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Abstract
ABSTRACT Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide, with an annual incidence of 600,000 new cases. Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the overall survival for HNSCC patients has not been significantly improved over the past several decades. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genomic alterations are frequently detected in HNSCC, including amplification, activating mutation, and chromosomal rearrangement. Among them, FGFR1 amplification, FGF amplifications, and FGFR3 mutations are the most prevalent. In addition, FGF/FGFR expression has also been observed in most HNSCCs. However, the prognostic value of FGF/FGFR aberrations remains unclear, especially for gene amplification and overexpression. Nonetheless, FGF/FGFR has been a promising target for HNSCC treatment, and recent preclinical studies demonstrate the potential of the combination treatment regimens involving FGFR inhibitors on HNSCC. Therefore, there are a number of FGFR inhibitors currently in clinical trials for the treatment of head and neck cancers.
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Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Maniyar N, Sharma N, Yerwadekar S, Patil S. Recent trends in predictive biomarkers for determining malignant potential of oral potentially malignant disorders. Oncol Rev 2019; 13:424. [PMID: 31565195 PMCID: PMC6747023 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2019.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of the tremendous advancements in the field of cancer prevention, detection and treatment, the overall prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) still remains poor. This can be partly imparted to the lack of early detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), especially those at a higher risk of progression into OSCC. Over years, various specific and non-specific markers have been introduced that could predict the malignant transformation of OPMDs; however detail information on these OPMD markers in a concise manner is lacking. Moreover, their use on daily clinical basis still remains questionable. With continuous research in the field of cytology and genomics, several contemporary biomarkers have been discovered that are not yet foregrounded and proved to be more promising than those used conventionally. Here, in the present paper, we overview several recently concluded predictive biomarkers with special emphasis on their role in molecular pathogenesis of OSCC transformation. These markers can be used for risk assessment of malignant transformation in patients with OPMDs as well as for prophylactic conciliation and fair management of the high-risk OPMD patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikunj Maniyar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujata Yerwadekar
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Brands RC, De Donno F, Knierim ML, Steinacker V, Hartmann S, Seher A, Kübler AC, Müller-Richter UDA. Multi-kinase inhibitors and cisplatin for head and neck cancer treatment in vitro. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2220-2231. [PMID: 31452723 PMCID: PMC6676536 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains one of the major causes of suboptimal outcome following therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are overexpressed in HNSCC, which contributes to the limited effect of chemotherapeutic treatment. In addition to their named function, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been revealed to impact on ABC transporter activity and expression. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of combination therapy using different TKIs combined with cisplatin. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to characterize ABC transporter and receptor expression in 5 HNSCC cell lines treated with 3 different TKIs (pazopanib, dovitinib, nintedanib) and cisplatin. Treatment efficacy was analyzed using a crystal violet staining assay. Analysis of ABC transporter (ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2) genetic alterations was performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of mono- and combination treatment. With the exception of ABCB1, all of the investigated ABC transporters were expressed in each cell line. The additive effects of TKI + cisplatin combination treatment were observed for pazopanib in three cell lines, nintedanib in four cell lines, and were not observed for dovitinib in any of the cell lines investigated. The combination of multi-kinase inhibitors and conventional chemotherapy in HNSCC may strengthen the use of current therapeutic strategies; nintedanib appears to be the most suitable TKI for combination therapy. Further efforts are required to classify TKI efficacy with regard to cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman C Brands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francesco De Donno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marie Luise Knierim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Steinacker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hartmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Seher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Kübler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Urs D A Müller-Richter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Chen F, Qi S, Zhang X, Wu J, Yang X, Wang R. miR-23a-3p suppresses cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinomas by targeting FGF2 and correlates with a better prognosis: miR-23a-3p inhibits OSCC growth by targeting FGF2. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 215:660-667. [PMID: 30606659 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are one of the most ubiquitous malignancies the world over, and are accompanied by a high mortality. microRNAs (miRNAs) have increasingly garnered attention with regards to the roles they play in initiation and progression of various kinds of cancers, including OSCC. It has been reported, that miR-23a-3p promotes the development of tumors for prostate cancer, gastric cancer and gliomas. The functions of miR-23a-3p in OSCC however, remain unclear. In this study, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is revealed as a direct target of miR-23a-3p, based on luciferase assays and immunoblotting. The expression of miR-23a-3p and FGF2 were found to be significantly downregulated and upregulated in OSCC tissues respectively. This indicates a reverse correlation between miR-23a-3p and FGF2 levels. Using in vitro approaches we ascertained that miR-23a-3p might contribute to the inhibition of growth and inhibition through increasing apoptosis in OSCC cells; while an inhibitor of miR-23a-3p could reverse this effect. Examination of a clinical cohort of OSCC patients suggested that reduced expression of miR-23a-3p is correlated with more advanced cancerous stage and poorer differentiation of OSCC cell. Additionally, a survival analysis and the Cox-hazard regression model showed that higher levels of miR-23a-3p can be used reliably for prognosis of OSCC patients. This study indicates that miR-23a-3p might suppress tumor proliferation, invasion and promote apoptosis of OSCC by targeting FGF2. miR-23a-3p has the potential to be used as prognostic indicator, and could be exploited as a therapeutic reagent for OSCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shengcai Qi
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jinjin Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oral & MaxillofacialeHead & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, China.
| | - Raorao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Mariz BALA, Soares CD, de Carvalho MGF, Jorge-Júnior J. FGF-2 and FGFR-1 might be independent prognostic factors in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2018; 74:311-320. [PMID: 30129658 DOI: 10.1111/his.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1 are associated with tumour invasiveness, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The aims of this study were to investigate FGF-2 expression and FGFR-1 expression in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), and their correlation with OTSCC patients' prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and sixty-seven cases were retrospectively selected, including 85 surgical specimens of patients with OTSCC, 46 incisional biopsies of OTSCC, and 36 incisional biopsies of OED. Tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for FGF-2 and FGFR-1, and digitally scored. Elevated scores of FGF-2 and FGFR-1 immunostaining were associated with high-grade OEDs. FGF-2 positivity in the stroma was associated with vascular invasion and a worse prognosis, in both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) analyses, in univariate and multivariate models. FGFR-1 positivity in the stroma was correlated with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. FGFR-1 expression in either the malignant cells or the stroma was strongly correlated with shorter OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that increased FGF-2 expression and increased FGFR-1 expression are associated with high-grade OEDs, and are correlated with the presence of metastasis and adverse outcomes in OTSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A L A Mariz
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ciro D Soares
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Jacks Jorge-Júnior
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Mariz BALA, Soares CD, Morais TML, Fonseca F, Carvalho MGF, Jorge J. Expression of FGF‐2/FGFR‐1 in normal mucosa, salivary gland, preneoplastic, and neoplastic lesions of the oral cavity. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:816-822. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. L. A. Mariz
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Ciro D. Soares
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Thayná M. L. Morais
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
| | | | | | - Jacks Jorge
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
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Ipenburg NA, Koole K, Liem KS, van Kempen PMW, Koole R, van Diest PJ, van Es RJJ, Willems SM. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Family Members as Prognostic Biomarkers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Target Oncol 2016; 11:17-27. [PMID: 26115874 PMCID: PMC4759209 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-015-0374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since head and neck cancer is characterized by poor survival rates, there is a demand for novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers. An upcoming therapeutic target is the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family. However, their prognostic role in head and neck cancer remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To systematically review current evidence on the prognostic value of FGFR family members in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed for publications up to 14 May 2014. Two reviewers screened all articles and included prognostic studies on the molecular biomarkers FGFR1-5 in any type of HNSCC. Relevant studies were assessed on risk of bias using the Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool. Data on FGFR aberrations and survival outcome were extracted from relevant studies. The prognostic value of FGFR aberrations was compared among studies. RESULTS The initial search yielded 1568 publications of which 12 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four studies reported FGFR1 gene amplification (9.3-17.4 %) and FGFR1 protein overexpression (11.8 %) in HNSCC. FGFR1 protein expression by cancer-associated fibroblasts correlated with poor survival outcome in one study (p < 0.01). Eight studies reported high rates of FGFR4 Gly388Arg polymorphisms (32.5-54.2 %) and FGFR4 protein overexpression (16-35 %), with varying correlations with survival. So far, no studies assessed the prognostic role of FGFR2, FGFR3, or FGFR5 in HNSCC. LIMITATIONS Significant risk of bias has been identified among included studies. Therefore, cautious interpretation of the results is recommended. CONCLUSION In conclusion, evidence was found for prognostic value of FGFR1 expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts in HNSCC. Prognostic evidence on the other FGFR family members in HNSCC is limited and conflicting. This emphasizes the need for future well-conducted prognostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbertus A Ipenburg
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 885500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Koos Koole
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 885500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - K Seng Liem
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 885500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline M W van Kempen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 885500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ron Koole
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 885500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 885500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert J J van Es
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 885500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO box 885500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, PO box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhou WY, Zheng H, Du XL, Yang JL. Characterization of FGFR signaling pathway as therapeutic targets for sarcoma patients. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:260-8. [PMID: 27458533 PMCID: PMC4944539 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family plays important roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation and angiogenesis. Deregulation of the FGF/FGFR signaling pathway has been associated with multiple development syndromes and cancers, and thus therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFR in human cancer are currently being explored. However, few studies on the FGF/FGFR pathway have been conducted in sarcoma, which has a poor outcome with traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Hence, in the present review, we provide an overview of the role of the FGF/FGFR pathway signal in sarcoma and FGFR inhibitors, which might be new targets for the treatment of sarcomas according to recent research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Du
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300061, China
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Wang NR, Wang MM, Zhou L, Liu ZL, Chen NP, Hu JP, Deng YJ, Qi XQ, Huang XF, Su Y, Zhang SY, Tong F, Zhang Y, Lu Q, Zhu ZY, Deng H. Cutaneous clear cell/signet-ring cell squamous cell carcinoma arising in the right thigh of a patient with type 2 diabetes: combined morphologic, immunohistochemical, and etiologic analysis. Diagn Pathol 2016; 11:36. [PMID: 27066782 PMCID: PMC4827219 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-016-0487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clear cell/signet-ring cell variant of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is extremely rare. Its carcinogenesis has consistently been linked to ultraviolet radiation and HPV in the literature. However, there is little definite information about the contribution of diabetes mellitus (DM) to cSCC. CASE PRESENTATION A 78-year-old Chinese woman with type 2 DM presented with a mushroom-like lump in her right thigh. Histological findings revealed that the lesion was mainly composed of clear cells and signet-ring cells. The septa of vacuoles in cytoplasm displayed positivity for periodic acid schiff (PAS) and cytokeratins such as AE1/AE3, CK5/6, CK14, and CK19. Malignant cells did not express CK7, CK8, CK18, CK20, p16, p53, or c-erbB-2, and the Ki-67 index was less than 5 %. We further explored the etiology of clear cell/signet-ring cell cSCC using human papillomavirus (HPV) type-specific PCR and genotyping and confirmed that the patient was not infected with HPV. Nucleus positivity for p63 indicated the involvement of the p53 family in the lesion. Meanwhile, the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2), a downstream effector of p63, was upregulated in tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first report on the clear cell/signet-ring cell variant of cSCC found in the right thigh of a patient with type 2 DM. Metabolic imbalance in addition to conventional pathogens such as UV and HPV may contribute to the development of the lesion via p63/FGFR2 axis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Risk Factors
- Skin Neoplasms/chemistry
- Skin Neoplasms/complications
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/surgery
- Thigh
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Affiliation(s)
- Nong-Rong Wang
- />Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- />Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lv Zhou
- />Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 133 South Guangchang Road, Nanchang, 330003 China
| | - Ze-Lin Liu
- />Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- />Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nan-Ping Chen
- />Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin-Ping Hu
- />Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 133 South Guangchang Road, Nanchang, 330003 China
| | - Yan-Juan Deng
- />Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 133 South Guangchang Road, Nanchang, 330003 China
| | - Xiao-Qing Qi
- />Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 133 South Guangchang Road, Nanchang, 330003 China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- />Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 133 South Guangchang Road, Nanchang, 330003 China
| | - Yue Su
- />Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Si-Yao Zhang
- />Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Tong
- />Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- />Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Lu
- />Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- />Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Deng
- />Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- />Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 133 South Guangchang Road, Nanchang, 330003 China
- />Renmin Institute of Forensic Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Nayak S, Goel MM, Makker A, Bhatia V, Chandra S, Kumar S, Agarwal SP. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-2) and Its Receptors FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 May Be Putative Biomarkers of Malignant Transformation of Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions into Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138801. [PMID: 26465941 PMCID: PMC4605495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several factors like angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, genetic alterations, mutational factors that are involved in malignant transformation of potentially malignant oral lesions (PMOLs) to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is one of the prototypes of the large family of growth factors that bind heparin. FGF-2 induces angiogenesis and its receptors may play a role in synthesis of collagen. FGFs are involved in transmission of signals between the epithelium and connective tissue, and influence growth and differentiation of a wide variety of tissue including epithelia. The present study was undertaken to analyze expression of FGF-2 and its receptors FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 in 72 PMOLs, 108 OSCC and 52 healthy controls, and their role in risk assessment for malignant transformation of Leukoplakia (LKP) and Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) to OSCC. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against FGF-2, FGFR-2 and FGFR-3. IHC results were validated by Real Time PCR. Expression of FGF-2, FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 was upregulated from PMOLs to OSCC. While 90% (9/10) of PMOLs which showed malignant transformation (transformed) expressed FGF-2, only 24.19% cases (15/62) of PMOLs which were not transformed (untransformed) to OSCC expressed FGF-2. Similarly, FGFR-2 expression was seen in 16/62 (25.81%) of untransformed PMOLs and 8/10 (80%) cases of transformed PMOLs. FGFR-3 expression was observed in 23/62 (37.10%) cases of untransformed PMOLs and 6/10 (60%) cases of transformed PMOLs. A significant association of FGF-2 and FGFR-2 expression with malignant transformation from PMOLs to OSCC was observed both at phenotypic and molecular level. The results suggest that FGF-2 and FGFR-2 may be useful as biomarkers of malignant transformation in patients with OSMF and LKP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Child
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukoplakia, Oral/diagnosis
- Leukoplakia, Oral/genetics
- Leukoplakia, Oral/metabolism
- Leukoplakia, Oral/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Mucosa/metabolism
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis/diagnosis
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis/genetics
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis/metabolism
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis/pathology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Nayak
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Madhu Mati Goel
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Annu Makker
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Vikram Bhatia
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Saumya Chandra
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, M.P. – 462026, India
| | - S. P. Agarwal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, King George’s Medical University Lucknow, U.P. – 226003, India
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11
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Molecular Pathology Signatures in Predicting Malignant Potentiality of Dysplastic Oral Pre-cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40362-015-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Matsumoto N, Tsuchiya M, Nomoto S, Matsue Y, Nishikawa Y, Takamura T, Oki H, Komiyama K. CD105 expression in oral capillary hemangiomas and cavernous hemangiomas. J Oral Sci 2015; 57:45-53. [PMID: 25807908 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.57.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Capillary hemangioma (capillary lobular hemangioma) and cavernous hemangioma (venous malformation) are relatively common oral tumors/malformations and are characterized by increased numbers of normal and abnormal blood vessels. However, the causes of these lesions are not well understood. CD105 (endoglin) is predominantly expressed in proliferating blood endothelial cells (ECs). We analyzed expressions of CD105, CD34, von Willebrand factor, Ki-67, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in 31 capillary hemangiomas and 34 cavernous hemangiomas. Staining scores were calculated as the product of the proportion score and intensity score. Morphologically normal oral mucosa specimens (n = 10) were simultaneously evaluated as normal controls. As compared with cavernous hemangiomas and normal controls, capillary hemangiomas had higher staining scores for CD105, VEGF-A, and COX-2. The Ki-67 labeling index was significantly higher in capillary hemangiomas than in cavernous hemangiomas and normal controls (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that the biological characteristics of capillary and cavernous hemangiomas are quite different. The ECs of capillary hemangiomas actively proliferated and were generally regulated by VEGF-A. In contrast, the ECs of cavernous hemangiomas lacked proliferative activity. These results suggest that angiogenesis and vasodilatation of pre-existing blood vessels are important in the development of capillary hemangioma and cavernous hemangioma, respectively.
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Monti-Hughes A, Aromando RF, Pérez MA, Schwint AE, Itoiz ME. The hamster cheek pouch model for field cancerization studies. Periodontol 2000 2014; 67:292-311. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abdulmajeed AA, Farah CS. Can immunohistochemistry serve as an alternative to subjective histopathological diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia? BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:49-60. [PMID: 24179398 PMCID: PMC3798313 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to identify objective molecular biomarkers to diagnose and prognosticate oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) because histopathological interpretation is subjective and lacks sensitivity. The majority of these efforts describe changes in gene expression at protein level in OED as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, the literature on these putative markers of oral cancer progression is vast and varied. The main purpose of this article is to review current knowledge on biomarkers of protein expression for OED by IHC approaches. We further discuss these findings in terms of the proposed essential hallmarks of cancer cells to better understand their role in oral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Abdulmajeed
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
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Jayaraman B, Valiathan GM, Jayakumar K, Palaniyandi A, Thenumgal SJ, Ramanathan A. Lack of mutation in p53 and H-ras genes in phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth suggests its non cancerous nature. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5535-8. [PMID: 23317213 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been case reports of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising from gingival overgrowth induced by phenytoin--an antiepileptic drug. However, a detailed analysis for the presence of mutations in p53 and ras genes, which are the two most frequently mutated genes in cancers, in phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth tissues has hitherto not been performed. METHODS Cellular DNA isolated from twenty gingival overgrowth tissues collected from patients undergoing phenytoin therapy were amplified using primers for p53 (exons 5-8) and H-ras (exons 1-2) genes. The PCR amplicons were then gel purified and subjected to direct sequencing analysis to screen for mutations. RESULTS Direct sequencing of twenty samples of phenytoin induced gingival growth did not identify mutations in any of the exons of p53 and H-ras genes that were analyzed. CONCLUSION Our result indicates that mutational alteration of p53 and H-ras genes is infrequent in phenytoin induced gingival growth, which thus suggests a non malignant nature of this pathology. The findings in the present study are clinically significant as a large number of epileptic patients are treated with phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Jayaraman
- Department of Periodontia, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Narayanapuram, Chennai, India
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Mishra M, Chandavarkar V, Naik VV, Kale AD. An immunohistochemical study of basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan) in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013; 17:31-5. [PMID: 23798826 PMCID: PMC3687184 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan) has been demonstrated in precancer lesions and carcinomas of oral cavity. It helps in malignant transformation of epithelial cells. The aim of our study was to understand the immuno-localization of perlecan in oral dysplastic epithelium and oral carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 cases comprising 10 normal mucosa, 20 dysplastic mucosa, and 20 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were included in the retrospective study. They were examined for the presence of perlecan protein core by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody. Interpretation of the pattern of staining was done, and majority of the observations were taken for statistical analysis. RESULTS In normal epithelium, perlecan was found to be present in basal layer at the cell border. In dysplastic epithelium, it was present in suprabasal layers also. With the increase in severity of dysplasia, its expression was more in suprabasal layers, and the immuno-localization was found to be at cell border and cytoplasm. In OSCC cases, perlecan was present in stroma and tumor islands. CONCLUSION It was deduced from the above results that perlecan helps potentially in dysplastic changes of epithelial cells. It gets accumulated within the cell and intercellular spaces and serves as a reservoir for various growth factors. In OSCC, it breaks down and releases growth factors, which help in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis of the carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Mishra
- Department of Oral Pathology, ITS Dental College and Hospital, Greater Noida, Delhi-NCR, India
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Evaluation of tyrosine receptor kinases in the interactions of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells and fibroblasts. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:1242-9. [PMID: 22795534 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite treatment advancements, disease-free survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has not significantly improved. This may be a result of tumor-fibroblasts interactions providing protective pathways for oncogenic cells to resist therapy. Further understanding of these relationships in HNSCC may improve effectiveness of targeted therapies. In this article, we investigated the role of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in the interactions between HNSCC cells and supporting cells (fibroblasts). MATERIALS AND METHODS HNSCC cell lines and human tumor samples were evaluated for FGFR1/2/3, and PDGF-beta expression levels. Cell lines (FADU, SCC1, OSC19, Cal27, SCC22A) were treated with a range of physiological concentrations of dovitinib and assessed for proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis. Mice bearing HNSCC xenografts were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg). RESULTS Evaluation of HNSCC tumor specimens, cell lines and fibroblasts found variable expression of multiple RTKs (fibroblasts growth factor receptor, platelet derived growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) and their ligands, supporting previous theories of paracrine and autocrine signaling within the microenvironment. In a dose-dependent fashion, RTK inhibition reduced proliferation of HNSCC cell lines and fibroblast in vitro. When HNSCC cells were cocultured with fibroblasts, RTK inhibition resulted in a smaller reduction in the proliferation relative to untreated conditions. In vivo, RTK inhibition resulted in significant tumor regression and growth inhibition (p<0.05) and reduced the incidence of regional lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION Effective treatment of HNSCC, therefore, may require inhibition of multiple RTKs in order to adequately inhibit the microenvironment's various signaling pathways.
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Sweeny L, Liu Z, Lancaster W, Hart J, Hartman YE, Rosenthal EL. Inhibition of fibroblasts reduced head and neck cancer growth by targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor. Laryngoscope 2012; 122:1539-44. [PMID: 22460537 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a complex disease process involving interactions with carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and endothelial cells. We further investigated these relationships by suppressing stromal cell growth through the inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). STUDY DESIGN Preclinical investigation. METHODS HNSCC cell lines (FADU, OSC19, Cal27, SCC1, SCC5, SCC22A), fibroblast (HS27), and endothelial cells (human umbilical vascular endothelial cell) were cultured individually or in coculture. Proliferation was assessed following treatment with a range of physiologic concentrations of FGFR inhibitor PD173074. Mice bearing established HNSCC xenografts were treated with PD173074 (12 mg/kg), and tumor histology was analyzed for stromal composition, proliferation (Ki67 staining), and apoptosis (TUNEL [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling] staining). RESULTS In vitro, inhibition of FGFR with PD173074 dramatically reduced proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells compared to untreated controls. However, HNSCC cell proliferation was not affected by inhibition of FGFR. When cocultured with fibroblasts, HNSCC cells proliferation increased by 15% to 80% (P < .01). Furthermore, this fibroblast-enhanced tumor cell growth was suppressed by FGFR inhibition. Additionally, treatment of mice bearing HNSCC xenografts with PD173074 resulted in significant growth inhibition (P < .001). Additionally, those tumors from mice treated with PD173074 had a smaller stromal component, decreased proliferation, and increased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the FGFR pathway in head and neck cancer acts through the stromal components to decrease HNSCC growth in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Sweeny
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Marshall ME, Hinz TK, Kono SA, Singleton KR, Bichon B, Ware KE, Marek L, Frederick BA, Raben D, Heasley LE. Fibroblast growth factor receptors are components of autocrine signaling networks in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5016-25. [PMID: 21673064 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported that a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway drives growth of lung cancer cell lines of squamous and large cell histologies. Herein, we explored FGFR dependency in cell lines derived from the tobacco-related malignancy, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FGF and FGFR mRNA and protein expression was assessed in nine HNSCC cell lines. Dependence on secreted FGF2 for cell growth was tested with FP-1039, an FGFR1-Fc fusion protein. FGFR and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dependence was defined by sensitivity to multiple inhibitors selective for FGFRs or EGFR. RESULTS FGF2 was expressed in eight of the nine HNSCC cell lines examined. Also, FGFR2 and FGFR3 were frequently expressed, whereas only two lines expressed FGFR1. FP-1039 inhibited growth of HNSCC cell lines expressing FGF2, identifying FGF2 as an autocrine growth factor. FGFR inhibitors selectively reduced in vitro growth and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in three HNSCC cell lines, whereas three distinct lines exhibited responsiveness to both EGFR and FGFR inhibitors. Combinations of these drugs yielded additive growth inhibition. Finally, three cell lines were highly sensitive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) with no contribution from FGFR pathways. CONCLUSIONS FGFR signaling was dominant or codominant with EGFR in six HNSCC lines, whereas three lines exhibited little or no role for FGFRs and were highly EGFR dependent. Thus, the HNSCC cell lines can be divided into subsets defined by sensitivity to EGFR and FGFR-specific TKIs. FGFR inhibitors may represent novel therapeutics to deploy alone or in combination with EGFR inhibitors in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Marshall
- Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045, USA
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Expression of CD34 and CD105 as markers for angiogenesis in oral vascular malformations and pyogenic granulomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 268:1213-1217. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-010-1472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Araki K, Yamashita T, Reddy N, Wang H, Abuzeid WM, Khan K, O'Malley BW, Li D. Molecular disruption of NBS1 with targeted gene delivery enhances chemosensitisation in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:1822-30. [PMID: 21063405 PMCID: PMC3008607 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND a fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-targeted adenoviral system can alter viral tropism and allow for improved transduction and reduced systemic toxicity. This study is to investigate if the FGF2-targeted adenoviral mutant Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (FGF2-Ad-NBS1) gene transfer can enhance cisplatin chemosensitisation not only by targeting DNA repair, but also through the induction of antiangiogenesis, whereas at the same time reducing toxicities in treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS the human HNSCC cell line was treated in vitro and in a nude mouse xenograft model. We conducted verification of binding ability of mutant NBS1 and downregulation of MRN complex, evaluation of transduction efficiency and combined antitumour activities. The antiangiogenesis mechanism was also investigated. Finally, we estimated the distribution of adenoviral vector in the liver. RESULTS the mutant NBS1 protein retains the binding ability and effectively suppresses the expression level of the MRN in infected cells. Transduction efficiency in vitro and cisplatin chemosensitisation were upregulated. The FGF2-Ad-NBS1 also showed detargeting the viral vectors away from the liver. The downregulation of NF-κB expression was supposed to correlate with increased antiangiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS FGF2-targeted adenoviral system enhances the cisplatin chemosensitisation of mutant NBS1 and may avoid viral-associated liver toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Araki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, CRB Room 145, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - T Yamashita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, CRB Room 145, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - N Reddy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, CRB Room 145, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, CRB Room 145, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - W M Abuzeid
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, CRB Room 145, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - K Khan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, CRB Room 145, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - B W O'Malley
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, CRB Room 145, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, CRB Room 145, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bone morphogenetic protein-2/4 and bone morphogenetic protein receptor type IA expression in metastatic and nonmetastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol 2010; 31:266-71. [PMID: 20015767 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to analyze the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2/4 (BMP-2/4) and its receptor BMPR-IA (BMP receptor type IA) in metastatic and nonmetastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its implications for disease prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental group included 16 cases of OSCC without metastasis and 7 cases of OSCC with metastasis. The presence or absence of nodal metastasis was used as a parameter for the evaluation of disease prognosis. Ten cases of oral fibroepithelial hyperplasia were selected as the control group. The expression of BMP-2/4 and BMPR-IA was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the experimental group with metastasis, strong expression of BMP-2/4 was observed in most cases (71.4%), whereas BMPR-IA exhibited weak expression (85.7%). In the experimental group without metastasis, there was strong expression of BMP-2/4 (62.5%) and BMPR-IA (100%). A significant association was observed between the prognosis of OSCC and the intensity of BMP-2/4 staining (P = .002). Weak immunoreactivity to BMP-2/4 and BMPR-IA was observed in all control specimens. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that strong expression of BMP-2/4, associated with low expression of BMPR-IA, observed in metastatic OSCC has a prognostic value, with the loss of responsiveness to BMPs through the loss of expression of their receptors being indicative of the development of metastasis.
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Furuse C, Miguita L, Rosa ACG, Soares AB, Martinez EF, Altemani A, de Araújo VC. Study of growth factors and receptors in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:540-7. [PMID: 20149060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is a rare malignant salivary gland tumor derived from a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma. It is a good model to study the evolution of carcinogenesis, starting with in situ areas to frankly invasive carcinoma. Growth factors are associated with several biological and neoplastic processes by transmembrane receptors. In order to investigate, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of some growth factors and its receptors [EGF receptor, fibroblast growth factor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, hepatocyte growth factor, c-Met, transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1, TGFbetaR-II and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1] in the progression of CXPA, we have used ten cases of CXPA in several degrees of invasion- intracapsular, minimally and frankly invasive carcinoma- with only epithelial component. Slides were qualitatively and semi-quantitatively evaluated according to the percentage of stained tumor cells from 0 to 3 (0 = less than 10%; 1 = 10-25%; 2 = 25-50%; 3 = more than 50% of cells). Malignant epithelial cells starting with in situ areas showed stronger expression than luminal cells of pleomorphic adenoma for all antibodies. Most of the intracapsular, minimally and frankly invasive CXPA presented score 3. However, score 2 was more evident in the frankly invasive one. In small nests of invasive carcinoma, negative cells were observed probably indicating that the proliferative process is replaced by the invasive mechanism. Altogether this data infers that these factors may contribute to cell proliferation during initial phases of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Furuse
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Identification of novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene mutations in actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 107:535-41. [PMID: 19327639 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activating mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene are responsible for several craniosynostosis and chondrodysplasia syndromes as well as some human cancers, including bladder and cervical carcinoma. Despite a high frequency in some benign skin disorders, FGFR3 mutations have not been reported in cutaneous malignancies. Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a sun-induced premalignancy affecting the lower lip that frequently progresses to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The objective of this study was to determine if FGFR3 gene mutations are present in AC and SCC of the lip. STUDY DESIGN DNA was extracted and purified from microdissected, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 20 cases of AC and SCC arising in AC. Exons 7, 15, and 17 were PCR amplified and direct sequenced. RESULTS Four novel somatic mutations in the FGFR3 gene were identified: exon 7 mutation 742C-->T (amino acid change R248C), exon 15 mutations 1850A-->G (D617G) and 1888G-->A (V630M), and exon 17 mutation 2056G-->A (E686K). Grade of dysplasia did not correlate with presence of mutations. CONCLUSION The frequency of FGFR3 receptor mutations suggests a functional role for the FGFR3 receptor in the development of epithelial disorders, and perhaps this change may contribute to the pathogenesis of some AC and SCC.
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Cytotoxicity and antiangiogenesis by fibroblast growth factor 2-targeted Ad-TK cancer gene therapy. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:665-74. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.20127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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LPS-stimulated Apert Syndrome Gingival Keratinocytes Show Markedly Suppressed Inflammatory Cytokine Production. J Oral Biosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(08)80019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The hamster model of sequential oral oncogenesis. Oral Oncol 2007; 44:315-24. [PMID: 18061531 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer characterised by low survival rate and poor prognosis. The multistep process of oral carcinogenesis is affected by multiple genetic events such as alterations of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. The use of appropriate experimental animal models that accurately represent the cellular and molecular changes which are associated with the initiation and progression of human oral cancer is of crucial importance. The Syrian golden hamster cheek pouch oral carcinogenesis model is the best known animal system that closely correlates events involved in the development of premalignant and malignant human oral cancers. Therefore, we established an experimental system of chemically induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters, in order to study different stages of tumour formation: normal mucosa, hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, dysplasia, early invasion, well differentiated OSCC and moderately differentiated OSCC. We investigated the expression of oncogenes EGFR, erbB2, erbB3, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, c-myc, N-ras, ets-1, H-ras, c-fos and c-jun, apoptosis markers Bax and Bcl-2, tumour suppressor genes p53 and p16, and cell proliferation marker Ki-67 in the sequential stages of hamster oral oncogenesis. Here, we describe the findings of the experimental model in regard to the involvement of signal transduction pathways in every stage of cancer development. Increased apoptosis and cell proliferation were observed in early stages of oral oncogenesis. Furthermore, the increased expression of transmembrane receptors (EGFR, erbB2, FGFR-2 and FGFR-3) as well as the increased expression of nuclear transcriptional factors in early stages of oral cancer indicates that these molecules may be used as early prognostic factors for the progression of OSCC. Since the expression of both H-ras and N-ras do not seem to affect signal transduction during oral oncogenesis, it can be assumed that a different signalling pathway, such as the PI3K and/or PLCgamma pathway, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of OSCC.
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Raimondi AR, Molinolo AA, Itoiz ME. Fibroblast growth factor-2 expression during experimental oral carcinogenesis. Its possible role in the induction of pre-malignant fibrosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35:212-7. [PMID: 16519768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblastic growth factor (FGF)-2 has been shown to induce angiogenesis in several tumor types. To date, the activity of FGF during the development of oral pre-cancerous lesions has not been analyzed. We herein evaluated the role of FGF-2 in the pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions in the hamster cheek pouch oral cancer model. METHODS Expression of FGF-2 and its receptors FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 was assessed by immunohistochemistry at different stages of the carcinogenesis protocol. Activity of FGF-2 isoforms was analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS Increase and abnormal localization of FGF-2 expression was evident in cancerized epithelium before it was possible to detect morphologic alterations. The changes in FGF-2 are concomitant with the evolution of subepithelial fibrosis. Immunolabeling of carcinomas was faint or completely negative. Increases of FGF-2 activity are mainly due to the increase in the 18 kDa isoform. Receptors 2 and 3 of FGF are present in epithelium, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelia of control samples and in all stages of malignant transformation. CONCLUSIONS Our results would suggest a role for FGF-2 in the epithelium-connective interactions and a deregulation of its expression in the early stages of oral cancerization. In pre-cancerous tissue FGF-2 would play a central role in the development of fibrosis and a more collateral role in the induction of angiogenesis. The data would indicate its involvement in the process via the 18 kDa isoform.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cheek
- Cricetinae
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/biosynthesis
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibrosis/genetics
- Fibrosis/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mesocricetus
- Mouth Mucosa/metabolism
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/blood supply
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/blood supply
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Raimondi
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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da Silva Baumgart C, da Silva Lauxen I, Filho MS, de Quadros OF. Epidermal growth factor receptor distribution in pericoronal follicles: relationship with the origin of odontogenic cysts and tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 103:240-5. [PMID: 17234542 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in pericoronal follicles as a predictor of progression to odontogenic cysts and tumors. STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical EGFR staining patterns (membrane-only, cytoplasm-only, or combined membrane and cytoplasmic staining) in the reduced enamel epithelium and nests of odontogenic epithelium associated with follicles of impacted molar teeth were evaluated. The staining pattern of 20 specimens of pericoronal follicle was compared with that of 16 normal oral mucosa samples and to squamous cell carcinoma samples. RESULTS Combined membrane and cytoplasmic staining was observed for normal oral mucosa mostly in proliferating layers (basal and suprabasal), decreasing in intensity toward the surface. Seven epithelial nests presented membrane-only staining, and the majority presented either a cytoplasm-only or a combined staining pattern. The staining patterns observed in reduced enamel epithelium were cytoplasm-only and combined. CONCLUSION EGFR membrane-only staining may be an indicator of increased potential for epithelial nests to become odontogenic cysts or tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina da Silva Baumgart
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Patmore HS, Cawkwell L, Stafford ND, Greenman J. Unraveling the chromosomal aberrations of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review. Ann Surg Oncol 2005; 12:831-42. [PMID: 16132373 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Information from the genetic analysis of head and neck cancer has grown enormously in the last 20 years. The advent of high-resolution genetic analysis techniques such as microarray technology will further expand this field in the future. Here we review the data on chromosomal aberrations of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on the data generated by comparative genomic hybridization analysis, and suggest how such findings will be taken forward over the next decade. With the search engine PUBMED, the key words "comparative genomic hybridisation," "head and neck," "oral," "hypopharyngeal," "laryngeal," and "squamous cell carcinoma" were used. Publications unavailable in English were excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet S Patmore
- Department of Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute in Association with Hull York Medical School, University of Hull Wolfson Building, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, United Kingdom, HU6 7RX
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Freitas TMC, Miguel MCC, Silveira EJD, Freitas RA, Galvão HC. Assessment of angiogenic markers in oral hemangiomas and pyogenic granulomas. Exp Mol Pathol 2005; 79:79-85. [PMID: 16005715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C1) and measuring the angiogenic activity by the staining for von Willebrand factor (vWF) and CD31 in oral pyogenic granulomas and hemangiomas. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the angiogenesis index between the lesions evaluated. The average microvessel density determined for MVC (microvessel count) using CD31 was 60.64 for hemangiomas and 59.64 for pyogenic granulomas, while angiogenic index determined using vWF was 64.24 and 62.20 in these lesions. The results showed that the cells highlighted by staining for vWF were more uniform than in those stained for CD31. There was no statistically significant difference between the lesions for the number of cells highlighted by staining for VEGF-C1. However, the mean number of cells highlighted in pyogenic granuloma specimens was higher (153.23) when compared to oral hemangioma specimens (115.17). The VEGF-positive cells were endothelial cells and fibroblasts in hemangiomas and macrophages and fibroblasts in pyogenic granulomas. These results effort the role of the angiogenic factors in the etiopathogenesis of the hemangiomas and pyogenic granulomas, however, it showed that microvessel quantification is not useful in the differential diagnosis of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsila M C Freitas
- Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Oral, Av. Salgado Filho 1787, Lagoa Nova, Natal-RN 59056-000, Brazil
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Lai JP, Chien J, Strome SE, Staub J, Montoya DP, Greene EL, Smith DI, Roberts LR, Shridhar V. HSulf-1 modulates HGF-mediated tumor cell invasion and signaling in head and neck squamous carcinoma. Oncogene 2004; 23:1439-47. [PMID: 14973553 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we cloned a novel sulfatase domain-containing downregulated gene, HSulf-1, which modulates heparin-binding growth factor signaling in ovarian cancer. Based on the pilot data showing the loss of HSulf-1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SCCHN), we sought to employ SCCHN as a model to define the role of HSulf-1 in the molecular regulation of tumorigenicity. Three SCCHN lines (012SCC, WMMSCC, and 015SCC) had no detectable HSulf-1 mRNA. Clonal lines of HSulf-1-expressing 012SCC attenuated the activation of ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling mediated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and both ERK/MAPK and Akt signaling mediated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Consistent with this downregulation, phosphorylation of HGF receptor, c-Met, which is frequently overexpressed in SCCHN, was also attenuated in HSulf-1 clonal 012SCC cell lines. HGF markedly enhanced the motility and migration of vector-transfected cells in a transwell invasion chamber. However, HGF-mediated motility and invasion was attenuated in HSulf-1 clonal 012SCC cell lines. In addition, transfected cells displayed significant growth inhibition concomitant with a decrease in mitogenicity, as measured by thymidine incorporation and increased sensitivity to staurosporine- and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that HSulf-1 normally functions as a negative regulator in cell growth and loss of HSulf-1 in SCCHN potentiates growth factor signaling, enhances motility, invasiveness and inhibits stress-induced apoptosis, with a resulting increase in tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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