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Kandarpa M, Robinson D, Wu YM, Qin T, Pettit K, Li Q, Luker G, Sartor M, Chinnaiyan A, Talpaz M. Broad Next-Generation Integrated Sequencing of Myelofibrosis Identifies Disease-Specific and Age-Related Genomic Alterations. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1972-1983. [PMID: 38386293 PMCID: PMC11061602 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are characterized by the overproduction of differentiated myeloid cells. Mutations in JAK2, CALR, and MPL are considered drivers of Bcr-Abl-ve MPN, including essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis (prePMF), and overt myelofibrosis (MF). However, how these driver mutations lead to phenotypically distinct and/or overlapping diseases is unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To compare the genetic landscape of MF to ET/PV/PrePMF, we sequenced 1,711 genes for mutations along with whole transcriptome RNA sequencing of 137 patients with MPN. RESULTS In addition to driver mutations, 234 and 74 genes were found to be mutated in overt MF (N = 106) and ET/PV/PrePMF (N = 31), respectively. Overt MF had more mutations compared with ET/PV/prePMF (5 vs. 4 per subject, P = 0.006). Genes frequently mutated in MF included high-risk genes (ASXL1, SRSF2, EZH2, IDH1/2, and U2AF1) and Ras pathway genes. Mutations in NRAS, KRAS, SRSF2, EZH2, IDH2, and NF1 were exclusive to MF. Advancing age, higher DIPSS, and poor overall survival (OS) correlated with increased variants in MF. Ras mutations were associated with higher leukocytes and platelets and poor OS. The comparison of gene expression showed upregulation of proliferation and inflammatory pathways in MF. Notably, ADGRL4, DNASE1L3, PLEKHGB4, HSPG2, MAMDC2, and DPYSL3 were differentially expressed in hematopoietic stem and differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate that evolution of MF from ET/PV/PrePMF likely advances with age, accumulation of mutations, and activation of proliferative pathways. The genes and pathways identified by integrated genomics approach provide insight into disease transformation and progression and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Kandarpa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dan Robinson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yi-Mi Wu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tingting Qin
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kristen Pettit
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Qing Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary Luker
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen Sartor
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arul Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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2
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Wong JC, Weinfurtner KM, Westover T, Kim J, Lebish EJ, Del Pilar Alzamora M, Huang BJ, Walsh M, Abdelhamed S, Ma J, Klco JM, Shannon K. 5G2 mutant mice model loss of a commonly deleted segment of chromosome 7q22 in myeloid malignancies. Leukemia 2024; 38:1182-1186. [PMID: 38443608 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Monosomy 7 and del(7q) are among the most common and poorly understood genetic alterations in myelodysplastic neoplasms and acute myeloid leukemia. Chromosome band 7q22 is a minimally deleted segment in myeloid malignancies with a del(7q). However, the rarity of "second hit" mutations supports the idea that del(7q22) represents a contiguous gene syndrome. We generated mice harboring a 1.5 Mb germline deletion of chromosome band 5G2 syntenic to human 7q22 that removes Cux1 and 27 additional genes. Hematopoiesis is perturbed in 5G2+/del mice but they do not spontaneously develop hematologic disease. Whereas alkylator exposure modestly accelerated tumor development, the 5G2 deletion did not cooperate with KrasG12D, NrasG12D, or the MOL4070LTR retrovirus in leukemogenesis. 5G2+/del mice are a novel platform for interrogating the role of hemopoietic stem cell attrition/stress, cooperating mutations, genotoxins, and inflammation in myeloid malignancies characterized by monosomy 7/del(7q).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Tamara Westover
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jangkyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Lebish
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin J Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sherif Abdelhamed
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeffery M Klco
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Lin HT, Takagi M, Kubara K, Yamazaki K, Michikawa F, Okumura T, Naruto T, Morio T, Miyazaki K, Taniguchi H, Otsu M. Monoallelic KRAS (G13C) mutation triggers dysregulated expansion in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:106. [PMID: 38627844 PMCID: PMC11021011 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although oncogenic RAS mutants are thought to exert mutagenic effects upon blood cells, it remains uncertain how a single oncogenic RAS impacts non-transformed multipotent hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HPCs). Such potential pre-malignant status may characterize HPCs in patients with RAS-associated autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like disease (RALD). This study sought to elucidate the biological and molecular alterations in human HPCs carrying monoallelic mutant KRAS (G13C) with no other oncogene mutations. METHODS We utilized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from two unrelated RALD patients. Isogenic HPC pairs harboring either wild-type KRAS or monoallelic KRAS (G13C) alone obtained following differentiation enabled reliable comparative analyses. The compound screening was conducted with an established platform using KRAS (G13C) iPSCs and differentiated HPCs. RESULTS Cell culture assays revealed that monoallelic KRAS (G13C) impacted both myeloid differentiation and expansion characteristics of iPSC-derived HPCs. Comprehensive RNA-sequencing analysis depicted close clustering of HPC samples within the isogenic group, warranting that comparative studies should be performed within the same genetic background. When compared with no stimulation, iPSC-derived KRAS (G13C)-HPCs showed marked similarity with the wild-type isogenic control in transcriptomic profiles. After stimulation with cytokines, however, KRAS (G13C)-HPCs exhibited obvious aberrant cell-cycle and apoptosis responses, compatible with "dysregulated expansion," demonstrated by molecular and biological assessment. Increased BCL-xL expression was identified amongst other molecular changes unique to mutant HPCs. With screening platforms established for therapeutic intervention, we observed selective activity against KRAS (G13C)-HPC expansion in several candidate compounds, most notably in a MEK- and a BCL-2/BCL-xL-inhibitor. These two compounds demonstrated selective inhibitory effects on KRAS (G13C)-HPCs even with primary patient samples when combined. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that a monoallelic oncogenic KRAS can confer dysregulated expansion characteristics to non-transformed HPCs, which may constitute a pathological condition in RALD hematopoiesis. The use of iPSC-based screening platforms will lead to discovering treatments that enable selective inhibition of RAS-mutated HPC clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ting Lin
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kenji Kubara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamazaki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Fumiko Michikawa
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takuya Naruto
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koji Miyazaki
- Department of Transfusion and Cell Transplantation, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makoto Otsu
- Department of Transfusion and Cell Transplantation, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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4
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Karra L, Finger AM, Shechtman L, Krush M, Huang RMY, Prinz M, Tennvooren I, Bahl K, Hysienaj L, Gonzalez PG, Combes AJ, Gonzalez H, Argüello RJ, Spitzer MH, Roose JP. Single cell proteomics characterization of bone marrow hematopoiesis with distinct Ras pathway lesions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572584. [PMID: 38187679 PMCID: PMC10769276 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Normal hematopoiesis requires constant prolific production of different blood cell lineages by multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Stem- and progenitor- cells need to balance dormancy with proliferation. How genetic alterations impact frequency, lineage potential, and metabolism of HSC is largely unknown. Here, we compared induced expression of KRAS G12D or RasGRP1 to normal hematopoiesis. At low-resolution, both Ras pathway lesions result in skewing towards myeloid lineages. Single-cell resolution CyTOF proteomics unmasked an expansion of HSC- and progenitor- compartments for RasGRP1, contrasted by a depletion for KRAS G12D . SCENITH™ quantitates protein synthesis with single-cell precision and corroborated that immature cells display low metabolic SCENITH™ rates. Both RasGRP1 and KRAS G12D elevated mean SCENITH™ signals in immature cells. However, RasGRP1-overexpressing stem cells retain a metabolically quiescent cell-fraction, whereas this fraction diminishes for KRAS G12D . Our temporal single cell proteomics and metabolomics datasets provide a resource of mechanistic insights into altered hematopoiesis at single cell resolution.
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5
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Shui B, Beyett TS, Chen Z, Li X, La Rocca G, Gazlay WM, Eck MJ, Lau KS, Ventura A, Haigis KM. Oncogenic K-Ras suppresses global miRNA function. Mol Cell 2023; 83:2509-2523.e13. [PMID: 37402366 PMCID: PMC10527862 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
K-Ras frequently acquires gain-of-function mutations (K-RasG12D being the most common) that trigger significant transcriptomic and proteomic changes to drive tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, oncogenic K-Ras-induced dysregulation of post-transcriptional regulators such as microRNAs (miRNAs) during oncogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we report that K-RasG12D promotes global suppression of miRNA activity, resulting in the upregulation of hundreds of targets. We constructed a comprehensive profile of physiological miRNA targets in mouse colonic epithelium and tumors expressing K-RasG12D using Halo-enhanced Argonaute pull-down. Combining this with parallel datasets of chromatin accessibility, transcriptome, and proteome, we uncovered that K-RasG12D suppressed the expression of Csnk1a1 and Csnk2a1, subsequently decreasing Ago2 phosphorylation at Ser825/829/832/835. Hypo-phosphorylated Ago2 increased binding to mRNAs while reducing its activity to repress miRNA targets. Our findings connect a potent regulatory mechanism of global miRNA activity to K-Ras in a pathophysiological context and provide a mechanistic link between oncogenic K-Ras and the post-transcriptional upregulation of miRNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shui
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler S Beyett
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhengyi Chen
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gaspare La Rocca
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William M Gazlay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Michael J Eck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Ventura
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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6
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Koh CP, Bahirvani AG, Wang CQ, Yokomizo T, Ng CEL, Du L, Tergaonkar V, Voon DCC, Kitamura H, Hosoi H, Sonoki T, Michelle MMH, Tan LJ, Niibori-Nambu A, Zhang Y, Perkins AS, Hossain Z, Tenen DG, Ito Y, Venkatesh B, Osato M. Highly efficient Runx1 enhancer eR1-mediated genetic engineering for fetal, child and adult hematopoietic stem cells. Gene 2023; 851:147049. [PMID: 36384171 PMCID: PMC10492510 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A cis-regulatory genetic element which targets gene expression to stem cells, termed stem cell enhancer, serves as a molecular handle for stem cell-specific genetic engineering. Here we show the generation and characterization of a tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 transgenic (Tg) mouse employing previously identified hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) enhancer for Runx1, eR1 (+24 m). Kinetic analysis of labeled cells after tamoxifen injection and transplantation assays revealed that eR1-driven CreERT2 activity marks dormant adult HSCs which slowly but steadily contribute to unperturbed hematopoiesis. Fetal and child HSCs that are uniformly or intermediately active were also efficiently targeted. Notably, a gene ablation at distinct developmental stages, enabled by this system, resulted in different phenotypes. Similarly, an oncogenic Kras induction at distinct ages caused different spectrums of malignant diseases. These results demonstrate that the eR1-CreERT2 Tg mouse serves as a powerful resource for the analyses of both normal and malignant HSCs at all developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Ping Koh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University, Perak 30250, Malaysia
| | - Avinash Govind Bahirvani
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Chelsia Qiuxia Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Cherry Ee Lin Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Linsen Du
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitamura
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Hiroki Hosoi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Sonoki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mok Meng Huang Michelle
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Lii Jye Tan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Perak Daruk Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Akiko Niibori-Nambu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Archibald S Perkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
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7
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Yin Z, Su R, Ge L, Wang X, Yang J, Huang G, Li C, Liu Y, Zhang K, Deng L, Fei J. Single-cell resolution reveals RalA GTPase expanding hematopoietic stem cells and facilitating of BCR-ABL1-driven leukemogenesis in a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing mouse model. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:1211-1227. [PMID: 36923939 PMCID: PMC10008703 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.76993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BCR-ABL oncogene-mediated Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is suggested to originate from leukemic stem cells (LSCs); however, factors regulating self-renewal of LSC and normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are largely unclear. Here, we show that RalA, a small GTPase in the Ras downstream signaling pathway, has a critical effect on regulating the self-renewal of LSCs and HSCs. A RalA knock-in mouse model (RalARosa26-Tg/+) was initially constructed on the basis of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) assay to analyze normal hematopoietic differentiation frequency using single-cell resolution and flow cytometry. RalA overexpression promoted cell cycle progression and increased the frequency of granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs), HSCs and multipotent progenitors (MPPs). The uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) plot revealed heterogeneities in HSCs and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and identified the subclusters of HSCs and GMPs with a distinct molecular signature. RalA also promoted BCR-ABL-induced leukemogenesis and self-renewal of primary LSCs and shortened the survival of leukemic mice. RalA knockdown prolonged survival and promoted sensitivity to imatinib in a patient-derived tumor xenograft model. Immunoprecipitation plus single-cell RNA sequencing of the GMP population confirmed that RalA induced this effect by interacting with RAC1. RAC1 inhibition by azathioprine effectively reduced the self-renewal, colony formation ability of LSCs and prolonged the survival in BCR-ABL1-driven RalA overexpression CML mice. Collectively, RalA was detected to be a vital factor that regulates the abilities of HSCs and LSCs, thus facilitating BCR-ABL-triggered leukemia in mice. RalA inhibition serves as the therapeutic approach to eradicate LSCs in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510317, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lanlan Ge
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China.,Department of pathology (Longhua Branch), Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juhua Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guiping Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chuting Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Keda Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Lan Deng
- Department of Hematology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jia Fei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
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8
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Li S, Counter CM. An ultra-sensitive method to detect mutations in human RAS templates. Small GTPases 2022; 13:287-295. [PMID: 35658790 PMCID: PMC9584555 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2022.2083895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS family of small GTPases is mutated in roughly a fifth of human cancers. Hotspot point mutations at codons G12, G13, and Q61 account for 95% of all these mutations, which are well established to render the encoded proteins oncogenic. In humans, this family comprises three genes: HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS. Accumulating evidence argues that oncogenic RAS point mutations may be initiating, as they are often truncal in human tumours and capable of inducing tumorigenesis in mice. As such, there is great interest in detecting oncogenic mutation in the RAS genes to understand the origins of cancer, as well as for early detection purposes. To this end, we previously adapted the microbial ultra-sensitive Maximum Depth Sequencing (MDS) assay for the murine Kras gene, which was capable of detecting oncogenic mutations in the tissues of mice days after carcinogen exposure, essentially capturing the very first step in tumour initiation. Given this, we report here the adaption and details of this assay to detect mutations in a human KRAS sequence at an analytic sensitivity of one mutation in a million independently barcoded templates. This humanized version of MDS can thus be exploited to detect oncogenic mutations in KRAS at an incredible sensitivity and modified for the same purpose for the other RAS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Kropp EM, Li Q. Mechanisms of Resistance to Targeted Therapies for Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Exp Hematol 2022; 111:13-24. [PMID: 35417742 PMCID: PMC10116852 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease of clonal hematopoiesis with a high rate of relapse and refractory disease despite intensive therapy. Traditionally, relapsed or refractory AML has increased therapeutic resistance and poor long-term survival. In recent years, advancements in the mechanistic understanding of leukemogenesis have allowed for the development of targeted therapies. These therapies offer novel alternatives to intensive chemotherapy and have prolonged survival in relapsed or refractory AML. Unfortunately, a significant portion of patients do not respond to these therapies and relapse occurs in most patients who initially responded. This review focuses on the mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in relapsed or refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Kropp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI.
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10
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Shui B, La Rocca G, Ventura A, Haigis KM. Interplay between K-RAS and miRNAs. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:384-396. [PMID: 35093302 PMCID: PMC9035052 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
K-RAS is frequently mutated in cancers, and its overactivation can lead to oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), a barrier to cellular transformation. Feedback onto K-RAS limits its signaling to avoid senescence while achieving the appropriate level of activation that promotes proliferation and survival. Such regulation could be mediated by miRNAs, as aberrant RAS signaling and miRNA activity coexist in several cancers, with miRNAs acting both up- and downstream of K-RAS. Several miRNAs both regulate and are regulated by K-RAS, suggesting a noncoding RNA-based feedback mechanism. Functional interactions between K-RAS and the miRNA machinery have also begun to unfold. This review comprehensively surveys the state of knowledge connecting K-RAS to miRNA function and proposes a model for the regulation of K-RAS signaling by noncoding RNAs.
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11
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Mouse Models of Frequently Mutated Genes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246192. [PMID: 34944812 PMCID: PMC8699817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous blood cancer with variable prognosis and response to conventional therapies. Comprehensive sequencing enabled the discovery of recurrent mutations and chromosomal aberrations in AML. Mouse models are essential to study the biological function of these genes and to identify relevant drug targets. This comprehensive review describes the evidence currently available from mouse models for the leukemogenic function of mutations in seven functional gene groups: cell signaling genes, epigenetic modifier genes, nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), transcription factors, tumor suppressors, spliceosome genes, and cohesin complex genes. Additionally, we provide a synergy map of frequently cooperating mutations in AML development and correlate prognosis of these mutations with leukemogenicity in mouse models to better understand the co-dependence of mutations in AML.
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12
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Fontana D, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Piazza R. Molecular Pathogenesis of BCR-ABL-Negative Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:756348. [PMID: 34858828 PMCID: PMC8631780 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.756348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia is a rare disease whose pathogenesis has long been debated. It currently belongs to the group of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorders. In this review, an overview on the current knowledge about diagnosis, prognosis, and genetics is presented, with a major focus on the recent molecular findings. We describe here the molecular pathogenesis of the disease, focusing on the mechanisms of action of the main mutations as well as on gene expression profiling. We also present the treatment options focusing on emerging targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Fontana
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Hematology and Clinical Research Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Rocco Piazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Hematology and Clinical Research Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Bicocca Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre (B4), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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13
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Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disorders with overproduction of mature myeloid blood cells, including essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). In 2005, several groups identified a single gain-of-function point mutation JAK2V617F in the majority of MPN patients. The JAK2V617F mutation confers cytokine independent proliferation to hematopoietic progenitor cells by constitutively activating canonical and non-canonical downstream pathways. In this chapter, we focus on (1) the regulation of JAK2, (2) the molecular mechanisms used by JAK2V617F to induce MPNs, (3) the factors that are involved in the phenotypic diversity in MPNs, and (4) the effects of JAK2V617F on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The discovery of the JAK2V617F mutation led to a comprehensive understanding of MPN; however, the question still remains about how one mutation can give rise to three distinct disease entities. Various mechanisms have been proposed, including JAK2V617F allele burden, differential STAT signaling, and host genetic modifiers. In vivo modeling of JAK2V617F has dramatically enhanced the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and provided the pre-clinical platform. Interestingly, most of these models do not show an increased hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and function compared to wildtype controls, raising the question of whether JAK2V617F alone is sufficient to give a clonal advantage in MPN patients. In addition, the advent of modern sequencing technologies has led to a broader understanding of the mutational landscape and detailed JAK2V617F clonal architecture in MPN patients.
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14
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Nf1 and Sh2b3 mutations cooperate in vivo in a mouse model of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3587-3591. [PMID: 34464969 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is initiated in early childhood by somatic mutations that activate Ras signaling. Although some patients have only a single identifiable oncogenic mutation, others have 1 or more additional alterations. Such secondary mutations, as a group, are associated with an increased risk of relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. These clinical observations suggest a cooperative effect between initiating and secondary mutations. However, the roles of specific genes in the prognosis or clinical presentation of JMML have not been described. In this study, we investigate the impact of secondary SH2B3 mutations in JMML. We find that patients with SH2B3 mutations have adverse outcomes, as well as higher white blood cell counts and hemoglobin F levels in the peripheral blood. We further demonstrate this interaction in genetically engineered mice. Deletion of Sh2b3 cooperates with conditional Nf1 deletion in a dose-dependent fashion. These studies illustrate that haploinsufficiency for Sh2b3 contributes to the severity of myeloproliferative disease and provide an experimental system for testing treatments for a high-risk cohort of JMML patients.
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15
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia: New Perspectives for Preclinical Research. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092335. [PMID: 34571984 PMCID: PMC8465353 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disorder arising in infants and young children. The origin of this neoplasm is attributed to an early deregulation of the Ras signaling pathway in multipotent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Since JMML is notoriously refractory to conventional cytostatic therapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the mainstay of curative therapy for most cases. However, alternative therapeutic approaches with small epigenetic molecules have recently entered the stage and show surprising efficacy at least in specific subsets of patients. Hence, the establishment of preclinical models to test novel agents is a priority. Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) offer an opportunity to imitate JMML ex vivo, after attempts to generate immortalized cell lines from primary JMML material have largely failed in the past. Several research groups have previously generated patient-derived JMML IPSCs and successfully differentiated these into myeloid cells with extensive phenotypic similarities to primary JMML cells. With infinite self-renewal and the capability to differentiate into multiple cell types, JMML IPSCs are a promising resource to advance the development of treatment modalities targeting specific vulnerabilities. This review discusses current reprogramming techniques for JMML stem/progenitor cells, related clinical applications, and the challenges involved.
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16
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Osswald L, Hamarsheh S, Uhl FM, Andrieux G, Klein C, Dierks C, Duquesne S, Braun LM, Schmitt-Graeff A, Duyster J, Boerries M, Brummer T, Zeiser R. Oncogenic KrasG12D Activation in the Nonhematopoietic Bone Marrow Microenvironment Causes Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Mice. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1596-1608. [PMID: 34088868 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) is key player in regulation and maintenance of hematopoiesis. Oncogenic RAS mutations, causing constitutive activation of multiple tumor-promoting pathways, are frequently found in human cancer. So far in hematologic malignancies, RAS mutations have only been reported to occur in hematopoietic cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of oncogenic Kras expression in the BMME in a chimeric mouse model. We observed that an activating mutation of Kras in the nonhematopoietic system leads to a phenotype resembling myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) characterized by peripheral cytopenia, marked dysplasia within the myeloid lineage as well as impaired proliferation and differentiation capacity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The phenotypic changes could be reverted when the BM was re-isolated and transferred into healthy recipients, indicating that the KrasG12D -activation in the nonhematopoietic BMME was essential for the MDS phenotype. Gene expression analysis of sorted nonhematopoietic BM niche cells from KrasG12D mice revealed upregulation of multiple inflammation-related genes including IL1-superfamily members (Il1α, Il1β, Il1f9) and the NLPR3 inflammasome. Thus, pro-inflammatory IL1-signaling in the BMME may contribute to MDS development. Our findings show that a single genetic change in the nonhematopoietic BMME can cause an MDS phenotype. Oncogenic Kras activation leads to pro-inflammatory signaling in the BMME which impairs HSPCs function. IMPLICATIONS: These findings may help to identify new therapeutic targets for MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Osswald
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shaima'a Hamarsheh
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Maria Uhl
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudius Klein
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dierks
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Duquesne
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas M Braun
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Gupta AK, Meena JP, Chopra A, Tanwar P, Seth R. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia-A comprehensive review and recent advances in management. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2021; 11:1-21. [PMID: 33796386 PMCID: PMC8010610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare pediatric myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm overlap disease. JMML is associated with mutations in the RAS pathway genes resulting in the myeloid progenitors being sensitive to granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Karyotype abnormalities and additional epigenetic alterations can also be found in JMML. Neurofibromatosis and Noonan's syndrome have a predisposition for JMML. In a few patients, the RAS genes (NRAS, KRAS, and PTPN11) are mutated at the germline and this usually results in a transient myeloproliferative disorder with a good prognosis. JMML with somatic RAS mutation behaves aggressively. JMML presents with cytopenias and leukemic infiltration into organs. The laboratory findings include hyperleukocytosis, monocytosis, increased hemoglobin-F levels, and circulating myeloid precursors. The blast cells in the peripheral blood/bone-marrow aspirate are less than 20% and the absence of the BCR-ABL translocation helps to differentiate from chronic myeloid leukemia. JMML should be differentiated from immunodeficiencies, viral infections, intrauterine infections, hemophagolymphohistiocytosis, other myeloproliferative disorders, and leukemias. Chemotherapy is employed as a bridge to HSCT, except in few with less aggressive disease, in which chemotherapy alone can result in long term remission. Azacitidine has shown promise as a single agent to stabilize the disease. The prognosis of JMML is poor with about 50% of patients surviving after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Allogeneic HSCT is the only known cure for JMML to date. Myeloablative conditioning is most commonly used with graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis tailored to the aggressiveness of the disease. Relapses are common even after HSCT and a second HSCT can salvage a third of these patients. Novel options in the treatment of JMML e.g., hypomethylating agents, MEK inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, etc. are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Jagdish Prasad Meena
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rachna Seth
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
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18
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Grigsby SM, Friedman A, Chase J, Waas B, Ropa J, Serio J, Shen C, Muntean AG, Maillard I, Nikolovska-Coleska Z. Elucidating the Importance of DOT1L Recruitment in MLL-AF9 Leukemia and Hematopoiesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040642. [PMID: 33562706 PMCID: PMC7914713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL1 (KMT2a) gene rearrangements underlie the pathogenesis of aggressive MLL-driven acute leukemia. AF9, one of the most common MLL-fusion partners, recruits the histone H3K79 methyltransferase DOT1L to MLL target genes, constitutively activating transcription of pro-leukemic targets. DOT1L has emerged as a therapeutic target in patients with MLL-driven leukemia. However, global DOT1L enzymatic inhibition may lead to off-target toxicities in non-leukemic cells that could decrease the therapeutic index of DOT1L inhibitors. To bypass this problem, we developed a novel approach targeting specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that mediate DOT1L recruitment to MLL target genes, and compared the effects of enzymatic and PPIs inhibition on leukemic and non-leukemic hematopoiesis. MLL-AF9 cell lines were engineered to carry mutant DOT1L constructs with a defective AF9 interaction site or lacking enzymatic activity. In cell lines expressing a DOT1L mutant with defective AF9 binding, we observed complete disruption of DOT1L recruitment to critical target genes and inhibition of leukemic cell growth. To evaluate the overall impact of DOT1L loss in non-leukemic hematopoiesis, we first assessed the impact of acute Dot1l inactivation in adult mouse bone marrow. We observed a rapid reduction in myeloid progenitor cell numbers within 7 days, followed by a loss of long-term hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, WT and PPI-deficient DOT1L mutants but not an enzymatically inactive DOT1L mutant were able to rescue sustained hematopoiesis. These data show that the AF9-DOT1L interaction is dispensable in non-leukemic hematopoiesis. Our findings support targeting of the MLL-AF9-DOT1L interaction as a promising therapeutic strategy that is selectively toxic to MLL-driven leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierrah M. Grigsby
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Ann Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (A.F.); (J.C.); (B.W.); (I.M.)
| | - Jennifer Chase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (A.F.); (J.C.); (B.W.); (I.M.)
| | - Bridget Waas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (A.F.); (J.C.); (B.W.); (I.M.)
| | - James Ropa
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Justin Serio
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Chenxi Shen
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Andrew G. Muntean
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (A.F.); (J.C.); (B.W.); (I.M.)
| | - Zaneta Nikolovska-Coleska
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(734)-615-9202; Fax: +1-(734)-763-8764
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19
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Forte D, Barone M, Morsiani C, Simonetti G, Fabbri F, Bruno S, Bandini E, Sollazzo D, Collura S, Deregibus MC, Auteri G, Ottaviani E, Vianelli N, Camussi G, Franceschi C, Capri M, Palandri F, Cavo M, Catani L. Distinct profile of CD34 + cells and plasma-derived extracellular vesicles from triple-negative patients with Myelofibrosis reveals potential markers of aggressive disease. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:49. [PMID: 33522952 PMCID: PMC7849077 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clonal disorder of hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high prevalence in elderly patients and mutations in three driver genes (JAK2, MPL, or CALR). Around 10–15% of patients are triple-negative (TN) for the three driver mutations and display significantly worse survival. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in intercellular signaling and are increased in inflammation and cancer. To identify a biomolecular signature of TN patients, we comparatively evaluated the circulating HSPCs and their functional interplay with the microenvironment focusing on EV analysis. Methods Peripheral blood was collected from MF patients (n = 29; JAK2V617F mutation, n = 23; TN, n = 6) and healthy donors (HD, n = 10). Immunomagnetically isolated CD34+ cells were characterized by gene expression profiling analysis (GEP), survival, migration, and clonogenic ability. EVs were purified from platelet-poor plasma by ultracentrifugation, quantified using the Nanosight technology and phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry together with microRNA expression. Migration and survival of CD34+ cells from patients were also analyzed after in vitro treatments with selected inflammatory factors, i.e. (Interleukin (IL)-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, IL6) or after co-culture with EVs from MF patients/HD. Results The absolute numbers of circulating CD34+ cells were massively increased in TN patients. We found that TN CD34+ cells show in vitro defective functions and are unresponsive to the inflammatory microenvironment. Of note, the plasma levels of crucial inflammatory cytokines are mostly within the normal range in TN patients. Compared to JAK2V617F-mutated patients, the GEP of TN CD34+ cells revealed distinct signatures in key pathways such as survival, cell adhesion, and inflammation. Importantly, we observed the presence of mitochondrial components within plasma EVs and a distinct phenotype in TN-derived EVs compared to the JAK2V617F-mutated MF patients and HD counterparts. Notably, TN EVs promoted the survival of TN CD34+ cells. Along with a specific microRNA signature, the circulating EVs from TN patients are enriched with miR-361-5p. Conclusions Distinct EV-driven signals from the microenvironment are capable to promote the TN malignant hemopoiesis and their further investigation paves the way toward novel therapeutic approaches for rare MF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01776-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Forte
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy. .,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Martina Barone
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Morsiani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Francesco Fabbri
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Samantha Bruno
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Bandini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Daria Sollazzo
- Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Collura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Molecular Biotechnology and Centre for Research in Experimental Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Auteri
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ottaviani
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Vianelli
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Molecular Biotechnology and Centre for Research in Experimental Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging and Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Palandri
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Cavo
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Catani
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Wen Z, Rajagopalan A, Flietner ED, Yun G, Chesi M, Furumo Q, Burns RT, Papadas A, Ranheim EA, Pagenkopf AC, Morrow ZT, Finn R, Zhou Y, Li S, You X, Jensen J, Yu M, Cicala A, Menting J, Mitsiades CS, Callander NS, Bergsagel PL, Wang D, Asimakopoulos F, Zhang J. Expression of NrasQ61R and MYC transgene in germinal center B cells induces a highly malignant multiple myeloma in mice. Blood 2021; 137:61-74. [PMID: 32640012 PMCID: PMC7808014 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NRAS Q61 mutations are prevalent in advanced/relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) and correlate with poor patient outcomes. Thus, we generated a novel MM model by conditionally activating expression of endogenous NrasQ61R and an MYC transgene in germinal center (GC) B cells (VQ mice). VQ mice developed a highly malignant MM characterized by a high proliferation index, hyperactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT signaling, impaired hematopoiesis, widespread extramedullary disease, bone lesions, kidney abnormalities, preserved programmed cell death protein 1 and T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domain immune-checkpoint pathways, and expression of human high-risk MM gene signatures. VQ MM mice recapitulate most of the biological and clinical features of human advanced/high-risk MM. These MM phenotypes are serially transplantable in syngeneic recipients. Two MM cell lines were also derived to facilitate future genetic manipulations. Combination therapies based on MEK inhibition significantly prolonged the survival of VQ mice with advanced-stage MM. Our study provides a strong rationale to develop MEK inhibition-based therapies for treating advanced/relapsed MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | | | - Evan D Flietner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Grant Yun
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | - Marta Chesi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | | | | | - Athanasios Papadas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Erik A Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Adam C Pagenkopf
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Zachary T Morrow
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Yun Zhou
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | - Shuyi Li
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | - Xiaona You
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | - Jeffrey Jensen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Alexander Cicala
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - James Menting
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Constantine S Mitsiades
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Natalie S Callander
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
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21
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Berg JL, Perfler B, Hatzl S, Mayer MC, Wurm S, Uhl B, Reinisch A, Klymiuk I, Tierling S, Pregartner G, Bachmaier G, Berghold A, Geissler K, Pichler M, Hoefler G, Strobl H, Wölfler A, Sill H, Zebisch A. Micro-RNA-125a mediates the effects of hypomethylating agents in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:1. [PMID: 33407852 PMCID: PMC7789782 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an aggressive hematopoietic malignancy that arises from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Patients with CMML are frequently treated with epigenetic therapeutic approaches, in particular the hypomethylating agents (HMAs), azacitidine (Aza) and decitabine (Dec). Although HMAs are believed to mediate their efficacy via re-expression of hypermethylated tumor suppressors, knowledge about relevant HMA targets is scarce. As silencing of tumor-suppressive micro-RNAs (miRs) by promoter hypermethylation is a crucial step in malignant transformation, we asked for a role of miRs in HMA efficacy in CMML. RESULTS Initially, we performed genome-wide miR-expression profiling in a KrasG12D-induced CMML mouse model. Selected candidates with prominently decreased expression were validated by qPCR in CMML mice and human CMML patients. These experiments revealed the consistent decrease in miR-125a, a miR with previously described tumor-suppressive function in myeloid neoplasias. Furthermore, we show that miR-125a downregulation is caused by hypermethylation of its upstream region and can be reversed by HMA treatment. By employing both lentiviral and CRISPR/Cas9-based miR-125a modification, we demonstrate that HMA-induced miR-125a upregulation indeed contributes to mediating the anti-leukemic effects of these drugs. These data were validated in a clinical context, as miR-125a expression increased after HMA treatment in CMML patients, a phenomenon that was particularly pronounced in cases showing clinical response to these drugs. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we report decreased expression of miR-125a in CMML and delineate its relevance as mediator of HMA efficacy within this neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lorenz Berg
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Perfler
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Hatzl
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Marie-Christina Mayer
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Wurm
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Uhl
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Reinisch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Klymiuk
- Core Facility Molecular Biology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gudrun Pregartner
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Bachmaier
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Geissler
- 5th Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria.,Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Otto Loewi Research Centre, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wölfler
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Sill
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Zebisch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036, Graz, Austria. .,Otto-Loewi Research Centre for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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22
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Abstract
Mouse models of human myeloid malignancies support the detailed and focused investigation of selected driver mutations and represent powerful tools in the study of these diseases. Carefully developed murine models can closely recapitulate human myeloid malignancies in vivo, enabling the interrogation of a number of aspects of these diseases including their preclinical course, interactions with the microenvironment, effects of pharmacological agents, and the role of non-cell-autonomous factors, as well as the synergy between co-occurring mutations. Importantly, advances in gene-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have opened new avenues for the development and study of genetically modified mice and also enable the direct modification of mouse and human hematopoietic cells. In this review we provide a concise overview of some of the important mouse models that have advanced our understanding of myeloid leukemogenesis with an emphasis on models relevant to clonal hematopoiesis, myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute myeloid leukemia with a normal karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Basheer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
- Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Vassiliou
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
- Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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23
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Wong JC, Perez-Mancera PA, Huang TQ, Kim J, Grego-Bessa J, Del Pilar Alzamora M, Kogan SC, Sharir A, Keefe SH, Morales CE, Schanze D, Castel P, Hirose K, Huang GN, Zenker M, Sheppard D, Klein OD, Tuveson DA, Braun BS, Shannon K. KrasP34R and KrasT58I mutations induce distinct RASopathy phenotypes in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140495. [PMID: 32990679 PMCID: PMC7710308 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic KRAS mutations are highly prevalent in many cancers. In addition, a distinct spectrum of germline KRAS mutations causes developmental disorders called RASopathies. The mutant proteins encoded by these germline KRAS mutations are less biochemically and functionally activated than those in cancer. We generated mice harboring conditional KrasLSL-P34Rand KrasLSL-T58I knock-in alleles and characterized the consequences of each mutation in vivo. Embryonic expression of KrasT58I resulted in craniofacial abnormalities reminiscent of those seen in RASopathy disorders, and these mice exhibited hyperplastic growth of multiple organs, modest alterations in cardiac valvulogenesis, myocardial hypertrophy, and myeloproliferation. By contrast, embryonic KrasP34R expression resulted in early perinatal lethality from respiratory failure due to defective lung sacculation, which was associated with aberrant ERK activity in lung epithelial cells. Somatic Mx1-Cre–mediated activation in the hematopoietic compartment showed that KrasP34R and KrasT58I expression had distinct signaling effects, despite causing a similar spectrum of hematologic diseases. These potentially novel strains are robust models for investigating the consequences of expressing endogenous levels of hyperactive K-Ras in different developing and adult tissues, for comparing how oncogenic and germline K-Ras proteins perturb signaling networks and cell fate decisions, and for performing preclinical therapeutic trials. Mouse models are developed to accurately recapitulate multiple features of RASopathy disorders caused by germline KRASP34R and KRAST581 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pedro A Perez-Mancera
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tannie Q Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jangkyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joaquim Grego-Bessa
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Pilar Alzamora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Amnon Sharir
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan H Keefe
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolina E Morales
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pau Castel
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kentaro Hirose
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Department of Physiology, and
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Department of Physiology, and
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA.,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin S Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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24
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Kang YA, Pietras EM, Passegué E. Deregulated Notch and Wnt signaling activates early-stage myeloid regeneration pathways in leukemia. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133549. [PMID: 31886826 PMCID: PMC7062512 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting commonly altered mechanisms in leukemia can provide additional treatment options. Here, we show that an inducible pathway of myeloid regeneration involving the remodeling of the multipotent progenitor (MPP) compartment downstream of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is commonly hijacked in myeloid malignancies. We establish that differential regulation of Notch and Wnt signaling transiently triggers myeloid regeneration from HSCs in response to stress, and that constitutive low Notch and high Wnt activity in leukemic stem cells (LSCs) maintains this pathway activated in malignancies. We also identify compensatory crosstalk mechanisms between Notch and Wnt signaling that prevent damaging HSC function, MPP production, and blood output in conditions of high Notch and low Wnt activity. Finally, we demonstrate that restoring Notch and Wnt deregulated activity in LSCs attenuates disease progression. Our results uncover a mechanism that controls myeloid regeneration and early lineage decisions in HSCs and could be targeted in LSCs to normalize leukemic myeloid cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-A Kang
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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25
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Increased baseline RASGRP1 signals enhance stem cell fitness during native hematopoiesis. Oncogene 2020; 39:6920-6934. [PMID: 32989257 PMCID: PMC7655557 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in RAS genes, like KRASG12D or NRASG12D, trap Ras in the active state and cause myeloproliferative disorder and T cell leukemia (T-ALL) when induced in the bone marrow via Mx1CRE. The RAS exchange factor RASGRP1 is frequently overexpressed in T-ALL patients. In T-ALL cell lines overexpression of RASGRP1 increases flux through the RASGTP/RasGDP cycle. Here we expanded RASGRP1 expression surveys in pediatric T-ALL and generated a RoLoRiG mouse model crossed to Mx1CRE to determine the consequences of induced RASGRP1 overexpression in primary hematopoietic cells. RASGRP1-overexpressing, GFP-positive cells outcompeted wild type cells and dominated the peripheral blood compartment over time. RASGRP1 overexpression bestows gain-of-function colony formation properties to bone marrow progenitors in medium containing limited growth factors. RASGRP1 overexpression enhances baseline mTOR-S6 signaling in the bone marrow, but not in vitro cytokine-induced signals. In agreement with these mechanistic findings, hRASGRP1-ires-EGFP enhances fitness of stem- and progenitor- cells, but only in the context of native hematopoiesis. RASGRP1 overexpression is distinct from KRASG12D or NRASG12D, does not cause acute leukemia on its own, and leukemia virus insertion frequencies predict that RASGRP1 overexpression can effectively cooperate with lesions in many other genes to cause acute T cell leukemia.
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26
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Roles of the Tol-Pal system in the Type III secretion system and flagella-mediated virulence in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15173. [PMID: 32968151 PMCID: PMC7511404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tol-Pal system is a protein complex that is highly conserved in many gram-negative bacteria. We show here that the Tol-Pal system is associated with the enteric pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Deletion of tolB, which is required for the Tol-Pal system decreased motility, secretion of the Type III secretion system proteins EspA/B, and the ability of bacteria to adhere to and to form attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions in host cells, but the expression level of LEE genes, including espA/B that encode Type III secretion system proteins were not affected. The Citrobacter rodentium, tolB mutant, that is traditionally used to estimate Type III secretion system associated virulence in mice did not cause lethality in mice while it induced anti-bacterial immunity. We also found that the pal mutant, which lacks activity of the Tol-Pal system, exhibited lower motility and EspA/B secretion than the wild-type parent. These combined results indicate that the Tol-Pal system contributes to the virulence of EHEC associated with the Type III secretion system and flagellar activity for infection at enteric sites. This finding provides evidence that the Tol-Pal system may be an effective target for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic E. coli.
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27
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Castel P, Rauen KA, McCormick F. The duality of human oncoproteins: drivers of cancer and congenital disorders. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:383-397. [PMID: 32341551 PMCID: PMC7787056 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human oncoproteins promote transformation of cells into tumours by dysregulating the signalling pathways that are involved in cell growth, proliferation and death. Although oncoproteins were discovered many years ago and have been widely studied in the context of cancer, the recent use of high-throughput sequencing techniques has led to the identification of cancer-associated mutations in other conditions, including many congenital disorders. These syndromes offer an opportunity to study oncoprotein signalling and its biology in the absence of additional driver or passenger mutations, as a result of their monogenic nature. Moreover, their expression in multiple tissue lineages provides insight into the biology of the proto-oncoprotein at the physiological level, in both transformed and unaffected tissues. Given the recent paradigm shift in regard to how oncoproteins promote transformation, we review the fundamentals of genetics, signalling and pathogenesis underlying oncoprotein duality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- MIND Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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28
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Li K, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Gu Z, Cao H, Dickerson KE, Chen M, Chen W, Shao Z, Ni M, Xu J. Noncoding Variants Connect Enhancer Dysregulation with Nuclear Receptor Signaling in Hematopoietic Malignancies. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:724-745. [PMID: 32188707 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in protein-coding genes are well established as the basis for human cancer, yet how alterations within noncoding genome, a substantial fraction of which contain cis-regulatory elements (CRE), contribute to cancer pathophysiology remains elusive. Here, we developed an integrative approach to systematically identify and characterize noncoding regulatory variants with functional consequences in human hematopoietic malignancies. Combining targeted resequencing of hematopoietic lineage-associated CREs and mutation discovery, we uncovered 1,836 recurrently mutated CREs containing leukemia-associated noncoding variants. By enhanced CRISPR/dCas9-based CRE perturbation screening and functional analyses, we identified 218 variant-associated oncogenic or tumor-suppressive CREs in human leukemia. Noncoding variants at KRAS and PER2 enhancers reside in proximity to nuclear receptor (NR) binding regions and modulate transcriptional activities in response to NR signaling in leukemia cells. NR binding sites frequently colocalize with noncoding variants across cancer types. Hence, recurrent noncoding variants connect enhancer dysregulation with nuclear receptor signaling in hematopoietic malignancies. SIGNIFICANCE: We describe an integrative approach to identify noncoding variants in human leukemia, and reveal cohorts of variant-associated oncogenic and tumor-suppressive cis-regulatory elements including KRAS and PER2 enhancers. Our findings support a model in which noncoding regulatory variants connect enhancer dysregulation with nuclear receptor signaling to modulate gene programs in hematopoietic malignancies.See related commentary by van Galen, p. 646.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 627.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailong Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuannyu Zhang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xin Liu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hui Cao
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathryn E Dickerson
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhen Shao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ni
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jian Xu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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29
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Caraffini V, Geiger O, Rosenberger A, Hatzl S, Perfler B, Berg JL, Lim C, Strobl H, Kashofer K, Schauer S, Beham-Schmid C, Hoefler G, Geissler K, Quehenberger F, Kolch W, Athineos D, Blyth K, Wölfler A, Sill H, Zebisch A. Loss of RAF kinase inhibitor protein is involved in myelomonocytic differentiation and aggravates RAS-driven myeloid leukemogenesis. Haematologica 2020; 105:375-386. [PMID: 31097632 PMCID: PMC7012480 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.209650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-signaling mutations induce the myelomonocytic differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, they are important players in the development of myeloid neoplasias. RAF kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a negative regulator of RAS-signaling. As RKIP loss has recently been described in RAS-mutated myelomonocytic acute myeloid leukemia, we now aimed to analyze its role in myelomonocytic differentiation and RAS-driven leukemogenesis. Therefore, we initially analyzed RKIP expression during human and murine hematopoietic differentiation and observed that it is high in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and lymphoid cells but decreases in cells belonging to the myeloid lineage. By employing short hairpin RNA knockdown experiments in CD34+ umbilical cord blood cells and the undifferentiated acute myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60, we show that RKIP loss is indeed functionally involved in myelomonocytic lineage commitment and drives the myelomonocytic differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. These results could be confirmed in vivo, where Rkip deletion induced a myelomonocytic differentiation bias in mice by amplifying the effects of granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. We further show that RKIP is of relevance for RAS-driven myelomonocytic leukemogenesis by demonstrating that Rkip deletion aggravates the development of a myeloproliferative disease in NrasG12D -mutated mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that RKIP loss increases the activity of the RAS-MAPK/ERK signaling module. Finally, we prove the clinical relevance of these findings by showing that RKIP loss is a frequent event in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and that it co-occurs with RAS-signaling mutations. Taken together, these data establish RKIP as novel player in RAS-driven myeloid leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Geiger
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Hatzl
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Perfler
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes L Berg
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Clarice Lim
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Beham-Schmid
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Geissler
- 5 Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
- Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Quehenberger
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Albert Wölfler
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Sill
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Zebisch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Nafria M, Bonifer C. Standing at odds: mutated RAS and hematopoietic stem cells. Haematologica 2019; 104:2125-2128. [PMID: 31666341 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.230029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Nafria
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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31
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Hochstetler CL, Feng Y, Sacma M, Davis AK, Rao M, Kuan CY, You LR, Geiger H, Zheng Y. KRas G12D expression in the bone marrow vascular niche affects hematopoiesis with inflammatory signals. Exp Hematol 2019; 79:3-15.e4. [PMID: 31669153 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) niche is an important milieu where hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are maintained. Previous studies have indicated that genetic mutations in various components of the niche can affect hematopoiesis and promote hematologic abnormalities, but the impact of abnormal BM endothelial cells (BMECs), a crucial niche component, on hematopoiesis remains incompletely understood. To dissect how genetic alterations in BMECs could affect hematopoiesis, we have employed a novel inducible Tie2-CreERT2 mouse model, with a tdTomato fluorescent reporter, to introduce an oncogenic KRasG12D mutation specifically in the adult endothelial cells. Tie2-CreERT2;KRasG12D mice had significantly more leukocytes and myeloid cells in the blood with mostly normal BM HSPC populations and developed splenomegaly. Genotyping polymerase chain reaction revealed KRasG12D activation in BMECs but not hematopoietic cells, confirming that the phenotype is due to the aberrant BMECs. Competitive transplant assays revealed that BM cells from the KRasG12D mice contained significantly fewer functional hematopoietic stem cells, and immunofluorescence imaging showed that the hematopoietic stem cells in the mutant mice were localized farther away from BM vasculature and closer to the endosteal area. RNA sequencing analyses found an inflammatory gene network, especially tumor necrosis factor α, as a possible contributor. Together, our results implicate an abnormal endothelial niche in compromising normal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Hochstetler
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yuxin Feng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mehmet Sacma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ashley K Davis
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mahil Rao
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Li-Ru You
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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The Impact of PI3-kinase/RAS Pathway Cooperating Mutations in the Evolution of KMT2A-rearranged Leukemia. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e195. [PMID: 31723831 PMCID: PMC6746018 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is an evolutionary disease and evolves by the accrual of mutations within a clone. Those mutations that are systematically found in all the patients affected by a certain leukemia are called "drivers" as they are necessary to drive the development of leukemia. Those ones that accumulate over time but are different from patient to patient and, therefore, are not essential for leukemia development are called "passengers." The first studies highlighting a potential cooperating role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/RAS pathway mutations in the phenotype of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia was published 20 years ago. The recent development in more sensitive sequencing technologies has contributed to clarify the contribution of these mutations to the evolution of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia and suggested that these mutations might confer clonal fitness and enhance the evolvability of KMT2A-leukemic cells. This is of particular interest since this pathway can be targeted offering potential novel therapeutic strategies to KMT2A-leukemic patients. This review summarizes the recent progress on our understanding of the role of PI3K/RAS pathway mutations in initiation, maintenance, and relapse of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia.
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Poulin EJ, Bera AK, Lu J, Lin YJ, Strasser SD, Paulo JA, Huang TQ, Morales C, Yan W, Cook J, Nowak JA, Brubaker DK, Joughin BA, Johnson CW, DeStefanis RA, Ghazi PC, Gondi S, Wales TE, Iacob RE, Bogdanova L, Gierut JJ, Li Y, Engen JR, Perez-Mancera PA, Braun BS, Gygi SP, Lauffenburger DA, Westover KD, Haigis KM. Tissue-Specific Oncogenic Activity of KRAS A146T. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:738-755. [PMID: 30952657 PMCID: PMC6548671 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene. The incidence of specific KRAS alleles varies between cancers from different sites, but it is unclear whether allelic selection results from biological selection for specific mutant KRAS proteins. We used a cross-disciplinary approach to compare KRASG12D, a common mutant form, and KRASA146T, a mutant that occurs only in selected cancers. Biochemical and structural studies demonstrated that KRASA146T exhibits a marked extension of switch 1 away from the protein body and nucleotide binding site, which activates KRAS by promoting a high rate of intrinsic and guanine nucleotide exchange factor-induced nucleotide exchange. Using mice genetically engineered to express either allele, we found that KRASG12D and KRASA146T exhibit distinct tissue-specific effects on homeostasis that mirror mutational frequencies in human cancers. These tissue-specific phenotypes result from allele-specific signaling properties, demonstrating that context-dependent variations in signaling downstream of different KRAS mutants drive the KRAS mutational pattern seen in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: Although epidemiologic and clinical studies have suggested allele-specific behaviors for KRAS, experimental evidence for allele-specific biological properties is limited. We combined structural biology, mass spectrometry, and mouse modeling to demonstrate that the selection for specific KRAS mutants in human cancers from different tissues is due to their distinct signaling properties.See related commentary by Hobbs and Der, p. 696.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Poulin
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asim K Bera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jia Lu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yi-Jang Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha Dale Strasser
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tannie Q Huang
- Department of Pediatrics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Carolina Morales
- Department of Pediatrics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Wei Yan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joshua Cook
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas K Brubaker
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christian W Johnson
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca A DeStefanis
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Phaedra C Ghazi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sudershan Gondi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roxana E Iacob
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lana Bogdanova
- Department of Pediatrics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jessica J Gierut
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yina Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pedro A Perez-Mancera
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benjamin S Braun
- Department of Pediatrics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Di Genua C, Norfo R, Rodriguez-Meira A, Wen WX, Drissen R, Booth CAG, Povinelli B, Repapi E, Gray N, Carrelha J, Kettyle LM, Jamieson L, Neo WH, Thongjuea S, Nerlov C, Mead AJ. Cell-intrinsic depletion of Aml1-ETO-expressing pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells by K-Ras activating mutation. Haematologica 2019; 104:2215-2224. [PMID: 30975913 PMCID: PMC6821613 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in acute myeloid leukemia are acquired sequentially and hierarchically. First, pre-leukemic mutations, such as t(8;21) that encodes AML1-ETO, are acquired within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, while signaling pathway mutations, including KRAS activating mutations, are late events acquired during transformation of leukemic progenitor cells and are rarely detectable in HSC. This raises the possibility that signaling pathway mutations are detrimental to clonal expansion of pre-leukemic HSC. To address this hypothesis, we used conditional genetics to introduce Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D into murine HSC, either individually or in combination. In the absence of activated Ras, Aml1-ETO-expressing HSC conferred a competitive advantage. However, activated K-Ras had a marked detrimental effect on Aml1-ETO-expressing HSC, leading to loss of both phenotypic and functional HSC. Cell cycle analysis revealed a loss of quiescence in HSC co-expressing Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D, accompanied by an enrichment in E2F and Myc target gene expression and depletion of HSC self-renewal-associated gene expression. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the observed absence of KRAS signaling mutations in the pre-malignant HSC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Xiong Wen
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit.,WIMM Centre for Computational Biology
| | | | | | | | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicki Gray
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Supat Thongjuea
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit.,WIMM Centre for Computational Biology
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Baker SJ, Cosenza SC, Ramana Reddy MV, Premkumar Reddy E. Rigosertib ameliorates the effects of oncogenic KRAS signaling in a murine model of myeloproliferative neoplasia. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1932-1942. [PMID: 30956775 PMCID: PMC6443005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant signaling triggered by oncogenic or hyperactive RAS proteins contributes to the malignant phenotypes in a significant percentage of myeloid malignancies. Of these, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), an aggressive childhood cancer, is largely driven by mutations in RAS genes and those that encode regulators of these proteins. The Mx1-cre kras+/G12D mouse model mirrors several key features of this disease and has been used extensively to determine the utility and mechanism of small molecule therapeutics in the context of RAS-driven myeloproliferative disorders. Treatment of disease-bearing KRASG12D mice with rigosertib (RGS), a small molecule RAS mimetic that is in phase II and III clinical trials for MDS and AML, decreased the severity of leukocytosis and splenomegaly and extended their survival. RGS also increased the frequency of HSCs and rebalanced the ratios of myeloid progenitors. Further analysis of KRASG12D HSPCs in vitro revealed that RGS suppressed hyperproliferation in response to GM-CSF and inhibited the phosphorylation of key RAS effectors. Together, these data suggest that RGS might be of clinical benefit in RAS-driven myeloid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Baker
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen C Cosenza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M V Ramana Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - E Premkumar Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Oncogenic N-Ras and Tet2 haploinsufficiency collaborate to dysregulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1259-1271. [PMID: 29866713 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018017400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent genetic lesions exist in a majority of patients with hematologic malignancies. Among these, somatic mutations that activate RAS oncogenes and inactivate the epigenetic modifier ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) frequently co-occur in human chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMMLs) and acute myeloid leukemias, suggesting a cooperativity in malignant transformation. To test this, we applied a conditional murine model that endogenously expressed oncogenic NrasG12D and monoallelic loss of Tet2 and explored the collaborative role specifically within hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) at disease initiation. We demonstrate that the 2 mutations collaborated to accelerate a transplantable CMML-like disease in vivo, with an overall shortened survival and increased disease penetrance compared with single mutants. At preleukemic stage, N-RasG12D and Tet2 haploinsufficiency together induced balanced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and enhanced competitiveness. NrasG12D/+/Tet2+/- HSCs displayed increased self-renewal in primary and secondary transplantations, with significantly higher reconstitution than single mutants. Strikingly, the 2 mutations together conferred long-term reconstitution and self-renewal potential to multipotent progenitors, a pool of cells that usually have limited self-renewal compared with HSCs. Moreover, HSPCs from NrasG12D/+/Tet2+/- mice displayed increased cytokine sensitivity in response to thrombopoietin. Therefore, our studies establish a novel tractable CMML model and provide insights into how dysregulated signaling pathways and epigenetic modifiers collaborate to modulate HSPC function and promote leukemogenesis.
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Thwaites MJ, Cecchini MJ, Passos DT, Zakirova K, Dick FA. Context dependent roles for RB-E2F transcriptional regulation in tumor suppression. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0203577. [PMID: 30703085 PMCID: PMC6354955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RB-E2F transcriptional control plays a key role in regulating the timing of cell cycle progression from G1 to S-phase in response to growth factor stimulation. Despite this role, it is genetically dispensable for cell cycle exit in primary fibroblasts in response to growth arrest signals. Mice engineered to be defective for RB-E2F transcriptional control at cell cycle genes were also found to live a full lifespan with no susceptibility to cancer. Based on this background we sought to probe the vulnerabilities of RB-E2F transcriptional control defects found in Rb1R461E,K542E mutant mice (Rb1G) through genetic crosses with other mouse strains. We generated Rb1G/G mice in combination with Trp53 and Cdkn1a deficiencies, as well as in combination with KrasG12D. The Rb1G mutation enhanced Trp53 cancer susceptibility, but had no effect in combination with Cdkn1a deficiency or KrasG12D. Collectively, this study indicates that compromised RB-E2F transcriptional control is not uniformly cancer enabling, but rather has potent oncogenic effects when combined with specific vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Thwaites
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel T. Passos
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Komila Zakirova
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederick A. Dick
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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38
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Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: who's the driver at the wheel? Blood 2019; 133:1060-1070. [PMID: 30670449 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-844688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a unique clonal hematopoietic disorder of early childhood. It is classified as an overlap myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic neoplasm by the World Health Organization and shares some features with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in adults. JMML pathobiology is characterized by constitutive activation of the Ras signal transduction pathway. About 90% of patients harbor molecular alterations in 1 of 5 genes (PTPN11, NRAS, KRAS, NF1, or CBL), which define genetically and clinically distinct subtypes. Three of these subtypes, PTPN11-, NRAS-, and KRAS-mutated JMML, are characterized by heterozygous somatic gain-of-function mutations in nonsyndromic children, whereas 2 subtypes, JMML in neurofibromatosis type 1 and JMML in children with CBL syndrome, are defined by germline Ras disease and acquired biallelic inactivation of the respective genes in hematopoietic cells. The clinical course of the disease varies widely and can in part be predicted by age, level of hemoglobin F, and platelet count. The majority of children require allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for long-term leukemia-free survival, but the disease will eventually resolve spontaneously in ∼15% of patients, rendering the prospective identification of these cases a clinical necessity. Most recently, genome-wide DNA methylation profiles identified distinct methylation signatures correlating with clinical and genetic features and highly predictive for outcome. Understanding the genomic and epigenomic basis of JMML will not only greatly improve precise decision making but also be fundamental for drug development and future collaborative trials.
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Pati H, Kundil Veetil K. Myelodysplastic Syndrome/Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MDS/MPN) Overlap Syndromes: Molecular Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Their Implications. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2019; 35:3-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12288-019-01084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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40
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Abstract
The three RAS genes - HRAS, NRAS and KRAS - are collectively mutated in one-third of human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather distinct patterns to RAS mutations; the isoform mutated as well as the position and type of substitution vary between different cancers. As RAS genes are among the earliest, if not the first, genes mutated in a variety of cancers, understanding how these mutation patterns arise could inform on not only how cancer begins but also the factors influencing this event, which has implications for cancer prevention. To this end, we suggest that there is a narrow window or 'sweet spot' by which oncogenic RAS signalling can promote tumour initiation in normal cells. As a consequence, RAS mutation patterns in each normal cell are a product of the specific RAS isoform mutated, as well as the position of the mutation and type of substitution to achieve an ideal level of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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NOX2 inhibition reduces oxidative stress and prolongs survival in murine KRAS-induced myeloproliferative disease. Oncogene 2018; 38:1534-1543. [PMID: 30323311 PMCID: PMC6372471 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutations leading to constitutive RAS activation contribute in myeloid leukemogenesis. RAS mutations in myeloid cells are accompanied by excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the source of ROS and their role for the initiation and progression of leukemia have not been clearly defined. To determine the role of NOX2-derived ROS in RAS-driven leukemia, double transgenic LSL-KrasG12D × Mx1-Cre mice expressing oncogenic KRAS in hematopoietic cells (M-KrasG12D) were treated with Nα-methyl-histamine (NMH) that targeted the production of NOX2-derived ROS in leukemic cells by agonist activity at histamine H2 receptors. M-KrasG12D mice developed myeloid leukemia comprising mature CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells that produced NOX2-derived ROS. Treatment of M-KrasG12D mice with NMH delayed the development of myeloproliferative disease and prolonged survival. In addition, NMH-treated M-KrasG12D mice showed reduction of intracellular ROS along with reduced DNA oxidation and reduced occurence of double-stranded DNA breaks in myeloid cells. The in vivo expansion of leukemia was markedly reduced in triple transgenic mice where KRAS was expressed in hematopoietic cells of animals with genetic NOX2 deficiency (Nox2−/− × LSL-KrasG12D × Mx1-Cre). Treatment with NMH did not alter in vivo expansion of leukemia in these NOX2-deficient transgenic mice. We propose that NOX2-derived ROS may contribute to the progression of KRAS-induced leukemia and that strategies to target NOX2 merit further evaluation in RAS-mutated hematopoietic cancer.
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42
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Sasine JP, Himburg HA, Termini CM, Roos M, Tran E, Zhao L, Kan J, Li M, Zhang Y, de Barros SC, Rao DS, Counter CM, Chute JP. Wild-type Kras expands and exhausts hematopoietic stem cells. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98197. [PMID: 29875320 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Kras expression specifically in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) induces a rapidly fatal myeloproliferative neoplasm in mice, suggesting that Kras signaling plays a dominant role in normal hematopoiesis. However, such a conclusion is based on expression of an oncogenic version of Kras. Hence, we sought to determine the effect of simply increasing the amount of endogenous wild-type Kras on HSC fate. To this end, we utilized a codon-optimized version of the murine Kras gene (Krasex3op) that we developed, in which silent mutations in exon 3 render the encoded mRNA more efficiently translated, leading to increased protein expression without disruption to the normal gene architecture. We found that Kras protein levels were significantly increased in bone marrow (BM) HSCs in Krasex3op/ex3op mice, demonstrating that the translation of Kras in HSCs is normally constrained by rare codons. Krasex3op/ex3op mice displayed expansion of BM HSCs, progenitor cells, and B lymphocytes, but no evidence of myeloproliferative disease or leukemia in mice followed for 12 months. BM HSCs from Krasex3op/ex3op mice demonstrated increased multilineage repopulating capacity in primary competitive transplantation assays, but secondary competitive transplants revealed exhaustion of long-term HSCs. Following total body irradiation, Krasex3op/ex3op mice displayed accelerated hematologic recovery and increased survival. Mechanistically, HSCs from Krasex3op/ex3op mice demonstrated increased proliferation at baseline, with a corresponding increase in Erk1/2 phosphorylation and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (Cdk4/6) activation. Furthermore, both the enhanced colony-forming capacity and in vivo repopulating capacity of HSCs from Krasex3op/ex3op mice were dependent on Cdk4/6 activation. Finally, BM transplantation studies revealed that augmented Kras expression produced expansion of HSCs, progenitor cells, and B cells in a hematopoietic cell-autonomous manner, independent from effects on the BM microenvironment. This study provides fundamental demonstration of codon usage in a mammal having a biological consequence, which may speak to the importance of codon usage in mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Sasine
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research, and
| | | | | | - Martina Roos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research, and
| | - Evelyn Tran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Liman Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Jenny Kan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Michelle Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Yurun Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Dinesh S Rao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research, and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North California, USA
| | - John P Chute
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research, and
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43
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USP22 deficiency leads to myeloid leukemia upon oncogenic Kras activation through a PU.1-dependent mechanism. Blood 2018; 132:423-434. [PMID: 29844011 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-811760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras mutations are commonly observed in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). JMML and CMML transform into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in about 10% and 50% of patients, respectively. However, how additional events cooperate with Ras to promote this transformation are largely unknown. We show that absence of the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22), a component of the Spt-Ada-GCN5-acetyltransferase chromatin-remodeling complex that is linked to cancer progression, unexpectedly promotes AML transformation in mice expressing oncogenic KrasG12D/+ USP22 deficiency in KrasG12D/+ mice resulted in shorter survival compared with control mice. This was due to a block in myeloid cell differentiation leading to the generation of AML. This effect was cell autonomous because mice transplanted with USP22-deficient KrasG12D/+ cells developed an aggressive disease and died rapidly. The transcriptome profile of USP22-deficient KrasG12D/+ progenitors resembled leukemic stem cells and was highly correlated with genes associated with poor prognosis in AML. We show that USP22 functions as a PU.1 deubiquitylase by positively regulating its protein stability and promoting the expression of PU.1 target genes. Reconstitution of PU.1 overexpression in USP22-deficient KrasG12D/+ progenitors rescued their differentiation. Our findings uncovered an unexpected role for USP22 in Ras-induced leukemogenesis and provide further insights into the function of USP22 in carcinogenesis.
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44
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Hyrenius-Wittsten A, Pilheden M, Sturesson H, Hansson J, Walsh MP, Song G, Kazi JU, Liu J, Ramakrishan R, Garcia-Ruiz C, Nance S, Gupta P, Zhang J, Rönnstrand L, Hultquist A, Downing JR, Lindkvist-Petersson K, Paulsson K, Järås M, Gruber TA, Ma J, Hagström-Andersson AK. De novo activating mutations drive clonal evolution and enhance clonal fitness in KMT2A-rearranged leukemia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1770. [PMID: 29720585 PMCID: PMC5932012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating signaling mutations are common in acute leukemia with KMT2A (previously MLL) rearrangements (KMT2A-R). These mutations are often subclonal and their biological impact remains unclear. Using a retroviral acute myeloid mouse leukemia model, we demonstrate that FLT3ITD, FLT3N676K, and NRASG12D accelerate KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia onset. Further, also subclonal FLT3N676K mutations accelerate disease, possibly by providing stimulatory factors. Herein, we show that one such factor, MIF, promotes survival of mouse KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia initiating cells. We identify acquired de novo mutations in Braf, Cbl, Kras, and Ptpn11 in KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia cells that favored clonal expansion. During clonal evolution, we observe serial genetic changes at the KrasG12D locus, consistent with a strong selective advantage of additional KrasG12D. KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemias with signaling mutations enforce Myc and Myb transcriptional modules. Our results provide new insight into the biology of KMT2A-R leukemia with subclonal signaling mutations and highlight the importance of activated signaling as a contributing driver. In acute leukemia with KMT2A rearrangements (KMT2A-R), activating signaling mutations are common. Here, the authors use a retroviral acute myeloid mouse leukemia model to show that subclonal de novo activating mutations drive clonal evolution in acute leukemia with KMT2A-R and enhance clonal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hyrenius-Wittsten
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Pilheden
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena Sturesson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hansson
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Guangchun Song
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramprasad Ramakrishan
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristian Garcia-Ruiz
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Nance
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Oncology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Hultquist
- Department of Pathology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Karin Lindkvist-Petersson
- Medical Structural Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, 221 84 Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Paulsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Järås
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tanja A Gruber
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anna K Hagström-Andersson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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45
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Jamalpour M, Li X, Gustafsson K, Tyner JW, Welsh M. Disparate effects of Shb gene deficiency on disease characteristics in murine models of myeloid, B-cell, and T-cell leukemia. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318771472. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318771472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Src homology-2 domain protein B is an adaptor protein operating downstream of tyrosine kinases. The Shb gene knockout has been found to accelerate p210 Breakpoint cluster region-cAbl oncogene 1 tyrosine kinase-induced leukemia. In human myeloid leukemia were tumors with high Src homology-2 domain protein B mRNA content, tumors were, however, associated with decreased latency and myeloid leukemia exhibiting immune cell characteristics. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Shb knockout on the development of leukemia in three additional models, that is, colony stimulating factor 3 receptor-T618I–induced neutrophilic leukemia, p190 Breakpoint cluster region-cAbl oncogene 1 tyrosine kinase-induced B-cell leukemia, and G12D-Kras-induced T-cell leukemia/thymic lymphoma. Wild-type or Shb knockout bone marrow cells expressing the oncogenes were transplanted to bone marrow–deficient recipients. Organs from moribund mice were collected and further analyzed. Shb knockout increased the development of CSF3RT618I-induced leukemia and increased the white blood cell count at the time of death. In the p190 Breakpoint cluster region-cAbl oncogene 1 tyrosine kinase B-cell model, Shb knockout reduced white blood cell counts without affecting latency, whereas in the G12D-Kras T-cell model, thymus size was increased without major effects on latency, suggesting that Shb knockout accelerates the development thymic lymphoma. Cytokine secretion plays a role in the progression of leukemia, and consequently Shb knockout bone marrows exhibited lower expression of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and interleukin 6 in the neutrophilic model and interleukin 7 and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (C-X-C motif chemokine 12) in the B-cell model. It is concluded that in experimental mouse models, the absence of the Shb gene exacerbates the disease in myeloid leukemia, whereas it alters the disease characteristics without affecting latency in B- and T-cell leukemia. The results suggest a role of Shb in modulating the disease characteristics depending on the oncogenic insult operating on hematopoietic cells. These findings help explain the outcome of human disease in relation to Src homology-2 domain protein B mRNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jamalpour
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Gustafsson
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and the Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael Welsh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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46
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Wandler A, Shannon K. Mechanistic and Preclinical Insights from Mouse Models of Hematologic Cancer Characterized by Hyperactive Ras. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a031526. [PMID: 28778967 PMCID: PMC5880163 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RAS genes are mutated in 5%-40% of a spectrum of myeloid and lymphoid cancers with NRAS affected 2-3 times more often than KRAS Genomic analysis indicates that RAS mutations generally occur as secondary events in leukemogenesis, but are integral to the disease phenotype. The tractable nature of the hematopoietic system has facilitated generating accurate mouse models of hematologic malignancies characterized by hyperactive Ras signaling. These strains provide robust platforms for addressing how oncogenic Ras expression perturbs proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal programs in stem and progenitor cell populations, for testing potential therapies, and for investigating mechanisms of drug response and resistance. This review summarizes recent insights from key studies in mouse models of hematologic cancer that are broadly relevant for understanding Ras biology and for ongoing efforts to implement rational therapeutic strategies for cancers with oncogenic RAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Wandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
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47
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Maertens O, McCurrach ME, Braun BS, De Raedt T, Epstein I, Huang TQ, Lauchle JO, Lee H, Wu J, Cripe TP, Clapp DW, Ratner N, Shannon K, Cichowski K. A Collaborative Model for Accelerating the Discovery and Translation of Cancer Therapies. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5706-5711. [PMID: 28993414 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies using genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have the potential to expedite the development of effective new therapies; however, they are not routinely integrated into drug development pipelines. GEMMs may be particularly valuable for investigating treatments for less common cancers, which frequently lack alternative faithful models. Here, we describe a multicenter cooperative group that has successfully leveraged the expertise and resources from philanthropic foundations, academia, and industry to advance therapeutic discovery and translation using GEMMs as a preclinical platform. This effort, known as the Neurofibromatosis Preclinical Consortium (NFPC), was established to accelerate new treatments for tumors associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). At its inception, there were no effective treatments for NF1 and few promising approaches on the horizon. Since 2008, participating laboratories have conducted 95 preclinical trials of 38 drugs or combinations through collaborations with 18 pharmaceutical companies. Importantly, these studies have identified 13 therapeutic targets, which have inspired 16 clinical trials. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges of building this type of consortium and highlights how it can accelerate clinical translation. We believe that this strategy of foundation-academic-industry partnering is generally applicable to many diseases and has the potential to markedly improve the success of therapeutic development. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5706-11. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Maertens
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mila E McCurrach
- Children's Tumor Foundation, New York, New York.,NYU Langone Medical Center, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin S Braun
- Department of Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas De Raedt
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Inbal Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Tannie Q Huang
- Department of Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer O Lauchle
- Department of Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Hyerim Lee
- Children's Tumor Foundation, New York, New York
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Hematology & Oncology, Columbus, Ohio
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Herman Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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48
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Schuhmacher AJ, Hernández-Porras I, García-Medina R, Guerra C. Noonan syndrome: lessons learned from genetically modified mouse models. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:367-378. [PMID: 30058892 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1361821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a RASopathy that results from activating mutations in different members of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. At least eleven members of this pathway have been found mutated, PTPN11 being the most frequently mutated gene affecting about 50% of the patients, followed by SOS1 (10%), RAF1 (10%) and KRAS (5%). Recently, even more infrequent mutations have been newly identified by next generation sequencing. This spectrum of mutations leads to a broad variety of clinical symptoms such as cardiopathies, short stature, facial dysmorphia and neurocognitive impairment. The genetic variability of this syndrome makes it difficult to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation, which will greatly help in the clinical management of the patients. Areas covered: Studies performed with different genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) developed up to date. Expert commentary: GEMMs have helped us understand the role of some genes and the effect of the different mutations in the development of the syndrome. However, few models have been developed and more characterization of the existing ones should be performed to learn about the impact of the different modifiers in the phenotypes, the potential cancer risk in patients, as well as preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Schuhmacher
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón , Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández-Porras
- b Molecular Oncology Programs , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Raquel García-Medina
- b Molecular Oncology Programs , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- b Molecular Oncology Programs , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
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49
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Tarnawsky SP, Kobayashi M, Chan RJ, Yoder MC. Mice expressing KrasG12D in hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cells develop neonatal myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3652-3656. [PMID: 28846072 DOI: 10.1172/jci94031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a pediatric myeloproliferative neoplasm that bears distinct characteristics associated with abnormal fetal development. JMML has been extensively modeled in mice expressing the oncogenic KrasG12D mutation. However, these models have struggled to recapitulate the defining features of JMML due to in utero lethality, nonhematopoietic expression, and the pervasive emergence of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, we have developed a model of JMML using mice that express KrasG12D in multipotent progenitor cells (Flt3Cre+ KrasG12D mice). These mice express KrasG12D in utero, are born at normal Mendelian ratios, develop hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, and succumb to a rapidly progressing and fully penetrant neonatal myeloid disease. Mutant mice have altered hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations in the BM and spleen that are hypersensitive to granulocyte macrophage-CSF due to hyperactive RAS/ERK signaling. Biased differentiation in these progenitors results in an expansion of neutrophils and DCs and a concomitant decrease in T lymphocytes. Flt3Cre+ KrasG12D fetal liver hematopoietic progenitors give rise to a myeloid disease upon transplantation. In summary, we describe a KrasG12D mouse model that reproducibly develops JMML-like disease. This model will prove useful for preclinical drug studies and for elucidating the developmental origins of pediatric neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca J Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and
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50
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Sorrelle N, Dominguez ATA, Brekken RA. From top to bottom: midkine and pleiotrophin as emerging players in immune regulation. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:277-286. [PMID: 28356350 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1116-475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are pivotal in the generation and resolution of the inflammatory response. The midkine/pleiotrophin (MK/PTN) family of cytokines, composed of just two members, was discovered as heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factors. Since their discovery, expression of this cytokine family has been reported in a wide array of inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this minireview, we will discuss the emerging appreciation of the functions of the MK/PTN family in the immune system, which include promoting lymphocyte survival, sculpting myeloid cell phenotype, driving immune cell chemotaxis, and maintaining hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Sorrelle
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; and
| | - Adrian T A Dominguez
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; and
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; and .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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