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Calderón-Villarreal A, Avelar Portillo LJ, Abramovitz D, Goldenberg S, Flanigan S, Quintana PJE, Harvey-Vera A, Vera CF, Rangel G, Strathdee SA, Kayser GL. A brief instrument measuring the water, sanitation and hygiene domain of menstrual health among women who inject drugs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303378. [PMID: 38728343 PMCID: PMC11086918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domains of adequate menstrual health (MH) include access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). People who menstruate with social disadvantages-such as homelessness or drug injection practices-often face barriers to WASH access. However, validated instruments to measure MH are limited among marginalized populations, and available instruments involve lengthy surveys. We developed and evaluated psychometric properties of a novel 'MH WASH Domain Scale-12' among people who menstruate and who inject drugs in the Tijuana-San Diego region and identified correlates of MH access using this scale. METHODS We constructed a MH-scale based on access to twelve WASH-related items: (1) menstrual products, (2) body hygiene (bathing per week), (3) water sources for bathing, (4) improved, (5) non-shared, (6) available, (7) private, (8) nearby, (9) and safe sanitation facilities, (10) availability of soap, (11) water source for handwashing, and (12) handwashing facilities with soap/water. Variables were dichotomized and summed, with scores ranging from 0-12 points and higher scores indicating better MH access. We assessed the scale's reliability and construct and content validity using data from a binational cross-sectional study. The sample included people who inject drugs (PWID) who had ever menstruated in their lifetime and were 18+ during 2020-2021. MH-WASH items were described, and the scale was further used as an outcome variable to identify correlates. RESULTS Among 125 (124 cis-female and 1 trans-male) PWID that reported menstruating, our 'MH WASH Domain Scale-12' was reliable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.81, McDonald's Omega total = 0.83) and valid. We identified two sub-domains: Factor-1 included items describing 'WASH availability' and Factor-2 contained items related to 'WASH security'-encompassing physical and biological safety. Scale scores were significantly lower among participants experiencing unsheltered homelessness compared to participants experiencing sheltered homelessness or living in permanent housing. CONCLUSION We constructed and validated a novel and reliable scale to measure MH-related WASH access that can be used to assess MH among marginalized populations in English- and Spanish-speaking contexts. Using this scale we identified disparities in MH-WASH access among PWID and who menstruate in the US-Mexico border region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhelí Calderón-Villarreal
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, California, United States of America
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lourdes Johanna Avelar Portillo
- Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Global Health, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniela Abramovitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shira Goldenberg
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shawn Flanigan
- School of Public Affairs, SDSU, San, Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Penelope J. E. Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alicia Harvey-Vera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Universidad de Xochicalco, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Carlos F. Vera
- Division of Global Health, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Gudelia Rangel
- El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
- Border Health Commission, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Steffanie A. Strathdee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Georgia L. Kayser
- Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Tariq S, Okhai H, Severn A, Sabin CA, Burns F, Gilson R, Fox J, Gilleece Y, Mackie NE, Post FA, Reeves I, Rosenvinge M, Sullivan A, Ustianowski A, Miller RF. Follicle-stimulating hormone in postmenopausal women living with HIV: a prevalence study. HIV Med 2021; 23:434-440. [PMID: 34791781 PMCID: PMC9298721 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We examined follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in women living with HIV aged > 45 reporting ≥ 12 months’ amenorrhoea, and investigated correlation with menopausal symptoms. Methods A cross‐sectional substudy of 85 women from the Positive Transitions through the Menopause (PRIME) Study who reported irregular periods at entry into the PRIME Study and ≥ 12 months’ amenorrhoea at recruitment into this substudy. Serum FSH was supplemented with clinical data and menopausal symptom assessment. Serum FSH > 30 mIU/mL was defined as consistent with postmenopausal status. Associations between FSH and menopausal symptom severity were assessed using Pearson's correlation and the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results Median age was 53 years [interquartile range (IQR): 51–55]; all were on antiretroviral therapy, three‐quarters (n = 65) had a CD4 T‐cell count > 500 cells/μL and 91.8% (n = 78) had an HIV viral load (VL) < 50 copies/mL. Median FSH was 65.9 mIU/mL (IQR: 49.1–78.6). Only four women (4.7%) had FSH ≤ 30 mIU/mL; none reported smoking or drug use, all had CD4 T‐cell count ≥ 200 cells/μL, and one had viral load (VL) ≥ 50 copies/mL. Median body mass index (BMI) was elevated compared with women with FSH > 30 mIU/mL (40.8 vs. 30.5 kg/m2). Over a quarter (28.2%) reported severe menopausal symptoms, with no correlation between FSH and severity of menopausal symptoms (p = 0.21), or hot flushes (p = 0.37). Conclusions Four women in this small substudy had low FSH despite being amenorrhoeic; all had BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2. We found that 95% of women with HIV aged > 45 years reporting ≥ 12 months’ amenorrhoea had elevated FSH, suggesting that menopausal status can be ascertained from menstrual history alone in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shema Tariq
- UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.,Mortimer Market Centre, CNWL NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hajra Okhai
- UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Blood Borne and Sexually Transmitted Infections at UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Caroline A Sabin
- UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Blood Borne and Sexually Transmitted Infections at UCL, London, UK
| | - Fiona Burns
- UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.,Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Gilson
- UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.,Mortimer Market Centre, CNWL NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julie Fox
- Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Yvonne Gilleece
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.,Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Frank A Post
- Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Iain Reeves
- Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ann Sullivan
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Ustianowski
- North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert F Miller
- UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.,Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Charron E, Rennert L, Mayo RM, Eichelberger KY, Dickes L, Truong KD. Contraceptive initiation after delivery among women with and without opioid use disorders: A retrospective cohort study in a statewide Medicaid population, 2005-2016. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 220:108533. [PMID: 33513446 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined contraceptive initiation patterns in the 12 months following childbirth among women with opioid use disorder (OUD), women with non-opioid substance use disorders (SUDs), and women without SUDs. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using claims data from South Carolina Medicaid-enrolled women aged 15-44 who had singleton live birth between January 2005 and December 2016. Study outcomes were initiation of most or moderately effective (MME) contraceptive methods. Using multivariable and propensity score-weighted logistic regression, we analyzed the relationship between OUD and contraceptive initiation within 12 months after delivery. RESULTS We identified 71,283 live birth deliveries during the study period. In multivariable analysis, women with non-opioid SUDs and women without SUDs compared to women with OUD were more likely to initiate a MME method vs a least effective method or no method by 3 months (non-opioid SUDs: odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-1.52; no SUDs: OR = 1.55, 95 % CI = 1.36-1.77) and 12 months (non-opioid SUD: OR = 1.23, 95 % CI = 1.06-1.42; no SUD: OR = 1.46, 95 % CI = 1.27-1.66) after delivery. With regards to the timing of initiation, women with non-opioid SUDs and women without SUDs were more likely than women with OUD to initiate a MME method vs a least effective method or no method after the immediate postpartum period through 3 months following delivery (non-opioid SUDs: OR = 1.41, 95 % CI = 1.18-1.68; no SUDs: OR = 1.87, 95 % CI = 1.59-2.21). We detected the similar patterns in analyses that used propensity score weighting. CONCLUSION OUD was associated with decreased likelihood of initiating a MME contraceptive method within 12 months after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Charron
- Department of Public Health Sciences, 503 Edwards Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Program of Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy (PARCKA), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Lior Rennert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, 503 Edwards Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Rachel M Mayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, 503 Edwards Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Kacey Y Eichelberger
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville/Prisma Health Upstate, 701 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Lori Dickes
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, 263 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Khoa D Truong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, 503 Edwards Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Prolonged Amenorrhea and Low Hip Bone Mineral Density in Women Living With HIV-A Controlled Cross-sectional Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 83:486-495. [PMID: 31914005 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women living with HIV (WLWH) have higher rates of prolonged secondary amenorrhea (no flow for ≥1 year) than HIV-negative women. Both having amenorrhea and being HIV positive are associated with lower areal bone mineral density (BMD). However, their combined BMD effects remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated prolonged amenorrhea and BMD in WLWH and controls. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled WLWH and HIV-negative control women aged 19-68 years of similar backgrounds. We assessed BMD (Hologic; as age- and ethnicity-matched Z-scores) in the Children and women: AntiRetrovirals and Markers of Aging cohort. Participants were stratified by amenorrhea history defined as past/present lack of menses for ≥1 year at age 45 and younger and not because of surgery, breastfeeding, pregnancy, or hormonal contraception. Hip and spine Z-scores by amenorrhea/no amenorrhea used linear models with multivariable analysis for relationships within WLWH. RESULTS WLWH (N = 129) were similar to controls (N = 129) in age, body mass index, ethnicity, and substance use. Among WLWH, 21% experienced prolonged amenorrhea vs. 9% in controls. WLWH had significantly lower total hip (mean ± SD: -0.4 ± 0.9 vs. 0.3 ± 1.1; P < 0.001) and spine (-0.5 ± 1.3 vs. 0.2 ± 1.3; P = 0.001) Z-scores than controls. Amenorrhea was independently associated with hip (P = 0.01) but not spine (P = 0.94) BMD by multivariable linear regression. WLWH with amenorrhea had lower hip Z-scores (-0.8 ± 0.9) than those without (-0.3 ± 0.8; P = 0.01). They also had higher rates of substance use, smoking, opioid therapy, hepatitis C coinfection, and lower CD4 nadir. CONCLUSIONS WLWH had higher rates of prolonged amenorrhea and lower BMD than controls. WLWH with amenorrhea experienced lower hip BMD Z-scores than those without. Prolonged amenorrhea is an added osteoporosis risk in WLWH.
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Valiaveettil C, Loutfy M, Kennedy VL, Caddy S, Yudin M, Conway T, Ding E, Sereda P, de Pokomandy A, Kaida A. High prevalence of abnormal menstruation among women living with HIV in Canada. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226992. [PMID: 31881068 PMCID: PMC6934328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To measure the prevalence and correlates of abnormal menstruation among women living with HIV (WLWH) in Canada. Methods We used cross-sectional questionnaire data from the community-based Canadian HIV Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS), which enrolled WLWH aged ≥16 from British Columbia (BC), Ontario, and Quebec. For this analysis, we excluded women >45 years, who had primary amenorrhea, were pregnant, on hormonal contraception, or who reported history of endometrial cancer, last menstrual period >12 months ago, or premature ovarian failure. The primary outcome was abnormal menstruation (Yes vs No) based on responses to five questions about menstrual regularity, frequency, volume, duration, and intermenstrual bleeding in the six months prior to interview. An exploratory multivariable logistic regression analysis examined independent correlates of abnormal menstruation. Results Of 1422 women enrolled, 521 (37%) met eligibility criteria. Overall, 55.9% (95% CI:52%-60%) reported abnormal menstruation. In adjusted analyses, abnormal menstruation was associated with having a biologic sister/mother who entered menopause before age 40 (AOR 5.01, 95%CI 1.39–18.03), Hepatitis B co-infection (AOR 6.97, 95%CI 1.52–31.88), current smoking (AOR 1.69, 95%CI 1.55–3.41); and currently taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) (AOR 2.36, 95%CI 1.25–4.45) compared to being ART-naïve. Women in BC had higher adjusted odds of abnormal menstruation (AOR 2.95, 95%CI 1.61–5.39), relative to women in Ontario and Quebec. Conclusions Over half of WLWH in this analysis had abnormal menstruation. Correlates of abnormal menstruation include genetic, socio-behavioural factors (province of residence, smoking), Hepatitis B co-infection, and current ART use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Loutfy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V. Logan Kennedy
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila Caddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mark Yudin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracey Conway
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Ding
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Sereda
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexandra de Pokomandy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is conflicting literature to support a link between HIV and amenorrhea. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to summarize the results from landmark studies in this area and shed light on this important clinical association. METHODS Using a search of Ovid Medline and Embase, a total of 322 articles were screened for controlled matched observational studies of amenorrhea in premenopausal women living with HIV (WLWH). For inclusion, amenorrhea was defined as absence of menses for 3 months or longer. The meta-analysis used a random-effects model with an I2 calculated to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS Six studies from 1996 to 2010 were included in our analysis for a total of 8925 women (6570 WLWH). There was a significant association between HIV status and amenorrhea (OR 1.68, P value 0.0001) without evidence of heterogeneity (I2: 0.0%). In the majority of studies, there was no significant difference in substance use, smoking, or socioeconomic status between WLWH and controls. Additionally, in the majority of studies, amenorrhea in the setting of low BMI was significantly more frequent in WLWH than controls. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides a large population assessment of amenorrhea in HIV to suggest increased prevalence of menstrual disturbances in WLWH. It lends evidence suggestive that this relation is independent of substance use and socioeconomic status, but may be related to low BMI. Our findings reinforce the importance of routine assessment of reproductive health and time of last menstrual period as part of the health assessment of women, especially those living with HIV.
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Sharma TS, Somarriba G, Arheart KL, Neri D, Mathew MS, Graham PL, Scott GB, Miller TL. Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Dual-energy Radiograph Absorptiometry Among Perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Youth: Increased Risk of Adiposity Among HIV-infected Female Youth. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:1002-1007. [PMID: 29474262 PMCID: PMC6105572 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination antiretroviral therapy has allowed youth with perinatal HIV infection (PHIV+) to live into adulthood, but many youth may experience metabolic and body composition changes that predispose to greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This longitudinal study evaluated changes in body composition measured by dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry (DXA) in a cohort of PHIV+ youth compared with HIV- controls over a 7-year period. METHODS PHIV+ youth and HIV- controls were prospectively enrolled in a single-site study to assess nutrition and CVD risk. Anthropometrics and DXA scans were longitudinally obtained to assess percent body fat and regional fat distribution. Using general linear models, we analyzed differences in body composition and anthropometric measures by sex between PHIV+ youth and controls over time. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-five participants (156 PHIV+ and 79 HIV- controls) with at least 1 DXA performed since study enrollment were included for analysis. During the study period, 471 DXAs were obtained in the PHIV+ group and 95 in HIV- controls. PHIV+ females demonstrated greater increase in weight and body mass index over time compared with HIV- females, and significant increases in total percent body fat [estimate = 1.212 (95% confidence interval: 0.837-1.587) percent per year; P < 0.001) and percent trunk fat [1.3818 (95% confidence interval: 0.922-1.84); P < 0.001] compared with HIV- females and PHIV+ males. CONCLUSIONS PHIV+ females demonstrate an unfavorable change in fat redistribution and percent body fat over time that exceeds the pattern seen in PHIV+ males or HIV- females. Providers should have heightened awareness of body composition changes of PHIV+ females that may eventually lead to increased CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi S Sharma
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriel Somarriba
- Department of Clinical Education, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, St. Augustine, Florida
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Daniela Neri
- Discipline of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Sunil Mathew
- Division of Pediatric Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Gwendolyn B Scott
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Tracie L Miller
- Division of Pediatric Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics
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Cejtin HE, Evans CT, Greenblatt R, Minkoff H, Weber KM, Wright R, Colie C, Golub E, Massad LS. Prolonged Amenorrhea and Resumption of Menses in Women with HIV. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 27:1441-1448. [PMID: 30222490 PMCID: PMC6306666 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare etiologies of prolonged amenorrhea in a cohort of HIV-infected women with a cohort of similar uninfected at-risk women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Women from the Women's Interagency HIV Study were seen every 6 months, and completed surveys including questions about their menstruation. Those who reported no vaginal bleeding for at least 1 year ("prolonged amenorrhea") with subsequent resumption of bleeding were compared with women in whom bleeding had stopped permanently ("menopause"). Characteristics associated with reversible prolonged amenorrhea were ascertained. RESULTS Of 828 women with prolonged amenorrhea, 37.6% had reversible amenorrhea and 62.4% never resumed menses. HIV-seropositive women with prolonged amenorrhea were significantly younger at cessation of menses than HIV-negative women (p < 0.0001). Of those with reversible prolonged amenorrhea, approximately half were taking medications associated with amenorrhea, including 95 (30.6%) hormonal contraception, 80 (25.7%) opiates/stimulants, 16 (5.1%) psychotropic medications, and 6 (1.9%) chemotherapy. HIV-seropositive women were less likely to have medications as a cause of amenorrhea than seronegative women (p = 0.02). In multivariable analysis, women with reversible prolonged amenorrhea of unknown etiology were younger (p < 0.0001), more often obese (p = 0.03), and less educated (p = 0.01) than those with permanent amenorrhea. Among HIV-seropositive women, markers of severe immunosuppression were not associated with prolonged amenorrhea. CONCLUSION Women with HIV infection have unexplained prolonged amenorrhea more often than at-risk seronegative women. This is especially common among obese, less-educated women. Prolonged amenorrhea in the HIV-seropositive women should be evaluated and not be presumed to be to the result of menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. Cejtin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charlesnika T. Evans
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Center for Healthcare Studies Northwestern University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ruth Greenblatt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Howard Minkoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kathleen M. Weber
- Cook County Health and Hospitals System/Hektoen Institute of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rodney Wright
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Christine Colie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University, District of Columbia, Washington
| | - Elizabeth Golub
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - L. Stewart Massad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Practice Bulletin No. 167: Gynecologic Care for Women and Adolescents With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 128:e89-e110. [PMID: 27661659 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000001707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the United States in 2013, there were an estimated 226,000 women and adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1). Women with HIV are living longer, healthier lives, so the need for routine and problem-focused gynecologic care has increased. The purpose of this document is to educate clinicians about basic health screening and care, family planning, prepregnancy care, and managing common gynecologic problems for women and adolescents who are infected with HIV. For information on screening guidelines, refer to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee Opinion No. 596, Routine Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening (2).
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Special Problems in Women Who Have HIV Disease. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Rollet-Kurhajec KC, Moodie EEM, Walmsley S, Cooper C, Pick N, Klein MB. Hepatic Fibrosis Progression in HIV-Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection--The Effect of Sex on Risk of Significant Fibrosis Measured by Aspartate-to-Platelet Ratio Index. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129868. [PMID: 26090666 PMCID: PMC4474689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infection, male sex is associated with faster liver fibrosis progression but the effects of sex have not been well studied in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. We examined the influence of sex on progression to significant liver fibrosis in HIV-HCV co-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) using the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) as a surrogate biomarker of liver fibrosis. METHODS We evaluated 308 HIV infected, HCV RNA positive participants of a Canadian multicentre prospective cohort receiving antiretrovirals and without significant liver fibrosis or end-stage liver disease at baseline. We used multivariate discrete-time proportional hazards models to assess the effect of sex on time to significant fibrosis (APRI≥1.5) adjusting for baseline age, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, HCV duration, and APRI and time-updated CD4 count and HIV RNA. RESULTS Overall, 55 (18%) participants developed an APRI ≥ 1.5 over 544 person-years of at-risk follow-up time; 18 (21%) women (incidence rate (IR)=14.0/100 PY; 7.5-20.4) and 37 (17%) men (IR=8.9/100 PY; 6.0-11.8). Women had more favourable profiles with respect to traditional risk factors for liver disease progression (younger, shorter duration of HCV infection and less alcohol use). Despite this, female sex was associated with a greater than two-fold increased risk of fibrosis progression (adjusted hazard rate (HR) =2.23; 1.22-4.08). CONCLUSIONS HIV-HCV co-infected women receiving antiretroviral therapy were at significantly greater risk of progressing to liver fibrosis as measured by APRI compared with men. Enhanced efforts to engage and treat co-infected women for HCV are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Rollet-Kurhajec
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Erica E. M. Moodie
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sharon Walmsley
- University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Curtis Cooper
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Neora Pick
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marina B. Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Womack JA, Chang CCH, So-Armah KA, Alcorn C, Baker JV, Brown ST, Budoff M, Butt AA, Gibert C, Goetz MB, Gottdiener J, Gottlieb S, Justice AC, Leaf D, McGinnis K, Rimland D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Sico J, Skanderson M, Tindle H, Tracy RP, Warner A, Freiberg MS. HIV infection and cardiovascular disease in women. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001035. [PMID: 25324353 PMCID: PMC4323817 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background HIV infection is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men. Whether HIV is an independent risk factor for CVD in women has not yet been established. Methods and Results We analyzed data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study on 2187 women (32% HIV infected [HIV+]) who were free of CVD at baseline. Participants were followed from their first clinical encounter on or after April 01, 2003 until a CVD event, death, or the last follow‐up date (December 31, 2009). The primary outcome was CVD (acute myocardial infarction [AMI], unstable angina, ischemic stroke, and heart failure). CVD events were defined using clinical data, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes, and/or death certificate data. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association between HIV and incident CVD, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, lipids, smoking, blood pressure, diabetes, renal disease, obesity, hepatitis C, and substance use/abuse. Median follow‐up time was 6.0 years. Mean age at baseline of HIV+ and HIV uninfected (HIV−) women was 44.0 versus 43.2 years (P<0.05). Median time to CVD event was 3.1 versus 3.7 years (P=0.11). There were 86 incident CVD events (53%, HIV+): AMI, 13%; unstable angina, 8%; ischemic stroke, 22%; and heart failure, 57%. Incident CVD/1000 person‐years was significantly higher among HIV+ (13.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]=10.1, 18.1) than HIV− women (5.3; 95% CI=3.9, 7.3; P<0.001). HIV+ women had an increased risk of CVD, compared to HIV− (hazard ratio=2.8; 95% CI=1.7, 4.6; P<0.001). Conclusions HIV is associated with an increased risk of CVD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chung-Chou H Chang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA (C.C.H.C., A.A.B., H.T.) University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA (C.C.H.C., C.A.)
| | - Kaku A So-Armah
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.A.S.A., A.C.J., J.S.)
| | - Charles Alcorn
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA (C.C.H.C., C.A.)
| | - Jason V Baker
- University of Minnesota Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN (J.V.B.)
| | - Sheldon T Brown
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY (S.T.B.) Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY (S.T.B.)
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA (M.B.)
| | - Adeel A Butt
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA (C.C.H.C., A.A.B., H.T.) VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA (A.A.B.) Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE (A.A.B.)
| | - Cynthia Gibert
- VA Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (C.G.)
| | - Matthew Bidwell Goetz
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (M.B.G., D.L., A.W.) VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA (M.B.G., D.L., A.W.)
| | - John Gottdiener
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.G., S.G.)
| | - Stephen Gottlieb
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.G., S.G.)
| | - Amy C Justice
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.A.S.A., A.C.J., J.S.) Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT (A.C.J., K.M.G., J.S., M.S.)
| | - David Leaf
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (M.B.G., D.L., A.W.) VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA (M.B.G., D.L., A.W.)
| | - Kathleen McGinnis
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT (A.C.J., K.M.G., J.S., M.S.)
| | - David Rimland
- Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA (D.R.)
| | - Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas
- Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (M.C.R.B.)
| | - Jason Sico
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.A.S.A., A.C.J., J.S.) Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT (A.C.J., K.M.G., J.S., M.S.)
| | - Melissa Skanderson
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT (A.C.J., K.M.G., J.S., M.S.)
| | - Hilary Tindle
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA (C.C.H.C., A.A.B., H.T.)
| | - Russell P Tracy
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT (R.P.T.)
| | - Alberta Warner
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (M.B.G., D.L., A.W.) VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA (M.B.G., D.L., A.W.)
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13
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Huntington SE, Thorne C, Bansi LK, Anderson J, Newell ML, Taylor GP, Pillay D, Hill T, Tookey PA, Sabin CA. Predictors of pregnancy and changes in pregnancy incidence among HIV-positive women accessing HIV clinical care. AIDS 2013; 27:95-103. [PMID: 22713479 PMCID: PMC3495056 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283565df1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe predictors of pregnancy and changes in pregnancy incidence among HIV-positive women accessing HIV clinical care. METHODS Data were obtained through the linkage of two separate studies: the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort study (UK CHIC), a cohort of adults attending 13 large HIV clinics; and the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood (NSHPC), a national surveillance study of HIV-positive pregnant women. Pregnancy incidence was measured using the proportion of women in UK CHIC with a pregnancy reported to NSHPC. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify predictors of pregnancy and assess changes in pregnancy incidence in 2000-2009. RESULTS The number of women accessing care at UK CHIC sites increased as did the number of pregnancies. Older women were less likely to have a pregnancy [adjusted relative rate (aRR) 0.44 per 10 year increment in age, [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.41-0.46)], P < 0.001] as were women with CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/μl compared with CD4 cell count 200-350 cells/μl [aRR 0.65 (0.55-0.77), P < 0.001] and women of white ethnicity compared with women of black African ethnicity [aRR 0.67 (0.57-0.80), P < 0.001]. The likelihood that women had a pregnancy increased over the study period [aRR 1.05 (1.03-1.07), P < 0.001). The rate of change did not significantly differ according to age group, antiretroviral therapy use, CD4 group or ethnicity. CONCLUSION The pregnancy rate among women accessing HIV clinical care increased in 2000-2009. HIV-positive women with, or planning, a pregnancy require a high level of care and this is likely to continue and increase as more women of older age have pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie E Huntington
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Cejtin HE. Care of the human immunodeficiency virus-infected menopausal woman. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:87-93. [PMID: 22284959 PMCID: PMC3408554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
More women than ever before are both human immunodeficiency virus infected and menopausal, because of increased survival and more frequent diagnosis in older women. Such a woman has the combined burden of her infection, its treatment, comorbid conditions, and aging. Thus, she is at risk for a variety of problems, such as disorders of bone mineral density and deficiencies in cognitive functioning. In addition to this, she experiences menopause in a unique fashion, with more symptoms and perhaps at an earlier age. The clinician caring for her must take a proactive approach to this multitude of factors that may affect her health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Elizabeth Cejtin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA.
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15
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Sha BE, Benson CA. Special problems in women who have HIV disease. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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16
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Fumaz CR, Muñoz-Moreno JA, Ferrer MJ, Negredo E, Pérez-Álvarez N, Tarrats A, Clotet B. Low levels of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected women with menstrual disorders. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2009; 23:463-8. [PMID: 19519230 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2009.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence of menstrual disorders in HIV-1-infected women and explored the association between such disorders and adherence to antiretroviral therapy, sexual functioning, and depressive symptoms in a group of HIV-1-infected women aged younger than 46 years and on antiretroviral therapy. Participants were included in a cross-sectional survey between June 2005 and December 2006. Women provided information about their menstrual cycle and adherence in a single visit and responded to the Greene Climacteric Scale, the Massachusetts General Hospital Sexual Functioning Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Women with and without menstrual disorders were compared using parametric and nonparametric tests. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression model was developed. The participants were 107 Caucasian women with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 39 years (IQR, 36-42 years) and a median CD4 cell count of 483 cells/mm(3) (IQR, 332-679 cells/mm(3)). The viral load was below 50 copies per milliliter in 76.6% of the women. Sixty-four percent of the women had acquired HIV-1 infection through sexual intercourse. Menstrual disorders, observed in 32% of participants, were more frequent in women with detectable viral loads (p = 0.018). Women with menstrual disorders reported worse adherence (p = 0.005) and more sexual dysfunction (p < 0.05). Sixty-nine percent of the women who attributed their menstrual disorders to the use of antiretrovirals had inadequate adherence. Depressive symptoms were not observed. Vasomotor symptoms (p = 0.004), having a detectable viral load (p = 0.03) and adherence less than 95% (p = 0.02) were predictors of menstrual disorder. A third of the HIV-1-infected women assessed had menstrual disorders that impacted negatively on adherence to therapy and sexual function. The subjective attribution of these irregularities to antiretrovirals seems to affect medication intake, possibly favoring negative clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina R. Fumaz
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A. Muñoz-Moreno
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Ferrer
- HIV Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugenia Negredo
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Pérez-Álvarez
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Statistics and Operations Research Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Tarrats
- HIV Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Buprenorphine and methadone treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy: comparison of fetal growth and neonatal outcomes in two consecutive case series. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 96:69-78. [PMID: 18355989 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effects of fetal buprenorphine and methadone exposure during maintenance treatment of pregnant heroin dependent subjects. DESIGN AND SETTING A population based comparison of consecutive, prospectively followed buprenorphine-exposed pregnancies in Stockholm County, Sweden, to retrospectively analyzed consecutive methadone-exposed pregnancies. PARTICIPANTS All 47 pregnancies in 39 women with opiate dependence and buprenorphine maintenance treatment 2001-2006, and all 35 methadone-exposed pregnancies (26 women) 1982-2006 in Stockholm County. MEASUREMENTS Intrauterine growth, birth outcome, malformations, neonatal adaptation, withdrawal syndrome and infant mortality. FINDINGS Buprenorphine-exposed pregnancies resulted in 47 uneventful live births (2 twin pairs), 1 stillbirth (for which no explanation was found) and 1 miscarriage. The birth weight of the infants was normal. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) occurred in 19 cases (40.4%), the majority mild in nature and only 7 (14.9%) needing withdrawal treatment. Compared to 35 infants born after intrauterine methadone exposure at the same hospital since 1982 (77.8% of them exhibiting NAS and 52.8% needing withdrawal treatment), there were significant advantages with buprenorphine treatment: birth weight was higher, due to longer gestation. Incidence of NAS of any intensity, as well as incidence of NAS that required pharmacological treatment was lower, while length of hospital stay was shorter. When buprenorphine treatment started pre-conception, NAS at any level was significantly less frequent than in subjects with post-conception initiated treatment (7/27, 26%; 12/20, 60%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Data from this non-randomized comparison suggest that buprenorphine may offer advantages for treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy.
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Abstract
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in dramatic reductions in morbidity and mortality of HIV infected individuals. With increasing life expectancy, a growing population of women will experience menopausal transitions while infected with HIV. Changes associated with menopause may affect HIV disease progression, and HIV-infected women may experience menopause in a different way from that of uninfected women. Age at natural menopause among non-HIV-infected white and Hispanic women is on the average 51 years, and that of African American women is 49 years. Several studies have shown that the mean age of menopause in HIV-infected women is 47-48 years. This is likely due to factors other than HIV infection that predict early menopause, such as drug use, smoking, and low socioeconomic status. It may be difficult to separate out HIV symptoms from menopausal symptoms. The additive effects of menopause, HIV infection, and HAART on changes involving bone, lipid, and glucose metabolism need further investigation. Likewise, there is a need for a better understanding of the prevalence and manifestations of depression among these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Milunka Kojic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Many HIV-infected women are benefiting from highly active antiretroviral therapy and living longer. Their reproductive choices vary over the life cycle, and there is a need to understand the appropriate contraceptives for those not intending pregnancy. There are specific gynecologic issues relevant to HIV-infected women, such as genital tract infections, risk for cervical cancer, and menstrual irregularities. More women are expected to reach menopause. Health care providers should be aware of these unique needs of HIV-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Milunka Kojic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA.
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Seifer DB, Golub ET, Lambert-Messerlian G, Springer G, Holman S, Moxley M, Cejtin H, Nathwani N, Anastos K, Minkoff H, Greenblatt RM. Biologic markers of ovarian reserve and reproductive aging: application in a cohort study of HIV infection in women. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:1645-52. [PMID: 17418155 PMCID: PMC2682326 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) levels in serum obtained during the early follicular phase to those obtained randomly during the menstrual cycle. To determine whether HIV infection influences early follicular MIS levels, an early marker of ovarian aging. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING Women's Interagency HIV Study, a multicenter prospective study. PATIENT(S) Serum samples obtained from 263 (187 HIV infected and 76 uninfected) participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study who reported menstrual bleeding during the preceding 6 months and who were not taking exogenous hormones. INTERVENTION(S) Early follicular (cycle days 2-5) MIS samples were compared with serum samples that had been obtained without regard to menstrual cycle phase. Comparison samples were obtained within 6 weeks before or within 3 to 6 months after the early follicular samples. Early follicular FSH, E(2), inhibin B, and MIS levels were also compared between the HIV infected and uninfected women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Correlation between early follicular MIS and prior and subsequent samples. Comparison of serum markers of ovarian reserve between HIV positive and negative women. RESULT(S) The MIS values from early follicular and other random cycle phases were highly correlated with each other (r > 0.93). In multivariate analysis, increased age and FSH level and lower inhibin B levels were associated with lower MIS level; MIS values did not vary by HIV serostatus. CONCLUSION(S) Without regard to cycle phase, MIS was similar during early follicular phase and highly correlated with early follicular FSH and inhibin B in women with and without HIV. Measurement of serum MIS offers a simplified method of determining ovarian reserve using specimens obtained without menstrual phase timing. Furthermore, using biologic measures of reproductive aging, we found no evidence that HIV infection influences ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Seifer
- Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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Abstract
AIM To examine the association between retention in methadone treatment during pregnancy and key neonatal outcomes. DESIGN Client data from the New South Wales Pharmaceutical Drugs of Addiction System was linked to birth information from the NSW Midwives Data Collection and the NSW Inpatient Statistics Collection from 1992 to 2002. MEASUREMENTS Obstetric and perinatal characteristics of women who were retained continuously on methadone maintenance throughout their pregnancy were compared to those who entered late in their pregnancies (less than 6 months prior to birth) and those whose last treatment episode ended at least 1 year prior to birth. FINDINGS There were 2993 births to women recorded as being on methadone at delivery, increasing from 62 in 1992 to 459 births in 2002. Compared to mothers who were maintained continuously on methadone throughout their pregnancy, those who entered treatment late also presented later to antenatal services, were more likely to arrive at hospital for delivery unbooked, were more often unmarried, indigenous and smoked more heavily. A higher proportion of neonates born to late entrants were born at less than 37 weeks gestation and were admitted to special care nursery more often. CONCLUSION Continuous methadone treatment during pregnancy is associated with earlier antenatal care and improved neonatal outcomes. Innovative techniques for early engagement in methadone treatment by pregnant heroin using women or those planning to become pregnant should be identified and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Cejtin HE, Kalinowski A, Bacchetti P, Taylor RN, Watts DH, Kim S, Massad LS, Preston-Martin S, Anastos K, Moxley M, Minkoff HL. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus on protracted amenorrhea and ovarian dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 108:1423-31. [PMID: 17138776 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000245442.29969.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize ovarian failure and prolonged amenorrhea from other causes in women who are both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and seronegative. METHODS This was a cohort study nested in the Women's Interagency HIV Study, a multicenter U.S. study of HIV infection in women. Prolonged amenorrhea was defined as no vaginal bleeding for at least 1 year. A serum follicle stimulating hormone more than 25 milli-International Units/mL and prolonged amenorrhea were used to define ovarian failure. Logistic regressions, chi2, and t tests were performed to estimate relationships between HIV-infection and cofactors with both ovarian failure and amenorrhea from other causes. RESULTS Results were available for 1,431 women (1,139 HIV seropositive and 292 seronegative). More than one half of the HIV positive women with prolonged amenorrhea of at least 1 year did not have ovarian failure. When adjusted for age, HIV seropositive women were about three times more likely than seronegative women to have prolonged amenorrhea without ovarian failure. Body mass index, serum albumin, and parity were all negatively associated with ovarian failure in HIV seropositive women. CONCLUSION HIV serostatus is associated with prolonged amenorrhea. It is difficult to ascertain whether the cause of prolonged amenorrhea is ovarian in HIV-infected women without additional testing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Cejtin
- John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois 60626, and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Abstract
As the number of women living with HIV and AIDS increases, so does survival time for individuals living with this chronic condition. Symptom existence, intensity, and bothersomeness greatly affect quality of life in women living with HIV and AIDS. Symptoms experienced by women living with HIV include symptoms related to HIV infection itself, those related to opportunistic infections, and those related to medications and treatments. Symptoms experienced by women include those common to both genders and those specific to females. The presence and intensity of symptoms varies with progression of the disease and with deteriorating status of HIV disease indicators. While research is limited on this topic, some research on the general symptom experience of women and on symptoms specific to or common among women has been done. Extended life expectancy among women with HIV increases the importance of nursing care focused on symptom assessment and symptom management. This article reviews research on symptoms commonly experienced by women living with HIV and presents implications for the care of women experiencing distressing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Lindberg
- The College of New Jersey, School of Nursing, PO Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
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Massad LS, Evans CT, Minkoff H, Watts DH, Greenblatt RM, Levine AM, Anastos K, Young M, Seifer DB, Golub E, Cohen M. Effects of HIV Infection and Its Treatment on Self-Reported Menstrual Abnormalities in Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006; 15:591-8. [PMID: 16796486 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2006.15.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe menstrual abnormalities among women with HIV. METHODS Women in a multicenter prospective cohort study of HIV natural history reported menstrual abnormalities every 6-months between October 1994 and September 2002. Logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards models were applied. RESULTS The prevalence and incidence of menstrual abnormalities were <20%. HIV serostatus was not associated with prevalent menstrual abnormalities, but in HIV-seropositive women, higher CD4 counts were associated with fewer problems: compared with women with CD4 counts <200/mm3, in women with counts 200-500/mm3, odds ratio (OR) for amenorrhea was 0.55, p = 0.02, and for oligomenorrhea was 0.54, p = 0.0003; for women with counts >500/mm3, OR for amenorrhea was 0.67, p = 0.14, and for oligomenorrhea was 0.55, p = 0.001. HIV serostatus was not associated with incident abnormalities. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) use was not associated with prevalent abnormalities, but both HAART use and higher CD4 counts were linked to lower rates of incident menstrual problems. CONCLUSIONS Compared with seronegative women, HIV-seropositive women are at increased risk for some menstrual changes, although the absolute frequency of most abnormalities is low. Higher CD4 counts and HAART protect against incident abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stewart Massad
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9640, USA.
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25
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Fantry LE, Zhan M, Taylor GH, Sill AM, Flaws JA. Age of menopause and menopausal symptoms in HIV-infected women. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:703-11. [PMID: 16283830 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2005.19.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the median age of menopause, factors associated with postmenopausal status, and the prevalence of menopausal symptoms in HIV-infected women. We surveyed 120 HIV-infected women between 40 and 57 years old who attended an inner city infectious diseases clinic. Ninety-five percent of the women surveyed were African American and almost half of the women (44%) had used methadone, heroin, cocaine, marijuana, or a combination of these drugs within the past 6 months. Eighty-seven percent had smoked cigarettes at least some time during their life and 45% drank alcohol between the ages of 40 and 49 years old. Thirty women were postmenopausal (having no menstrual periods in the previous 12 consecutive months), 31 were perimenopausal (having 1-11 periods within the previous 12 months), and 59 were premenopausal (having 12 or more periods within the previous 12 months). The median age of menopause was 50 years old (95% confidence interval = 49, 53). In a multivariate model, methadone use within the past 6 months was associated with postmenopausal status. We did not find an association between postmenopausal status and body mass index, number of pregnancies, CD4 cell counts, HIV viral load, individual and grouped antiretroviral therapies, cigarette smoking, and current or past oral contraceptive use. In multivariate analysis, postmenopausal status was associated with hot flashes and cocaine use was associated with vaginal dryness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Fantry
- University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Schoenbaum EE, Hartel D, Lo Y, Howard AA, Floris-Moore M, Arnsten JH, Santoro N. HIV infection, drug use, and onset of natural menopause. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1517-24. [PMID: 16231267 DOI: 10.1086/497270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship of HIV infection and drug use with the onset of natural menopause. METHODS Our analyses used the World Health Organization's definition of menopause (i.e., the date of the last menstrual period is confirmed after 12 months of amenorrhea) and baseline data from a prospective study. Semiannual interviews were conducted. Levels of HIV antibody and CD4+ cell counts were obtained. Menopause was identified at baseline or during 12 months of follow-up. Women ingesting reproductive hormones were excluded. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess factors associated with menopause. RESULTS Of 571 women, 53% were HIV infected, and 52% had used heroin or cocaine in the previous 5 years. The median age was 43 years (interquartile range [IQR], 40-46 years); 48.9% of the women were black, 40.4% were Hispanic, and 10.7% were white. The median body mass index was 29.1 kg/m2, and 90.4% of participants were current or former cigarette smokers. Menopause was identified in 102 women: 62 HIV-infected women (median age, 46 years; interquartile range [IQR], 39-49 years) and 40 uninfected women (median age, 47 years; IQR, 44.5-48 years). Factors independently associated with menopause included HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.075-2.795), drug use (adjusted OR, 2.633; 95% CI, 1.610-4.308), and physical activity (adjusted OR, 0.895; 95% CI, 0.844-0.950). Among HIV-infected women, factors independently associated with menopause included CD4+ cell counts of >500 cells/mm3 (adjusted OR, 0.191; 95% CI, 0.076-0.4848) and 200-500 cells/mm3 (adjusted OR, 0.356; 95% CI, 0.147-0.813). CONCLUSION Our study shows that HIV infection and immunosuppression are associated with an earlier age at the onset of menopause. Whether early onset of menopause in HIV-infected women increases their risk of osteoporosis and heart disease requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie E Schoenbaum
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
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Abstract
AIMS While the menstrual disruption of heroin has been demonstrated, there are few published data concerning methadone maintenance and menstrual function. This study was conducted to evaluate whether cycle length was more regular during methadone maintenance. SETTINGS An out-patient research treatment program in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 191 heroin and cocaine-using women from two clinical trials, lasting 25-29 weeks; each woman was maintained on 70-100 mg of methadone. MEASUREMENTS Start/end dates of each menses were collected. DESIGN Menstrual patterns were classified as regular, irregular, transient amenorrhea, persistent amenorrhea or cycle restart. Repeated-measures regression modeling determined correlates of cycle length and predictors of long cycles (> 40 days) and short cycles (< 20 days). Bleeding episodes were defined as 1 or more bleeding days, bound by at least 2 non-bleeding days. Correlates/predictors examined were body mass index, drug use, methadone dose and race. FINDINGS In the 133 women for whom menstrual patterns could be determined, cycle-length irregularity was common: irregular, 62 (46.7%); regular, 37 (27.8%); cycle restart, 16 (12%); persistent amenorrhea, 11 (8.3%); transient amenorrhea, seven (5.3%). Each additional week on methadone maintenance was associated with decreased risk of long (OR = 0.96, P < 0.01 and short (OR = 0.92, P < 0.01) cycles. Of 27 women with secondary amenorrhea pre-study, 16 (59%) restarted menses. Positivity for opioids or cocaine was not significantly associated with short or long cycles. CONCLUSIONS Cycle length begins to normalize during methadone maintenance. Menses resumption may occur. Methadone maintenance, despite interfering with menstrual function in an absolute sense, may interfere less than illicit heroin abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Schmittner
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 12:699-714. [PMID: 14762987 DOI: 10.1002/pds.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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