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Song Y, Xu Z, Zhong Q, Zhang R, Sun X, Chen G. Sulfur signaling pathway in cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1303465. [PMID: 38074127 PMCID: PMC10704606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), recognized as endogenous sulfur-containing gas signaling molecules, were the third and fourth molecules to be identified subsequent to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide (CO), and exerted diverse biological effects on the cardiovascular system. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the actions of H2S and SO2 have remained elusive until now. Recently, novel post-translational modifications known as S-sulfhydration and S-sulfenylation, induced by H2S and SO2 respectively, have been proposed. These modifications involve the chemical alteration of specific cysteine residues in target proteins through S-sulfhydration and S-sulfenylation, respectively. H2S induced S-sulfhydrylation can have a significant impact on various cellular processes such as cell survival, apoptosis, cell proliferation, metabolism, mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, vasodilation, anti-inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system. Alternatively, S-sulfenylation caused by SO2 serves primarily to maintain vascular homeostasis. Additional research is warranted to explore the physiological function of proteins with specific cysteine sites, despite the considerable advancements in comprehending the role of H2S-induced S-sulfhydration and SO2-induced S-sulfenylation in the cardiovascular system. The primary objective of this review is to present a comprehensive examination of the function and potential mechanism of S-sulfhydration and S-sulfenylation in the cardiovascular system. Proteins that undergo S-sulfhydration and S-sulfenylation may serve as promising targets for therapeutic intervention and drug development in the cardiovascular system. This could potentially expedite the future development and utilization of drugs related to H2S and SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zihang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xutao Sun
- Department of Typhoid, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Guozhen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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2
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Barbacena P, Dominguez-Cejudo M, Fonseca CG, Gómez-González M, Faure LM, Zarkada G, Pena A, Pezzarossa A, Ramalho D, Giarratano Y, Ouarné M, Barata D, Fortunato IC, Misikova LH, Mauldin I, Carvalho Y, Trepat X, Roca-Cusachs P, Eichmann A, Bernabeu MO, Franco CA. Competition for endothelial cell polarity drives vascular morphogenesis in the mouse retina. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2321-2333.e9. [PMID: 36220082 PMCID: PMC9552591 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Blood-vessel formation generates unique vascular patterns in each individual. The principles governing the apparent stochasticity of this process remain to be elucidated. Using mathematical methods, we find that the transition between two fundamental vascular morphogenetic programs-sprouting angiogenesis and vascular remodeling-is established by a shift of collective front-to-rear polarity of endothelial cells in the mouse retina. We demonstrate that the competition between biochemical (VEGFA) and mechanical (blood-flow-induced shear stress) cues controls this collective polarity shift. Shear stress increases tension at focal adhesions overriding VEGFA-driven collective polarization, which relies on tension at adherens junctions. We propose that vascular morphogenetic cues compete to regulate individual cell polarity and migration through tension shifts that translates into tissue-level emergent behaviors, ultimately leading to uniquely organized vascular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barbacena
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Dominguez-Cejudo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina G Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel Gómez-González
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura M Faure
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgia Zarkada
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andreia Pena
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna Pezzarossa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Research, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ramalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ylenia Giarratano
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie Ouarné
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabela C Fortunato
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lenka Henao Misikova
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ian Mauldin
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yulia Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Miguel O Bernabeu
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; The Bayes Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cláudio A Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Lisbon, Portugal.
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3
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Kutikhin AG, Shishkova DK, Velikanova EA, Sinitsky MY, Sinitskaya AV, Markova VE. Endothelial Dysfunction in the Context of Blood–Brain Barrier Modeling. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022; 58:781-806. [PMID: 35789679 PMCID: PMC9243926 DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we discuss pathophysiological approaches to the defining
of endothelial dysfunction criteria (i.e., endothelial activation,
impaired endothelial mechanotransduction, endothelial-to-mesenchymal
transition, reduced nitric oxide release, compromised endothelial
integrity, and loss of anti-thrombogenic properties) in different
in vitro and in vivo models. The canonical definition of endothelial
dysfunction includes insufficient production of vasodilators, pro-thrombotic
and pro-inflammatory activation of endothelial cells, and pathologically
increased endothelial permeability. Among the clinical consequences
of endothelial dysfunction are arterial hypertension, macro- and
microangiopathy, and microalbuminuria. We propose to extend the definition
of endothelial dysfunction by adding altered endothelial mechanotransduction
and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition to its criteria. Albeit
interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and MCP-1/CCL2 dictate the pathogenic
paracrine effects of dysfunctional endothelial cells and are therefore
reliable endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in vitro, they are non-specific
for endothelial cells and cannot be used for the diagnostics of
endothelial dysfunction in vivo. Conceptual improvements in the
existing methods to model endothelial dysfunction, specifically,
in relation to the blood–brain barrier, include endothelial cell
culturing under pulsatile flow, collagen IV coating of flow chambers,
and endothelial lysate collection from the blood vessels of laboratory
animals in situ for the subsequent gene and protein expression profiling.
Combined with the simulation of paracrine effects by using conditioned
medium from dysfunctional endothelial cells, these flow-sensitive
models have a high physiological relevance, bringing the experimental
conditions to the physiological scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Kutikhin
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - D. K. Shishkova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - E. A. Velikanova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - M. Yu. Sinitsky
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - A. V. Sinitskaya
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - V. E. Markova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
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Guo Y, Mei F, Huang Y, Ma S, Wei Y, Zhang X, Xu M, He Y, Heng BC, Chen L, Deng X. Matrix stiffness modulates tip cell formation through the p-PXN-Rac1-YAP signaling axis. Bioact Mater 2021; 7:364-376. [PMID: 34466738 PMCID: PMC8379356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial tip cell outgrowth of blood-vessel sprouts marks the initiation of angiogenesis which is critical in physiological and pathophysiological procedures. However, how mechanical characteristics of extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates tip cell formation has been largely neglected. In this study, we found enhanced CD31 expression in the stiffening outer layer of hepatocellular carcinoma than in surrounding soft tissues. Stiffened matrix promoted sprouting from endothelial cell (EC) spheroids and upregulated expressions of tip cell-enriched genes in vitro. Moreover, tip cells showed increased cellular stiffness, more actin cytoskeleton organization and enhanced YAP nuclear transfer than stalk and phalanx ECs. We further uncovered that substrate stiffness regulates FAK and Paxillin phosphorylation in focal adhesion of ECs promoting Rac1 transition from inactive to active state. YAP is subsequently activated and translocated into nucleus, leading to increased tip cell specification. p-Paxillin can also loosen the intercellular connection which also facilitates tip cell specification. Collectively our present study shows that matrix stiffness modulates tip cell formation through p-PXN-Rac1-YAP signaling axis, shedding light on the role of mechanotransduction in tip cell formation. This is of special significance in biomaterial design and treatment of some pathological situations. Mechanotransduction is implicated in angiogenesis and tip cell formation. Tip cells showed different mechanical properties from stalk and phalanx ECs. Paxillin, Rac1 and YAP might be novel treatment targets for some diseases. Material stiffness affects tip cell specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Guo
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Siqin Ma
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xuliang Deng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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5
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Wacker M, Riedel J, Walles H, Scherner M, Awad G, Varghese S, Schürlein S, Garke B, Veluswamy P, Wippermann J, Hülsmann J. Comparative Evaluation on Impacts of Fibronectin, Heparin-Chitosan, and Albumin Coating of Bacterial Nanocellulose Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts on Endothelialization In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081952. [PMID: 34443783 PMCID: PMC8398117 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we contrast the impacts of surface coating bacterial nanocellulose small-diameter vascular grafts (BNC-SDVGs) with human albumin, fibronectin, or heparin–chitosan upon endothelialization with human saphenous vein endothelial cells (VEC) or endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in vitro. In one scenario, coated grafts were cut into 2D circular patches for static colonization of a defined inner surface area; in another scenario, they were mounted on a customized bioreactor and subsequently perfused for cell seeding. We evaluated the colonization by emerging metabolic activity and the preservation of endothelial functionality by water soluble tetrazolium salts (WST-1), acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) uptake assays, and immune fluorescence staining. Uncoated BNC scaffolds served as controls. The fibronectin coating significantly promoted adhesion and growth of VECs and EPCs, while albumin only promoted adhesion of VECs, but here, the cells were functionally impaired as indicated by missing AcLDL uptake. The heparin–chitosan coating led to significantly improved adhesion of EPCs, but not VECs. In summary, both fibronectin and heparin–chitosan coatings could beneficially impact the endothelialization of BNC-SDVGs and might therefore represent promising approaches to help improve the longevity and reduce the thrombogenicity of BNC-SDVGs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Wacker
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (S.V.); (P.V.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-67-14102
| | - Jan Riedel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (S.V.); (P.V.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Heike Walles
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Scherner
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (S.V.); (P.V.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - George Awad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (S.V.); (P.V.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Sam Varghese
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (S.V.); (P.V.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Sebastian Schürlein
- Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Bernd Garke
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Priya Veluswamy
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (S.V.); (P.V.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jens Wippermann
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (S.V.); (P.V.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jörn Hülsmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (S.V.); (P.V.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
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Huang Y, Qian JY, Cheng H, Li XM. Effects of shear stress on differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:894-913. [PMID: 34367483 PMCID: PMC8316872 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is an appealing potential therapy for vascular diseases and an indispensable key step in vascular tissue engineering. Substantial effort has been made to differentiate stem cells toward vascular cell phenotypes, including endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells. The microenvironment of vascular cells not only contains biochemical factors that influence differentiation but also exerts hemodynamic forces, such as shear stress and cyclic strain. More recently, studies have shown that shear stress can influence the differentiation of stem cells toward ECs. A deep understanding of the responses and underlying mechanisms involved in this process is essential for clinical translation. This review highlights current data supporting the role of shear stress in stem cell differentiation into ECs. Potential mechanisms and signaling cascades for transducing shear stress into a biological signal are proposed. Further study of stem cell responses to shear stress will be necessary to apply stem cells for pharmacological applications and cardiovascular implants in the realm of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-Yi Qian
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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7
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Inflammatory Mechanisms Contributing to Endothelial Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070781. [PMID: 34356845 PMCID: PMC8301477 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of endothelial cell integrity is an important component of human health and disease since the endothelium can perform various functions including regulation of vascular tone, control of hemostasis and thrombosis, cellular adhesion, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and vascular inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction is encompassed by complex pathophysiology that is based on endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and endothelial activation following stimulation from various inflammatory mediators (molecular patterns, oxidized lipoproteins, cytokines). The downstream signaling via nuclear factor-κB leads to overexpression of adhesion molecules, selectins, and chemokines that facilitate leukocyte adhesion, rolling, and transmigration to the subendothelial space. Moreover, oscillatory shear stress leads to pro-inflammatory endothelial activation with increased monocyte adhesion and endothelial cell apoptosis, an effect that is dependent on multiple pathways and flow-sensitive microRNA regulation. Moreover, the role of neutrophil extracellular traps and NLRP3 inflammasome as inflammatory mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction has recently been unveiled and is under further investigation. Consequently, and following their activation, injured endothelial cells release inflammatory mediators and enter a pro-thrombotic state through activation of coagulation pathways, downregulation of thrombomodulin, and an increase in platelet adhesion and aggregation owing to the action of von-Willebrand factor, ultimately promoting atherosclerosis progression.
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Chowdhury F, Huang B, Wang N. Cytoskeletal prestress: The cellular hallmark in mechanobiology and mechanomedicine. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:249-276. [PMID: 33754478 PMCID: PMC8518377 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that mechanical forces, in addition to soluble molecules, impact cell and tissue functions in physiology and diseases. How living cells integrate mechanical signals to perform appropriate biological functions is an area of intense investigation. Here, we review the evidence of the central role of cytoskeletal prestress in mechanotransduction and mechanobiology. Elevating cytoskeletal prestress increases cell stiffness and reinforces cell stiffening, facilitates long-range cytoplasmic mechanotransduction via integrins, enables direct chromatin stretching and rapid gene expression, spurs embryonic development and stem cell differentiation, and boosts immune cell activation and killing of tumor cells whereas lowering cytoskeletal prestress maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency, promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of stem cell-like malignant tumor-repopulating cells, and elevates drug delivery efficiency of soft-tumor-cell-derived microparticles. The overwhelming evidence suggests that the cytoskeletal prestress is the governing principle and the cellular hallmark in mechanobiology. The application of mechanobiology to medicine (mechanomedicine) is rapidly emerging and may help advance human health and improve diagnostics, treatment, and therapeutics of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy ProcessesSouthern Illinois University CarbondaleCarbondaleIllinoisUSA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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9
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Li F, Park TH, Sankin G, Gilchrist C, Liao D, Chan CU, Mao Z, Hoffman BD, Zhong P. Mechanically induced integrin ligation mediates intracellular calcium signaling with single pulsating cavitation bubbles. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6090-6104. [PMID: 33897901 PMCID: PMC8058710 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic ultrasound or shockwave has shown its great potential to stimulate neural and muscle tissue, where cavitation microbubble induced Ca2+ signaling is believed to play an important role. However, the pertinent mechanisms are unknown, especially at the single-cell level. Particularly, it is still a major challenge to get a comprehensive understanding of the effect of potential mechanosensitive molecular players on the cellular responses, including mechanosensitive ion channels, purinergic signaling and integrin ligation by extracellular matrix. Methods: Here, laser-induced cavitation microbubble was used to stimulate individual HEK293T cells either genetically knocked out or expressing Piezo1 ion channels with different normalized bubble-cell distance. Ca2+ signaling and potential membrane poration were evaluated with a real-time fluorescence imaging system. Integrin-binding microbeads were attached to the apical surface of the cells at mild cavitation conditions, where the effect of Piezo1, P2X receptors and integrin ligation on single cell intracellular Ca2+ signaling was assessed. Results: Ca2+ responses were rare at normalized cell-bubble distances that avoided membrane poration, even with overexpression of Piezo1, but could be increased in frequency to 42% of cells by attaching integrin-binding beads. We identified key molecular players in the bead-enhanced Ca2+ response: increased integrin ligation by substrate ECM triggered ATP release and activation of P2X-but not Piezo1-ion channels. The resultant Ca2+ influx caused dynamic changes in cell spread area. Conclusion: This approach to safely eliciting a Ca2+ response with cavitation microbubbles and the uncovered mechanism by which increased integrin-ligation mediates ATP release and Ca2+ signaling will inform new strategies to stimulate tissues with ultrasound and shockwaves.
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10
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Guessoum O, de Goes Martini A, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Deciphering the Identity of Renin Cells in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:280-292. [PMID: 33162328 PMCID: PMC7914220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypotension and changes in fluid-electrolyte balance pose immediate threats to survival. Juxtaglomerular cells respond to such threats by increasing the synthesis and secretion of renin. In addition, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) along the renal arterioles transform into renin cells until homeostasis has been regained. However, chronic unrelenting stimulation of renin cells leads to severe kidney damage. Here, we discuss the origin, distribution, function, and plasticity of renin cells within the kidney and immune compartments and the consequences of distorting the renin program. Understanding how chronic stimulation of these cells in the context of hypertension may lead to vascular pathology will serve as a foundation for targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guessoum
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexandre de Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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11
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Shear Stress Increases V-H + -ATPase and Acidic Vesicle Number Density, and p-mTORC2 Activation in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:591-604. [PMID: 33281989 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cells in the tumor microenvironment experience mechanical stresses, such as compression generated by uncontrolled cell growth within a tissue, increased substrate stiffness due to tumor cell extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and leaky angiogenic vessels which involve low fluid shear stress. With our hypothesis that shear stress increases V-H + -ATPase number density in prostate cancer cells via activation of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways, we demonstrated and quantified such a mechanism in prostate cancer cells. Methods Moderately metastatic DU145 and highly metastatic PC3 prostate cancer cells were subjected to 0.05 dynes cm - 2 wall shear stress for 24 h, followed by immunocytochemistry and fluorescence measurements of β 1 integrin, endosome, lysosome, V-H + -ATPase proton pump, mTORC1, and p-mTORC2 antibodies. Post shear stress migration assays, and the effects of vacuolar proton pump inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 (60 nM, 24 h) as well as shear stress on the ICC fluorescence intensity of the proteins of interest were conducted with DU145 cells. Results Low fluid shear stress increases the fluorescence intensity of β 1 integrin, endosome, lysosome, V-H + -ATPase, mTORC1, and p-mTORC2 antibodies in PC3 and DU145 cells, and also increased cell migration. However, Bafilomycin A1 decreased fluorescence intensity of all of these proteins in DU145 cells exposed to shear stress, revealing that V-H + -ATPase controls the expression of these proteins. Conclusions Prostate cancer cell mechanotransduction increases endosomes, lysosomes, and proton pumps-where increases have been associated with enhanced cancer aggressiveness. We also show that the prostate cancer cell's response to force promotes the cancer drivers mTORC1 and mTORC2.
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12
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Tsata V, Beis D. In Full Force. Mechanotransduction and Morphogenesis during Homeostasis and Tissue Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040040. [PMID: 33019569 PMCID: PMC7711708 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of form and function have been the focus of numerous studies in the context of development and more recently regeneration. Our understanding on how cells, tissues and organs sense and interpret external cues, such as mechanical forces, is becoming deeper as novel techniques in imaging are applied and the relevant signaling pathways emerge. These cellular responses can be found from bacteria to all multicellular organisms such as plants and animals. In this review, we focus on hemodynamic flow and endothelial shear stress during cardiovascular development and regeneration, where the interactions of morphogenesis and proper function are more prominent. In addition, we address the recent literature on the role of extracellular matrix and fibrotic response during tissue repair and regeneration. Finally, we refer to examples where the integration of multi-disciplinary approaches to understand the biomechanics of cellular responses could be utilized in novel medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Tsata
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (D.B.); Tel.: +3021-0659-7439 (V.T. & D.B.)
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (D.B.); Tel.: +3021-0659-7439 (V.T. & D.B.)
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells (ECs) sense the forces from blood flow through the glycocalyx, a carbohydrate rich luminal surface layer decorating most cells, and through forces transmitted through focal adhesions (FAs) on the abluminal side of the cell. OBJECTIVES This perspective paper explores a complementary hypothesis, that glycocalyx molecules on the abluminal side of the EC between the basement membrane and the EC membrane, occupying the space outside of FAs, work in concert with FAs to sense blood flow-induced shear stress applied to the luminal surface. RESULTS First, we summarize recent studies suggesting that the glycocalyx repels the plasma membrane away from the basement membrane, while integrin molecules attach to extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands. This coordinated attraction and repulsion results in the focal nature of integrin-mediated adhesion making the abluminal glycocalyx a participant in mechanotransduction. Further, the glycocalyx mechanically links the plasma membrane to the basement membrane providing a mechanism of force transduction when the cell deforms in the peri-FA space. To determine if the membrane might deform against a restoring force of an elastic abluminal glycocalyx in the peri-FA space we present some analysis from a multicomponent elastic finite element model of a sheared and focally adhered endothelial cell whose abluminal topography was assessed using quantitative total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy with an assumption that glycocalyx fills the space between the membrane and extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS While requiring experimental verification, this analysis supports the hypothesis that shear on the luminal surface can be transmitted to the abluminal surface and deform the cell in the vicinity of the focal adhesions, with the magnitude of deformation depending on the abluminal glycocalyx modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Butler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Intercollege Graduate Program of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Intercollege Graduate Program of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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14
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Butler PJ. Mechanobiology of dynamic enzyme systems. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:010907. [PMID: 32161834 PMCID: PMC7054122 DOI: 10.1063/1.5133645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This Perspective paper advances a hypothesis of mechanosensation by endothelial cells in which the cell is a dynamic crowded system, driven by continuous enzyme activity, that can be shifted from one non-equilibrium state to another by external force. The nature of the shift will depend on the direction, rate of change, and magnitude of the force. Whether force induces a pathophysiological or physiological change in cell biology will be determined by whether the dynamics of a cellular system can accommodate the dynamics and magnitude of the force application. The complex interplay of non-static cytoskeletal structures governs internal cellular rheology, dynamic spatial reorganization, and chemical kinetics of proteins such as integrins, and a flaccid membrane that is dynamically supported; each may constitute the necessary dynamic properties able to sense external fluid shear stress and reorganize in two and three dimensions. The resulting reorganization of enzyme systems in the cell membrane and cytoplasm may drive the cell to a new physiological state. This review focuses on endothelial cell mechanotransduction of shear stress, but may lead to new avenues of investigation of mechanobiology in general requiring new tools for interrogation of mechanobiological systems, tools that will enable the synthesis of large amounts of spatial and temporal data at the molecular, cellular, and system levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Butler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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15
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Li A, Sun M, Spill F, Sun R, Zaman MH. Are the Effects of Independent Biophysical Factors Linearly Additive? A 3D Tumor Migration Model. Biophys J 2019; 117:1702-1713. [PMID: 31630809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial fluid flow plays a critical role in tumor cell invasion, yet this role has not been explored extensively in combination with other microenvironmental factors. Here, we establish a novel computational model of three-dimensional breast cancer cell migration to unveil the effect of interstitial fluid flow in the dependence of various extracellular matrix (ECM) physical properties. Our model integrates several principal factors: fluid dynamics, autologous chemotaxis, collagen fiber network structure, ECM stiffness, and cell-fiber and cell-flow interaction. First, independently with an aligned collagen fiber network and interstitial fluid flow, this model is validated by successfully reproducing the cell migration patterns. In the model, the interstitial fluid flow leads to directional symmetry breaking of chemotactic migration and synergizes with the ECM orientation to regulate cell migration. This synergy is universal in both the mesenchymal and the amoeboid migration modes, despite the fact that the cell-ECM interaction are different. Consequently, we construct a cell displacement function depending on these factors. Our cell migration model enables three-dimensional cancer migration prediction, mechanism exploration, and inhibition treatment design in a complex tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fabian Spill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ren Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Muhammad H Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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16
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Krüger-Genge A, Blocki A, Franke RP, Jung F. Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184411. [PMID: 31500313 PMCID: PMC6769656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells (EC), constitutes the inner cellular lining of arteries, veins and capillaries and therefore is in direct contact with the components and cells of blood. The endothelium is not only a mere barrier between blood and tissues but also an endocrine organ. It actively controls the degree of vascular relaxation and constriction, and the extravasation of solutes, fluid, macromolecules and hormones, as well as that of platelets and blood cells. Through control of vascular tone, EC regulate the regional blood flow. They also direct inflammatory cells to foreign materials, areas in need of repair or defense against infections. In addition, EC are important in controlling blood fluidity, platelet adhesion and aggregation, leukocyte activation, adhesion, and transmigration. They also tightly keep the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis and play a major role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation and angiogenesis. To fulfill these different tasks, EC are heterogeneous and perform distinctly in the various organs and along the vascular tree. Important morphological, physiological and phenotypic differences between EC in the different parts of the arterial tree as well as between arteries and veins optimally support their specified functions in these vascular areas. This review updates the current knowledge about the morphology and function of endothelial cells, particularly their differences in different localizations around the body paying attention specifically to their different responses to physical, biochemical and environmental stimuli considering the different origins of the EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krüger-Genge
- Department of Biomaterials and Healthcare, Division of Life Science and Bioprocesses, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany.
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2Y9, Canada.
| | - Anna Blocki
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ITERM), School of Biomedical Sciences (SBS), Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ralf-Peter Franke
- Central Institute for Biomedical Technology, Dep. Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
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17
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Sengupta S, Rothenberg KE, Li H, Hoffman BD, Bursac N. Altering integrin engagement regulates membrane localization of K ir2.1 channels. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs225383. [PMID: 31391240 PMCID: PMC6771140 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.225383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
How ion channels localize and distribute on the cell membrane remains incompletely understood. We show that interventions that vary cell adhesion proteins and cell size also affect the membrane current density of inward-rectifier K+ channels (Kir2.1; encoded by KCNJ2) and profoundly alter the action potential shape of excitable cells. By using micropatterning to manipulate the localization and size of focal adhesions (FAs) in single HEK293 cells engineered to stably express Kir2.1 channels or in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, we establish a robust linear correlation between FA coverage and the amplitude of Kir2.1 current at both the local and whole-cell levels. Confocal microscopy showed that Kir2.1 channels accumulate in membrane proximal to FAs. Selective pharmacological inhibition of key mediators of protein trafficking and the spatially dependent alterations in the dynamics of Kir2.1 fluorescent recovery after photobleaching revealed that the Kir2.1 channels are transported to the cell membrane uniformly, but are preferentially internalized by endocytosis at sites that are distal from FAs. Based on these results, we propose adhesion-regulated membrane localization of ion channels as a fundamental mechanism of controlling cellular electrophysiology via mechanochemical signals, independent of the direct ion channel mechanogating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnali Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Hanjun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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18
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Xanthis I, Souilhol C, Serbanovic-Canic J, Roddie H, Kalli AC, Fragiadaki M, Wong R, Shah DR, Askari JA, Canham L, Akhtar N, Feng S, Ridger V, Waltho J, Pinteaux E, Humphries MJ, Bryan MT, Evans PC. β1 integrin is a sensor of blood flow direction. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.229542. [PMID: 31076511 PMCID: PMC6589088 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) sensing of fluid shear stress direction is a critical determinant of vascular health and disease. Unidirectional flow induces EC alignment and vascular homeostasis, whereas bidirectional flow has pathophysiological effects. ECs express several mechanoreceptors that respond to flow, but the mechanism for sensing shear stress direction is poorly understood. We determined, by using in vitro flow systems and magnetic tweezers, that β1 integrin is a key sensor of force direction because it is activated by unidirectional, but not bidirectional, shearing forces. β1 integrin activation by unidirectional force was amplified in ECs that were pre-sheared in the same direction, indicating that alignment and β1 integrin activity has a feedforward interaction, which is a hallmark of system stability. En face staining and EC-specific genetic deletion studies in the murine aorta revealed that β1 integrin is activated and is essential for EC alignment at sites of unidirectional flow but is not activated at sites of bidirectional flow. In summary, β1 integrin sensing of unidirectional force is a key mechanism for decoding blood flow mechanics to promote vascular homeostasis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Xanthis
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Hannah Roddie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Antreas C Kalli
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Raymond Wong
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Dhruv R Shah
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Janet A Askari
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lindsay Canham
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nasreen Akhtar
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Shuang Feng
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jonathan Waltho
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Matthew T Bryan
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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19
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Fang Y, Wu D, Birukov KG. Mechanosensing and Mechanoregulation of Endothelial Cell Functions. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:873-904. [PMID: 30873580 PMCID: PMC6697421 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a semiselective barrier for macromolecules and cell elements regulated by dynamic interactions between cytoskeletal elements and cell adhesion complexes. ECs also participate in many other vital processes including innate immune reactions, vascular repair, secretion, and metabolism of bioactive molecules. Moreover, vascular ECs represent a unique cell type exposed to continuous, time-dependent mechanical forces: different patterns of shear stress imposed by blood flow in macrovasculature and by rolling blood cells in the microvasculature; circumferential cyclic stretch experienced by the arterial vascular bed caused by heart propulsions; mechanical stretch of lung microvascular endothelium at different magnitudes due to spontaneous respiration or mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that vascular ECs contain mechanosensory complexes, which rapidly react to changes in mechanical loading, process the signal, and develop context-specific adaptive responses to rebalance the cell homeostatic state. The significance of the interactions between specific mechanical forces in the EC microenvironment together with circulating bioactive molecules in the progression and resolution of vascular pathologies including vascular injury, atherosclerosis, pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome has been only recently recognized. This review will summarize the current understanding of EC mechanosensory mechanisms, modulation of EC responses to humoral factors by surrounding mechanical forces (particularly the cyclic stretch), and discuss recent findings of magnitude-specific regulation of EC functions by transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic mechanisms using -omics approaches. We also discuss ongoing challenges and future opportunities in developing new therapies targeting dysregulated mechanosensing mechanisms to treat vascular diseases. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:873-904, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Correspondence to
| | - David Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Vekilov DP, Grande-Allen KJ. Mechanical Properties of Diseased Veins. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 14:182-187. [PMID: 30410647 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-14-3-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research exists on arterial mechanical properties and how they change in disease conditions, but substantially less is known about venous mechanics in healthy and disease states. Although the mechanics of both vessel types are determined by the unique layered composition of the vessel wall, the precise distribution of the layers differs greatly between arteries and veins. Thus, vein mechanics must be analyzed and understood independently from those of arteries. This review discusses the compositional attributes that are unique to veins, how these attributes contribute to venous mechanics, and the alterations that occur to both composition and material properties during venous thrombosis and insufficiency. In general, changes to the venous wall during thrombosis increase wall stiffness and decrease extensibility. During venous insufficiency, however, both the stiffness and the extensibility of the venous wall decrease. Characterizing these changes is essential to better understand disease progression and build vein-specific devices for treating venous disease.
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21
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Ikeuchi T, de Vega S, Forcinito P, Doyle AD, Amaral J, Rodriguez IR, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Yamada Y. Extracellular Protein Fibulin-7 and Its C-Terminal Fragment Have In Vivo Antiangiogenic Activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17654. [PMID: 30518776 PMCID: PMC6281620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for tissue development and homeostasis; however, excessive angiogenesis can lead to diseases, including arthritis and cancer metastasis. Some antiangiogenic drugs are available, but side effects remain problematic. Thus, alternative angiogenesis inhibition strategies are needed. Fibulin-7 (Fbln7) is a newly discovered member of the fibulin protein family, a group of cell-secreted glycoproteins, that functions as a cell adhesion molecule and interacts with other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as well as cell receptors. We previously showed that a recombinant C-terminal Fbln7 fragment (Fbln7-C) inhibits tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. In the present study, we examined the in vivo antiangiogenic activity of recombinant full-length Fbln7 (Fbln7-FL) and Fbln7-C proteins using a rat corneal angiogenesis model. We found that both Fbln7-FL and Fbln7-C inhibited neovascularization. Fbln7-C bound to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), inhibiting VEGFR2 and ERK phosphorylation and resulting in reduced HUVEC motility. HUVEC attachment to Fbln7-C occurred through an interaction with integrin α5β1 and regulated changes in cellular morphology. These results suggest that Fbln7-C action may target neovascularization by altering cell/ECM associations. Therefore, Fbln7-C could have potential as a therapeutic agent for diseases associated with angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ikeuchi
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
| | - Susana de Vega
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Patricia Forcinito
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Office of Portfolio Analysis, Office of the Director, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Juan Amaral
- Mechanism of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Division of Intermural Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Ignacio R Rodriguez
- Mechanism of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Sterculia Farms, 11601 SW Fox Brown Rd, Indiantown, Florida, 33496, USA
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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22
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Chatterjee S. Endothelial Mechanotransduction, Redox Signaling and the Regulation of Vascular Inflammatory Pathways. Front Physiol 2018; 9:524. [PMID: 29930512 PMCID: PMC5999754 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium that lines the interior of blood vessels is directly exposed to blood flow. The shear stress arising from blood flow is “sensed” by the endothelium and is “transduced” into biochemical signals that eventually control vascular tone and homeostasis. Sensing and transduction of physical forces occur via signaling processes whereby the forces associated with blood flow are “sensed” by a mechanotransduction machinery comprising of several endothelial cell elements. Endothelial “sensing” involves converting the physical cues into cellular signaling events such as altered membrane potential and activation of kinases, which are “transmission” signals that cause oxidant production. Oxidants produced are the “transducers” of the mechanical signals? What is the function of these oxidants/redox signals? Extensive data from various studies indicate that redox signals initiate inflammation signaling pathways which in turn can compromise vascular health. Thus, inflammation, a major response to infection or endotoxins, can also be initiated by the endothelium in response to various flow patterns ranging from aberrant flow to alteration of flow such as cessation or sudden increase in blood flow. Indeed, our work has shown that endothelial mechanotransduction signaling pathways participate in generation of redox signals that affect the oxidant and inflammation status of cells. Our goal in this review article is to summarize the endothelial mechanotransduction pathways that are activated with stop of blood flow and with aberrant flow patterns; in doing so we focus on the complex link between mechanical forces and inflammation on the endothelium. Since this “inflammation susceptible” phenotype is emerging as a trigger for pathologies ranging from atherosclerosis to rejection post-organ transplant, an understanding of the endothelial machinery that triggers these processes is very crucial and timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chatterjee
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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23
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Yang TL, Lee PL, Lee DY, Wang WL, Wei SY, Lee CI, Chiu JJ. Differential regulations of fibronectin and laminin in Smad2 activation in vascular endothelial cells in response to disturbed flow. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:1. [PMID: 29295709 PMCID: PMC5749020 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis occurs in arterial curvatures and branches, where the flow is disturbed with low and oscillatory shear stress (OSS). The remodeling and alterations of extracellular matrices (ECMs) and their composition is the critical step in atherogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of different ECM proteins on the regulation of mechanotransduction in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in response to OSS. METHODS Through the experiments ranging from in vitro cell culture studies on effects of OSS on molecular signaling to in vivo examinations on clinical specimens from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), we elucidated the roles of integrins and different ECMs, i.e., fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LM), in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor (TβR)-mediated Smad2 activation and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in ECs in response to OSS and hence atherogenesis. RESULTS OSS at 0.5±12 dynes/cm2 induces sustained increases in the association of types I and II TβRs with β1 and β3 integrins in ECs grown on FN, but it only transient increases in ECs grown on LM. OSS induces a sustained activation of Smad2 in ECs on FN, but only a transient activation of Smad2 in ECs on LM. OSS-activation of Smad2 in ECs on FN regulates downstream NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory gene expression through the activation of β1 integrin and its association with TβRs. In contrast, OSS induces transient activations of β1 and β3 integrins in ECs on LM, which associate with type I TβR to regulate Smad2 phosphorylation, resulting in transient induction of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory gene expression. In vivo investigations on diseased human coronary arteries from CAD patients revealed that Smad2 is highly activated in ECs of atherosclerotic lesions, which is accompanied by the concomitant increase of FN rather than LM in the EC layer and neointimal region of atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of how OSS regulates Smad2 signaling and pro-inflammatory genes through the complex signaling networks of integrins, TβRs, and ECMs, thus illustrating the molecular basis of regional pro-inflammatory activation within disturbed flow regions in the arterial tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Lin Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Yu Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Departments of Food Science and Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Wang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Wei
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-I Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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24
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Nakajima H, Mochizuki N. Flow pattern-dependent endothelial cell responses through transcriptional regulation. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1893-1901. [PMID: 28820314 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1364324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow provides endothelial cells (ECs) lining the inside of blood vessels with mechanical stimuli as well as humoral stimuli. Fluid shear stress, the frictional force between flowing blood and ECs, is recognized as an essential mechanical cue for vascular growth, remodeling, and homeostasis. ECs differentially respond to distinct flow patterns. High laminar shear flow leads to inhibition of cell cycle progression and stabilizes vessels, whereas low shear flow or disturbed flow leads to increased turnover of ECs and inflammatory responses of ECs prone to atherogenic. These differences of EC responses dependent on flow pattern are mainly ascribed to distinct patterns of gene expression. In this review, we highlight flow pattern-dependent transcriptional regulation in ECs by focusing on KLF2 and NFκB, major transcription factors responding to laminar flow and disturbed flow, respectively. Moreover, we introduce roles of a new flow-responsive transcriptional co-regulator, YAP, in blood vessel maintenance and discuss how these transcriptional regulators are spatiotemporally regulated by flow and then regulate EC functions in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakajima
- a Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute , Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- a Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute , Suita , Osaka , Japan.,b AMED-CREST. National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Osaka , Japan
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25
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Sulistyowati E, Permatasari N, Aris Widodo M. Combined effects of shear stress and glucose on the morphology, actin filaments, and VE-cadherin of endothelial cells in vitro. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2017; 15:31-35. [PMID: 28785603 PMCID: PMC5522977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of glucose and shear stress on the morphology and density of endothelial cells, actin filamen, and the expression of VE-cadherin. Methods After confluency of endothelial cells (3–4 days), 22 mM of d-glucose was administered for 7 days. Endothelial cells were exposed to shear stress of 10 dyne/cm2 for varied durations of 5, 8, 12, and 15 min. Morphology of ECs was observed using an inverted microscope before and after shear stress exposure. VE-cadherin and actin filament were analyzed immunohistochemically. Results Exposure to high glucose induces more shrinkage and the cell density decreased at 15 min. High glucose reduced actin filaments and the more globular ones, especially around the nuclei. There was a decline in VE-cadherin scores with significant differences between treatments with 5 mM and 22 mM of glucose. Conclusion Combination exposure of shear stress and high glucose changes morphology, reduces actin filament and VE-cadherin, of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Sulistyowati
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Malang Islamic University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nur Permatasari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - M Aris Widodo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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26
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Integrin signaling in atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2263-2282. [PMID: 28246700 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic lipid-driven inflammatory disease affecting large arteries, represents the primary cause of cardiovascular disease in the world. The local remodeling of the vessel intima during atherosclerosis involves the modulation of vascular cell phenotype, alteration of cell migration and proliferation, and propagation of local extracellular matrix remodeling. All of these responses represent targets of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors. As such, alterations in integrin signaling affect multiple aspects of atherosclerosis, from the earliest induction of inflammation to the development of advanced fibrotic plaques. Integrin signaling has been shown to regulate endothelial phenotype, facilitate leukocyte homing, affect leukocyte function, and drive smooth muscle fibroproliferative remodeling. In addition, integrin signaling in platelets contributes to the thrombotic complications that typically drive the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we examine the current literature on integrin regulation of atherosclerotic plaque development and the suitability of integrins as potential therapeutic targets to limit cardiovascular disease and its complications.
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27
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Lü D, Li Z, Gao Y, Luo C, Zhang F, Zheng L, Wang J, Sun S, Long M. β1 integrin signaling in asymmetric migration of keratinocytes under mechanical stretch in a co-cultured wound repair model. Biomed Eng Online 2016; 15:130. [PMID: 28155694 PMCID: PMC5259898 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratinocyte (KC) migration in re-epithelization is crucial in repairing injured skin. But the mechanisms of how mechanical stimuli regulate the migration of keratinocytes have been poorly understood. Methods Human immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cells were co-cultured with skin fibroblasts on PDMS membranes and transferred to the static stretch device developed in-house for additional 6 day culture under mechanical stretch to mimic surface tension in skin. To detect the expression of proteins on different position at different time points and the effect of β1 integrin mechanotransduction on HaCaT migration, Immunofluorescence, Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Flow cytometry, Western blotting assays were applied. Results Mechanical receptor of β1 integrin that recognizes its ligand of collagen I was found to be strongly associated with migration of HaCaT cells since the knockdown of β1 integrin via RNA silence eliminated the key protein expression dynamically. Here the expression of vinculin was lower but that of Cdc42 was higher for the cells at outward edge than those at inward edge, respectively, supporting that the migration capability of keratinocytes is inversely correlated with the formation of focal adhesion complexes but positively related to the lamellipodia formation. This asymmetric expression feature was further confirmed by high or low expression of PI3K for outward- or inward-migrating cells. And ERK1/2 phosphorylation was up-regulated by mechanical stretch. Conclusion We reported here, a novel mechanotransduction signaling pathways were β1 integrin-dependent pattern of keratinocytes migration under static stretch in an in vitro co-culture model. These results provided an insight into underlying molecular mechanisms of keratinocyte migration under mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunhua Luo
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shujin Sun
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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28
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Russell-Puleri S, Dela Paz NG, Adams D, Chattopadhyay M, Cancel L, Ebong E, Orr AW, Frangos JA, Tarbell JM. Fluid shear stress induces upregulation of COX-2 and PGI 2 release in endothelial cells via a pathway involving PECAM-1, PI3K, FAK, and p38. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H485-H500. [PMID: 28011582 PMCID: PMC5402016 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00035.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells play an important role in the regulation of vascular function in response to mechanical stimuli in both healthy and diseased states. Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) is an important antiatherogenic prostanoid and vasodilator produced in endothelial cells through the action of the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2. However, the mechanisms involved in sustained, shear-induced production of COX-2 and PGI2 have not been elucidated but are determined in the present study. We used cultured endothelial cells exposed to steady fluid shear stress (FSS) of 10 dyn/cm2 for 5 h to examine shear stress-induced induction of COX-2/PGI2 Our results demonstrate the relationship between the mechanosensor platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and the intracellular mechanoresponsive molecules phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in the FSS induction of COX-2 expression and PGI2 release. Knockdown of PECAM-1 (small interference RNA) expression inhibited FSS-induced activation of α5β1-integrin, upregulation of COX-2, and release of PGI2 in both bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, inhibition of the PI3K pathway (LY294002) substantially inhibited FSS activation of α5β1-integrin, upregulation of COX-2 gene and protein expression, and release of PGI2 in BAECs. Inhibition of integrin-associated FAK (PF573228) and MAPK p38 (SB203580) also inhibited the shear-induced upregulation of COX-2. Finally, a PECAM-1-/- mouse model was characterized by reduced COX-2 immunostaining in the aorta and reduced plasma PGI2 levels compared with wild-type mice, as well as complete inhibition of acute flow-induced PGI2 release compared with wild-type animals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study we determined the major mechanotransduction pathway by which blood flow-driven shear stress activates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) release in endothelial cells. Our work has demonstrated for the first time that COX-2/PGI2 mechanotransduction is mediated by the mechanosensor platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Adams
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Limary Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York
| | - Eno Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | | | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York;
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29
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Di Russo J, Luik AL, Yousif L, Budny S, Oberleithner H, Hofschröer V, Klingauf J, van Bavel E, Bakker EN, Hellstrand P, Bhattachariya A, Albinsson S, Pincet F, Hallmann R, Sorokin LM. Endothelial basement membrane laminin 511 is essential for shear stress response. EMBO J 2016; 36:183-201. [PMID: 27940654 PMCID: PMC5239996 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear detection and mechanotransduction by arterial endothelium requires junctional complexes containing PECAM-1 and VE-cadherin, as well as firm anchorage to the underlying basement membrane. While considerable information is available for junctional complexes in these processes, gained largely from in vitro studies, little is known about the contribution of the endothelial basement membrane. Using resistance artery explants, we show that the integral endothelial basement membrane component, laminin 511 (laminin α5), is central to shear detection and mechanotransduction and its elimination at this site results in ablation of dilation in response to increased shear stress. Loss of endothelial laminin 511 correlates with reduced cortical stiffness of arterial endothelium in vivo, smaller integrin β1-positive/vinculin-positive focal adhesions, and reduced junctional association of actin-myosin II In vitro assays reveal that β1 integrin-mediated interaction with laminin 511 results in high strengths of adhesion, which promotes p120 catenin association with VE-cadherin, stabilizing it at cell junctions and increasing cell-cell adhesion strength. This highlights the importance of endothelial laminin 511 in shear response in the physiologically relevant context of resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Di Russo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna-Liisa Luik
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lema Yousif
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sigmund Budny
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans Oberleithner
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Hofschröer
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Juergen Klingauf
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ed van Bavel
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ntp Bakker
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Per Hellstrand
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Frederic Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Superieure - PSL Research University, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR8550, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rupert Hallmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lydia M Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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30
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P2Y 2 receptor modulates shear stress-induced cell alignment and actin stress fibers in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:731-746. [PMID: 27652381 PMCID: PMC5272905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells release ATP in response to fluid shear stress, which activates purinergic (P2) receptor-mediated signaling molecules including endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS), a regulator of vascular tone. While P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the vasculature is well studied, the role of P2Y2 receptors in shear stress-associated endothelial cell alignment, cytoskeletal alterations, and wound repair remains ill defined. To address these aspects, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were cultured on gelatin-coated dishes and subjected to a shear stress of 1 Pa. HUVECs exposed to either P2Y2 receptor antagonists or siRNA showed impaired fluid shear stress-induced cell alignment, and actin stress fiber formation as early as 6 h. Similarly, when compared to cells expressing the P2Y2 Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) wild-type receptors, HUVECs transiently expressing the P2Y2 Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE) mutant receptors showed reduced cell alignment and actin stress fiber formation in response to shear stress as well as to P2Y2 receptor agonists in static cultures. Additionally, we observed reduced shear stress-induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (Y397), and cofilin-1 (S3) with receptor knockdown as well as in cells expressing the P2Y2 RGE mutant receptors. Consistent with the role of P2Y2 receptors in vasodilation, receptor knockdown and overexpression of P2Y2 RGE mutant receptors reduced shear stress-induced phosphorylation of AKT (S473), and eNOS (S1177). Furthermore, in a scratched wound assay, shear stress-induced cell migration was reduced by both pharmacological inhibition and receptor knockdown. Together, our results suggest a novel role for P2Y2 receptor in shear stress-induced cytoskeletal alterations in HUVECs.
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31
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Forces are important in the cardiovascular system, acting as regulators of vascular physiology and pathology. Residing at the blood vessel interface, cells (endothelial cell, EC) are constantly exposed to vascular forces, including shear stress. Shear stress is the frictional force exerted by blood flow, and its patterns differ based on vessel geometry and type. These patterns range from uniform laminar flow to nonuniform disturbed flow. Although ECs sense and differentially respond to flow patterns unique to their microenvironment, the mechanisms underlying endothelial mechanosensing remain incompletely understood. RECENT ADVANCES A large body of work suggests that ECs possess many mechanosensors that decorate their apical, junctional, and basal surfaces. These potential mechanosensors sense blood flow, translating physical force into biochemical signaling events. CRITICAL ISSUES Understanding the mechanisms by which proposed mechanosensors sense and respond to shear stress requires an integrative approach. It is also critical to understand the role of these mechanosensors not only during embryonic development but also in the different vascular beds in the adult. Possible cross talk and integration of mechanosensing via the various mechanosensors remain a challenge. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Determination of the hierarchy of endothelial mechanosensors is critical for future work, as is determination of the extent to which mechanosensors work together to achieve force-dependent signaling. The role and primary sensors of shear stress during development also remain an open question. Finally, integrative approaches must be used to determine absolute mechanosensory function of potential mechanosensors. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 373-388.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Givens
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ellie Tzima
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,2 Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics , Oxford, United Kingdom
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32
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Yurdagul A, Orr AW. Blood Brothers: Hemodynamics and Cell-Matrix Interactions in Endothelial Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:415-34. [PMID: 26715135 PMCID: PMC5011636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Alterations in endothelial function contribute to a variety of vascular diseases. In pathological conditions, the endothelium shows a reduced ability to regulate vasodilation (endothelial dysfunction) and a conversion toward a proinflammatory and leaky phenotype (endothelial activation). At the interface between the vessel wall and blood, the endothelium exists in a complex microenvironment and must translate changes in these environmental signals to alterations in vessel function. Mechanical stimulation and endothelial cell interactions with the vascular matrix, as well as a host of soluble factors, coordinately contribute to this dynamic regulation. RECENT ADVANCES Blood hemodynamics play an established role in the regulation of endothelial function. However, a growing body of work suggests that subendothelial matrix composition similarly and coordinately regulates endothelial cell phenotype such that blood flow affects matrix remodeling, which affects the endothelial response to flow. CRITICAL ISSUES Hemodynamics and soluble factors likely affect endothelial matrix remodeling through multiple mechanisms, including transforming growth factor β signaling and alterations in cell-matrix receptors, such as the integrins. Likewise, differential integrin signaling following matrix remodeling appears to regulate several key flow-induced responses, including nitric oxide production, regulation of oxidant stress, and activation of proinflammatory signaling and gene expression. Microvascular remodeling responses, such as angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, may also show coordinated regulation by flow and matrix. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Identifying the mechanisms regulating the dynamic interplay between hemodynamics and matrix remodeling and their contribution to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease remains an important research area with therapeutic implications across a variety of conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 415-434.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - A. Wayne Orr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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33
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Okech W, Abberton KM, Kuebel JM, Hocking DC, Sarelius IH. Extracellular matrix fibronectin mediates an endothelial cell response to shear stress via the heparin-binding, matricryptic RWRPK sequence of FNIII1H. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1063-H1071. [PMID: 27521419 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) respond to mechanical forces such as shear stress in a variety of ways, one of which is cytoskeletal realignment in the direction of flow. Our earlier studies implicated the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin in mechanosensory signaling to ECs in intact arterioles, via a signaling pathway dependent on the heparin-binding region of the first type III repeat of fibrillar fibronectin (FNIII1H). Here we test the hypothesis that FNIII1H is required for EC stress fiber realignment under flow. Human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) exposed to defined flow conditions were used as a well-characterized model of this stress fiber alignment response. Our results directly implicate FNIII1H in realignment of stress fibers in HUVECs and, importantly, show that the matricryptic heparin-binding RWRPK sequence located in FNIII1 is required for the response. Furthermore, we show that flow-mediated stress fiber realignment in ECs adhered via α5β1-integrin-specific ligands does not occur in the absence of FHIII1H, whereas, in contrast, αvβ3-integrin-mediated stress fiber realignment under flow does not require FNIII1H. Our findings thus indicate that there are two separate mechanosignaling pathways mediating the alignment of stress fibers after exposure of ECs to flow, one dependent on αvβ3-integrins and one dependent on FNIII1H. This study strongly supports the conclusion that the RWRPK region of FNIII1H may have broad capability as a mechanosensory signaling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Okech
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; and
| | - Keren M Abberton
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Julia M Kuebel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Denise C Hocking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Ingrid H Sarelius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Activation of integrin α5 mediated by flow requires its translocation to membrane lipid rafts in vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:769-74. [PMID: 26733684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524523113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Local flow patterns determine the uneven distribution of atherosclerotic lesions. Membrane lipid rafts and integrins are crucial for shear stress-regulated endothelial function. In this study, we investigate the role of lipid rafts and integrin α5 in regulating the inflammatory response in endothelial cells (ECs) under atheroprone versus atheroprotective flow. Lipid raft proteins were isolated from ECs exposed to oscillatory shear stress (OS) or pulsatile shear stress, and then analyzed by quantitative proteomics. Among 396 proteins redistributed in lipid rafts, integrin α5 was the most significantly elevated in lipid rafts under OS. In addition, OS increased the level of activated integrin α5 in lipid rafts through the regulation of membrane cholesterol and fluidity. Disruption of F-actin-based cytoskeleton and knockdown of caveolin-1 prevented the OS-induced integrin α5 translocation and activation. In vivo, integrin α5 activation and EC dysfunction were observed in the atheroprone areas of low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice, and knockdown of integrin α5 markedly attenuated EC dysfunction in partially ligated carotid arteries. Consistent with these findings, mice with haploinsufficency of integrin α5 exhibited a reduction of atherosclerotic lesions in the regions under atheroprone flow. The present study has revealed an integrin- and membrane lipid raft-dependent mechanotransduction mechanism by which atheroprone flow causes endothelial dysfunction.
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The role of endothelial mechanosensitive genes in atherosclerosis and omics approaches. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 591:111-31. [PMID: 26686737 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S., and is a multifactorial disease that preferentially occurs in regions of the arterial tree exposed to disturbed blood flow. The detailed mechanisms by which d-flow induces atherosclerosis involve changes in the expression of genes, epigenetic patterns, and metabolites of multiple vascular cells, especially endothelial cells. This review presents an overview of endothelial mechanobiology and its relation to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with special reference to the anatomy of the artery and the underlying fluid mechanics, followed by a discussion of a variety of experimental models to study the role of fluid mechanics and atherosclerosis. Various in vitro and in vivo models to study the role of flow in endothelial biology and pathobiology are discussed in this review. Furthermore, strategies used for the global profiling of the genome, transcriptome, miR-nome, DNA methylome, and metabolome, as they are important to define the biological and pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis. These "omics" approaches, especially those which derive data based on a single animal model, provide unprecedented opportunities to not only better understand the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis development in a holistic and integrative manner, but also to identify novel molecular and diagnostic targets.
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Wei Q, Pohl TLM, Seckinger A, Spatz JP, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. Regulation of integrin and growth factor signaling in biomaterials for osteodifferentiation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:773-83. [PMID: 26124879 PMCID: PMC4464188 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells respond to the microenvironment (niche) they are located in. Under natural conditions, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is the essential component the in stem cell niche, in which both integrin ligands and growth factors are important regulators to directly or indirectly modulate the cell behavior. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the potential of integrin ligands and growth factors to induce osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, and discuss the signaling pathways that are initiated by both individual and cooperative parameters. The joint effect of integrin ligands and growth factors is highlighted as the multivalent interactions for bone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Theresa L M Pohl
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anja Seckinger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Oncology, Hematology, and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elisabetta A Cavalcanti-Adam
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
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Hakimzadeh N, Verberne HJ, Siebes M, Piek JJ. The future of collateral artery research. Curr Cardiol Rev 2015; 10:73-86. [PMID: 23638829 PMCID: PMC3968596 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x113099990001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the event of obstructive coronary artery disease, collateral arteries have been deemed an alternative blood
source to preserve myocardial tissue perfusion and function. Monocytes play an important role in modulating this process,
by local secretion of growth factors and extracellular matrix degrading enzymes. Extensive efforts have focused on developing
compounds for augmenting the growth of collateral vessels (arteriogenesis). Nonetheless, clinical trials investigating
the therapeutic potential of these compounds resulted in disappointing outcomes. Previous studies focused on developing
compounds that stimulated collateral vessel growth by enhancing monocyte survival and activity. The limited success
of these compounds in clinical studies, led to a paradigm shift in arteriogenesis research. Recent studies have shown genetic
heterogeneity between CAD patients with sufficient and insufficient collateral vessels. The genetic predispositions in
patients with poorly developed collateral vessels include overexpression of arteriogenesis inhibiting signaling pathways.
New directions of arteriogenesis research focus on attempting to block such inhibitory pathways to ultimately promote arteriogenesis.
Methods to detect collateral vessel growth are also critical in realizing the therapeutic potential of newly developed
compounds. Traditional invasive measurements of intracoronary derived collateral flow index remain the gold
standard in quantifying functional capacity of collateral vessels. However, advancements made in hybrid diagnostic imaging
modalities will also prove to be advantageous in detecting the effects of pro-arteriogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan J Piek
- Department of Cardiology, Room B2-250, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Galie PA, van Oosten A, Chen CS, Janmey PA. Application of multiple levels of fluid shear stress to endothelial cells plated on polyacrylamide gels. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1205-12. [PMID: 25573790 PMCID: PMC4500630 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress have previously been performed on unphysiologically rigid substrates. We describe the design and implementation of a microfluidic device that applies discrete levels of shear stress to cells plated on hydrogel-based substrates of physiologically-relevant stiffness. The setup allows for measurements of cell morphology and inflammatory response to the combined stimuli, and identifies mechanisms by which vascular stiffening leads to pathological responses to blood flow. We found that the magnitude of shear stress required to affect endothelial cell morphology and inflammatory response depended on substrate stiffness. Endothelial cells on 100 Pa substrates demonstrate a greater increase in cell area and cortical stiffness and decrease in NF-κB nuclear translocation in response to TNF-α treatment compared to controls than cells plated on 10 kPa substrates. The response of endothelial cells on soft substrates to shear stress depends on the presence of hyaluronan (HA). These results emphasize the importance of substrate stiffness on endothelial function, and elucidate a means by which vascular stiffening in aging and disease can impact the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Galie
- Dept of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Li X, Yang Q, Wang Z, Wei D. Shear Stress in Atherosclerotic Plaque Determination. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:830-8. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zuo Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Dangheng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Macek Jilkova Z, Lisowska J, Manet S, Verdier C, Deplano V, Geindreau C, Faurobert E, Albigès-Rizo C, Duperray A. CCM proteins control endothelial β1 integrin dependent response to shear stress. Biol Open 2014; 3:1228-35. [PMID: 25432514 PMCID: PMC4265761 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201410132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic shear stress from blood flow on the endothelium critically regulates vascular function in many physiological and pathological situations. Endothelial cells adapt to shear stress by remodeling their cytoskeletal components and subsequently by changing their shape and orientation. We demonstrate that β1 integrin activation is critically controlled during the mechanoresponse of endothelial cells to shear stress. Indeed, we show that overexpression of the CCM complex, an inhibitor of β1 integrin activation, blocks endothelial actin rearrangement and cell reorientation in response to shear stress similarly to β1 integrin silencing. Conversely, depletion of CCM2 protein leads to an elongated “shear-stress-like” phenotype even in the absence of flow. Taken together, our findings reveal the existence of a balance between positive extracellular and negative intracellular signals, i.e. shear stress and CCM complex, for the control of β1 integrin activation and subsequent adaptation of vascular endothelial cells to mechanostimulation by fluid shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Justyna Lisowska
- INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS ERL 5284, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandra Manet
- INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS ERL 5284, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Verdier
- CNRS/Université Grenoble 1, LIPhy, UMR 5588, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Valerie Deplano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE UMR 7342, F-13384, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Geindreau
- CNRS UMR5521, 3SR, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble-INP, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Eva Faurobert
- INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS ERL 5284, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS ERL 5284, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Duperray
- INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Kim TJ, Sun J, Lu S, Qi YX, Wang Y. Prolonged mechanical stretch initiates intracellular calcium oscillations in human mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109378. [PMID: 25329052 PMCID: PMC4203723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising candidate for cell-based therapy in regenerative medicine. These stem cells can interact with their mechanical microenvironment to control their functions. External mechanical cues can be perceived and transmitted into intracellular calcium dynamics to regulate various cellular processes. Recent studies indicate that human MSCs (hMSCs) exhibit a heterogeneous nature with a subset of hMSCs lacking spontaneous calcium oscillations. In this study, we studied whether and how external mechanical tension can be applied to trigger and restore the intracellular calcium oscillation in these hMSCs lacking spontaneous activities. Utilizing the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based calcium biosensor, we found that this subpopulation of hMSCs can respond to a prolonged mechanical stretch (PMS). Further results revealed that the triggering of calcium oscillations in these cells is dependent on the calcium influx across the plasma membrane, as well as on both cytoskeletal supports, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)-driven actomyosin contractility, and phospholipase C (PLC) activity. Thus, our report confirmed that mechanical tension can govern the intracellular calcium oscillation in hMSCs, possibly via the control of the calcium permeability of channels at the plasma membrane. Our results also provide novel mechanistic insights into how hMSCs sense mechanical environment to regulate cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jie Sun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ying-Xin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Age is the greatest risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In addition, inflammation and age (senescence) have been linked at both the clinical and molecular levels. In general, senescent cells have been described as pro-inflammatory based on their senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, we have previously shown that senescence induced by overexpression of SENEX (or ARHGAP18), in endothelial cells results in an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We have investigated, at the individual cellular level, the senescent phenotype of endothelial cells following three of the chief signals associated with ageing; oxidative stress, disturbed flow and hypoxia. All three stimuli induce senescence and, based on neutrophil adhesion and expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin and VCAM-1, a population of senescent cells is seen that is resistant to inflammatory stimuli and thus we define as anti-inflammatory. The proportion of anti-inflammatory cells increases with time but remains stable at approximately 50% by eight days after induction of senescence, suggesting that these are stable phenotypes of endothelial cell senescence. Similar to other senescent cell types, p38MAPK blockade inhibits the development of the pro-inflammatory phenotype but unique to EC, there is a corresponding increase in the number of anti-inflammatory senescent cells. Thus stress-induced senescent endothelial cells display a mosaic of inflammatory phenotypes. The anti-inflammatory population suggests that senescent endothelial cells may have an unique protective role, to inhibit uncontrolled proliferation and to limit the local inflammatory response.
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43
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Collins C, Osborne LD, Guilluy C, Chen Z, O'Brien ET, Reader JS, Burridge K, Superfine R, Tzima E. Haemodynamic and extracellular matrix cues regulate the mechanical phenotype and stiffness of aortic endothelial cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3984. [PMID: 24917553 PMCID: PMC4068264 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (ECs) lining blood vessels express many mechanosensors, including platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), that convert mechanical force to biochemical signals. While it is accepted that mechanical stresses and the mechanical properties of ECs regulate vessel health, the relationship between force and biological response remains elusive. Here we show that ECs integrate mechanical forces and extracellular matrix (ECM) cues to modulate their own mechanical properties. We demonstrate that the ECM influences EC response to tension on PECAM-1. ECs adherent on collagen display divergent stiffening and focal adhesion growth compared to ECs on fibronectin. This is due to PKA-dependent serine phosphorylation and inactivation of RhoA. PKA signaling regulates focal adhesion dynamics and EC compliance in response to shear stress in vitro and in vivo. Our study identifies a ECM-specific, mechanosensitive signaling pathway that regulates EC compliance and may serve as an atheroprotective mechanism maintains blood vessel integrity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lukas D Osborne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Christophe Guilluy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - E Tim O'Brien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - John S Reader
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Keith Burridge
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [3] McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ellie Tzima
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [3] McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Abstract
Hemodynamic shear stress, the frictional force acting on vascular endothelial cells, is crucial for endothelial homeostasis under normal physiological conditions. When discussing blood flow effects on various forms of endothelial (dys)function, one considers two flow patterns: steady laminar flow and disturbed flow because endothelial cells respond differently to these flow types both in vivo and in vitro. Laminar flow which exerts steady laminar shear stress is atheroprotective while disturbed flow creates an atheroprone environment. Emerging evidence has provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms of flow-dependent regulation of vascular function that leads to cardiovascular events such as atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, and myocardial infarction. In order to study effects of shear stress and different types of flow, various models have been used. In this review, we will summarize our current views on how disturbed flow-mediated signaling pathways are involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sun Heo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
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45
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Zhou J, Li YS, Chien S. Shear stress-initiated signaling and its regulation of endothelial function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2191-8. [PMID: 24876354 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis develops preferentially at branches and curvatures of the arterial tree, where blood flow pattern is disturbed rather than being laminar, and wall shear stress has an irregular distribution without defined directions. The endothelium in the atherosusceptible regions, in comparison to that in atheroresistant regions, shows activation of proproliferative and proinflammatory gene expressions, reduced production of nitric oxide (NO), increased leukocyte adhesion, and permeability, as well as other atheroprone phenotypes. Differences in gene expressions and cell phenotypes have been detected in endothelia residing in native atherosusceptible and atheroresistant regions of the arteries, or in arteries from animal models with artificial creation of disturbed flow. Similar results have also been shown in in vitro systems that apply controlled shear stresses with or without clear directions to cultured endothelial cells in fluid-dynamically designed flow-loading devices. The available evidence indicates that the coordination of multiple signaling networks, rather than individual separate pathways, links the mechanical signals to specific genetic circuitries in orchestrating the mechanoresponsive networks to evoke comprehensive genetic and functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.Z.); and Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Z., Y.-S.L., S.C.).
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.Z.); and Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Z., Y.-S.L., S.C.)
| | - Shu Chien
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China (J.Z.); and Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Z., Y.-S.L., S.C.).
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Underwood CJ, Edgar LT, Hoying JB, Weiss JA. Cell-generated traction forces and the resulting matrix deformation modulate microvascular alignment and growth during angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H152-64. [PMID: 24816262 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00995.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The details of the mechanical factors that modulate angiogenesis remain poorly understood. Previous in vitro studies of angiogenesis using microvessel fragments cultured within collagen constructs demonstrated that neovessel alignment can be induced via mechanical constraint of the boundaries (i.e., boundary conditions). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of mechanical boundary conditions in the regulation of angiogenic alignment and growth in an in vitro model of angiogenesis. Angiogenic microvessels within three-dimensional constructs were subjected to different boundary conditions, thus producing different stress and strain fields during growth. Neovessel outgrowth and orientation were quantified from confocal image data after 6 days. Vascularity and branching decreased as the amount of constraint imposed on the culture increased. In long-axis constrained hexahedral constructs, microvessels aligned parallel to the constrained axis. In contrast, constructs that were constrained along the short axis had random microvessel orientation. Finite element models were used to simulate the contraction of gels under the various boundary conditions and to predict the local strain field experienced by microvessels. Results from the experiments and simulations demonstrated that microvessels aligned perpendicular to directions of compressive strain. Alignment was due to anisotropic deformation of the matrix from cell-generated traction forces interacting with the mechanical boundary conditions. These findings demonstrate that boundary conditions and thus the effective stiffness of the matrix regulate angiogenesis. This study offers a potential explanation for the oriented vascular beds that occur in native tissues and provides the basis for improved control of tissue vascularization in both native tissues and tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J Underwood
- Department of Bioengineering, and Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Lowell T Edgar
- Department of Bioengineering, and Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - James B Hoying
- Division of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey A Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering, and Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
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Hilgendorff A, Reiss I, Ehrhardt H, Eickelberg O, Alvira CM. Chronic lung disease in the preterm infant. Lessons learned from animal models. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:233-45. [PMID: 24024524 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0014tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal chronic lung disease, also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), is the most common complication of premature birth, affecting up to 30% of very low birth weight infants. Improved medical care has allowed for the survival of the most premature infants and has significantly changed the pathology of BPD from a disease marked by severe lung injury to the "new" form characterized by alveolar hypoplasia and impaired vascular development. However, increased patient survival has led to a paucity of pathologic specimens available from infants with BPD. This, combined with the lack of a system to model alveolarization in vitro, has resulted in a great need for animal models that mimic key features of the disease. To this end, a number of animal models have been created by exposing the immature lung to injuries induced by hyperoxia, mechanical stretch, and inflammation and most recently by the genetic modification of mice. These animal studies have 1) allowed insight into the mechanisms that determine alveolar growth, 2) delineated factors central to the pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease, and 3) informed the development of new therapies. In this review, we summarize the key findings and limitations of the most common animal models of BPD and discuss how knowledge obtained from these studies has informed clinical care. Future studies should aim to provide a more complete understanding of the pathways that preserve and repair alveolar growth during injury, which might be translated into novel strategies to treat lung diseases in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hilgendorff
- 1 Department of Perinatology Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
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48
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Chlupac J, Filova E, Havlikova J, Matejka R, Riedel T, Houska M, Brynda E, Pamula E, Rémy M, Bareille R, Fernandez P, Daculsi R, Bourget C, Bacakova L, Bordenave L. The gene expression of human endothelial cells is modulated by subendothelial extracellular matrix proteins: short-term response to laminar shear stress. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2253-64. [PMID: 24606163 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular surgery for atherosclerosis is confronted by the lack of a suitable bypass material. Tissue engineering strives to produce bio-artificial conduits to provide resistance to thrombosis. The objectives of our study were to culture endothelial cells (EC) on composite assemblies of extracellular matrix proteins, and to evaluate the cellular phenotype under flow. Cell-adhesive assemblies were fabricated on glass slides as combinations of collagen (Co), laminin (LM), and fibronectin (FN), resulting in three samples: Co, Co/LM, and Co/FN. Surface topography, roughness, and wettability were determined. Human saphenous vein EC were harvested from cardiac patients, cultured on the assemblies and submitted to laminar shear stress (SS) of 12 dyn/cm(2) for 40, 80, and 120 min. Cell retention was assessed and qRT-PCR of adhesion genes (VE-cadherin, vinculin, KDR, CD-31 or PECAM-1, β1-integrins) and metabolic genes (t-PA, NF-κB, eNOS and MMP-1) was performed. Quantitative immunofluorescence of VE cadherin, vinculin, KDR, and vonWillebrand factor was performed after 2 and 6 h of flow. Static samples were excluded from shearing. The cells reached confluence with similar growth curves. The cells on Co/LM and Co/FN were resistant to flow up to 120 min but minor desquamation occurred on Co corresponding with temporary downregulation of VE cadherin and vinculin-mRNA and decreased fluorescence of vinculin. The cells seeded on Co/LM initially more upregulated vinculin-mRNA and also the inflammatory factor NF-κB, and the cells plated on Co/FN changed the expression profile minimally in comparison with the static control. Fluorescence of VE cadherin and vonWillebrand factor was enhanced on Co/FN. The cells cultured on Co/LM and Co/FN increased the vinculin fluorescence and expressed more VE cadherin and KDR-mRNA than the cells on Co. The cells plated on Co/FN upregulated the mRNA of VE cadherin, CD-31, and MMP 1 to a greater extent than the cells on Co/LM and they enhanced the fluorescence of VE cadherin, KDR, and vonWillebrand factor. Some of these changes sustained up to 6 h of flow, as confirmed by immunofluorescence. Combined matrices Co/LM and Co/FN seem to be more suitable for EC seeding and retention under flow. Moreover, Co/FN matrix promoted slightly more favorable cellular phenotype than Co/LM under SS of 2-6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Chlupac
- 1 Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
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Chatterjee S, Fisher AB. Mechanotransduction in the endothelium: role of membrane proteins and reactive oxygen species in sensing, transduction, and transmission of the signal with altered blood flow. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:899-913. [PMID: 24328670 PMCID: PMC3924805 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Changes in shear stress associated with alterations in blood flow initiate a signaling cascade that modulates the vascular phenotype. Shear stress is "sensed" by the endothelium via a mechanosensitive complex on the endothelial cell (EC) membrane that has been characterized as a "mechanosome" consisting of caveolae, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, and possibly other elements. This shear signal is transduced by cell membrane ion channels and various kinases and results in the activation of NADPH oxidase (type 2) with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RECENT ADVANCES The signaling cascade associated with stop of shear, as would occur in vivo with various obstructive pathologies, leads to cell proliferation and eventual revascularization. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although several elements of mechanosensing such as the sensing event, the transduction, transmission, and reception of the mechanosignal are now reasonably well understood, the links among these discrete steps in the pathway are not clear. Thus, identifying the mechanisms for the interaction of the K(ATP) channel, the kinases, and ROS to drive long-term adaptive responses in ECs is necessary. A critical re-examination of the signaling events associated with complex flow patterns (turbulent, oscillatory) under physiological conditions is also essential for the progress in the field. Since these complex shear patterns may be associated with an atherosclerosis susceptible phenotype, a specific challenge will be the pharmacological modulation of the responses to altered signaling events that occur at specific sites of disturbed or obstructed flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chatterjee
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Yang J, Hartjes KA, Nelson TJ, Xu X. Cessation of contraction induces cardiomyocyte remodeling during zebrafish cardiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H382-95. [PMID: 24322613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00721.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contraction regulates heart development via a complex mechanotransduction process controlled by various mechanical forces. Here, we exploit zebrafish embryos as an in vivo animal model to discern the contribution from different mechanical forces and identify the underlying mechanotransductive signaling pathways of cardiogenesis. We treated 2 days postfertilization zebrafish embryos with Blebbistatin, a myosin II inhibitor, to stop cardiac contraction, which induces a response termed cessation of contraction-induced cardiomyocyte (CM) enlargement (CCE). Accompanying the CCE, lateral fusion of myofibrils was attenuated within CMs. The CCE can be blunted by loss of blood in tail-docked zebrafish but not in cloche mutant fish, suggesting that transmural pressure rather than shear stress is accountable for the chamber enlargement. By screening a panel of small molecule inhibitors, our data suggested essential functions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling and protein synthesis in CCE, which are independent of the sarcomere integrity. In summary, we defined a unique CCE response in genetically tractable zebrafish embryos. A panel of assays was established to verify the contribution from extrinsic forces and interrogate underlying signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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