thomas
- Centre for Child Health Research University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child, Health Research, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
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Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis was developed in response to data suggesting that the increase in allergic diseases as well as asthma was secondary to a reduced exposure to infectious stimuli. Indeed, the epidemiologic changes, resulting in an increase in atopic disease, have been impressive and intriguing. Furthermore, although there clearly is a genetic component to atopic diseases, genetics cannot account for a marked increase in the incidence and prevalence of allergic manifestations within a few generations. Thus, environmental factors have been suggested as responsible for the changing prevalence. There are two--not mutually exclusive--possibilities, namely, that substances that promote atopy have been added to the environment or that factors that provided protection from allergic disease were lost from the environment. Both outdoor and indoor pollution, along with a long list of other environmental factors, have been proposed. It is of interest that in many developed countries, certain types of pollution have decreased, whereas the prevalence of atopic disease has increased. In this review, we have explored a detailed analysis of a large number of studies that have focused on this issue and suggest that, although the hygiene hypothesis has merit, the stimuli responsible for the new epidemiology remain enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, TB 192, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Thomas WR, Hales BJ, Smith WA. Recombinant allergens for analysing T-cell responses. Methods 2004; 32:255-64. [PMID: 14962760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell responses constitute a central element of allergic disease and a model for studying Th1 and Th2 cytokine pathways. Most studies to date have used extracts of allergens which contain variable quantities of different allergens and non-allergenic antigens. Recombinant allergens provide the tools for studying the responses to allergens in a reproducible and dose-dependent manner and the different T-cell responses of allergic and non-allergic subjects provide a method for verifying the responses and their relationship to allergic sensitisation. Most allergies show dominant responses to one or a few major allergens. These allergens have been described for the common allergies and have been produced as recombinant allergens. A particular problem for allergens is that many are mixtures of proteins from multi-gene families or are highly polymorphic. Information now exists so the sequence variation can be represented. Purified recombinant allergens produced by standard expression systems stimulate the expected T-cell responses from the peripheral blood of allergic and non-allergics to allergen extracts. Although stimulation with recombinant allergens which are not produced with a natural IgE binding activity can provide a measure of allergenicity, the altered tertiary structure can reduce Th2 responses. The sequence information now available provides the means to use PCR to produce cDNA for the production of recombinant allergens from readily available sources. The production of the highly reactive recombinant Der p 2 allergen of house dust mite from natural sources is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Thomas
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia.
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Steinman HA, Donson H, Kawalski M, Toerien A, Potter PC. Bronchial hyper-responsiveness and atopy in urban, peri-urban and rural South African children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003; 14:383-93. [PMID: 14641609 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the prevalence of atopic sensitization and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) in Xhosa children in a rural location in South Africa was very low. The aim of this study was to document the current prevalence of these two indices by comparing traditional rural Xhosa children, recently urbanized Xhosa children and established city white children, and to consider factors that may account for the observed increase in all of these groups. One thousand four hundred and fifty-seven school children aged 10-14 years from the rural Transkei, from a recently urbanized peri-urban area and from urban Cape Town areas were studied using a questionnaire. Four hundred and eighteen children had histamine challenges, and 492 tests for atopy were also conducted. As determined by bronchial challenge with histamine, 17% of rural and 34.4% of recently urbanized Xhosa children had increased BHR, a marked increase from the 0.03% and 3.17% prevalence of increased BHR previously found using the exercise challenge. The prevalence of increased BHR in white urban children was 33%. Sensitization to one or more aero-allergens, as indicated by CAP RAST tests, was present in 36.6% of the rural Xhosa children with normal BHR and in 62.5% of those with increased BHR, a striking increase from that of previous studies. Atopic sensitization to one or more aero-allergens, as indicated by a skin prick test (SPT), was found in 42.3% of the recently urbanized Xhosa children and 45% of urbanized white children. We have also documented sensitization to house dust mites in the rural Xhosa children for the first time. Passive cigarette smoking was not identified as a risk factor for increased BHR or atopy. Wood smoke in the indoor environment did not play a role in the rural Xhosa children's BHR. Ascaris infection does not appear to play any modifying role in the development of increased BHR in the rural or urban children. We have found that increases in BHR in the rural and recently urbanized Xhosa children develop independently of increases in atopy. Our results challenge the 'hygiene' hypothesis as a complete explanation for the recent dramatic worldwide increases in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris A Steinman
- Allergology Unit, Groote Schuur Hospital Red Cross Children's Hospital, Rondebosch, South Africa.
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Olsson S, Cagnoni F, Dignetti P, Melioli G, Canonica GW. Low concentrations of cytokines produced by allergen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells have potent effects on nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:254-60. [PMID: 12699413 PMCID: PMC1808710 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2003] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data show that fibroblasts are important regulators in the development and maintenance of allergic airway inflammation. However, most studies so far have used individual recombinant cytokines in high concentrations, unlikely to be found in vivo. We aimed to investigate how cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) affect fibroblast functions. Primary airway fibroblasts where incubated with allergen-stimulated or non-stimulated PBMC supernatants from allergic patients. The levels of cytokines in PBMC supernatants were measured and the expression of CD54, CD40 and CD106 as well as the production of eotaxin, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were assessed in fibroblasts. Although the levels of single cytokines measured in PBMC supernatants were low, a significant up-regulation of the surface molecules as well as of IL-6 and IL-8 production was found in fibroblasts cultured with allergen-stimulated PBMC supernatants as compared to non-stimulated, while the increase in eotaxin production was not significant. The evaluation of correlations between cytokines produced by PBMC and effects seen on fibroblasts did not indicate a crucial role for any single cytokine. Furthermore, the addition of comparably low concentrations of recombinant interferon (rIFN)-gamma or recombinant tumour necrosis factor (rTNF)-alpha did not induce the same effects as PBMC supernatants, the only exception being TNF-alpha as a direct inducer of CD54 expression. Our results show that synergistic mechanisms has a more important role than single mediators, highlighting important differences between in vitro experiments, where effects of individual mediators are studied, versus the actual situation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Olsson
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.
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Smart JM, Tang MLK, Kemp AS. Polyclonal and allergen-induced cytokine responses in children with elevated immunoglobulin E but no atopic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1552-7. [PMID: 12569974 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced Th1 and elevated Th2 cytokine responses are considered to be a principal mechanism in the generation of the inflammation leading to the manifestations of atopic disease in the skin of atopic dermatitis and in the airways of asthma. If reduced Th1 and elevated Th2 responses are principal determinants of the manifestation of atopic disease it might be expected that subjects with established disease would exhibit differences in their cytokine profiles as compared with atopic patients without clinical disease. OBJECTIVE To determine whether asymptomatic atopic children exhibit a cytokine imbalance similar to that seen in patients with established atopic disease or if they behave like non-atopic controls. Cytokine responses in a group of children with elevated IgE but no clinical manifestations of disease, atopic children with established disease and non-atopic controls were compared. METHODS We examined allergen-induced (house dust mite, HDM, rye grass pollen and RYE) cytokine responses in parallel with polyclonal (staphylococcal enterotoxin B, SEB) cytokine responses in a group of children with elevated serum IgE levels without current or past evidence of atopic disease (median age 6.6 years) and compared these with a non-atopic control group (median age 6.5 years) and a group of children with atopic disease (median age 6.7 years). RESULTS Symptomatic atopic children had reduced SEB-induced IFN-gamma and increased SEB-induced IL-4 and IL-5 as compared with non-atopic controls. In contrast, SEB-induced IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-5 production in asymptomatic atopics was not significantly different from the non-atopic control subjects. Allergen-induced Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-5 and IL-13) cytokine production was increased in both symptomatic atopics and asymptomatic atopics when compared with non-atopic controls. CONCLUSION The defect in polyclonally induced IFN-gamma production was associated with the clinical manifestation of atopic disease but not the atopic stateper se. This suggests that the global reduction in IFN-gamma is the key determinant of the development of overt atopic disease. In contrast, elevated allergen-induced Th2 cytokine responses in children related to the atopic state per se irrespective of the presence of clinical atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Smart
- Department of Immunology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Smart JM, Kemp AS. Increased Th1 and Th2 allergen-induced cytokine responses in children with atopic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:796-802. [PMID: 11994108 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyclonal cytokine responses following stimulation of T cells with mitogens or superantigens provides information on cytokine production from a wide range of T cells. Alternatively allergen-induced T cell responses can provide information on cytokine production by allergen-reactive T cells. While there is evidence of increased Th2 and reduced Th1 cytokine production following T cell stimulation with non-specific mitogens and superantigens, the evidence that Th1 cytokine production to allergens is decreased in line with a postulated imbalance in Th1/Th2 responses is unclear, with studies finding decreased, no difference or increased IFN-gamma responses to allergens in atopic subjects. OBJECTIVE To examine childhood polyclonal and allergen-induced cytokine responses in parallel to evaluate cytokine imbalances in childhood atopic disease. METHODS PBMC cytokine responses were examined in response to a polyclonal stimulus, staphylococcal superantigen (SEB), in parallel with two inhalant allergens, house dust mite (HDM) and rye grass pollen (RYE), and an ingested allergen, ovalbumin (OVA), in (a) 35 healthy children (non-atopic) and (b) 36 children with atopic disease (asthma, eczema and/or rhinitis) (atopic). RESULTS Atopic children had significantly reduced IFN-gamma and increased IL-4 and IL-5 but not IL13 production to SEB superantigen stimulation when compared with non-atopic children. HDM and RYE allergens stimulated significantly increased IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-13, while OVA stimulated significantly increased IFN-gamma production in atopic children. CONCLUSION We show that a polyclonal stimulus induces a reduced Th1 (IFN-gamma) and increased Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokine pattern. In contrast, the allergen-induced cytokine responses in atopic children were associated with both increased Th1 (INF-gamma) and Th2 (IL-5 and IL-13) cytokine production. The increased Th1 response to allergen is likely to reflect prior sensitization and indicates that increases in both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production to allergens exists concomitantly with a decreased Th1 response to a polyclonal stimulus in atopic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Smart
- Department of Immunology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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