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Wang Y, Luo J, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Guan X, Sun L. Haemolysins are essential to the pathogenicity of deep-sea Vibrio fluvialis. iScience 2024; 27:109558. [PMID: 38650982 PMCID: PMC11033176 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogen that produces VFH (Vibrio fluvialis hemolysin) and δVFH (delta-Vibrio fluvialis hemolysin). The function of δVFH is unclear. Currently, no pathogenic V. fluvialis from deep sea has been reported. In this work, a deep-sea V. fluvialis isolate (V13) was examined for pathogenicity. V13 was most closely related to V. fluvialis ATCC 33809, a human isolate, but possessed 262 unique genes. V13 caused lethal infection in fish and induced pyroptosis involving activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase 1 (Casp1), and gasdermin D (GSDMD). V13 defective in VFH or VFH plus δVFH exhibited significantly weakened cytotoxicity. Recombinant δVFH induced NLRP3-Casp1-GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in a manner that depended on K+ efflux and intracellular Ca2+ accumulation. δVFH bound several plasma membrane lipids, and these bindings were crucial for δVFH cytotoxicity. Together these results provided new insights into the function of δVFH and the virulence mechanism of V. fluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jingchang Luo
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
- College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaolu Guan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
- College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Agyei FK, Scharf B, Duodu S. Vibrio cholerae Bacteremia: An Enigma in Cholera-Endemic African Countries. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:103. [PMID: 38787036 PMCID: PMC11125774 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholera is highly endemic in many sub-Saharan African countries. The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is responsible for this severe dehydrating diarrheal disease that accounts for over 100,000 deaths each year globally. In recent years, the pathogen has been found to invade intestinal layers and translocate into the bloodstream of humans. The non-toxigenic strains of V. cholerae (non-O1/O139), also known as NOVC, which do not cause epidemic or pandemic cases of cholera, are the major culprits of V. cholerae bacteremia. In non-cholera-endemic regions, clinical reports on NOVC infection have been noted over the past few decades, particularly in Europe and America. Although low-middle-income countries are most susceptible to cholera infections because of challenges with access to clean water and inappropriate sanitation issues, just a few cases of V. cholerae bloodstream infections have been reported. The lack of evidence-based research and surveillance of V. cholerae bacteremia in Africa may have significant clinical implications. This commentary summarizes the existing knowledge on the host risk factors, pathogenesis, and diagnostics of NOVC bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foster K. Agyei
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra LG54, Ghana;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Birgit Scharf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Samuel Duodu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra LG54, Ghana;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra LG54, Ghana
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3
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Shikha S, Kumar V, Jain A, Dutta D, Bhattacharyya MS. Unraveling the mechanistic insights of sophorolipid-capped gold nanoparticle-induced cell death in Vibrio cholerae. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0017523. [PMID: 37811987 PMCID: PMC10715219 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00175-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of a fatal disease, "cholera." Prevention of cholera outbreak is possible by eliminating the bacteria from the environment. However, antimicrobial resistance developed in microorganisms has posed a threat and challenges to its treatment. Application of nanoparticles is a useful and effective option for the elimination of such microorganisms. Metal-based nanopaticles exhibit microbial toxicity through non-specific mechanisms. To prevent resistance development and increase antibacterial efficiency, rational designing of nanoparticles is required. Thus, knowledge on the exact mechanism of action of nanoparticles is highly essential. In this study, we explore the possible mechanisms of antibacterial activity of AuNPs-SL against V. cholerae. We show that the interaction of AuNPs-SL with V. cholerae enhances ROS production and membrane depolarization, change in permeability, and leakage of intracellular content. This action leads to the depletion of cellular ATP level, DNA damage, and subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sristy Shikha
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre (BERPDC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankita Jain
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre (BERPDC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Dipak Dutta
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Mani Shankar Bhattacharyya
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre (BERPDC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
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4
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Bhandari M, Rathnayake IU, Ariotti L, Heron B, Huygens F, Sullivan M, Jennison AV. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains in South-East Queensland, Australian river waterways. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0047223. [PMID: 37800954 PMCID: PMC10617385 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00472-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a major public health problem in developing and underdeveloped countries; however, it remains of concern to developed countries such as Australia as international travel-related or locally acquired cholera or diarrheal disease cases are still reported. Cholera is mainly caused by cholera toxin (CT) producing toxigenic O1 and O139 serogroup Vibrio cholerae strains. While most toxigenic V. cholerae cases in Australia are thought to be caused by international-acquired infections, Australia has its own indigenous toxigenic and non-toxigenic O1 and non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae (NOVC) strains. In Australia, in the 1970s and again in 2012, it was reported that south-east Queensland riverways were a reservoir for toxigenic V. cholerae strains that were linked to local cases. Further surveillance on environmental reservoirs, such as riverways, has not been reported in the literature in the last 10 years. Here we present data from sites previously related to outbreaks and surveillance sampling to detect the presence of V. cholerae using PCR in conjunction with MALDI-TOF and whole-genome sequencing. In this study, we were able to detect NOVC at all 10 sites with all sites having toxigenic non-O1, non-O139 strains. Among 133 NOVC isolates, 22 were whole-genome sequenced and compared with previously sequenced Australian O1 and NOVC strains. None of the samples tested grew toxigenic or non-toxigenic O1 or O139, responsible for epidemic disease. Since NOVC can be pathogenic, continuous surveillance is required to assist in theclinical and envir rapid identification of sources of any outbreaks and to assist public health authorities in implementing control measures. IMPORTANCE Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments, both freshwater and seawater, in addition to its clinical significance as a causative agent of acute diarrhea and extraintestinal infections. Previously, both toxigenic and non-toxigenic, clinical, and environmental V. cholerae strains have been reported in Queensland, Australia. This study aimed to characterize recent surveillance of environmental NOVC strains isolated from Queensland River waterways to understand their virulence, antimicrobial resistance profile and to place genetic current V. cholerae strains from Australia in context with international strains. The findings from this study suggest the presence of unique toxigenic V. cholerae in Queensland river water systems that are of public health concern. Therefore, ongoing monitoring and genomic characterization of V. cholerae strains from the Queensland environment is important and would assist public health departments to track the source of cholera infection early and implement prevention strategies for future outbreaks. The genomics of environmental V. cholerae could assist us to understand the natural ecology and evolution of this bacterium in natural environments with respect to global warming and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murari Bhandari
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Irani U. Rathnayake
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lawrence Ariotti
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Heron
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitchelle Sullivan
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy V. Jennison
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, George S, Lucero Y, Gómez LA, Carreño LJ, García-Betancourt R, O’Ryan M. Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155751. [PMID: 37215733 PMCID: PMC10196187 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a highly contagious diarrheal disease affecting millions worldwide each year. Cholera is a major public health problem, primarily in countries with poor sanitary conditions and regions affected by natural disasters, where access to safe drinking water is limited. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis of V. cholerae as well as provide an overview of the immune response against this pathogen. We highlight that V. cholerae has a remarkable ability to adapt and evolve, which is a global concern because it increases the risk of cholera outbreaks and the spread of the disease to new regions, making its control even more challenging. Furthermore, we show that this pathogen expresses several virulence factors enabling it to efficiently colonize the human intestine and cause cholera. A cumulative body of work also shows that V. cholerae infection triggers an inflammatory response that influences the development of immune memory against cholera. Lastly, we reviewed the status of licensed cholera vaccines, those undergoing clinical evaluation, and recent progress in developing next-generation vaccines. This review offers a comprehensive view of V. cholerae and identifies knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop more effective cholera vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio George
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Hospital Dr. Roberto del Rio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo A. Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard García-Betancourt
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Vezzulli L. Global expansion of Vibrio spp. in hot water. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 15:77-79. [PMID: 36519781 PMCID: PMC10103853 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
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7
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Santoriello FJ, Kirchberger PC, Boucher Y, Pukatzki S. Pandemic Vibrio cholerae acquired competitive traits from an environmental Vibrio species. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/2/e202201437. [PMID: 36446527 PMCID: PMC9711863 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen that thrives in estuarine environments. Within the environment and human host, V. cholerae uses the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to inject toxic effectors into neighboring microbes and to establish its replicative niche. V. cholerae strains encode a wide variety of horizontally shared effectors, but pandemic isolates encode an identical set of distinct effectors. Effector set retention in pandemic strains despite mobility between disparate strains suggests that horizontal acquisition of these effectors was crucial for evolving pandemic V. cholerae We attempted to locate the donor of the pandemic effectors to V. cholerae To this end, we identified potential gene transfer events of the pandemic-associated T6SS clusters between a fish pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum, and V. cholerae We supported the likelihood of interaction between these species by demonstrating that homologous effector-immunity pairs from V. cholerae and V. anguillarum can cross-neutralize one another. Thus, V. anguillarum constitutes an environmental reservoir of pandemic-associated V. cholerae T6SS effectors that may have initially facilitated competition between pre-pandemic V. cholerae and V. anguillarum for an environmental niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Santoriello
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul C Kirchberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Yann Boucher
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and National University Hospital System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Hospital System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stefan Pukatzki
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Sequence Polymorphisms in Vibrio cholerae HapR Affect Biofilm Formation under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0104422. [PMID: 35969071 PMCID: PMC9469714 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01044-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of hapR sequence mutations on the biofilm formation of Vibrio cholerae. In this study, hapR sequences from 85 V. cholerae strains belonging to both pandemic and nonpandemic serogroup were investigated through phylogenetic and sequence analyses. Biofilm formation assays under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were also performed. Sequence variations include single point mutations and insertions/deletions (indels) leading to either truncated or frameshifted HapR. Population structure analysis revealed two major hapR haplogroups, hapR1 and hapR2. Phylogenetic reconstruction displayed a hypothetical ancestral hapR sequence located within the hapR1 haplogroup. Higher numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic diversity indices were observed in hapR1, while indels occurred dominantly in hapR2. Aerobic conditions supported more robust biofilms compared to anaerobic conditions. Strains with frameshifted HapR produced the largest amount of biofilm under both oxygen conditions. Quantitative real-time PCR assay confirmed that strains with truncated and frameshifted HapR resulted in a nonfunctional regulator as exhibited by the significantly low hapA gene expression. The present study shows that HapR mutations had a strong influence on biofilm formation and that sequence polymorphisms leading to the disruption of DNA-binding sites or dimerization of the HapR will result in more-robust V. cholerae biofilms. IMPORTANCE Our study revealed an ancestral hapR sequence from a phylogenetic reconstruction that displayed the evolutionary lineage of the nonpandemic to the pandemic strains. Here, we established hapR1 and hapR2 as major hapR haplogroups. The association of the O1 and O139 serogroups with the hapR2 haplogroup demonstrated the distinction of hapR2 in causing cholera infection. Moreover, mutations in this regulator that could lead to the disruption of transcription factor-binding sites or dimerization of the HapR can significantly affect the biofilm formation of V. cholerae. These observations on the relationship of the hapR polymorphism and V. cholerae biofilm formation will provide additional considerations for future biofilm studies and insights into the epidemiology of the pathogen that could ultimately help in the surveillance and mitigation of future cholera disease outbreaks.
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9
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Igere BE, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Non-serogroup O1/O139 agglutinable Vibrio cholerae: a phylogenetically and genealogically neglected yet emerging potential pathogen of clinical relevance. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:323. [PMID: 35567650 PMCID: PMC9107296 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatic antigen agglutinable type-1/139 Vibrio cholerae (SAAT-1/139-Vc) members or O1/O139 V. cholerae have been described by various investigators as pathogenic due to their increasing virulence potential and production of choleragen. Reported cholera outbreak cases around the world have been associated with these choleragenic V. cholerae with high case fatality affecting various human and animals. These virulent Vibrio members have shown genealogical and phylogenetic relationship with the avirulent somatic antigen non-agglutinable strains of 1/139 V. cholerae (SANAS-1/139- Vc) or O1/O139 non-agglutinating V. cholerae (O1/O139-NAG-Vc). Reports on implication of O1/O139-NAGVc members in most sporadic cholera/cholera-like cases of diarrhea, production of cholera toxin and transmission via consumption and/or contact with contaminated water/seafood are currently on the rise. Some reported sporadic cases of cholera outbreaks and observed change in nature has also been tracable to these non-agglutinable Vibrio members (O1/O139-NAGVc) yet there is a sustained paucity of research interest on the non-agglutinable V. cholerae members. The emergence of fulminating extraintestinal and systemic vibriosis is another aspect of SANAS-1/139- Vc implication which has received low attention in terms of research driven interest. This review addresses the need to appraise and continually expand research based studies on the somatic antigen non-serogroup agglutinable type-1/139 V.cholerae members which are currently prevalent in studies of water bodies, fruits/vegetables, foods and terrestrial environment. Our opinion is amassed from interest in integrated surveillance studies, management/control of cholera outbreaks as well as diarrhea and other disease-related cases both in the rural, suburban and urban metropolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright E Igere
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Western Delta University, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria. .,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa. .,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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10
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Pal BB, Behera DR, Nayak SR, Nayak AK. Origin and Dissemination of Altered El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 Causing Cholera in Odisha, India: Two and Half Decade's View. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:757986. [PMID: 34867883 PMCID: PMC8637270 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.757986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin, spread and molecular epidemiology of altered El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from cholera outbreaks/surveillance studies between 1995 and 2019 from different district of Odisha were analyzed. The stock cultures of V. cholerae O1 strains from 1995 to 2019 were analyzed through molecular analysis using different PCR assays and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. The spread map (month, year and place) was constructed to locate the dissemination of altered El Tor variants of V. cholerae O1 in this region. A total of 13 cholera outbreaks were caused by V. cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor carrying ctxB1 and ctxB7 genotypes. The ctxB1 alleles of V. cholerae O1 mostly confined to the coastal areas, whereas the ctxB7 genotypes, though originating in the coastal region of Odisha, concentrated more in the tribal areas. The positive correlation between virulence-associated genes (VAGs) was found through Pearson’s correlation model, indicative of a stronger association between the VAGs. The clonal relationship through PFGE between ctxB1 and ctxB7 genotypes of V. cholerae O1 strains exhibited 80% similarity indicating single- or multi-clonal evolution. It is evident from this study that the spread of multidrug-resistant V. cholerae O1-altered El Tor was dominant over the prototype El Tor strains in this region. The origin of altered El Tor variants of V. cholerae O1 occurred in the East Coast of Odisha established that the origin of cholera happened in the Gangetic belts of Bay of Bengal where all new variants of V. cholerae O1 might have originated from the Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti Bhusan Pal
- Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Dipti Ranjan Behera
- Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smruti Ranjan Nayak
- Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Nayak
- Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
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11
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Giraud-Gatineau A, Texier G, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Chaudet H. Using MALDI-TOF spectra in epidemiological surveillance for the detection of bacterial subgroups with a possible epidemic potential. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1109. [PMID: 34711189 PMCID: PMC8554970 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For the purpose of epidemiological surveillance, the Hospital University Institute Méditerranée infection has implemented since 2013 a system named MIDaS, based on the systematic collection of routine activity materials, including MALDI-TOF spectra, and results. The objective of this paper is to present the pipeline we use for processing MALDI-TOF spectra during epidemiological surveillance in order to disclose proteinic cues that may suggest the existence of epidemic processes in complement of incidence surveillance. It is illustrated by the analysis of an alarm observed for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods The MALDI-TOF spectra analysis process looks for the existence of clusters of spectra characterized by a double time and proteinic close proximity. This process relies on several specific methods aiming at contrasting and clustering the spectra, presenting graphically the results for an easy epidemiological interpretation, and for determining the discriminating spectra peaks with their possible identification using reference databases. Results The use of this pipeline in the case of an alarm issued for Streptococcus pneumoniae has made it possible to reveal a cluster of spectra with close proteinic and temporal distances, characterized by the presence of three discriminant peaks (5228.8, 5917.8, and 8974.3 m/z) and the absence of peak 4996.9 m/z. A further investigation on UniProt KB showed that peak 5228.8 is possibly an OxaA protein and that the absent peak may be a transposase. Conclusion This example shows this pipeline may support a quasi-real time identification and characterization of clusters that provide essential information on a potentially epidemic situation. It brings valuable information for epidemiological sensemaking and for deciding on the continuation of the epidemiological investigation, in particular the involving of additional costly resources to confirm or invalidate the alarm. Clinical trials registration NCT03626987. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06803-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Giraud-Gatineau
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Gaetan Texier
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique des Armées (CESPA), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Chaudet
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France. .,Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France. .,Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique des Armées (CESPA), Marseille, France.
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12
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Vibrio cholerae Infection Induces Strain-Specific Modulation of the Zebrafish Intestinal Microbiome. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0015721. [PMID: 34061623 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00157-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an attractive model organism to use for an array of scientific studies, including host-microbe interactions. Zebrafish contain a core (i.e., consistently detected) intestinal microbiome consisting primarily of Proteobacteria. Furthermore, this core intestinal microbiome is plastic and can be significantly altered due to external factors. Zebrafish are particularly useful for the study of aquatic microbes that can colonize vertebrate hosts, including Vibrio cholerae. As an intestinal pathogen, V. cholerae must colonize the intestine of an exposed host for pathogenicity to occur. Members of the resident intestinal microbial community likely must be reduced or eliminated by V. cholerae for colonization, and subsequent disease, to occur. Many studies have explored a variety of aspects of the pathogenic effects of V. cholerae on zebrafish and other model organisms but few have researched how a V. cholerae infection changes the resident intestinal microbiome. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to examine how five genetically diverse V. cholerae strains alter the intestinal microbiome following an infection. We found that V. cholerae colonization induced significant changes in the zebrafish intestinal microbiome. Notably, changes in the microbial profile were significantly different from each other, based on the particular strain of V. cholerae used to infect zebrafish hosts. We conclude that V. cholerae significantly modulates the zebrafish intestinal microbiota to enable colonization and that specific microbes that are targeted depend on the V. cholerae genotype.
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13
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Hajra D, Nair AV, Chakravortty D. An elegant nano-injection machinery for sabotaging the host: Role of Type III secretion system in virulence of different human and animal pathogenic bacteria. Phys Life Rev 2021; 38:25-54. [PMID: 34090822 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Various Gram-negative bacteria possess a specialized membrane-bound protein secretion system known as the Type III secretion system (T3SS), which transports the bacterial effector proteins into the host cytosol thereby helping in bacterial pathogenesis. The T3SS has a special needle-like translocon that can sense the contact with the host cell membrane and translocate effectors. The export apparatus of T3SS recognizes these effector proteins bound to chaperones and translocates them into the host cell. Once in the host cell cytoplasm, these effector proteins result in modulation of the host system and promote bacterial localization and infection. Using molecular biology, bioinformatics, genetic techniques, electron microscopic studies, and mathematical modeling, the structure and function of the T3SS and the corresponding effector proteins in various bacteria have been studied. The strategies used by different human pathogenic bacteria to modulate the host system and thereby enhance their virulence mechanism using T3SS have also been well studied. Here we review the history, evolution, and general structure of the T3SS, highlighting the details of its comparison with the flagellar export machinery. Also, this article provides mechanistic details about the common role of T3SS in subversion and manipulation of host cellular processes. Additionally, this review describes specific T3SS apparatus and the role of their specific effectors in bacterial pathogenesis by considering several human and animal pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipasree Hajra
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, India
| | - Abhilash Vijay Nair
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, India
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14
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Awasthi SP, Chowdhury N, Hatanaka N, Hinenoya A, Ramamurthy T, Asakura M, Yamasaki S. Quantification of Vibrio cholerae cholix exotoxin by sandwich bead-ELISA. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33830907 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Cholix toxin (ChxA) is an ADP-ribosylating exotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae. However, to date, there is no quantitative assay available for ChxA, which makes it difficult to detect and estimate the level of ChxA produced by V. cholerae.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. It is important to develop a reliable and specific quantitative assay to measure the production level of ChxA, which will help us to understand the role of ChxA in V. cholerae pathogenesis.Aim. The aim of this study was to develop a bead-based sandwich ELISA (bead-ELISA) for the quantification of ChxA and to evaluate the importance of ChxA in the pathogenesis of V. cholerae infection.Methodology. Anti-rChxA was raised in New Zealand white rabbits, and Fab-horse radish peroxidase conjugate was prepared by the maleimide method to use in the bead-ELISA. This anti-ChxA bead-ELISA was applied to quantify the ChxA produced by various V. cholerae strains. The production of ChxA was examined in different growth media such as alkaline peptone water (APW), Luria-Bertani broth and AKI. Finally, the assay was evaluated using a mouse lethality assay with representative V. cholerae strains categorized as low to high ChxA-producers based on anti-ChxA bead-ELISA.Results. A sensitive bead-ELISA assay, which can quantify from 0.6 to 60 ng ml-1 of ChxA, was developed. ChxA was mostly detected in the extracellular cell-free supernatant and its production level varied from 1.2 ng ml-1 to 1.6 µg ml-1. The highest ChxA production was observed when V. cholerae strains were cultured in LB broth, but not in APW or AKI medium. The ChxA-producer V. cholerae strains showed 20-80 % lethality and only the high ChxA II-producer was statistically more lethal than a non-ChxA-producer, in the mice model assay. ChxA I and II production levels were not well correlated with mice lethality, and this could be due to the heterogeneity of the strains tested.Conclusion. ChxA I to III was produced mostly extracellularly at various levels depending on strains and culture conditions. The bead-ELISA developed in this study is useful for the detection and quantification of ChxA in V. cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Present address: Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., BSB 246, Charleston, SC, USA.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Asakura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Sofia MK, Dziejman M. DksA coordinates bile-mediated regulation of virulence-associated phenotypes in type three secretion system-positive Vibrio cholerae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 167. [PMID: 33332258 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to cause disease, pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae rely on intricate regulatory networks to orchestrate the transition between their native aquatic environment and the human host. For example, bacteria in a nutrient-starved environment undergo a metabolic shift called the stringent response, which is mediated by the alarmone ppGpp and an RNA-polymerase binding transcriptional factor, DksA. In O1 serogroup strains of V. cholerae, which use the toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT) as primary virulence factors, DksA was reported to have additional functions as a mediator of virulence gene expression. However, little is known about the regulatory networks coordinating virulence phenotypes in pathogenic strains that use TCP/CT-independent virulence mechanisms. We therefore investigated whether functions of DksA outside of the stringent response are conserved in type three secretion system (T3SS)-positive V. cholerae. In using the T3SS-positive clinically isolated O39 serogroup strain AM-19226, we observed an increase in dksA expression in the presence of bile at 37 °C. However, DksA was not required for wild-type levels of T3SS structural gene expression, or for colonization in vivo. Rather, data indicate that DksA positively regulates the expression of master regulators in the motility hierarchy. Interestingly, the ΔdksA strain forms a less robust biofilm than the WT parent strain at both 30 and 37 °C. We also found that DksA regulates the expression of hapR, encoding a major regulator of biofilm formation and protease expression. Athough DksA does not appear to modulate T3SS virulence factor expression, its activity is integrated into existing regulatory networks governing virulence-related phenotypes. Strain variations therefore may take advantage of conserved ancestral proteins to expand regulons responding to in vivo signals and thus coordinate multiple phenotypes important for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline K Sofia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michelle Dziejman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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16
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Nasreen T, Hussain NAS, Islam MT, Orata FD, Kirchberger PC, Case RJ, Alam M, Yanow SK, Boucher YF. Simultaneous Quantification of Vibrio metoecus and Vibrio cholerae with Its O1 Serogroup and Toxigenic Subpopulations in Environmental Reservoirs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121053. [PMID: 33339261 PMCID: PMC7766680 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio metoecus is a recently described aquatic bacterium and opportunistic pathogen, closely related to and often coexisting with Vibrio cholerae. To study the relative abundance and population dynamics of both species in aquatic environments of cholera-endemic and cholera-free regions, we developed a multiplex qPCR assay allowing simultaneous quantification of total V. metoecus and V. cholerae (including toxigenic and O1 serogroup) cells. The presence of V. metoecus was restricted to samples from regions that are not endemic for cholera, where it was found at 20% of the abundance of V. cholerae. In this environment, non-toxigenic O1 serogroup V. cholerae represents almost one-fifth of the total V. cholerae population. In contrast, toxigenic O1 serogroup V. cholerae was also present in low abundance on the coast of cholera-endemic regions, but sustained in relatively high proportions throughout the year in inland waters. The majority of cells from both Vibrio species were recovered from particles rather than free-living, indicating a potential preference for attached versus planktonic lifestyles. This research further elucidates the population dynamics underpinning V. cholerae and its closest relative in cholera-endemic and non-endemic regions through culture-independent quantification from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Nasreen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Nora A. S. Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Mohammad Tarequl Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Fabini D. Orata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Paul C. Kirchberger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Rebecca J. Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Munirul Alam
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Stephanie K. Yanow
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Yann F. Boucher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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17
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A review of the risk of cholera outbreaks and urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Pereira C, Costa P, Duarte J, Balcão VM, Almeida A. Phage therapy as a potential approach in the biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria associated with shellfish consumption. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 338:108995. [PMID: 33316593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious human diseases acquired from bivalve shellfish consumption constitute a public health threat. These health threats are largely related to the filter-feeding phenomenon, by which bivalve organisms retain and concentrate pathogenic bacteria from their surrounding waters. Even after depuration, bivalve shellfish are still involved in outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria, which increases the demand for new and efficient strategies to control transmission of shellfish infection. Bacteriophage (or phage) therapy represents a promising, tailor-made approach to control human pathogens in bivalves, but its success depends on a deep understanding of several factors that include the bacterial communities present in the harvesting waters, the appropriate selection of phage particles, the multiplicity of infection that produces the best bacterial inactivation, chemical and physical factors, the emergence of phage-resistant bacterial mutants and the life cycle of bivalves. This review discusses the need to advance phage therapy research for bivalve decontamination, highlighting their efficiency as an antimicrobial strategy and identifying critical aspects to successfully apply this therapy to control human pathogens associated with bivalve consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Costa
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Duarte
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victor M Balcão
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; PhageLab-Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, 18023-000 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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19
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Drebes Dörr NC, Blokesch M. Interbacterial competition and anti-predatory behaviour of environmental Vibrio cholerae strains. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4485-4504. [PMID: 32885535 PMCID: PMC7702109 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae isolates responsible for cholera pandemics represent only a small portion of the diverse strains belonging to this species. Indeed, most V. cholerae are encountered in aquatic environments. To better understand the emergence of pandemic lineages, it is crucial to discern what differentiates pandemic strains from their environmental relatives. Here, we studied the interaction of environmental V. cholerae with eukaryotic predators or competing bacteria and tested the contributions of the haemolysin and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to those interactions. Both of these molecular weapons are constitutively active in environmental isolates but subject to tight regulation in the pandemic clade. We showed that several environmental isolates resist amoebal grazing and that this anti‐grazing defense relies on the strains' T6SS and its actincross‐linking domain (ACD)‐containing tip protein. Strains lacking the ACD were unable to defend themselves against grazing amoebae but maintained high levels of T6SS‐dependent interbacterial killing. We explored the latter phenotype through whole‐genome sequencing of 14 isolates, which unveiled a wide array of novel T6SS effector and (orphan) immunity proteins. By combining these in silico predictions with experimental validations, we showed that highly similar but non‐identical immunity proteins were insufficient to provide cross‐immunity among those wild strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália C Drebes Dörr
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Blokesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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20
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Molecular insights into the genome dynamics and interactions between core and acquired genomes of Vibrio cholerae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23762-23773. [PMID: 32873641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006283117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial species are hosts to horizontally acquired mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which encode virulence, toxin, antimicrobial resistance, and other metabolic functions. The bipartite genome of Vibrio cholerae harbors sporadic and conserved MGEs that contribute in the disease development and survival of the pathogens. For a comprehensive understanding of dynamics of MGEs in the bacterial genome, we engineered the genome of V. cholerae and examined in vitro and in vivo stability of genomic islands (GIs), integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), and prophages. Recombinant vectors carrying the integration module of these GIs, ICE and CTXΦ, helped us to understand the efficiency of integrations of MGEs in the V. cholerae chromosome. We have deleted more than 250 acquired genes from 6 different loci in the V. cholerae chromosome and showed contribution of CTX prophage in the essentiality of SOS response master regulator LexA, which is otherwise not essential for viability in other bacteria, including Escherichia coli In addition, we observed that the core genome-encoded RecA helps CTXΦ to bypass V. cholerae immunity and allow it to replicate in the host bacterium in the presence of similar prophage in the chromosome. Finally, our proteomics analysis reveals the importance of MGEs in modulating the levels of cellular proteome. This study engineered the genome of V. cholerae to remove all of the GIs, ICEs, and prophages and revealed important interactions between core and acquired genomes.
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21
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Giraud-Gatineau A, Texier G, Garnotel E, Raoult D, Chaudet H. Insights Into Subspecies Discrimination Potentiality From Bacteria MALDI-TOF Mass Spectra by Using Data Mining and Diversity Studies. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1931. [PMID: 32903575 PMCID: PMC7438549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial identification at subspecies level is critical in clinical care and epidemiological investigations due to the different epidemic potentialities of a species. For this purpose, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been proposed in place of molecular genotyping, but with some result discrepancies. The aim of this work is to methodically mine the expression diversities of MALDI-TOF bacterial species spectra and their possible latent organization in order to evaluate their subspecies specific expression. Peak expression diversities of MALDI-TOF spectra coming from routine identifications have been analyzed using Hill numbers, rarefaction curves, and peak clustering. Some size effect critical thresholds were estimated using change point analyses. We included 167,528 spectra corresponding to 405 species. Species spectra diversities have a broad size-dependent variability, which may be influenced by the kind of sampling. Peak organization is characterized by the presence of a main cluster made of the most frequently co-occurring peaks and around 20 secondary clusters grouping less frequently co-occurring peaks. The 35 most represented species in our sample are distributed in two groups depending on the focusing of their protein synthesis activity on the main cluster or not. Our results may advocate some analogy with genomics studies of bacteria, with a main species-related cluster of co-occurring peaks and several secondary clusters, which may host peaks able to discriminate bacterial subgroups. This systematic study of the expression diversities of MALDI-TOF spectra shows that latent organization of co-occurring peaks supports subspecies discrimination and may explain why studies on MALDI-TOF-based typing exhibit some result divergences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Giraud-Gatineau
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gaetan Texier
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique des Armées (CESPA), Marseille, France
| | - Eric Garnotel
- Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Chaudet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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22
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Vezzulli L, Baker-Austin C, Kirschner A, Pruzzo C, Martinez-Urtaza J. Global emergence of environmental non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae infections linked with climate change: a neglected research field? Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4342-4355. [PMID: 32337781 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic ecosystems across the planet. V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 are responsible for cholera outbreaks in developing countries accounting for 3-5 million infections worldwide and 28.800-130.000 deaths per year according to the World Health Organization. In contrast, V. cholerae serogroups other than O1 and O139, also designated as V. cholerae non-O1/O139 (NOVC), are not associated with epidemic cholera but can cause other illnesses that may range in severity from mild (e.g. gastroenteritis, otitis, etc.) to life-threatening (e.g. necrotizing fasciitis). Although generally neglected, NOVC-related infections are on the rise and represent one of the most striking examples of emerging human diseases linked to climate change. NOVC strains are also believed to potentially contribute to the emergence of new pathogenic strains including strains with epidemic potential as a direct consequence of genetic exchange mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer and genetic recombination. Besides general features concerning the biology and ecology of NOVC strains and their associated diseases, this review aims to highlight the most relevant aspects related to the emergence and potential threat posed by NOVC strains under a rapidly changing environmental and climatic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, CEFAS, Weymouth, UK
| | - Alexander Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Carla Pruzzo
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, CEFAS, Weymouth, UK.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultat de Biociéncies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Dorman MJ, Kane L, Domman D, Turnbull JD, Cormie C, Fazal MA, Goulding DA, Russell JE, Alexander S, Thomson NR. The history, genome and biology of NCTC 30: a non-pandemic Vibrio cholerae isolate from World War One. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182025. [PMID: 30966987 PMCID: PMC6501683 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sixth global cholera pandemic lasted from 1899 to 1923. However, despite widespread fear of the disease and of its negative effects on troop morale, very few soldiers in the British Expeditionary Forces contracted cholera between 1914 and 1918. Here, we have revived and sequenced the genome of NCTC 30, a 102-year-old Vibrio cholerae isolate, which we believe is the oldest publicly available live V. cholerae strain in existence. NCTC 30 was isolated in 1916 from a British soldier convalescent in Egypt. We found that this strain does not encode cholera toxin, thought to be necessary to cause cholera, and is not part of V. cholerae lineages responsible for the pandemic disease. We also show that NCTC 30, which predates the introduction of penicillin-based antibiotics, harbours a functional β-lactamase antibiotic resistance gene. Our data corroborate and provide molecular explanations for previous phenotypic studies of NCTC 30 and provide a new high-quality genome sequence for historical, non-pandemic V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Dorman
- 1 Wellcome Sanger Institute , Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA , UK
| | - Leanne Kane
- 1 Wellcome Sanger Institute , Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA , UK
| | - Daryl Domman
- 1 Wellcome Sanger Institute , Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA , UK
| | - Jake D Turnbull
- 2 Public Health England , 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5DF , UK
| | - Claire Cormie
- 1 Wellcome Sanger Institute , Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA , UK
| | | | - David A Goulding
- 1 Wellcome Sanger Institute , Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA , UK
| | - Julie E Russell
- 2 Public Health England , 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5DF , UK
| | - Sarah Alexander
- 2 Public Health England , 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5DF , UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- 1 Wellcome Sanger Institute , Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA , UK.,3 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT , UK
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Taneja N, Mishra A, Batra N, Gupta P, Mahindroo J, Mohan B. Inland cholera in freshwater environs of north India. Vaccine 2020; 38 Suppl 1:A63-A72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Taverner A, MacKay J, Laurent F, Hunter T, Liu K, Mangat K, Song L, Seto E, Postlethwaite S, Alam A, Chandalia A, Seung M, Saberi M, Feng W, Mrsny RJ. Cholix protein domain I functions as a carrier element for efficient apical to basal epithelial transcytosis. Tissue Barriers 2020; 8:1710429. [PMID: 31928299 PMCID: PMC7063863 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1710429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholix (Chx) is expressed by the intestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae as a single chain of 634 amino acids (~70.7 kDa protein) that folds into three distinct domains, with elements of the second and third domains being involved in accessing the cytoplasm of nonpolarized cells and inciting cell death via ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2, respectively. In order to reach nonpolarized cells within the intestinal lamina propria, however, Chx must cross the polarized epithelial barrier in an intact form. Here, we provide in vitro and in vivo demonstrations that a nontoxic Chx transports across intestinal epithelium via a vesicular trafficking pathway that rapidly achieves vesicular apical to basal (A→B) transcytosis and avoids routing to lysosomes. Specifically, Chx traffics in apical endocytic Rab7+ vesicles and in basal exocytic Rab11+ vesicles with a transition between these domains occurring in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) through interactions with the lectin mannose-binding protein 1 (LMAN1) protein that undergoes an intracellular re-distribution that coincides with the re-organization of COPI+ and COPII+ vesicular structures. Truncation studies demonstrated that domain I of Chx alone was sufficient to efficiently complete A→B transcytosis and capable of ferrying genetically conjoined human growth hormone (hGH). These studies provide evidence for a pathophysiological strategy where native Chx exotoxin secreted in the intestinal lumen by nonpandemic V. cholerae can reach nonpolarized cells within the lamina propria in an intact form by using a nondestructive pathway to cross in the intestinal epithelial that appears useful for oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals.One-Sentence Summary: Elements within the first domain of the Cholix exotoxin protein are essential and sufficient for the apical to basal transcytosis of this Vibrio cholerae-derived virulence factor across polarized intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Taverner
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, England
| | - Julia MacKay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, England
| | - Floriane Laurent
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, England
| | - Tom Hunter
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keyi Liu
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Song
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elbert Seto
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aatif Alam
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Minji Seung
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mazi Saberi
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weijun Feng
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, England.,Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Potential pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of aquatic Vibrio isolates from freshwater in Slovakia. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:545-555. [PMID: 31773555 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of 31 environmental Vibrio isolates obtained from surface water in southern and eastern Slovakia. Isolates were identified as Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 and Vibrio metschnikovii by biochemical tests, MALDI biotyping, and 16S RNA gene sequencing. Analysis of the susceptibility to 13 antibacterial agents showed susceptibility of all isolates to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, imipenem, tetracyclin, and doxycycline. We recorded high rates of resistance to β-lactams and streptomycin. Investigation of antibiotic resistance showed five different antibiotic profiles with resistance to antibacterials from three classes, but no multidrug resistance was observed. The investigation of the pathogenic potential of V. cholerae isolates showed that neither the cholera toxin coding gene ctxA nor the genes zot (zonula occludens toxin), ace (accessory cholera toxin), and tcpA (toxin-coregulated pilus) were present in any of 31 isolated samples. Gene ompU (outer membrane protein) was confirmed in 80% and central regulatory protein-coding gene toxR in 71% of V. cholerae isolates, respectively. A high prevalence of the hemolysin coding gene hlyA in all V. cholerae was observed. The data point toward the importance of systematic monitoring and comparative studies of potentially pathogenic vibrios in European countries.
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27
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Zeb S, Shah MA, Yasir M, Awan HM, Prommeenate P, Klanchui A, Wren BW, Thomson N, Bokhari H. Type III secretion system confers enhanced virulence in clinical non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Matthey N, Stutzmann S, Stoudmann C, Guex N, Iseli C, Blokesch M. Neighbor predation linked to natural competence fosters the transfer of large genomic regions in Vibrio cholerae. eLife 2019; 8:48212. [PMID: 31478834 PMCID: PMC6783263 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural competence for transformation is a primary mode of horizontal gene transfer. Competent bacteria are able to absorb free DNA from their surroundings and exchange this DNA against pieces of their own genome when sufficiently homologous. However, the prevalence of non-degraded DNA with sufficient coding capacity is not well understood. In this context, we previously showed that naturally competent Vibrio cholerae use their type VI secretion system (T6SS) to actively acquire DNA from non-kin neighbors. Here, we explored the conditions of the DNA released through T6SS-mediated killing versus passive cell lysis and the extent of the transfers that occur due to these conditions. We show that competent V. cholerae acquire DNA fragments with a length exceeding 150 kbp in a T6SS-dependent manner. Collectively, our data support the notion that the environmental lifestyle of V. cholerae fosters the exchange of genetic material with sufficient coding capacity to significantly accelerate bacterial evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Matthey
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne; EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Stutzmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne; EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Candice Stoudmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne; EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Melanie Blokesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne; EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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CTX phage of Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and applications. Vaccine 2019; 38 Suppl 1:A7-A12. [PMID: 31272871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The bipartite genome of Vibrio cholerae is divided into two circular non-homologous chromosomes, which harbor several genetic elements like phages, plasmids, transposons, integrative conjugative elements, and pathogenic islands that encode functions responsible for disease development, antimicrobial resistance, and subsistence in hostile environments. These elements are highly heterogeneous, mobile in nature, and encode their own mobility functions or exploit host-encoded enzymes for intra- and inter-cellular movements. The key toxin of V. cholerae responsible for the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera, the cholera toxin, is coded by part of the genome of a filamentous phage, CTXϕ. The replicative genome of CTXϕ is divided into two distinct modular structures and has adopted a unique strategy for its irreversible integration into the V. cholerae chromosomes. CTXϕ exploits two host-encoded tyrosine recombinases, XerC and XerD, for its integration in the highly conserved dimer resolution site (dif) of V. cholerae chromosomes. CTXϕ can replicate only in the limited number of Vibrio species. In contrast, the phage integration into the bacterial chromosome does not rely on its replication and could integrate to the dif site of large numbers of gram-negative bacteria. Recent pangenomic analysis revealed that like CTXϕ, the bacterial dif site is the integration spot for several other mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and genomic islands. In this review we discuss about current molecular insights into CTXϕ genomics and its replication and integration mechanisms into hosts. Particular emphasis has been given on the exploitation of CTXϕ genomics knowledge in developing genetic tools and designing environmentally safe recombinant live oral cholera vaccine strains.
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30
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Vibrio cholerae derived outer membrane vesicles modulate the inflammatory response of human intestinal epithelial cells by inducing microRNA-146a. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7212. [PMID: 31076615 PMCID: PMC6510749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium of Vibrio cholerae infected patients expresses the immunomodulatory microRNAs miR-146a and miR-155 at acute stage of disease. V. cholerae release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that serve as vehicles for translocation of virulence factors including V. cholerae cytolysin (VCC). The aim was to investigate whether OMVs, with and/or without VCC-cargo could be responsible for induction of microRNAs in intestinal epithelial cells and thereby contribute to immunomodulation. Polarized tight monolayers of T84 cells were challenged with OMVs of wildtype and a VCC deletion mutant of the non-O1/non-O139 (NOVC) V. cholerae strain V:5/04 and with soluble VCC. OMVs, with and without VCC-cargo, caused significantly increased levels of miR-146a. Increase was seen already after 2 hours challenge with OMVs and persisted after 12 hours. Challenge with soluble VCC caused significant increases in interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CCL20, IL-1β, and IRAK2 mRNA levels while challenge with OMVs did not cause increases in expression levels of any of these mRNAs. These results suggest that V. cholerae bacteria release OMVs that induce miR-146a in order to pave the way for colonization by reducing the strength of an epithelial innate immune defence reaction and also preventing inflammation in the mucosa that factors like VCC can evoke.
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31
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Levade I, Terrat Y, Leducq JB, Weil AA, Mayo-Smith LM, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Boncy J, Buteau J, Ivers LC, Ryan ET, Charles RC, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Shapiro BJ. Vibrio cholerae genomic diversity within and between patients. Microb Genom 2019; 3. [PMID: 29306353 PMCID: PMC5761273 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a severe, water-borne diarrhoeal disease caused by toxin-producing strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Comparative genomics has revealed 'waves' of cholera transmission and evolution, in which clones are successively replaced over decades and centuries. However, the extent of V. cholerae genetic diversity within an epidemic or even within an individual patient is poorly understood. Here, we characterized V. cholerae genomic diversity at a micro-epidemiological level within and between individual patients from Bangladesh and Haiti. To capture within-patient diversity, we isolated multiple (8 to 20) V. cholerae colonies from each of eight patients, sequenced their genomes and identified point mutations and gene gain/loss events. We found limited but detectable diversity at the level of point mutations within hosts (zero to three single nucleotide variants within each patient), and comparatively higher gene content variation within hosts (at least one gain/loss event per patient, and up to 103 events in one patient). Much of the gene content variation appeared to be due to gain and loss of phage and plasmids within the V. cholerae population, with occasional exchanges between V. cholerae and other members of the gut microbiota. We also show that certain intra-host variants have phenotypic consequences. For example, the acquisition of a Bacteroides plasmid and non-synonymous mutations in a sensor histidine kinase gene both reduced biofilm formation, an important trait for environmental survival. Together, our results show that V. cholerae is measurably evolving within patients, with possible implications for disease outcomes and transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Levade
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Terrat
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Leducq
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ana A Weil
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie M Mayo-Smith
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- 4Center for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I Khan
- 4Center for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jacques Boncy
- 5National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Josiane Buteau
- 5National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Louise C Ivers
- 3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,6Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,7Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,8Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,9Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- 4Center for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason B Harris
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,10Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Jesse Shapiro
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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32
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Awasthi SP, Chowdhury N, Neogi SB, Hinenoya A, Hatanaka N, Chowdhury G, Ramamurthy T, Yamasaki S. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of major virulence genes in Vibrio cholerae including non-O1 and non-O139 serogroups. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 157:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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33
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Yirenya-Tawiah DR, Darkwa A, Dzodzomenyo M. Environmental surveillance for Vibrio cholerae in selected households' water storage systems in Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) prior to the 2014 cholera outbreak in Accra, Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28335-28343. [PMID: 30083898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholera is a global public health problem with high endemicity in many developing countries in Africa. In 2014, Ghana experienced its largest epidemic with more than 20,000 cases and 200 deaths; most of it occurred in the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA). Ghana's disease surveillance system is mainly clinically based and focused on case detection and management. Environmental exploration for the etiological agents is missing from the surveillance strategy. This study therefore assessed the occurrence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in water storage systems in selected high risk areas in the AMA area prior to the 2014 outbreak. Three hundred twenty water samples from 80 households' water storage systems were analyzed for toxigenic Vibrio cholerae using the bacterial culture method. Presumptive V. cholerae was isolated from 83.8% of households' water storage systems. The viable cells ranged from 1 to 1400 CFU/100 ml. Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype was isolated from five households in Old Fadama, one household in Shiabu, and one household in Bukom in the month of May and a similar trend was observed for the months of June and July. The presence of Vibro cholerae in the water storage vessels used for drinking confirms the need to consider environmental surveillance for toxigenic Vibro cholerae particularly in high-risk areas to strengthen the existing surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ama Darkwa
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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34
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Okeyo AN, Nontongana N, Fadare TO, Okoh AI. Vibrio Species in Wastewater Final Effluents and Receiving Watershed in South Africa: Implications for Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061266. [PMID: 29914048 PMCID: PMC6025350 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa are obliged to make provision for wastewater effluent quality management, with the aim of securing the integrity of the surrounding watersheds and environments. The Department of Water Affairs has documented regulatory parameters that have, over the years, served as a guideline for quality monitoring/management purposes. However, these guidelines have not been regularly updated and this may have contributed to some of the water quality anomalies. Studies have shown that promoting the monitoring of the current routinely monitored parameters (both microbial and physicochemical) may not be sufficient. Organisms causing illnesses or even outbreaks, such as Vibrio pathogens with their characteristic environmental resilience, are not included in the guidelines. In South Africa, studies that have been conducted on the occurrence of Vibrio pathogens in domestic and wastewater effluent have made it apparent that these pathogens should also be monitored. The importance of effective wastewater management as one of the key aspects towards protecting surrounding environments and receiving watersheds, as well as protecting public health, is highlighted in this review. Emphasis on the significance of the Vibrio pathogen in wastewater is a particular focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisen N Okeyo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Eastern Cape, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Nolonwabo Nontongana
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Eastern Cape, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Taiwo O Fadare
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Eastern Cape, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Eastern Cape, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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35
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Sakib SN, Reddi G, Almagro-Moreno S. Environmental role of pathogenic traits in Vibrio cholerae. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:e00795-17. [PMID: 29581410 PMCID: PMC6040180 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00795-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic ecosystems. Some strains of V. cholerae can colonize the human host and cause cholera, a profuse watery diarrhea. The major pathogenicity factors and virulence regulators of V. cholerae are either encoded in mobile genetic elements acquired in the environment (e.g. pathogenicity islands or lysogenic phages) or in the core genome. Several lines of evidence indicate that the emergence of numerous virulence traits of V. cholerae occurred in its natural environment due to biotic and abiotic pressures. Here, we discuss the connection between the human host and the potential ecological role of these virulent traits. Unraveling these connections will help us understand the emergence of this organism and other facultative bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nazmus Sakib
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Geethika Reddi
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Salvador Almagro-Moreno
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
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36
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Ferdous J, Sultana R, Rashid RB, Tasnimuzzaman M, Nordland A, Begum A, Jensen PKM. A Comparative Analysis of Vibrio cholerae Contamination in Point-of-Drinking and Source Water in a Low-Income Urban Community, Bangladesh. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:489. [PMID: 29616005 PMCID: PMC5867346 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bangladesh is a cholera endemic country with a population at high risk of cholera. Toxigenic and non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) can cause cholera and cholera-like diarrheal illness and outbreaks. Drinking water is one of the primary routes of cholera transmission in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative assessment of the presence of V. cholerae between point-of-drinking water and source water, and to investigate the variability of virulence profile using molecular methods of a densely populated low-income settlement of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water samples were collected and tested for V. cholerae from "point-of-drinking" and "source" in 477 study households in routine visits at 6 week intervals over a period of 14 months. We studied the virulence profiles of V. cholerae positive water samples using 22 different virulence gene markers present in toxigenic O1/O139 and non-O1/O139 V. cholerae using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 1,463 water samples were collected, with 1,082 samples from point-of-drinking water in 388 households and 381 samples from 66 water sources. V. cholerae was detected in 10% of point-of-drinking water samples and in 9% of source water samples. Twenty-three percent of households and 38% of the sources were positive for V. cholerae in at least one visit. Samples collected from point-of-drinking and linked sources in a 7 day interval showed significantly higher odds (P < 0.05) of V. cholerae presence in point-of-drinking compared to source [OR = 17.24 (95% CI = 7.14-42.89)] water. Based on the 7 day interval data, 53% (17/32) of source water samples were negative for V. cholerae while linked point-of-drinking water samples were positive. There were significantly higher odds (p < 0.05) of the presence of V. cholerae O1 [OR = 9.13 (95% CI = 2.85-29.26)] and V. cholerae O139 [OR = 4.73 (95% CI = 1.19-18.79)] in source water samples than in point-of-drinking water samples. Contamination of water at the point-of-drinking is less likely to depend on the contamination at the water source. Hygiene education interventions and programs should focus and emphasize on water at the point-of-drinking, including repeated cleaning of drinking vessels, which is of paramount importance in preventing cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebeca Sultana
- Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ridwan B Rashid
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tasnimuzzaman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andreas Nordland
- Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anowara Begum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Peter K M Jensen
- Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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37
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Chatterjee T, Chatterjee BK, Chakrabarti P. Modelling of growth kinetics of Vibrio cholerae in presence of gold nanoparticles: effect of size and morphology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9671. [PMID: 28851910 PMCID: PMC5575114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of multiple drug resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria calls for new initiatives to combat infectious diseases. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), because of their non-toxic nature and size/shape dependent optical properties, offer interesting possibility. Here we report the antibacterial efficacy of AuNPs of different size and shape (AuNS10, AuNS100 and AuNR10; the number indicating the diameter in nm; S stands for sphere and R for rod) against the classical (O395) and El Tor (N16961) biotypes of Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent responsible for cholera. Growth kinetics was monitored by measuring optical density at different time intervals and fitted by non-linear regression of modified Buchanan model. Sigmoidal growth curve for VcO395 indicated the existence of single phenotype population and was affected by AuNR10 only, implying the importance of morphology of AuNP. Growth of VcN16961 was affected by all three AuNPs indicating the vulnerability of El Tor biotype. Interestingly, VcN16961 exhibited the occurrence of two phenotypic subpopulations - one with shorter (vulnerable Type 1) and the other with extended (tolerant Type 2) lag phase. Various assays were conducted to probe the impact of AuNPs on bacterial cells. Apart from AuNR10, antimicrobial efficacy of AuNS10 was better compared to AuNS100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Barun K Chatterjee
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Pinak Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
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38
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Retrospective genomic analysis of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains from different places in India reveals the presence of ctxB-7 allele found in Haitian isolates. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2212-2220. [PMID: 28712383 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 45 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from 10 different places in India where they were associated with cases of cholera between the years 2007 and 2008 were examined by molecular methods. With the help of phenotypic and genotypic tests the strains were confirmed to be O1 El Tor biotype strains with classical ctxB gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis by double - mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR showed 16 of these strains carried the ctxB-7 allele reported in Haitian strains. Sequencing of the ctxB gene in all the 45 strains revealed that in 16 strains the histidine at the 20th amino acid position had been replaced by asparagine and this single nucleotide polymorphism did not affect cholera toxin production as revealed by beads enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study shows that the new ctxB gene sequence was circulating in different places in India. Seven representatives of these 45 strains analysed by pulsed - field gel electrophoresis showed four distinct Not I digested profiles showing that multiple clones were causing cholera in 2007 and 2008.
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39
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Riverbed Sediments as Reservoirs of Multiple Vibrio cholerae Virulence-Associated Genes: A Potential Trigger for Cholera Outbreaks in Developing Countries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28642796 PMCID: PMC5470021 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5646480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Africa remains the most cholera stricken continent in the world as many people lacking access to safe drinking water rely mostly on polluted rivers as their main water sources. However, studies in these countries investigating the presence of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments have paid little attention to bed sediments. Also, information on the presence of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) in environmental ctx-negative V. cholerae strains in this region is lacking. Thus, we investigated the presence of V. cholerae VAGs in water and riverbed sediment of the Apies River, South Africa. Altogether, 120 samples (60 water and 60 sediment samples) collected from ten sites on the river (January and February 2014) were analysed using PCR. Of the 120 samples, 37 sediment and 31 water samples were positive for at least one of the genes investigated. The haemolysin gene (hlyA) was the most isolated gene. The cholera toxin (ctxAB) and non-O1 heat-stable (stn/sto) genes were not detected. Genes were frequently detected at sites influenced by human activities. Thus, identification of V. cholerae VAGs in sediments suggests the possible presence of V. cholerae and identifies sediments of the Apies River as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic V. cholerae with possible public health implications.
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40
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Collins C, Hall M, Bruno D, Sokolowska J, Duncan L, Yuecel R, McCarthy U, Fordyce MJ, Pert CC, McIntosh R, MacKay Z. Generation of Paramoeba perurans clonal cultures using flow cytometry and confirmation of virulence. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:351-365. [PMID: 27524425 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) in farmed Atlantic salmon is caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans. The recent establishment of in vitro culture techniques for P. perurans has provided a valuable tool for studying the parasite in detail. In this study, flow cytometry was used to generate clonal cultures from single-sorted amoeba, and these were used to successfully establish AGD in experimental Atlantic salmon. The clonal cultures displayed differences in virulence, based on gill scores. The P. perurans load on gills, determined by qPCR analysis, showed a positive relationship with gill score, and with clonal virulence, indicating that the ability of amoebae to proliferate and/or remain attached on gills may play a role in virulence. Gill scores based on gross signs and histopathological analysis were in agreement. No association between level of gill score and specific gill arch was observed. It was found that for fish with lower gill scores based on histopathological examination, gross examination and qPCR analysis of gills from the same fish were less successful in detecting lesions and amoebae, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Collins
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Hall
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D Bruno
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Sokolowska
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - L Duncan
- Iain Fraser Cytometry Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R Yuecel
- Iain Fraser Cytometry Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - U McCarthy
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M J Fordyce
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - C C Pert
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R McIntosh
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Z MacKay
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
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41
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Siriphap A, Leekitcharoenphon P, Kaas RS, Theethakaew C, Aarestrup FM, Sutheinkul O, Hendriksen RS. Characterization and Genetic Variation of Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Clinical and Environmental Sources in Thailand. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169324. [PMID: 28103259 PMCID: PMC5245877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is still an important public health problem in several countries, including Thailand. In this study, a collection of clinical and environmental V. cholerae serogroup O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 strains originating from Thailand (1983 to 2013) was characterized to determine phenotypic and genotypic traits and to investigate the genetic relatedness. Using a combination of conventional methods and whole genome sequencing (WGS), 78 V. cholerae strains were identified. WGS was used to determine the serogroup, biotype, virulence, mobile genetic elements, and antimicrobial resistance genes using online bioinformatics tools. In addition, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was determined by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The 78 V. cholerae strains belonged to the following serogroups O1: (n = 44), O139 (n = 16) and non-O1/non-O139 (n = 18). Interestingly, we found that the typical El Tor O1 strains were the major cause of clinical cholera during 1983–2000 with two Classical O1 strains detected in 2000. In 2004–2010, the El Tor variant strains revealed genotypes of the Classical biotype possessing either only ctxB or both ctxB and rstR while they harbored tcpA of the El Tor biotype. Thirty O1 and eleven O139 clinical strains carried CTXϕ (Cholera toxin) and tcpA as well four different pathogenic islands (PAIs). Beside non-O1/non-O139, the O1 environmental strains also presented chxA and Type Three Secretion System (TTSS). The in silico MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) discriminated the O1 and O139 clinical strains from other serogroups and environmental strains. ST69 was dominant in the clinical strains belonging to the 7th pandemic clone. Non-O1/non-O139 and environmental strains showed various novel STs indicating genetic variation. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were observed and conferred resistance to ampicillin, azithromycin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim and harboured variants of the SXT elements. For the first time since 1986, the presence of V. cholerae O1 Classical was reported causing cholera outbreaks in Thailand. In addition, we found that V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant and O139 were pre-dominating the pathogenic strains in Thailand. Using WGS and bioinformatic tools to analyze both historical and contemporary V. cholerae circulating in Thailand provided a more detailed understanding of the V. cholerae epidemiology, which ultimately could be applied for control measures and management of cholera in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achiraya Siriphap
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rolf S Kaas
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Chonchanok Theethakaew
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Orasa Sutheinkul
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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42
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Origins of pandemic Vibrio cholerae from environmental gene pools. Nat Microbiol 2016; 2:16240. [DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Azarian T, Ali A, Johnson JA, Jubair M, Cella E, Ciccozzi M, Nolan DJ, Farmerie W, Rashid MH, Sinha-Ray S, Alam MT, Morris JG, Salemi M. Non-toxigenic environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 strain from Haiti provides evidence of pre-pandemic cholera in Hispaniola. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36115. [PMID: 27786291 PMCID: PMC5081557 DOI: 10.1038/srep36115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is ubiquitous in aquatic environments, with environmental toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains serving as a source for recurrent cholera epidemics and pandemic disease. However, a number of questions remain about long-term survival and evolution of V. cholerae strains within these aquatic environmental reservoirs. Through monitoring of the Haitian aquatic environment following the 2010 cholera epidemic, we isolated two novel non-toxigenic (ctxA/B-negative) Vibrio cholerae O1. These two isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing and were investigated through comparative genomics and Bayesian coalescent analysis. These isolates cluster in the evolutionary tree with strains responsible for clinical cholera, possessing genomic components of 6th and 7th pandemic lineages, and diverge from "modern" cholera strains around 1548 C.E. [95% HPD: 1532-1555]. Vibrio Pathogenicity Island (VPI)-1 was present; however, SXT/R391-family ICE and VPI-2 were absent. Rugose phenotype conversion and vibriophage resistance evidenced adaption for persistence in aquatic environments. The identification of V. cholerae O1 strains in the Haitian environment, which predate the first reported cholera pandemic in 1817, broadens our understanding of the history of pandemics. It also raises the possibility that these and similar environmental strains could acquire virulence genes from the 2010 Haitian epidemic clone, including the cholera toxin producing CTXϕ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Azarian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Afsar Ali
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Profession, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Judith A Johnson
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Mohammad Jubair
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Profession, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Italy
| | - David J Nolan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - William Farmerie
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammad H Rashid
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | - Meer T Alam
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Profession, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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44
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Zohura F, Bhuyian SI, Monira S, Begum F, Biswas SK, Parvin T, Sack D, Sack RB, Leontsini E, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Rashid MU, Sharmin R, Zhang X, Alam M, George CM. Observed Handwashing with Soap Practices Among Cholera Patients and Accompanying Household Members in a Hospital Setting (CHoBI7 Trial). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1314-1318. [PMID: 27698272 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Household members of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of cholera than the general population. Despite this risk, there are only a handful of studies that have investigated the handwashing practices among hospitalized diarrhea patients and their accompanying household members. To investigate handwashing practices in a hospital setting among this high-risk population, 444 hours of structured observation was conducted in a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, among 148 cholera patients and their household members. Handwashing with soap practices were observed at the following key events: after toileting, after cleaning the anus of a child, after removing child feces, during food preparation, before eating, and before feeding. Spot-checks were also conducted to observe the presence of soap at bathroom areas. Overall, 4% (4/103) of key events involved handwashing with soap among cholera patients and household members during the structured observation period. This was 3% (1/37) among cholera patients and 5% (3/66) for household members. For toileting events, observed handwashing with soap was 7% (3/46) overall, 7% (1/14) for cholera patients, and 6% (2/32) for household members. For food-related events, overall observed handwashing with soap was 2% (2/93 overall), and 0% (0/34) and 3% (2/59) for cholera patients and household members, respectively. Soap was observed at only 7% (4/55) of handwashing stations used by patients and household members during spot-checks. Observed handwashing with soap at key times among patients and accompanying household members was very low. These findings highlight the urgent need for interventions to target this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Zohura
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shirajum Monira
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Begum
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shwapon K Biswas
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Parvin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - R Bradley Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elli Leontsini
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - K M Saif-Ur-Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahamud-Ur Rashid
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rumana Sharmin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Munirul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Christine Marie George
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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45
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Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Genthe B, Momba MNB. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) shows increased public health risk associated with exposure to river water under conditions of riverbed sediment resuspension. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1143-1151. [PMID: 27297265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although higher microbial concentrations have been reported in sediments than in the overlying water column, most quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) studies have not clearly indicated the contribution of sediment-borne pathogens to estimated risks. Thus, the present study aimed at determining the public health risk associated with exposure to pathogenic bacteria in polluted river water under undisturbed conditions and conditions of sediment resuspension in the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa. Microbial pathogens were isolated and identified using culture and molecular methods. The beta-Poisson dose-response model was used to estimate the probability of infection (Pi) with the various pathogens, following accidental/intentional ingestion of 1mL or 100mL (or 50mL) of untreated river water. Mean wet season Escherichia coli counts ranged between 5.8E+01 and 8.8E+04MPN/100mL (water column) and between 2.40E+03 and 1.28E+05MPN/100mL (sediments). Mean dry season E. coli counts ranged between 5.11E+00 and 3.40E+03MPN/100mL (water column) and between 5.09E+00 and 6.30E+03MPN/100mL (sediments). Overall (water and sediments) Vibrio cholerae was the most detected pathogen (58.8%) followed by Salmonella spp. (23.9%) and Shigella (10.1%). Ingestion of 1mL of river water could lead to 0%-4% and 1%-74% Pi with E. coli during the dry and wet season, respectively. During the dry season, the Pi with V. cholerae, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were 0%-1.39%, 0%-4.11% and 0%-0.16% respectively, depending on volume of water ingested. The risks of infections with all microorganisms increased during the wet season. A 2-log increase in water E. coli count following sediments disturbance led to approximately 10 times higher Pi with E. coli than when sediments were undisturbed. Therefore, the use of the untreated water from the Apies River for drinking, household purposes or recreational activities poses a potential health risk to the users of the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akebe Luther King Abia
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Bettina Genthe
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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46
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Chowdhury G, Bhadra RK, Bag S, Pazhani GP, Das B, Basu P, Nagamani K, Nandy RK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T. Rugose atypical Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor responsible for 2009 cholera outbreak in India. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1130-1136. [PMID: 27561681 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes cholera outbreaks in endemic regions where the water quality and sanitation facilities remain poor. Apart from biotype and serotype changes, V. cholerae undergoes phase variation, which results in the generation of two morphologically different variants termed smooth and rugose. In this study, 12 rugose (R-VC) and 6 smooth (S-VC) V. cholerae O1 Ogawa isolates were identified in a cholera outbreak that occurred in Hyderabad, India. Antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that all the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid. In addition, R-VC isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (92 %), streptomycin (92 %), erythromycin (83 %), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (75 %) and tetracycline (75 %). Based on the ctxB gene analysis, all the isolates were identified as El Tor variant with mutation in two positions of ctxB, similar to the classical biotype. The R-VC isolates specifically showed excessive biofilm formation and were comparatively less motile. In addition, the majority of these isolates (~83 %) displayed random mutations in the hapR gene, which encodes haemagglutinin protease regulatory protein. In the PFGE analysis, R-VC and S-VC were placed in distinct clusters but remained clonally related. In the ribotyping analysis, all the R-VC isolates exhibited R-III pattern, which is a prevailing type among the current El Tor isolates. A hapR deletion mutant generated using an S-VC isolate expressed rugose phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the association of rugose V. cholerae O1 in a large cholera outbreak with extended antimicrobial resistance and random mutations in the haemagglutinin protease regulatory protein encoding gene (hapR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupak K Bhadra
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Satyabrata Bag
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Gururaja P Pazhani
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Pallabi Basu
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - K Nagamani
- Division of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad, India
| | - Ranjan K Nandy
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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47
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Sarwar S, Chakraborti S, Bera S, Sheikh IA, Hoque KM, Chakrabarti P. The antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles against Vibrio cholerae : Variation in response depends on biotype. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1499-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Miller KA, Chaand M, Gregoire S, Yoshida T, Beck LA, Ivanov AI, Dziejman M. Characterization of V. cholerae T3SS-dependent cytotoxicity in cultured intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1857-1870. [PMID: 27302486 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AM-19226 is a pathogenic, non-O1/non-O139 serogroup strain of Vibrio cholerae that uses a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) mediated mechanism to colonize host tissues and disrupt homeostasis, causing cholera. Co-culturing the Caco2-BBE human intestinal epithelial cell line with AM-19226 in the presence of bile results in rapid mammalian cell death that requires a functional T3SS. We examined the role of bile, sought to identify the mechanism, and evaluated the contributions of T3SS translocated effectors in in vitro cell death. Our results suggest that Caco2-BBE cytotoxicity does not proceed by apoptotic or necrotic mechanisms, but rather displays characteristics consistent with osmotic lysis. Cell death was preceded by disassembly of epithelial junctions and reorganization of the cortical membrane skeleton, although neither cell death nor cell-cell disruption required VopM or VopF, two effectors known to alter actin dynamics. Using deletion strains, we identified a subset of AM-19226 Vops that are required for host cell death, which were previously assigned roles in protein translocation and colonization, suggesting that they function other than to promote cytotoxicity. The collective results therefore suggest that cooperative Vop activities are required to achieve cytotoxicity in vitro, or alternatively, that translocon pores destabilize the membrane in a bile dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mudit Chaand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stacy Gregoire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lisa A Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Dziejman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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Eibach D, Herrera-León S, Gil H, Hogan B, Ehlkes L, Adjabeng M, Kreuels B, Nagel M, Opare D, Fobil JN, May J. Molecular Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with a Large Cholera Outbreak in Ghana in 2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004751. [PMID: 27232338 PMCID: PMC4883745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghana is affected by regular cholera epidemics and an annual average of 3,066 cases since 2000. In 2014, Ghana experienced one of its largest cholera outbreaks within a decade with more than 20,000 notified infections. In order to attribute this rise in cases to a newly emerging strain or to multiple simultaneous outbreaks involving multi-clonal strains, outbreak isolates were characterized, subtyped and compared to previous epidemics in 2011 and 2012. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Serotypes, biotypes, antibiotic susceptibilities were determined for 92 Vibrio cholerae isolates collected in 2011, 2012 and 2014 from Southern Ghana. For a subgroup of 45 isolates pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing and multilocus-variable tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) were performed. Eighty-nine isolates (97%) were identified as ctxB (classical type) positive V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor and three (3%) isolates were cholera toxin negative non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae. Among the selected isolates only sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim resistance was detectable in 2011, while 95% of all 2014 isolates showed resistance towards sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, ampicillin and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. MLVA achieved the highest subtype discrimination, revealing 22 genotypes with one major outbreak cluster in each of the three outbreak years. Apart from those clusters genetically distant genotypes circulate during each annual epidemic. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This analysis suggests different endemic reservoirs of V. cholerae in Ghana with distinct annual outbreak clusters accompanied by the occurrence of genetically distant genotypes. Preventive measures for cholera transmission should focus on aquatic reservoirs. Rapidly emerging multidrug resistance must be monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eibach
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Herrera-León
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Horacio Gil
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Hogan
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lutz Ehlkes
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Adjabeng
- Ghana Health Service, Disease Surveillance Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benno Kreuels
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nagel
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - David Opare
- Ghana Health Service, National Public Health and Reference Laboratory (NPHRL), Accra, Ghana
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jürgen May
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
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Regulation by ToxR-Like Proteins Converges on vttRB Expression To Control Type 3 Secretion System-Dependent Caco2-BBE Cytotoxicity in Vibrio cholerae. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1675-1682. [PMID: 27021561 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00130-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genes carried on the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) pathogenicity island of Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 serogroup strain AM-19226 must be precisely regulated in order for bacteria to cause disease. Previously reported results showed that both T3SS function and the presence of bile are required to cause Caco2-BBE cell cytotoxicity during coculture with strain AM-19226. We therefore investigated additional parameters affecting in vitro cell death, including bacterial load and the role of three transmembrane transcriptional regulatory proteins, VttRA, VttRB, and ToxR. VttRA and VttRB are encoded on the horizontally acquired T3SS genomic island, whereas ToxR is encoded on the ancestral chromosome. While strains carrying deletions in any one of the three transcriptional regulatory genes are unable to cause eukaryotic cell death, the results of complementation studies point to a hierarchy of regulatory control that converges on vttRB expression. The data suggest both that ToxR and VttRA act upstream of VttRB and that modifying the level of either vttRA or vttRB expression can strongly influence T3SS gene expression. We therefore propose a model whereby T3SS activity and, hence, in vitro cytotoxicity are ultimately regulated by vttRB expression. IMPORTANCE In contrast to O1 and O139 serogroup V. cholerae strains that cause cholera using two main virulence factors (toxin-coregulated pilus [TCP] and cholera toxin [CT]), O39 serogroup strain AM-19226 uses a type 3 secretion system as its principal virulence mechanism. Although the regulatory network governing TCP and CT expression is well understood, the factors influencing T3SS-associated virulence are not. Using an in vitro mammalian cell model to investigate the role of three ToxR-like transmembrane transcriptional activators in causing T3SS-dependent cytotoxicity, we found that expression levels and a hierarchical organization were important for promoting T3SS gene expression. Furthermore, our results suggest that horizontally acquired, ToxR-like proteins act in concert with the ancestral ToxR protein to orchestrate T3SS-mediated pathogenicity.
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