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Wang S, Wang X, Liu Y, He Q, Tian H. Dissipation and Safety Analysis of Dimethomorph Application in Lychee by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with QuEChERS. Molecules 2024; 29:1860. [PMID: 38675680 PMCID: PMC11054778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a method for analyzing dimethomorph residues in lychee using QuEChERS extraction and HPLC-MS/MS. The validation parameters for this method, which include accuracy, precision, linearity, and recovery, indicate that it meets standard validation requirements. Following first-order kinetics, the dissipation dynamic of dimethomorph in lychee was determined to range from 6.4 to 9.2 days. Analysis of terminal residues revealed that residues in whole lychee were substantially greater than those in the pulp, indicating that dimethomorph residues are predominantly concentrated in the peel. When applied twice and thrice at two dosage levels with pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) of 5, 7, and 10 days, the terminal residues in whole lychee ranged from 0.092 to 1.99 mg/kg. The terminal residues of the pulp ranged from 0.01 to 0.18 mg/kg, with the residue ratio of whole lychee to pulp consistently exceeding one. The risk quotient (RQ) for dimethomorph, even at the recommended dosage, was less than one, indicating that the potential for damage was negligible. This study contributes to the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China by providing essential information on the safe application of dimethomorph in lychee orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, No. 7 Jinying Road Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, No. 7 Jinying Road Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Yanping Liu
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, No. 7 Jinying Road Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Qiang He
- Guangdong Quality Safety Center of Agricultural Products (Guangdong Green Food Development Center), Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangzhou, No. 135 Xianlie East Road Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Hai Tian
- Analysis and Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Longhua District, Haikou 571101, China
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2
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Fang F, Liu B, Fu L, Tang H, Li Y, Pang X, Zhang Z. Water Supply via Pedicel Reduces Postharvest Pericarp Browning of Litchi ( Litchi chinensis) Fruit. Foods 2024; 13:814. [PMID: 38472927 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pericarp browning is the key factor for the extension of shelf life and the maintenance of the commercial value of harvested litchi fruit. Water loss is considered a leading factor of pericarp browning in litchi fruit. In this study, based on the distinct structure of litchi fruit, which is a special type of dry fruit with the aril as the edible part, the effects of water supply via pedicel (WSP) treatment on pericarp browning and the fruit quality of litchi were investigated. Compared with the packaging of the control fruit at 25 °C or 4 °C, the WSP treatment was found to significantly reduce pericarp browning and the decay of litchi fruit. The WSP-treated fruit had a higher L* value, total anthocyanin content, and pericarp water content, and the pericarp was thicker. The WSP treatment significantly suppressed the increase in the electrolyte leakage of the pericarp and maintained higher ascorbic acid (AA) contents in the aril. In addition, the WSP treatment was effective in reducing the activity and gene expression of browning-related genes Laccase (ADE/LAC) and Peroxidase (POD) during the storage period. In conclusion, the WSP treatment could be an effective method to delay pericarp browning and maintain the quality of harvested litchi fruit, and this further supports that litchi fruit has dry fruit characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liyu Fu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiyao Tang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanlan Li
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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3
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Wang R, Li B, Shi M, Zhao Y, Lin J, Chen Q, Liu P. Rapid Visual Detection of Peronophythora litchii on Lychees Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Assay Based on the Unique Target Gene Pl_101565. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:555. [PMID: 38498516 PMCID: PMC10891779 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Downy blight, caused by Peronophythora litchii, is a destructive disease that impacts lychee fruit throughout the pre-harvest, post-harvest, and transportation phases. Therefore, the prompt and precise identification of P. litchii is crucial for the effective management of the disease. A novel gene encoding a Rh-type ammonium transporter, Pl_101565, was identified in P. litchii through bioinformatic analysis in this study. Based on this gene, a coupled recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow (RPA-LF) assay for the rapid visual detection of P. litchii was developed. The assay has been shown to detect P. litchii accurately, without cross-reactivity to related pathogenic oomycetes or fungi. Moreover, it can be performed effectively within 15 to 25 min at temperatures ranging from 28 to 46 °C. Under optimized conditions, the RPA-LF assay could detect as low as 1 pg of P. litchii genomic DNA in a 25 μL reaction system. Furthermore, the RPA-LF assay successfully detected P. litchii in infected lychee samples within a 30 min timeframe. These attributes establish the RPA-LF assay as a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for diagnosing P. litchii early; it is particularly suitable for applications in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Mingyue Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yumei Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinlong Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572000, China;
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
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Gao X, Li W, Wang S, Xie B, Peng Q, Zhang C, Miao J, Dai T, Liu X. Attributes of Cyazofamid-Resistant Phytophthora litchii Mutants and Its Impact on Quality of Litchi Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:219-229. [PMID: 38131297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the sensitivity of 148 Phytophthora litchii isolates to cyazofamid, yielding a mean EC50 value of 0.0091 ± 0.0028 μg/mL. Through fungicide adaptation, resistant mutants (RMs) carrying the F220L substitution in PlCyt b were derived from wild-type isolates. Notably, these RMs exhibited a lower fitness compared with the parental isolates. Molecular docking analysis further revealed that the F220L change contributed to a decrease in the binding energy between cyazofamid and PlCyt b. The total phenol and flavonoid contents in the litchi pericarp treated with cyazofamid on day 5 were significantly higher than in other treatments. Overall, the laboratory assessment indicated a moderate risk of cyazofamid resistance in P. litchii, but the emergence of the F220L change could lead to a high level of resistance. Thus, cyazofamid represents a promising agrochemical for controlling postharvest litchi downy blight and extending the shelf life of litchi fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
| | - Wenhao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
| | - Bowen Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
| | - Tan Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
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5
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Wu Y, Li X, Dong L, Liu T, Tang Z, Lin R, Norvienyeku J, Xing M. A New Insight into 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one against Peronophythora litchii via TOR Pathway. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:863. [PMID: 37623635 PMCID: PMC10515317 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The litchi downy blight disease of litchi caused by Peronophythora litchii accounts for severe losses in the field and during storage. While ample quantitative studies have shown that 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PP) possesses antifungal activities against multiple plant pathogenic fungi, the regulatory mechanisms of 6PP-mediated inhibition of fungal pathogenesis and growth are still unknown. Here, we investigated the potential molecular targets of 6PP in the phytopathogenic oomycetes P. litchii through integrated deployment of RNA-sequencing, functional genetics, and biochemical techniques to investigate the regulatory effects of 6PP against P. litchii. Previously we demonstrated that 6PP exerted significant oomyticidal activities. Also, comparative transcriptomic evaluation of P. litchii strains treated with 6PP Revealed significant up-regulations in the expression profile of TOR pathway-related genes, including PlCytochrome C and the transcription factors PlYY1. We also noticed that 6PP treatment down-regulated putative negative regulatory genes of the TOR pathway, including PlSpm1 and PlrhoH12 in P. litchii. Protein-ligand binding analyses revealed stable affinities between PlYY1, PlCytochrome C, PlSpm1, PlrhoH12 proteins, and the 6PP ligand. Phenotypic characterization of PlYY1 targeted gene deletion strains generated in this study using CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination strategies significantly reduced the vegetative growth, sporangium, encystment, zoospore release, and pathogenicity of P. litchii. These findings suggest that 6PP-mediated activation of PlYY1 expression positively regulates TOR-related responses and significantly influences vegetative growth and the virulence of P. litchii. The current investigations revealed novel targets for 6PP and underscored the potential of deploying 6PP in developing management strategies for controlling the litchi downy blight pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinggu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.); (T.L.); (Z.T.); (R.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.); (T.L.); (Z.T.); (R.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Li Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.); (T.L.); (Z.T.); (R.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.); (T.L.); (Z.T.); (R.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Zhengbin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.); (T.L.); (Z.T.); (R.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.); (T.L.); (Z.T.); (R.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.); (T.L.); (Z.T.); (R.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Mengyu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.); (T.L.); (Z.T.); (R.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
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Li Z, Huang J, Wang L, Li D, Chen Y, Xu Y, Li L, Xiao H, Luo Z. Novel insight into the role of sulfur dioxide in fruits and vegetables: Chemical interactions, biological activity, metabolism, applications, and safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37128783 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2203737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) are a category of chemical compounds widely used as additives in food industry. So far, the use of SO2 in fruit and vegetable industry has been indispensable although its safety concerns have been controversial. This article comprehensively reviews the chemical interactions of SO2 with the components of fruit and vegetable products, elaborates its mechanism of antimicrobial, anti-browning, and antioxidation, discusses its roles in regulation of sulfur metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS)/redox, resistance induction, and quality maintenance in fruits and vegetables, summarizes the application technology of SO2 and its safety in human (absorption, metabolism, toxicity, regulation), and emphasizes the intrinsic metabolism of SO2 and its consequences for the postharvest physiology and safety of fresh fruits and vegetables. In order to fully understand the benefits and risks of SO2, more research is needed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of SO2 metabolism in the cells and tissues of fruits and vegetables, and to uncover the interaction mechanisms between SO2 and the components of fruits and vegetables as well as the efficacy and safety of bound SO2. This review has important guiding significance for adjusting an applicable definition of maximum residue limit of SO2 in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbiao Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanpei Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanqun Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Hangzhou, China
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Huang K, Fu D, Jiang Y, Liu H, Shi F, Wen Y, Cai C, Chen J, Ou L, Yan Q. Storability and Linear Regression Models of Pericarp Browning and Decay in Fifty Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Cultivars at Room Temperature Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081725. [PMID: 37107520 PMCID: PMC10137524 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cause for the limited shelf life of litchi fruit is rapid pericarp browning and decay. This study aims to evaluate the storability of 50 litchi varieties and establish a linear regression model for pericarp browning and decay based on 11 postharvest physical and chemical indices after 9 days of storage at room temperature. The results indicated that the average value of the browning index and decay rate significantly increased to 3.29% and 63.84% of 50 litchi varieties at day 9, respectively. Different litchi varieties showed different variations in appearance indicators, quality indicators, and physiological indicators. Furthermore, principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed that Liu Li 2 Hao exhibited the highest resistance to storage, whereas Dong Long Mi Li, Jiao Pan Li, E Dan Li 2 Hao, and Ren Shan Li were not resistant. Stepwise multiple regression analysis further demonstrated that the factors were highly correlated with the decay index, with a partial correlation coefficient of 0.437 between the effective index and the decay index. Therefore, pericarp thickness, relative conductivity, pericarp laccase activity, and total soluble solids were significant indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of litchi browning and decay, and relative conductivity was the significant determinant causing fruit browning. These findings provide a new perspective on the sustainable development of the litchi industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Danwen Fu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Institute of Nanfan & Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hailun Liu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fachao Shi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yingjie Wen
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Changhe Cai
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiezhen Chen
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liangxi Ou
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Yan
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
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8
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Zhong R, Wei J, Liu B, Luo H, Zhang Z, Pang X, Fang F. Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010532. [PMID: 36613975 PMCID: PMC9820520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Litchi chinensis contains high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the pericarp. These substances can serve as substrates of laccase-mediated rapid pericarp browning after the fruit is harvested. In this study, we found that the major PAs in litchi pericarp were (-)-epicatechin (EC) and several procyanidins (PCs), primarily PC A2, B2, and B1, and the EC and the PC content decreased with the development of the fruit. RNA-seq analysis showed that 43 early and late structure genes related to flavonoid/PA biosynthesis were expressed in the pericarp, including five ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (ANR), two LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (LAR), and two ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (ANS) genes functioning in the PA biosynthesis branch of the flavonoid pathway. Among these nine PA biosynthesis-related genes, ANR1a, LAR1/2, and ANS1 were highly positively correlated with changes in the EC/PC content, suggesting that they are the key PA biosynthesis-related genes. Several transcription factor (TF) genes, including MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and AP2 family members, were found to be highly correlated with ANR1a, LAR1/2, and ANS1, and their relevant binding elements were detected in the promoters of these target genes, strongly suggesting that these TF genes may play regulatory roles in PA biosynthesis. In summary, this study identified the candidate key structure and regulatory genes in PA biosynthesis in litchi pericarp, which will assist in understanding the accumulation of high levels of browning-related PA substances in the pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Honghui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (F.F.)
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9
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Peng J, Du J, Wuqiang M, Chen T, Shui X, Liao H, Lin X, Zhou K. Transcriptomics-based analysis of the causes of sugar receding in Feizixiao litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083753. [PMID: 36618655 PMCID: PMC9814114 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the causes of the "sugar receding" in 'Feizixiao' litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp, the main sugar contents and sucrose metabolism enzyme activities were measured in pulp obtained in 2020 and 2021. Pulp RNA obtained in 2020 was extracted at 35, 63, and 69 days after anthesis (DAA) for transcriptome sequencing analysis. The differential expression of genes was verified by real-time PCR for both years. The results showed that after 63 DAA, the contents of soluble sugars and sucrose decreased, and the contents of fructose and glucose increased in both years. The dynamic changes in sucrose metabolism enzyme activities were similar in both years. After 63 DAA, except for acid invertase (AI) in 2021, the activities of other enzymes decreased significantly, and the net activity of sucrose metabolism enzymes showed a strong sucrose cleavage activity. There were 18061, 19575, and 985 differentially expressed genes in 35 d vs. 63 d, 35 d vs. 69 d, and 63 d vs. 69 d, respectively. Ninety-one sugar metabolism genes were screened out, including sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), AI, neutral invertase (NI), hexokinase (HK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) genes. In 63 d vs. 69 d, seventy-five percent of sucrose metabolism genes were downregulated, seventy-seven percent of genes in glycolysis (EMP) were upregulated and the PFK genes were significantly upregulated. There was a significant linear correlation between the expression of 15 genes detected by real-time PCR and the transcriptome sequencing results (r2020 = 0.9139, r2021 = 0.8912). These results suggest that the upregulated expression of PFK genes at maturity may enhance PFK activity and promote the degradation of soluble sugar in pulp through the EMP pathway, resulting in decreased soluble sugar and sucrose contents and "sugar receding" in pulp. Moreover, the downregulated expression of sucrose metabolism genes in pulp decreased the activities of these enzymes, but the net activity of these enzymes resulted in cleaved sucrose and replenished levels of reducing sugars, resulting in a stable reducing sugar content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Peng
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jingjia Du
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ma Wuqiang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xian Shui
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Haizhi Liao
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaokai Lin
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Kaibing Zhou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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10
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Preservation of Litchi Fruit with Nanosilver Composite Particles (Ag-NP) and Resistance against Peronophythora litchi. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192934. [PMID: 36230009 PMCID: PMC9564286 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is susceptible to infection by Peronophythora litchi post storage, which rapidly decreases the sensory and nutritional quality of the fruit. In this study, the effects of nanosilver (Ag-NP) solution treatment on the shelf life of litchi fruit and the inhibition of P. litchi were examined, and the underlying mechanisms were discussed. For investigations, we used one variety of litchi (‘Feizixiao’), dipping it in different concentrations of Ag-NP solution after harvesting. Meanwhile, we treated P. litchi with different concentrations of Ag-NP solution. According to the data analysis, litchi treated with 400 μg/mL Ag-NPs and stored at 4 °C had the highest health rate and the lowest browning index among all the samples. In the same trend, treatment with 400 μg/mL Ag-NPs produced the best results for anthocyanin content, total soluble solids content, and titratable acidity content. Additionally, according to the results of the inhibition test, 800 μg/mL Ag-NP solution had a 94.97% inhibition rate against P. litchi. Within 2–10 h following exposure to 400 μg/mL Ag-NP solution, the contents of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in P. litchi gradually increased and peaked, followed by a gradual decline. At this time, the integrity of the cell membrane of P. litchi could be broken by Ag-NP solution, and the sporangia showed deformed germ tubes and abnormal shapes. Taken together, these results suggested that Ag-NP treatment inhibited respiration and P. litchi activity, which might attenuate litchi pericarp browning and prolong the shelf life of litchi. Accordingly, Ag-NPs could be used as an effective antistaling agent in litchi fruit and as an ecofriendly fungicide for the post-harvest control of litchi downy blight. This study provides new insights into the application of Ag-NP as an antistaling agent for fruit storage and as an ecofriendly fungicide.
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11
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Li Y, Yu Y, Wu J, Xu Y, Xiao G, Li L, Liu H. Comparison the Structural, Physicochemical, and Prebiotic Properties of Litchi Pomace Dietary Fibers before and after Modification. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030248. [PMID: 35159400 PMCID: PMC8833994 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Litchi pomace, a by-product of litchi processing, is rich in dietary fiber. Soluble and insoluble dietary fibers were extracted from litchi pomace, and insoluble dietary fiber was modified by ultrasonic enzymatic treatment to obtain modified soluble and insoluble dietary fibers. The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of the dietary fiber samples were evaluated and compared. It was found that all dietary fiber samples displayed typical polysaccharide absorption spectra, with arabinose being the most abundant monosaccharide component. Soluble dietary fibers from litchi pomace were morphologically fragmented and relatively smooth, with relatively high swelling capacity, whereas the insoluble dietary fibers possessed wrinkles and porous structures on the surface, as well as higher water holding capacity. Additionally, soluble dietary fiber content of litchi pomace was successfully increased by 6.32 ± 0.14% after ultrasonic enzymatic modification, and its arabinose content and apparent viscosity were also significantly increased. Further, the soluble dietary fibers exhibited superior radical scavenging ability and significantly stimulated the growth of probiotic bacterial species. Taken together, this study suggested that dietary fiber from litchi pomace could be a promising ingredient for functional foods industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Li
- Sericultural & Argi-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.X.); (G.X.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Food Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanshan Yu
- Sericultural & Argi-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.X.); (G.X.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-159-7559-6649
| | - Jijun Wu
- Sericultural & Argi-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.X.); (G.X.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Yujuan Xu
- Sericultural & Argi-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.X.); (G.X.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Gengsheng Xiao
- Sericultural & Argi-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.X.); (G.X.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Lu Li
- Sericultural & Argi-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.X.); (G.X.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Haoran Liu
- Sericultural & Argi-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.X.); (G.X.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
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12
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Wei J, Zhang X, Zhong R, Liu B, Zhang X, Fang F, Zhang Z, Pang X. Laccase-Mediated Flavonoid Polymerization Leads to the Pericarp Browning of Litchi Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15218-15230. [PMID: 34889093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Litchi pericarp turns brown rapidly after fruit harvest, while the mechanism remains obscure. The contents of (-)-epicatechin (EC) and procyanidins (PCs) A2/B1/B2/C1 decreased during the pericarp browning, and a previously identified laccase (ADE/LAC) showed activity to these compounds, with brown products observed in the reactions. By UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS, isomers of dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric PCs were detected in the EC-ADE/LAC reaction. In the presence of cyanidin-3-O-rutiside and rutin, anthocyanin-EC and rutin-EC adducts were, respectively, produced, and darker brown precipitation was observed in these reactions relatively to the EC-ADE/LAC reaction alone. ADE/LAC catalyzed the conversion of PC B2 to A-type PC dimers and B-type PC tetramers. ADE/LAC complemented the transparent testa of Arabidopsis LAC15-loss-of-function mutant (tt10) to wild-type dark brown seed coat. The results demonstrated that ADE/LAC-mediated flavonoid polymerization played an important role in the browning of pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruihao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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13
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Zhao YW, Wang CK, Huang XY, Hu DG. Anthocyanin stability and degradation in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1987767. [PMID: 34686106 PMCID: PMC9208790 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1987767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a flavonoid group of polyphenolic compounds, have evolved in plants since the land was colonized by plants. These bioactive compounds play critical roles in diverse physiological processes. They are synthesized in the cytosol and transported into the vacuole for storage or to other destinations, where they function as bioactive molecules. The mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis and transport have been well studied. However, the precise regulation of the mechanisms of anthocyanin degradation remains to be elucidated. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the understanding of the characteristics and functions of anthocyanins and class III peroxidases, as well as of the existing evidence of the effects of class III peroxidases on the degradation of anthocyanins and the possible regulatory mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
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14
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Tan S, Zhang H, Chen Q, Tang Y, Yang J, Zhang X, Li W, Shi S. Physical Characterization, Nutrient, Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of 16 litchi Cultivars Grown in the Upper Yangtze River Region. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100713. [PMID: 34797035 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Litchi grown in the upper Yangtze River region have the advantage of being late-maturing owing to the geographical location. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics, nutritional values, phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of 16 litchi cultivars grown in the upper Yangtze River region. Litchi grown in this region had total soluble solid and ascorbic acid contents comparable with those of cultivars grown in other locations. The total polyphenol contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and the phenolic profiles were determined using UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in this study. Naringin, rutin and p-coumaric acid were the major phenolic compounds in all the litchi cultivars. Statistical analysis of all the physiochemical results was performed using principal component analysis. Our results indicated that litchi grown in the upper Yangtze River region not only showed the late-maturity characteristic but were also good dietary sources of phenolic compounds and antioxidants. In particular, 'Fei Zi Xiao' and 'Jing Gang Hong Nuo', characterized by high polyphenol contents and high antioxidant capacities, were of superior comprehensive quality. This study provides important information for the development of late-maturing litchi industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Tan
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, P. R. China.,College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.,Chongqing Yudongnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 408000, P. R. China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, P. R. China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, P. R. China
| | - Shengyou Shi
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, P. R. China.,South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, 524091, P. R. China
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15
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Metabolic variations in the pulp of four litchi cultivars during pulp breakdown. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110080. [PMID: 33648299 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fruit of four litchi cultivars were stored at 25 ± 1 °C. The shelf life changed from long to short respectively was "Feizixiao (FXZ), "Jingganghongnuo (JGHN)", "Huaizhi (HZ)" and "Nuomici (NMC)". During pulp breakdown, marketable fruit and total soluble solids (TSS) decreased significantly, while respiratory rate increased significantly. After metabolomics analysis, a total of 179 metabolites were detected in litchi pulp, including 56 primary metabolites, 79 volatile compounds, 28 free amino acids and 16 hydrolyzed amino acids. Compared with other litchi cultivars, FZX pulp was rich in volatile alcohols and amino acids, NMC pulp was rich in soluble sugars and sesquiterpenes, and JGHN and HZ pulp were rich in sesquiterpenes. During the postharvest storage, most of volatiles and amino acids were induced in NMC pulp, while most of volatiles were reduced in JGHN and HZ pulp. The specific metabolites accumulated in a litchi pulp might be related to its shelf life and fruit quality. The increased metabolites during pulp breakdown might be also related to the resistance of litchi pulp.
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16
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Zheng L, Huang S, Hsiang T, Yu G, Guo D, Jiang Z, Li J. Biocontrol Using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PP19 Against Litchi Downy Blight Caused by Peronophythora litchii. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:619423. [PMID: 33510732 PMCID: PMC7835641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.619423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been widely used in the agriculture, food, and medicine industries. Isolate PP19 was obtained from the litchi fruit carposphere and showed biocontrol efficacy against litchi downy blight (LDB) whether applied preharvest or postharvest. To further understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms, the genome of PP19 was sequenced and analyzed. The genome comprised a 3,847,565 bp circular chromosome containing 3990 protein-coding genes and 121 RNA genes. It has the smallest genome among 36 sequenced strains of B. amyloliquefaciens except for RD7-7. In whole genome phylogenetic analysis, PP19 was clustered into a group with known industrial applications, indicating that it may also produce high-yield metabolites that have yet to be identified. A large chromosome structural variation and large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between PP19 (industrial strain) and UMAF6639 (plant-associated strain) were detected through comparative analysis, which may shed light on their functional differences. Preharvest treatment with PP19 enhanced resistance to LDB, by decreasing the plant H2O2 content and increasing the SOD activity. This is the first report of an industrial strain of B. amyloliquefaciens showing a plant-associated function and with major potential for the biocontrol of LDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou Experimental Station, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilian Huang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratary of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratary of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguang Li
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratary of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Detection of toxic methylenecyclopropylglycine and hypoglycin A in litchi aril of three Chinese cultivars. Food Chem 2020; 327:127013. [PMID: 32454275 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a subtropical fruit with high commercial values, litchi is also a source of methylenecyclcopropylglycine (MCPG) and hypoglycin A (HGA), which could cause hypoglycemia and fatal encephalopathy in human. In this work, a quantitative method was developed well to detect MCPG and HGA present in litchi aril of different cultivars. Method validation was evaluated well by linearity, recovery, precision and sensitivity. Among three cultivars, 'Feizixiao' contained the highest toxin level with 0.60-0.83 mg kg-1 of MCPG and 10.66-14.46 mg kg-1 of HGA, followed by 'Huaizhi' with 0.08-0.12 mg kg-1 of MCPG and 0.63-1.54 mg kg-1 of HGA, and 'Nuomici' with 0.09-0.11 mg kg-1 of MCPG and 0.35-0.91 mg kg-1 of HGA. The toxin levels were highly associated with litchi cultivar and storage time. These findings can provide new knowledge to help to recommend the safe consumption of fresh litchi based on human health.
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18
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Zhao L, Wang K, Wang K, Zhu J, Hu Z. Nutrient components, health benefits, and safety of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2139-2163. [PMID: 33337091 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical to subtropical fruit that is widely cultivated in more than 20 countries worldwide. It is normally consumed as fresh or processed and has become one of the most popular fruits because it has a delicious flavor, attractive color, and high nutritive value. Whole litchi fruits have been used not only as a food source but also for medicinal purposes. As a traditional Chinese medicine, litchi has been used for centuries to treat stomach ulcers, diabetes, cough, diarrhea, and dyspepsia, as well as to kill intestinal worms. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that whole litchi fruits exhibit antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antiobesity activities and show anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, hypotensive, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The health benefits of litchi have been attributed to its wide range of nutritional components, among which polysaccharides and polyphenols have been proven to possess various beneficial properties. The diversity and composition of litchi polysaccharides and polyphenols have vital influences on their biological activities. In addition, consuming fresh litchi and its products could lead to some adverse reactions for some people such as pruritus, urticaria, swelling of the lips, swelling of the throat, dyspnea, or diarrhea. These safety problems are probably caused by the soluble protein in litchi that could cause anaphylactic and inflammatory reactions. To achieve reasonable applications of litchi in the food, medical and cosmetics industries, this review focuses on recent findings related to the nutrient components, health benefits, and safety of litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhuoyan Hu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Guangzhou, China
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19
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The Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor PlBZP32 Associated with the Oxidative Stress Response Is Critical for Pathogenicity of the Lychee Downy Blight Oomycete Peronophythora litchii. mSphere 2020; 5:5/3/e00261-20. [PMID: 32493721 PMCID: PMC7273347 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00261-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we utilized the RNAi technique to investigate the functions of PlBZP32, which possesses a basic leucine zipper (bZIP)-PAS structure, and provided insights into the contributions of bZIP transcription factors to oxidative stress, the production of sporangia, the germination of cysts, and the pathogenicity of Peronophythora litchii. This study also revealed the role of PlBZP32 in regulating the enzymatic activities of extracellular peroxidases and laccases in the plant-pathogenic oomycete. Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors are widespread in eukaryotes, including plants, animals, fungi, and oomycetes. However, the functions of bZIPs in oomycetes are rarely known. In this study, we identified a bZIP protein possessing a special bZIP-PAS structure in Peronophythora litchii, named PlBZP32. We found that PlBZP32 is upregulated in zoospores, in cysts, and during invasive hyphal growth. We studied the functions of PlBZP32 using the RNAi technique to suppress the expression of this gene. PlBZP32-silenced mutants were more sensitive to oxidative stress, showed a lower cyst germination rate, and produced more sporangia than the wild-type strain SHS3. The PlBZP32-silenced mutants were also less invasive on the host plant. Furthermore, we analyzed the activities of extracellular peroxidases and laccases and found that silencing PlBZP32 decreased the activities of P. litchii peroxidase and laccase. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the functions of a bZIP-PAS protein are associated with oxidative stress, asexual development, and pathogenicity in oomycetes. IMPORTANCE In this study, we utilized the RNAi technique to investigate the functions of PlBZP32, which possesses a basic leucine zipper (bZIP)-PAS structure, and provided insights into the contributions of bZIP transcription factors to oxidative stress, the production of sporangia, the germination of cysts, and the pathogenicity of Peronophythora litchii. This study also revealed the role of PlBZP32 in regulating the enzymatic activities of extracellular peroxidases and laccases in the plant-pathogenic oomycete.
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20
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Energy Consumption, Colour, Texture, Antioxidants, Odours, and Taste Qualities of Litchi Fruit Dried by Intermittent Ohmic Heating. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040425. [PMID: 32260168 PMCID: PMC7230953 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the cost of dried litchi fruit, the processing characteristics and physicochemical properties of litchi were investigated using drying by intermittent ohmic heating (IOH) (intermittent air drying (IAD)) generated by BaTiO3 resistance. Litchi fruit pulp were dried at 70 °C with an air velocity of 1.8 m/s; the drying intermittent profiles were as follows: (1) 20 min drying-on and 5 min drying-off; (2) 20 min drying-on and 10 min drying-off; and (3) 20 min drying-on and 15 min drying-off, which correspond to pulse ratios (PRs) of 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8, respectively. After drying, the water content, energy consumption, vitamin C content, total phenolic content, colour, taste, and odour qualities were assessed. The results suggested that IOH drying requires lower energy consumption and yields higher quality products. The energy consumption of intermittent air drying ranged from 341 kJ∙g-1 to 427 kJ∙g-1. The IAD of 1.2 and 1.5 PR reduced the browning of litchi fruits and gained better product quality. The major components of odour and tastes were explored in dried litchi. The rising PR of IAD enabled a lower retention of methane and sulphur-organic aroma and a higher assessing value of bitterness taste. This study revealed that BaTiO3 is suitable for IOH drying and it resulted in more merits of dried litchi fruit.
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21
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Guo X, Luo T, Han D, Wu Z. Analysis of metabolomics associated with quality differences between room-temperature- and low-temperature-stored litchi pulps. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3560-3569. [PMID: 31763006 PMCID: PMC6848819 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on how temperature affects the postharvest quality of litchi have focused mainly on pericarp browning but rarely on the metabolites in postharvest litchi pulp. In this study, the differences in respiration rates, total soluble solid content, and titratable acid content demonstrated that room and low temperatures have different effects on the quality of "Feizixiao" litchi pulp. UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis was performed to compare the differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in litchi pulp after 8 days of storage at room temperature (RT-8 d) with those in litchi pulp after 28 days of storage at low temperature (LT-28 d). Nineteen carbohydrates (phosphohexoses, sorbitol, and mannose), fifteen acids, seven amino acids, nine energy metabolites and nucleotides, and six aliphatic and secondary metabolites were identified as common DEMs in RT-8 d and LT-28 d pulps. These findings indicated active fructose and mannose metabolism and increased catabolism of nicotinate, nicotinamide, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate. Four carbohydrates (mainly phosphohexoses), five acids, ten amino acids, three aliphatic and secondary metabolites, and one hormone were identified as unique DEMs in RT-8 d pulp, the consumption of key metabolites in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and accumulation of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Active consumption of nucleotide metabolites and biosynthesis of aliphatics in LT-28 d pulp were indicated by unique DEMs (eleven carbohydrates, four acids, seven amino acids, seven energy metabolites and nucleotides, and six aliphatic and secondary metabolites). These results provided an unambiguous metabolic fingerprint, thereby revealing how room and low temperatures differentially influenced the quality of litchi pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Guo
- College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Tao Luo
- College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Dongmei Han
- Institute of Fruit Tree ResearchGuangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenxian Wu
- College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops‐South ChinaMinistry of AgricultureGuangzhouChina
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22
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Hu Z, Tao Y, Tao X, Su Q, Cai J, Qin C, Ding W, Li C. Sesquiterpenes with Phytopathogenic Fungi Inhibitory Activities from Fungus Trichoderma virens from Litchi chinensis Sonn. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10646-10652. [PMID: 31479255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new monosesquiterpene diacetylgliocladic acid (1), a new dimeric sesquiterpene divirensol H (9), and two exceptionally novel trimeric sesquiterpene trivirensols A and B (11 and 12), together with another eight known congeners, were purified from an endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens FY06, derived from Litchi chinensis Sonn. whose fruit is a delicious and popular food. All of them were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, combined with biosynthetic considerations. Trivirensols A and B are unprecedented trimers of which three subunits are connected by two ester bonds of the sesquiterpene class. Relative to the positive control triadimefon, all the tested metabolites showed strong inhibitory activities against at least one phytopathogenic fungus among Penicillium italicum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearum, Colletotrichum musae, and Colletotrictum gloeosporioides. Notably, as metabolites of the endophytic fungus from L. chinensis, they all presented strong antifungal activities against C. gloeosporioides which causes anthracnose in L. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Hu
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 511436 , China
| | - Xingyu Tao
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Qinhua Su
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Jiachun Cai
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Can Qin
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Weijia Ding
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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23
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Zhu XR, Wang H, Sun J, Yang B, Duan XW, Jiang YM. Pericarp and seed of litchi and longan fruits: constituent, extraction, bioactive activity, and potential utilization. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:503-512. [PMID: 31090276 PMCID: PMC6568221 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruits have a succulent and white aril with a brown seed and are becoming popular worldwide. The two fruits have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as popular herbs in the treatment of neural pain, swelling, and cardiovascular disease. The pericarp and seed portions as the by-products of litchi and longan fruits are estimated to be approximately 30% of the dry weight of the whole fruit and are rich in bioactive constituents. In the recent years, many biological activities, such as tyrosinase inhibitory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-glycated, and anti-cancer activities, as well as memory-increasing effects, have been reported for the litchi and longan pericarp and seed extracts, indicating a potentially significant contribution to human health. With the increasing production of litchi and longan fruits, enhanced utilization of the two fruit by-products for their inherent bioactive constituents in relation to pharmacological effects is urgently needed. This paper reviews the current advances in the extraction, processing, identification, and biological and pharmacological activities of constituents from litchi and longan by-products. Potential utilization of litchi and longan pericarps and seeds in relation to further research is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-rong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Post-harvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xue-wu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yue-ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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24
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Luo T, Li S, Han D, Guo X, Shuai L, Wu Z. The effect of desulfurization on the postharvest quality and sulfite metabolism in pulp of sulfitated "Feizixiao" Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruits. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1715-1726. [PMID: 31139384 PMCID: PMC6526637 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The residual sulfite caused by sulfur fumigation (SF) is a hazard to health and influenced the export trade of litchi. Desulfurization (DS) is a valid chemical method to reduce the residual sulfite. However, the effect of DS on fumigated litchi has not been studied at physiological and molecular level. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of DS (SF plus 3% desulfurizer) on the postharvest quality, sulfite residue, and the sulfite metabolism in sulfitated "Feizixiao" litchi during the 4°C storage. Results indicated that the DS promoted the color recovery of sulfitated litchi and achieved an effect similar to SF on controlling rot and browning. DS recovered the water content and respiration rate of sulfitated litchi pericarp. Thus, DS improves commodity properties of sulfitated litchi. Moreover, DS greatly reduced sulfite residue especially in pulp and ensured the edible safety of sulfitated litchi. The activities of sulfite oxidase, sulfite reductase, serine acetyltransferase, and O-acetylserine(thiol) lyase in pulp increased after SF but fell down after DS while the expressions of their encoding genes decreased after SF but then rallied after DS. These results indicated the key role of these enzymes in sulfite metabolism after SF and DS changed the sulfite metabolism at both enzymatic and transcriptional level. It could be concluded that DS used in this study was an effective method for improving the color recovery and ensuring the edible safety of sulfitated litchi by not only chemical reaction but also both of enzymatic and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource UtilizationMinistry of AgricultureGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Guo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Liang Shuai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering/Institute of Food Science and Engineering TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouP.R. China
| | - Zhenxian Wu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouP.R. China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhouP.R. China
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25
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Jiang L, Situ J, Deng YZ, Wan L, Xu D, Chen Y, Xi P, Jiang Z. PlMAPK10, a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in Peronophythora litchii, Is Required for Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, Laccase Activity, and Plant Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:426. [PMID: 29568294 PMCID: PMC5852060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are ubiquitous and evolutionarily conserved signal transduction modules directing cellular respond to a diverse array of stimuli, in the eukaryotic organisms. In this study, PlMAPK10 was identified to encode a MAPK in Peronophythora litchii, the oomycete pathogen causing litchi downy blight disease. PlMAPK10, containing a specific and highly conserved dual phosphorylation lip sequence SEY (Serine-Glutamic-Tyrosine), represents a novel group of MAPKs as previously reported. Transcriptional profiling showed that PlMAPK10 expression was up-regulated in zoospore and cyst stages. To elucidate its function, the PlMAPK10 gene was silenced by stable transformation. PlMAPK10 silence did not impair oospore production, sporangium germination, zoospore encyst, or cyst germination but hindered hyphal growth, sporulation, pathogenicity, likely due to altering laccase activity. Over all, our results indicated that a MAPK encoded by PlMAPK10 gene in P. litchii is important for pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Xing M, Zheng L, Deng Y, Xu D, Xi P, Li M, Kong G, Jiang Z. Antifungal Activity of Natural Volatile Organic Compounds against Litchi Downy Blight Pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Molecules 2018; 23:E358. [PMID: 29419754 PMCID: PMC6017977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a commercially important fruit but its production and quality are restricted by litchi downy blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronophythora litchii Chen. Volatile substances produced by a biocontrol antinomycetes Streptomyces fimicarius BWL-H1 could inhibited P. litchii growth and development both in vitro and in detached litchi leaf and fruit infection assay. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses indicated that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from BWL-H1 resulted in severe damage to the endomembrane system and cell wall of P. litchii cells in vitro and abnormal morphology of appressoria, as well as deformed new hyphae in infection process. VOCs could suppress mycelial growth, sporulation, while with no obvious effect on sporangia germination. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometric analyses, 32 VOCs were identified from S. fimicarius BWL-H1, the most abundant of which was phenylethyl alcohol. Eight VOCs, including phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl phenylacetate, methyl anthranilate, α-copaene, caryophyllene, humulene, methyl salicylate and 4-ethylphenol, that are commercially available, were purchased and their bioactivity was tested individually. Except for humulene, the other seven tested volatile compounds shown strong inhibitory activity against mycelial growth, sporulation, sporangia germination and germ-tube growth of P. litchii. Especially, 4-ethylphenol showed the highest inhibitory effect on sporulation at a very low concentration of 2 µL/L. Overall, our results provided a better understanding of the mode of action of volatiles from BWL-H1 on P. litchii, and showed that volatiles from BWL-H1 have the potential for control of postharvest litchi downy blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Xing
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou Experimental Station, Guangzhou 510140, China.
| | - Yizhen Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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27
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Zhang X, Fang F, He Q, Zhang X, Shi N, Song J, Zhang Z, Pang X. Enzymatic characterization of a laccase from lychee pericarp in relation to browning reveals the mechanisms for fruit color protection. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Quan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Song
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaAFHRCKentville NSB4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesGuangzhou510642 People's Republic of China
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28
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Jiang X, Lin H, Shi J, Neethirajan S, Lin Y, Chen Y, Wang H, Lin Y. Effects of a novel chitosan formulation treatment on quality attributes and storage behavior of harvested litchi fruit. Food Chem 2018; 252:134-141. [PMID: 29478523 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Kadozan (a novel chitosan formulation) treatment on physiological attribute, nutritional quality and storage behavior of harvested "Wuye" litchi fruit were studied. Compared with control litchis, Kadozan treatment significantly decreased fruit respiration rate, retarded the increase of pericarp cell membrane permeability, maintained higher contents of anthocyanins and flavonoids and higher values of L∗, a∗ and b∗ in litchi pericarp, and reduced the decreases of titratable acidity, total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, and vitamin C contents in litchi pulp, maintaining better quality of litchis. Furthermore, Kadozan treatment decreased browning index and disease index of litchis, kept higher rate of commercially acceptable fruit, and reduced fruit weight loss, showing better storage behavior of litchis under ambient temperature. The optimal Kadozan treatment for litchis was the 1:100 (VKadozan: VKadozan + Water) dilution, which might be a promising method for keeping quality and prolonging shelf-life of harvested "Wuye" litchi fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjing Jiang
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hetong Lin
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Suresh Neethirajan
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yifen Lin
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yixiong Lin
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Su D, Zhang R, Hou F, Chi J, Huang F, Yan S, Liu L, Deng Y, Wei Z, Zhang M. Lychee pulp phenolics ameliorate hepatic lipid accumulation by reducing miR-33 and miR-122 expression in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2017; 8:808-815. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01507g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The repression of miR-33 and miR-122 is a possible molecular mechanism of the hypolipidemic effects of lychee pulp phenolics.
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Jiang L, Ye W, Situ J, Chen Y, Yang X, Kong G, Liu Y, Tinashe RJ, Xi P, Wang Y, Jiang Z. A Puf RNA-binding protein encoding gene PlM90 regulates the sexual and asexual life stages of the litchi downy blight pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 98:39-45. [PMID: 27939344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sexual and asexual reproduction are two key processes in the pathogenic cycle of many filamentous pathogens. However in Peronophythora litchii, the causal pathogen for the litchi downy blight disease, critical regulator(s) of sexual or asexual differentiation has not been elucidated. In this study, we cloned a gene named PlM90 from P. litchii, which encodes a putative Puf RNA-binding protein. We found that PlM90 was highly expressed during asexual development, and much higher than that during sexual development, while relatively lower during cyst germination and plant infection. By polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation, we generated three PlM90-silenced transformants and found a severely impaired ability in sexual spore production and a delay in stages of zoospore release and encystment. However, the pathogenicity of P. litchii was not affected by PlM90-silencing. Therefore we conclude that PlM90 specifically regulates the sexual and asexual differentiation of P. litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yubin Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yaya Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Runyanga J Tinashe
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Gong L, Li T, Chen F, Duan X, Yuan Y, Zhang D, Jiang Y. An inclusion complex of eugenol into β-cyclodextrin: Preparation, and physicochemical and antifungal characterization. Food Chem 2016; 196:324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yun Z, Qu H, Wang H, Zhu F, Zhang Z, Duan X, Yang B, Cheng Y, Jiang Y. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of accelerated senescence in litchi fruit after cold storage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19356. [PMID: 26763309 PMCID: PMC4725888 DOI: 10.1038/srep19356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi is a non-climacteric subtropical fruit of high commercial value. The shelf life of litchi fruit under ambient conditions (AC) is approximately 4-6 days. Post-harvest cold storage prolongs the life of litchi fruit for up to 30 days with few changes in pericarp browning and total soluble solids. However, the shelf life of litchi fruits at ambient temperatures after pre-cold storage (PCS) is only 1-2 days. To better understand the mechanisms involved in the rapid fruit senescence induced by pre-cold storage, a transcriptome of litchi pericarp was constructed to assemble the reference genes, followed by comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Results suggested that the senescence of harvested litchi fruit was likely to be an oxidative process initiated by ABA, including oxidation of lipids, polyphenols and anthocyanins. After cold storage, PCS fruit exhibited energy deficiency, and respiratory burst was elicited through aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which was regulated specifically by an up-regulated calcium signal, G-protein-coupled receptor signalling pathway and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction. The respiratory burst was largely associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species, up-regulated peroxidase activity and initiation of the lipoxygenase pathway, which were closely related to the accelerated senescence of PCS fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhengke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
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Li T, Zhu H, Wu Q, Yang C, Duan X, Qu H, Yun Z, Jiang Y. Comparative proteomic approaches to analysis of litchi pulp senescence after harvest. Food Res Int 2015; 78:274-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Riederer M, Arand K, Burghardt M, Huang H, Riedel M, Schuster AC, Smirnova A, Jiang Y. Water loss from litchi (Litchi chinensis) and longan (Dimocarpus longan) fruits is biphasic and controlled by a complex pericarpal transpiration barrier. PLANTA 2015; 242:1207-19. [PMID: 26159434 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In litchi and longan fruits, a specialised pericarp controls water loss by a protective system consisting of two resistances in series and two water reservoirs separated by a barrier. In the fruits of litchi (Litchi chinensis) and longan (Dimocarpus longan), the pericarp is solely a protective structure lacking functional stomata and completely enclosing the aril that is the edible part. Maintaining a high water content of the fruits is crucial for ensuring the economic value of these important fruit crops. The water loss rates from mature fruits were determined and analysed in terms of the properties of the pericarps. Water loss kinetics and sorption isotherms were measured gravimetrically. The pericarps were studied with microscopy, and cuticular waxes and cutin were analysed with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The kinetics of fruit water loss are biphasic with a high initial rate and a lower equilibrium rate lasting for many hours. The outer and inner surfaces of the pericarps are covered with cuticles. Litchi and longan fruits have a unique type of transpiration barrier consisting of two resistances in series (endo- and exocarp cuticles) and two reservoirs of water (aril and mesocarp). The exocarp permeability controls the water loss from fresh fruits while in fruits kept for an extended time at low relative humidity it is determined by the endo- and exocarp permeabilities. Permeances measured are within the range for typical fruit cuticles. The findings may be used to design optimal postharvest storage strategies for litchi and longan fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Riederer
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Pl. 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Katja Arand
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Pl. 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Burghardt
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Pl. 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hua Huang
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Pl. 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Riedel
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Pl. 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Schuster
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Pl. 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Smirnova
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Pl. 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, Institut de Physiologie et de la Chimie Biologique, Université de Strasbourg, 21 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Yueming Jiang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
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Short-term anaerobic, pure oxygen and refrigerated storage conditions affect the energy status and selective gene expression in litchi fruit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Effect of tea polyphenols on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit during cold storage. Molecules 2014; 19:16837-50. [PMID: 25335111 PMCID: PMC6271257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the potential of application of tea polyphenols to the shelf life extension and quality maintenance of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit, the fruits were dipped into a solution of 1% tea phenols for 5 min before cold storage at 4 °C. Changes in browning index, contents of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, O2.− production rate and H2O2 content, levels of relative leakage rate and lipid peroxidation, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were measured after 0, 10, 20 and 30 days of cold storage. The results showed that application of tea polyphenols markedly delayed pericarp browning, alleviated the decreases in contents of total soluble solids (TSS) and ascorbic acid, and maintained relatively high levels of total phenolics and anthocyanins of litchi fruit after 30 days of cold storage. Meanwhile, the treatment reduced the increases in relative leakage rate and lipid peroxidation content, delayed the increases in both O2.− production rate and H2O2 contents, and increased SOD activity but reduced POD activity throughout this storage period. These data indicated that the delayed pericarp browning of litchi fruit by the treatment with tea polyphenols could be due to enhanced antioxidant capability, reduced accumulations of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, and improved membrane integrity.
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37
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Huang F, Guo Y, Zhang R, Yi Y, Deng Y, Su D, Zhang M. Effects of drying methods on physicochemical and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharide-protein complexes from litchi pulp. Molecules 2014; 19:12760-76. [PMID: 25140451 PMCID: PMC6271374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried litchi pulp has been used in traditional remedies in China for many years to treat various diseases, and the therapeutic activity has been, at least partly, attributed to the presence of bioactive polysaccharides. Polysaccharide-protein complexes from vacuum freeze-(VF), vacuum microwave-(VM) and heat pump (HP) dried litchi pulp, which were coded as LP-VF, LP-VM and LP-HP, were comparatively studied on the physicochemical and immunomodulatory properties. LP-HP had a predominance of galactose, while glucose was the major sugar component in LP-VF and LP-VM. Compared with LP-VF and LP-VM, LP-HP contained more aspartate and glutamic in binding protein. LP-HP also exhibited a stronger stimulatory effect on splenocyte proliferation at 200 μg/mL and triggered higher NO, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion from RAW264.7 macrophages. Different drying methods caused the difference in physicochemical properties of polysaccharide-protein complexes from dried litchi pulp, which resulted in significantly different immunomodulatory activity. HP drying appears to be the best method for preparing litchi pulp to improve its immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yajuan Guo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Yang Yi
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Dongxiao Su
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
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38
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Lychee Variety Discrimination by Hyperspectral Imaging Coupled with Multivariate Classification. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Xu L, Xue J, Wu P, Wang D, Lin L, Jiang Y, Duan X, Wei X. Antifungal activity of hypothemycin against Peronophythora litchii in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10091-10095. [PMID: 24106914 DOI: 10.1021/jf4030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal activity of a natural resorcylic acid lactone, hypothemycin (HPM), against Peronophythora litchii in vitro and in vivo was investigated. HPM treatment substantially suppressed spore germination of P. litchi, with the inhibition rate of 100% when 0.78 μg/mL HPM was applied. Similarly, mycelial growth of P. litchii was efficiently inhibited. Furthermore, HPM caused the ultrastructural modifications of P. litchii, including the disruption of the cell wall and the endomembrane system, especially the plasma membrane, mitochondria, and vacuoles, which led to the destruction of the cellular integrity. Moreover, application of HPM significantly reduced decay and suppressed peel browning of postharvest litchi fruit inoculated with P. litchii during storage at 28 °C. Overall, these findings suggested that HPM exhibited excellent antifungal activity against P. litchii both in vitro and in vivo, which could be helpful for the storage of harvest litchi fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation And Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy Of Sciences , Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
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Precoppe M, Janjai S, Mahayothee B, Müller J. Improved energy efficiency of farmers' cooperative litchi drying operation in Northern Thailand. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Precoppe
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering; Universität Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 9; Stuttgart; 70593; Germany
| | - Serm Janjai
- Department of Physics; Silpakorn University; Nakhon Pathom; 73000; Thailand
| | | | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering; Universität Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 9; Stuttgart; 70593; Germany
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Wang H, Qian Z, Ma S, Zhou Y, Patrick JW, Duan X, Jiang Y, Qu H. Energy status of ripening and postharvest senescent fruit of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:55. [PMID: 23547657 PMCID: PMC3636124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that cellular energy is a key factor switching on ripening and senescence of fruit. However, the factors that influence fruit energy status remain largely unknown. RESULTS HPLC profiling showed that ATP abundance increased significantly in developing preharvest litchi fruit and was strongly correlated with fruit fresh weight. In contrast, ATP levels declined significantly during postharvest fruit senescence and were correlated with the decrease in the proportion of edible fruit. The five gene transcripts isolated from the litchi fruit pericarp were highly expressed in vegetative tissues and peaked at 70 days after flowering (DAF) consistent with fruit ADP concentrations, except for uncoupling mitochondrial protein 1 (UCP1), which was predominantly expressed in the root, and ATP synthase beta subunit (AtpB), which was up-regulated significantly before harvest and peaked 2 days after storage. These results indicated that the color-breaker stage at 70 DAF and 2 days after storage may be key turning points in fruit energy metabolism. Transcript abundance of alternative oxidase 1 (AOX1) increased after 2 days of storage to significantly higher levels than those of LcAtpB, and was down-regulated significantly by exogenous ATP. ATP supplementation had no significant effect on transcript abundance of ADP/ATP carrier 1 (AAC1) and slowed the changes in sucrose non-fermenting-1-related kinase 2 (SnRK2) expression, but maintained ATP and energy charge levels, which were correlated with delayed senescence. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that senescence of litchi fruit is closely related with energy. A surge of LcAtpB expression marked the beginning of fruit senescence. The findings may provide a new strategy to extend fruit shelf life by regulating its energy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P R China
| | - Zhengjiang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P R China
| | - Sanmei Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P R China
| | - Yuchuan Zhou
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
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Jing G, Huang H, Yang B, Li J, Zheng X, Jiang Y. Effect of pyrogallol on the physiology and biochemistry of litchi fruit during storage. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:19. [PMID: 23363809 PMCID: PMC3564774 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit are highly perishable and have a very short shelf life, easily turning brown and decaying. This study investigated the efficiency of pyrogallol, a catechin on the physiology and biochemistry in relation to storage life of litchi fruit. RESULTS Fruit were treated with pyrogallol at 1 mM and then stored at ambient temperature (25°C) or low temperature (4°C). Compared with control, pyrogallol significantly reduced pericarp browning and delayed the rotting of fruit day 4 at 25°C, and on day 30 at 4°C. The chemical treatment reduced respiration rate and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and delayed the loss of membrane permeability. Pyrogallol increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), delayed the loss of anthocyanin and phenolics, and maintained high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrlhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. High performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) analysis clearly indicated that treated fruit contained higher concentration of the four phenolic compounds procyanidin B1, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate. CONCLUSIONS The application of pyrogallol partially reducing pericarp browning and changed quality-related physiological activities and, thus, pyrogallol could have beneficial effects on pericarp browning and fruit decay control, and could be helpful for litchi fruit postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Jing
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310035, People's Republic of China.
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CHEN YULONG, JIANG YUEMING, YANG SHAOYU, YANG EN, YANG BAO, PRASAD KNAGENDRA. EFFECTS OF ULTRASONIC TREATMENT ON PERICARP BROWNING OF POSTHARVEST LITCHI FRUIT. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2011.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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SUN JIAN, PENG HONGXIANG, ZHANG EZHEN, YOU XIANGRONG, HUANG MAOKANG, XU LIANGXIONG, WANG JUBING. COMPARISON OF ENZYMES AND FLAVONOIDS RELATED TO POSTHARVEST BROWNING IN THREE LITCHI (LITCHI CHINENSIS SONN.) CULTIVARS. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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