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Bai X, Shang J, Cao X, Li M, Yu H, Wu C, Yang M, Yue X. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic reveal immune-related function of milk fat globule membrane in bovine milk of different lactation periods. Food Chem 2024; 451:139295. [PMID: 38729042 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Information regarding protein expression and phosphorylation modifications in the bovine milk fat globule membrane is scarce, particularly throughout various lactation periods. This study employed a complete proteome and phosphoproteome between bovine colostrum and mature milk. A total of 11 proteins were seen in both protein expression and phosphorylation levels. There were 400 proteins identified in only protein expression, and 104 phosphoproteins identified in only phosphorylation levels. A total of 232 significant protein characteristics were identified within the proteome and significant phosphorylation sites within 86 phosphoproteins of the phosphoproteome. Biological activities and pathways primarily exhibited associations with the immune system. Simultaneously, a comprehensive analysis of proteins and phosphorylation sites using a multi-omics approach. Hence, the data we have obtained has the potential to expand our understanding of how the bovine milk fat globule membrane might be utilized as a beneficial component in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Jingwen Shang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Hong Yu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Chunshuang Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
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2
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Mehdikhani F, Bahar A, Bashi M, Mohammadlou M, Yousefi B. From immunomodulation to therapeutic prospects: Unveiling the biology of butyrophilins in cancer. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4081. [PMID: 38934382 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Butyrophilin (BTN) proteins are a type of membrane protein that belongs to the Ig superfamily. They exhibit a high degree of structural similarity to molecules in the B7 family. They fulfill a complex function in regulating immune responses, including immunomodulatory roles, as they influence γδ T cells. The biology of BTN molecules indicates that they are capable of inhibiting the immune system's ability to detect antigens within tumors. A dynamic association between BTN molecules and cellular surfaces is also recognized in specific contexts, influencing their biology. Notably, the dynamism of BTN3A1 is associated with the immunosuppression of T cells or the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Cancer immunotherapy relies heavily on T cells to modulate immune function within the intricate interaction of the tumor microenvironment (TME). A significant interaction between the TME and antitumor immunity involves the presence of BTN, which should be taken into account when developing immunotherapy. This review explores potential therapeutic applications of BTN molecules, based on the current understanding of their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mehdikhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysa Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bashi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadlou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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3
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Yung C, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Armstrong RJ, Olyaei A, Aloia M, Scottoline B, Andres SF. Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12422. [PMID: 38602306 PMCID: PMC11007820 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains extracellular vesicles (HMEVs). Pre-clinical models suggest that HMEVs may enhance intestinal function and limit inflammation; however, it is unknown if HMEVs or their cargo survive neonatal human digestion. This limits the ability to leverage HMEV cargo as additives to infant nutrition or as therapeutics. This study aimed to develop an EV isolation pipeline from small volumes of human milk and neonatal intestinal contents after milk feeding (digesta) to address the hypothesis that HMEVs survive in vivo neonatal digestion to be taken up intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Digesta was collected from nasoduodenal sampling tubes or ostomies. EVs were isolated from raw and pasteurized human milk and digesta by density-gradient ultracentrifugation following two-step skimming, acid precipitation of caseins, and multi-step filtration. EVs were validated by electron microscopy, western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and super-resolution microscopy. EV uptake was tested in human neonatal enteroids. HMEVs and digesta EVs (dEVs) show typical EV morphology and are enriched in CD81 and CD9, but depleted of β-casein and lactalbumin. HMEV and some dEV fractions contain mammary gland-derived protein BTN1A1. Neonatal human enteroids rapidly take up dEVs in part via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data suggest that EVs can be isolated from digestive fluid and that these dEVs can be absorbed by IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Yung
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Madeline Kuhn
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Randall J. Armstrong
- Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR)Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Amy Olyaei
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Molly Aloia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Sarah F. Andres
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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Bai X, Shang J, Wu C, Yu H, Chen X, Yue X, Yang M. Phosphoproteomics Revealed Differentially Expressed Sites and Function of the Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane in Colostrum and Mature Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6040-6052. [PMID: 38454851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
One type of large and intricate post-translational modification of milk proteins that has significant biological implications is phosphorylation. The characterization of phosphoproteins found in the bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is still mostly unknown. Here, label-free phosphoproteomics was used to identify 94 phosphorylation sites from 54 MFGM phosphoproteins in bovine colostrum (BC) and 136 phosphorylation sites from 91 MFGM phosphoproteins in bovine mature milk (BM). αs1-Casein and β-casein were the most phosphorylated proteins in bovine colostrum. In bovine mature milk, perilipin-2 was the protein with the greatest number of phosphorylation sites. The results show that bovine colostrum MFGM phosphoproteins were mainly involved in immune function, whereas bovine mature MFGM phosphoproteins were mainly involved in metabolic function. Plasminogen and osteopontin were the most strongly interacting proteins in colostrum, whereas perilipin-2 was the most strongly interacting protein in bovine mature milk. This work demonstrates the unique alterations in the phosphorylation manner of the bovine MFGM protein during lactation and further expands our knowledge of the site characteristics of bovine MFGM phosphoproteins. This result confirms the value of MFGM as a reference ingredient for infant formula during different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Shang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
| | - Chunshuang Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Chen
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
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Yung C, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Armstrong RJ, Olyaei A, Aloia M, Scottoline B, Andres SF. Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.03.556067. [PMID: 38187651 PMCID: PMC10769189 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.03.556067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Human milk contains extracellular vesicles (HMEVs). Pre-clinical models suggest that HMEVs may enhance intestinal function and limit inflammation; however, it is unknown if HMEVs or their cargo survive neonatal human digestion. This limits the ability to leverage HMEV cargo as additives to infant nutrition or as therapeutics. This study aimed to develop an EV isolation pipeline from small volumes of human milk and neonatal intestinal contents after milk feeding (digesta) to address the hypothesis that HMEVs survive in vivo neonatal digestion to be taken up intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Digesta was collected from nasoduodenal sampling tubes or ostomies. EVs were isolated from raw and pasteurized human milk and digesta by density-gradient ultracentrifugation following two-step skimming, acid precipitation of caseins, and multi-step filtration. EVs were validated by electron microscopy, western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and super-resolution microscopy. EV uptake was tested in human neonatal enteroids. HMEVs and digesta EVs (dEVs) show typical EV morphology and are enriched in CD81 and CD9, but depleted of β-casein and lactalbumin. HMEV and some dEV fractions contain mammary gland-derived protein BTN1A1. Neonatal human enteroids rapidly take up dEVs in part via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data suggest that EVs can be isolated from digestive fluid and that these dEVs can be absorbed by IECs.
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Martin Carli JF, Dzieciatkowska M, Hernandez TL, Monks J, McManaman JL. Comparative proteomic analysis of human milk fat globules and paired membranes and mouse milk fat globules identifies core cellular systems contributing to mammary lipid trafficking and secretion. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1259047. [PMID: 38169886 PMCID: PMC10759240 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1259047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Human milk delivers critical nutritional and immunological support to human infants. Milk fat globules (MFGs) and their associated membranes (MFGMs) contain the majority of milk lipids and many bioactive components that contribute to neonatal development and health, yet their compositions have not been fully defined, and the mechanisms responsible for formation of these structures remain incompletely understood. Methods: In this study, we used untargeted mass spectrometry to quantitatively profile the protein compositions of freshly obtained MFGs and their paired, physically separated MFGM fractions from 13 human milk samples. We also quantitatively profiled the MFG protein compositions of 9 pooled milk samples from 18 lactating mouse dams. Results: We identified 2,453 proteins and 2,795 proteins in the majority of human MFG and MFGM samples, respectively, and 1,577 proteins in mouse MFGs. Using paired analyses of protein abundance in MFGMs compared to MFGs (MFGM-MFG; 1% FDR), we identified 699 proteins that were more highly abundant in MFGMs (MFGM-enriched), and 201 proteins that were less abundant in MFGMs (cytoplasmic). MFGM-enriched proteins comprised membrane systems (apical plasma membrane and multiple vesicular membranes) hypothesized to be responsible for lipid and protein secretion and components of membrane transport and signaling systems. Cytoplasmic proteins included ribosomal and proteasomal systems. Comparing abundance between human and mouse MFGs, we found a positive correlation (R 2 = 0.44, p < 0.0001) in the relative abundances of 1,279 proteins that were found in common across species. Discussion: Comparative pathway enrichment analyses between human and mouse samples reveal similarities in membrane trafficking and signaling pathways involved in milk fat secretion and identify potentially novel immunological components of MFGs. Our results advance knowledge of the composition and relative quantities of proteins in human and mouse MFGs in greater detail, provide a quantitative profile of specifically enriched human MFGM proteins, and identify core cellular systems involved in milk lipid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne F. Martin Carli
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Teri L. Hernandez
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James L. McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Potu H, F A L, K A, M T D, T V A. High resolution melt curve analysis identifies a novel SNP (G21A) in butyrophilin gene having significant association with milk production traits in Holstein Friesian crossbreds of Kerala. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1544-1552. [PMID: 35189067 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2039169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Butyrophilin (BTN1A1) gene is located in the neighborhood of a quantitative trait loci for milk production in bovine autosome 23. We verified the genetic variability of exon-3 in BTN1A1 and its association with milk production traits in Holstein Friesian crossbreds of Kerala. Genomic DNA was isolated and 94 bp fragment enclosing exon-3 was amplified by primers designed using PRIMER 3 based on reference sequence (GenBank NC_037350). Pooled amplicons were sequenced by Sanger's method and a novel single nucleotide polymorphism due to a transversion of guanine to adenine at position 21 of amplicon (G21A) leading to amino acid change arginine to glutamine was detected. The study population was genotyped by high-resolution melt curve analysis and revealed two genotypes with frequencies GG/0.84 and GA/0.14. The allele G was found to be the major one (G/0.93 and A/0.07). Moreover, association analysis of G21A with milk production traits was done using the General linear model-Analysis of Variance considering herd, season, and parity as non-genetic factors and milk production trait as a dependent variable. In analysis, animals with GA genotype were found to be having significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) 305 day milk (GG:2720.74 ± 122.92 kg; GA:3250.20 ± 183.24 kg), fat (GG:106.55 ± 4.32 kg; GA:126.30 ± 13.35 kg), and SNF yield (GG: 211.52 ± 9.20 kg; GA: 246.90 ± 13.70 kg). However, GG (7.80 ± 0.04) genotype has significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) SNF percent than GA (7.65 ± 0.07). Butyrophilin gene polymorphism G21A can be suggested as a molecular marker for future breeding programmes of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Potu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - Lali F A
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - Anilkumar K
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - Dipu M T
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - Aravindakshan T V
- Centre for Advance Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
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Singh A, Malla WA, Kumar A, Jain A, Thakur MS, Khare V, Tiwari SP. Review: genetic background of milk fatty acid synthesis in bovines. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:328. [PMID: 37749432 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat composition is an important trait for the dairy industry as it directly influences the nutritional and technological properties of milk and other dairy products. The synthesis of milk fat is a complex process regulated by a network of genes. Thus, understanding the genetic variation and molecular mechanisms regulating milk fat synthesis will help to improve the nutritional quality of dairy products. In this review, we provide an overview of milk fat synthesis in bovines along with the candidate genes involved in the pathway. We also discuss de novo synthesis of fatty acids (ACSS, ACACA, FASN), uptake of FAs (FATP, FAT, LPL), intracellular activation and channelling of FAs (ACSL, FABP), elongation (EVOLV6), desaturation (SCD, FADS), formation of triglycerides (GPAM, AGPAT, LIPIN, DGAT), and milk lipid secretion (BTN1A1, XDH, PLIN2). The genetic variability of individual fatty acids will help to develop selection strategies for obtaining a healthier milk fat profile in bovines. Thus, this review will offer a potential understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate milk fat synthesis in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Singh
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India.
| | - Waseem Akram Malla
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, 243122, India
| | - Asit Jain
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India
| | - Mohan Singh Thakur
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India
| | - Vaishali Khare
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India
| | - Sita Prasad Tiwari
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India
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Lopdell TJ. Using QTL to Identify Genes and Pathways Underlying the Regulation and Production of Milk Components in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050911. [PMID: 36899768 PMCID: PMC10000085 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is a complex liquid, and the concentrations of many of its components are under genetic control. Many genes and pathways are known to regulate milk composition, and the purpose of this review is to highlight how the discoveries of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for milk phenotypes can elucidate these pathways. The main body of this review focuses primarily on QTL discovered in cattle (Bos taurus) as a model species for the biology of lactation, and there are occasional references to sheep genetics. The following section describes a range of techniques that can be used to help identify the causative genes underlying QTL when the underlying mechanism involves the regulation of gene expression. As genotype and phenotype databases continue to grow and diversify, new QTL will continue to be discovered, and although proving the causality of underlying genes and variants remains difficult, these new data sets will further enhance our understanding of the biology of lactation.
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Intra- and Interspecies RNA-Seq Based Variants in the Lactation Process of Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243592. [PMID: 36552512 PMCID: PMC9774614 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-Seq data provides new opportunities for the detection of transcriptome variants' single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various species and tissues. Herein, milk samples from two sheep breeds and two cow breeds were utilized to characterize the genetic variation in the coding regions in three stages (before-peak (BP), peak (P), and after-peak (AP)) of the lactation process. In sheep breeds Assaf and Churra, 100,462 and 97,768, 65,996 and 62,161, and 78,656 and 39,245 variants were observed for BP, P, and AP lactation stages, respectively. The number of specific variants was 59,798 and 76,419, 11,483 and 49,210, and 104,033 and 320,817 in cow breeds Jersy and Kashmiri, respectively, for BP, P, and AP stages. Via the transcriptome analysis of variation in regions containing QTL for fat, protein percentages, and milk yield, we detected a number of pathways and genes harboring mutations that could influence milk production attributes. Many SNPs detected here can be regarded as appropriate markers for custom SNP arrays or genotyping platforms to conduct association analyses among commercial populations. The results of this study offer new insights into milk production genetic mechanisms in cow and sheep breeds, which can contribute to designing suitable breeding systems for optimal milk production.
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Cleland TP, Power ML. Variation in Milk Proteins Across Lactation in Pongo pygmaeus and Gorilla gorilla. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2647-2654. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Cleland
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Maryland 20746, United States
| | - Michael L. Power
- Center for Species Survival, Nutrition Laboratory, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, District of Columbia 20008, Washington, D.C., United States
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Huang QX, Yang J, Hu M, Lu W, Zhong K, Wang Y, Yang G, Loor JJ, Han L. Milk fat globule membrane proteins are involved in controlling the size of milk fat globules during conjugated linoleic acid-induced milk fat depression. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9179-9190. [PMID: 36175227 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins surround the triacylglycerol core comprising milk fat globules (MFG). We previously detected a decrease in the size of fat globules during conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced milk fat depression (MFD), and other studies have reported that some MFGM proteins play a central role in regulating mammary cellular lipid droplet size. However, little is known about the relationship between MFD, MFG size, and MFGM proteins in bovine milk. The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of MFGM proteins during MFD induced by CLA. Sixteen mid-lactating Holstein cows (145 ± 24 d in milk) with similar body condition and parity were divided into control and CLA groups over a 10-d period. Cows were fed a basal diet (control, n = 8) or control plus 15 g/kg of dry matter (DM) CLA (n = 8) to induce MFD. Cow performance, milk composition, and MFG size were measured daily. On d 10, MFGM proteins were extracted and identified by quantitative proteomic analysis, and western blotting was used to verify a subset of the identified MFGM proteins. Compared with controls, supplemental CLA did not affect milk production, DM intake, or milk protein and lactose contents. However, CLA reduced milk fat content (3.73 g/100 mL vs. 2.47 g/100 mL) and the size parameters volume-related diameter D[4,3] (3.72 μm vs. 3.35 μm) and surface area-related diameter D[3,2] (3.13 μm vs. 2.80 μm), but increased specific surface area of MFG (1,905 m2/kg vs. 2,188 m2/kg). In total, 177 differentially expressed proteins were detected in milk from cows with CLA-induced MFD, 60 of which were upregulated and 117 downregulated. Correlation analysis showed that MFG size was negatively correlated with various proteins, including XDH and FABP3, and positively correlated with MFG-E8, RAB19, and APOA1. The results provide evidence for an important role of MFGM proteins in regulating MFG diameter, and they facilitate a mechanistic understanding of diet-induced MFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Jingna Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Mingyue Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Yueying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Science and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Liqiang Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China.
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Lu Y, Zhou T, Xu C, Wang R, Feng D, Li J, Wang X, Kong Y, Hu G, Kong X, Lu P. Occludin is a target of Src kinase and promotes lipid secretion by binding to BTN1a1 and XOR. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001518. [PMID: 35041644 PMCID: PMC8797263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have increasingly been recognized as an essential organelle for eukaryotes. Although the biochemistry of lipid synthesis and degradation is well characterized, the regulation of LD dynamics, including its formation, maintenance, and secretion, is poorly understood. Here, we report that mice lacking Occludin (Ocln) show defective lipid metabolism. We show that LDs were larger than normal along its biogenesis and secretion pathway in Ocln null mammary cells. This defect in LD size control did not result from abnormal lipid synthesis or degradation; rather, it was because of secretion failure during the lactation stage. We found that OCLN was located on the LD membrane and was bound to essential regulators of lipid secretion, including BTN1a1 and XOR, in a C-terminus–dependent manner. Finally, OCLN was a phosphorylation target of Src kinase, whose loss causes lactation failure. Together, we demonstrate that Ocln is a downstream target of Src kinase and promotes LD secretion by binding to BTN1a1 and XOR. Lipid droplets are an essential eukaryotic organelle, but how they are secreted has remained unclear. This study shows that the tight junction protein Occludin is a phosphorylation target of Src kinase; Occludin binds to BTN1A1 and XOR to facilitate lipid droplet secretion in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongshen Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Molecular Imaging Core Facility, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyi Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Eichinger A, Neumaier I, Skerra A. The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1187-1202. [PMID: 34342946 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. The fifth Cys residue at position 193 is unpaired and prone to forming disulfide crosslinks. The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eichinger
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354Freising, Germany
| | - Irmgard Neumaier
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354Freising, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354Freising, Germany
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15
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Thum C, Roy NC, Everett DW, McNabb WC. Variation in milk fat globule size and composition: A source of bioactives for human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:87-113. [PMID: 34190660 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1944049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globules (MFGs) are secreted from the mammalian gland and are composed of a triacylglycerol core surrounded by a triple membrane structure, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The MFGM contains complex lipids and proteins reported to have nutritional, immunological, neurological and digestive functions. Human and ruminant milk are shown to share a similar MFG structure but with different size, profile and abundance of protein and polar lipids. This review summarizes the reported data on human, bovine, caprine and ovine MFG composition and concentration of bioactive components in different MFG-size fractions. A comprehensive understanding of compositional variations between milk from different species and MFG size fractions may help promote various milk sources as targeted supplements to improve human development and health. MFG size and MFGM composition are species-specific and affected by lactation, diet and breed (or maternal origin). Purification and enrichment methods for some bioactive proteins and lipids present in the MFGM have yet to be established or are not scaled sufficiently to be used to supplement human diets. To overcome this problem, MFG size selection through fractionation or herd selection may provide a convenient way to pre-enrich the MFG fraction with specific protein and lipid components to fulfill human dietary and health requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David W Everett
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Abd El‐Salam MH, El‐Shibiny S. Milk fat globule membrane: An overview with particular emphasis on its nutritional and health benefits. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Safinaz El‐Shibiny
- Dairy Department National Research Centre El‐Behous St Dokki Cairo Egypt
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17
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Analysis of Whole Genome Resequencing Datasets from a Worldwide Sample of Sheep Breeds to Identify Potential Causal Mutations Influencing Milk Composition Traits. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091542. [PMID: 32882861 PMCID: PMC7552124 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies have shown that polymorphisms in the sequence of genes coding for the milk proteins and milk fatty acids are associated with milk composition traits as well as with cheese-making traits. However, the lack of coincident results across sheep populations has prevented the use of this information in sheep breeding programs. The main objective of this study was to exploit the information derived from a total of 175 whole genome resequencing (WGR) datasets from 43 domestic sheep breeds and three wild sheep to evaluate the genetic diversity of 24 candidate genes for milk composition and identify genetic variants with a potential phenotypic effect. The functional annotation of the identified variants highlighted five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predicted to have a high impact on the protein function and 42 missense SNPs with a putative deleterious effect. When comparing the allelic frequencies at these 47 polymorphisms with relevant functional effects between the genomes of Assaf and Churra sheep breeds, two missense deleterious variants were identified as potential markers associated to the milk composition differences found between the Churra and Assaf: XDH:92215727C>T and LALBA:137390760T>C. Future research is required to confirm the effect of the potential functionally relevant variants identified in the present study on milk composition and cheese-making traits.
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18
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Shifts in the Holstein dairy cow milk fat globule membrane proteome that occur during the first week of lactation are affected by parity. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:81. [PMID: 32695335 PMCID: PMC7367219 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteomes of colostrum and transition milk are rich sources of proteins that are likely important for neonatal calf health. In addition, characterization of these proteomes could also yield valuable information regarding mammary gland physiology of the early postpartum lactating cow. The objectives of this research were to characterize the MFGM proteomes of colostrum and transition milk through sample collections at four timepoints postpartum, including the first milking (M1, colostrum), second milking (M2, transition milk), fourth milking (M4, transition milk), and fourteenth milking (M14, mature milk), and compare these proteomes between multiparous (MP; n = 10) and primiparous (PP; n = 10) Holstein dairy cows. Isolated MFGM proteins were labeled using Tandem Mass tagging and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein identification was completed using MASCOT and Sequest in Proteome Discoverer 2.2. The scaled abundance values were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS to determine the effects of milking (MIL), parity (PAR), and MIL × PAR. The adaptive false-discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P values were determined using PROC MULTTEST. Protein characterization and bioinformatic analysis were completed using a combination of PANTHER, Blast, and Uniprot. Results A total of 104 common proteins were identified in each of the MFGM samples. Statistical analysis revealed that 70.2% of identified proteins were affected by MIL. Of these, 78.1% were lower in M14 compared with M1, including immune-related proteins lactotransferrin, lactadherin and hemopexin. Parity affected 44.2% of proteins. Of the proteins affected by PAR, 84.8% were higher in MP cows compared with PP cows, including apolipoprotein E and histones 2A, 2B, 3, and 4 b. Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member 1A and annexin 5 were higher in samples from PP cows. Milking × parity affected 32.7% of identified proteins, including lactotransferrin, gelsolin, vitamin D binding protein, and S100 proteins. Conclusions This research supports previous findings that the Holstein MFGM proteome changes rapidly during the first week of lactation. In addition, this research identifies the impact of parity on the colostrum and transition milk MFGM proteomes, which may be important for milk-fed calf health or for the identification of protein biomarkers for mammary functionality.
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19
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Han L, Zhang M, Xing Z, Coleman DN, Liang Y, Loor JJ, Yang G. Knockout of butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 ( BTN1A1) alters lipid droplet formation and phospholipid composition in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:72. [PMID: 32637097 PMCID: PMC7333294 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk lipids originate from cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD) that are synthesized and secreted from mammary epithelial cells by a unique membrane-envelopment process. Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) is one of the membrane proteins that surrounds LD, but its role in bovine mammary lipid droplet synthesis and secretion is not well known. Methods The objective was to knockout BTN1A1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) via the CRISPR/Cas9 system and evaluate LD formation, abundance of lipogenic enzymes, and content of cell membrane phospholipid (PL) species. Average LD diameter was determined via Oil Red O staining, and profiling of cell membrane phospholipid species via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Lentivirus-mediated infection of the Cas9/sgRNA expression vector into BMEC resulted in production of a homozygous clone BTN1A1(−/−). The LD size and content decreased following BTN1A1 gene knockout. The mRNA abundance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) was downregulated in the BTN1A1(−/−) clone. Subcellular analyses indicated that BTN1A1 and LD were co-localized in the cytoplasm. BTN1A1 gene knockout increased the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC), which resulted in a lower PC/PE ratio. Conclusions Results suggest that BTN1A1 plays an important role in regulating LD synthesis via a mechanism involving membrane phospholipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Menglu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Zhiyang Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Danielle N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
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20
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Adipophilin and perilipin 3 positively correlate with total lipid content in human breast milk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:360. [PMID: 31941931 PMCID: PMC6962152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are secreted into milk as bilayer-coated structures: milk fat globules (MFGs). Adipophilin (ADRP) and perilipin 3 (TIP47) are associated with MFGs in human breast milk; however, the role of these proteins in milk lipid secretion is not fully understood. The study aimed to investigate levels of ADRP, TIP47 and total lipid content in human breast milk, their mutual correlations, and dynamics during lactation. Milk samples from 22 healthy lactating women (Caucasian, Central European) were collected at five time points during lactation (1–3, 12–14, 29–30, 88–90 and 178–180 days postpartum). Mass spectrometry-based method was used for quantification of ADRP and TIP47 in the samples. The gravimetric method was used to determine milk total lipid content. We observed distinctive trends in ADRP, TIP47 levels and lipid content in human breast milk during the first six months of lactation. We also found a significant association between lipid content and ADRP, lipid content and TIP47, and ADRP and TIP47 concentrations in breast milk at all sampling points. A mass spectrometry-based method was developed for quantifying ADRP and TIP47 in human breast milk. Strong mutual correlations were found between ADRP, TIP47 and total lipid content in human breast milk.
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21
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Rocha de Almeida T, Alix M, Le Cam A, Klopp C, Montfort J, Toomey L, Ledoré Y, Bobe J, Chardard D, Schaerlinger B, Fontaine P. Domestication may affect the maternal mRNA profile in unfertilized eggs, potentially impacting the embryonic development of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226878. [PMID: 31891603 PMCID: PMC6938363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication is an evolutionary process during which we expect populations to progressively adapt to an environment controlled by humans. It is accompanied by genetic and presumably epigenetic changes potentially leading to modifications in the transcriptomic profile in various tissues. Reproduction is a key function often affected by this process in numerous species, regardless of the mechanism. The maternal mRNA in fish eggs is crucial for the proper embryogenesis. Our working hypothesis is that modifications of maternal mRNAs may reflect potential genetic and/or epigenetic modifications occurring during domestication and could have consequences during embryogenesis. Consequently, we investigated the trancriptomic profile of unfertilized eggs from two populations of Eurasian perch. These two populations differed by their domestication histories (F1 vs. F7+-at least seven generations of reproduction in captivity) and were genetically differentiated (FST = 0.1055, p<0.05). A broad follow up of the oogenesis progression failed to show significant differences during oogenesis between populations. However, the F1 population spawned earlier with embryos presenting an overall higher survivorship than those from the F7+ population. The transcriptomic profile of unfertilized eggs showed 358 differentially expressed genes between populations. In conclusion, our data suggests that the domestication process may influence the regulation of the maternal transcripts in fish eggs, which could in turn explain differences of developmental success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maud Alix
- UR AFPA, University of Lorraine, INRA, Nancy, France
| | - Aurélie Le Cam
- LPGP, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jérôme Montfort
- LPGP, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA, Rennes, France
| | - Lola Toomey
- UR AFPA, University of Lorraine, INRA, Nancy, France
| | | | - Julien Bobe
- LPGP, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA, Rennes, France
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22
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Pisanu S, Cacciotto C, Pagnozzi D, Puggioni GMG, Uzzau S, Ciaramella P, Guccione J, Penati M, Pollera C, Moroni P, Bronzo V, Addis MF. Proteomic changes in the milk of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with subclinical mastitis due to intramammary infection by Staphylococcus aureus and by non-aureus staphylococci. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15850. [PMID: 31676851 PMCID: PMC6825138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus (SAU) and by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) is a major issue in the water buffalo. To understand its impact on milk, 6 quarter samples with >3,000,000 cells/mL (3 SAU-positive and 3 NAS-positive) and 6 culture-negative quarter samples with <50,000 cells/mL were investigated by shotgun proteomics and label-free quantitation. A total of 1530 proteins were identified, of which 152 were significantly changed. SAU was more impacting, with 162 vs 127 differential proteins and higher abundance changes (P < 0.0005). The 119 increased proteins had mostly structural (n = 43, 28.29%) or innate immune defence functions (n = 39, 25.66%) and included vimentin, cathelicidins, histones, S100 and neutrophil granule proteins, haptoglobin, and lysozyme. The 33 decreased proteins were mainly involved in lipid metabolism (n = 13, 59.10%) and included butyrophilin, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase, and lipid biosynthetic enzymes. The same biological processes were significantly affected also upon STRING analysis. Cathelicidins were the most increased family, as confirmed by western immunoblotting, with a stronger reactivity in SAU mastitis. S100A8 and haptoglobin were also validated by western immunoblotting. In conclusion, we generated a detailed buffalo milk protein dataset and defined the changes occurring in SAU and NAS mastitis, with potential for improving detection (ProteomeXchange identifier PXD012355).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Alghero, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Alghero, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciaramella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jacopo Guccione
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Penati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Alghero, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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24
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Blazquez JL, Benyamine A, Pasero C, Olive D. New Insights Into the Regulation of γδ T Cells by BTN3A and Other BTN/BTNL in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1601. [PMID: 30050536 PMCID: PMC6050389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings in the immunology field have pointed out the emergent role of butyrophilins/butyrophilin-like molecules (BTN/BTNL in human, Btn/Btnl in mouse) in the modulation of γδ T cells. As long as the field develops exponentially, new relationships between certain γδ T cell subsets, on one hand, and their BTN/BTNL counterparts mainly present on epithelial and tumor cells, on the other, are described in the scientific literature. Btnl1/Btnl6 in mice and BTNL3/BTNL8 in humans regulate the homing and maturation of Vγ7+ and Vγ4+ T cells to the gut epithelium. Similarly, Skint-1 has shown to shape the dendritic epidermal T cells repertoire and their activation levels in mice. We and others have identified BTN3A proteins are the key mediators of phosphoantigen sensing by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Here, we first synthesize the modulation of specific γδ T cell subsets by related BTN/BTNL molecules, in human and mice. Then, we focus on the role of BTN3A in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and we highlight the recent advances in the understanding of the expression, regulation, and function of BTN3A in tumor immunity. Hence, recent studies demonstrated that several signals induced by cancer cells or their microenvironment can regulate the expression of BTN3A. Moreover, antibodies targeting BTN3A have shown in vitro and in vivo efficacy in human tumors such as acute myeloid leukemia or pancreatic cancer. We thus finally discuss how these findings could help develop novel γδ T cell-based immunotherapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Luis Blazquez
- INSERM, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Immunity & Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille Université UM105, CNRS UMR 7258, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Benyamine
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Médecine Interne Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | | | - Daniel Olive
- INSERM, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Immunity & Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille Université UM105, CNRS UMR 7258, Marseille, France.,Immunomonitoring platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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25
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Cao X, Kang S, Yang M, Li W, Wu S, Han H, Meng L, Wu R, Yue X. Quantitative N-glycoproteomics of milk fat globule membrane in human colostrum and mature milk reveals changes in protein glycosylation during lactation. Food Funct 2018; 9:1163-1172. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01796k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study profiled the N-glycoproteome and quantified the changes of N-glycosylation site occupancy of MFGM proteins during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Cao
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
| | - Shimo Kang
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
| | - Weixuan Li
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
| | - Shangyi Wu
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
| | - Hongjiao Han
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
| | - Lingshuai Meng
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- PR China
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26
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Benmoussa A, Ly S, Shan ST, Laugier J, Boilard E, Gilbert C, Provost P. A subset of extracellular vesicles carries the bulk of microRNAs in commercial dairy cow's milk. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1401897. [PMID: 29904572 PMCID: PMC5994974 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1401897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small gene-regulatory RNAs that are found in various biological fluids, including milk, where they are often contained inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes. In a previous study, we reported that commercial dairy cow's milk microRNAs resisted simulated digestion and were not exclusively associated with canonical exosomes. Here, we report the characterization of a milk EV subset that sediments at lower ultracentrifugation speeds and that contains the bulk of microRNAs. Milk EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation and Iodixanol density gradient (IDG), and analysed for (1) microRNA enrichment by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and (2) EV-associated proteins by Western blot. Milk EVs were characterized further by dynamic light scattering (DLS), density measurements, fluorescent DiR and RNA labelling, high-sensitivity flow cytometry (HS-FCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), proteinase K and RNase A assay, and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We found that the bulk of milk microRNAs (e.g., bta-miR-125b, bta-miR-148a, etc.) sediment at 12,000 g and 35,000 g. Their distribution pattern was different from that of exosome-enriched proteins, but similar to that of several proteins commonly found in milk fat globule membranes (MFGM), including xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). These low-speed ultracentrifugation pellets contained cytoplasm-enclosing phospholipid bilayered membrane vesicles of a density comprised between 1.11 and 1.14 g/mL in Iodixanol. This milk EV subset of ~100 nm in diameter/~200 nm hydrodynamic size resisted to proteinase K digestion and protected their microRNA content from RNase A digestion. Our results support the existence of a milk EV subset pelleting at low ultracentrifugations speeds, with a protein coating comparable with MFGM, which contains and protects the bulk of milk microRNAs from degradation. This milk EV subset may represent a new EV population of interest, whose content in microRNAs and proteins supports its potential bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Benmoussa
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sophia Ly
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Si Ting Shan
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jonathan Laugier
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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A proteomic characterization shows differences in the milk fat globule membrane of buffalo and bovine milk. FOOD BIOSCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ogura T, Okada T. Nanoscale observation of the natural structure of milk-fat globules and casein micelles in the liquid condition using a scanning electron assisted dielectric microscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:1021-1025. [PMID: 28780347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, aqueous nanoparticles have been used in drug-delivery systems for new type medicines. In particular, milk-casein micelles have been used as drug nanocarriers for targeting cancer cells. Therefore, nanostructure observation of particles and micelles in their native liquid condition is indispensable for analysing their function and mechanisms. However, traditional optical and scanning electron microscopy have difficulty observing the nanostructures of aqueous micelles. Recently, we developed a novel imaging technique called scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy (SE-ADM) that enables observation of various biological specimens in water with very little radiation damage and high-contrast imaging without staining or fixation at an 8-nm spatial resolution. In this study, for the first time, we show that the SE-ADM system is capable of high-resolution observation of whole-milk specimens in their natural state. Moreover, we successfully observe the casein micelles and milk-fat globules in an intact liquid condition. Our SE-ADM system can be applied to various biological particles and micelles in a native liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ogura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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Janmeda M, Kharadi V, Pandya G, Brahmkshtri B, Ramani U, Tyagi K. Relative gene expression of fatty acid synthesis genes at 60 days postpartum in bovine mammary epithelial cells of Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes. Vet World 2017; 10:467-476. [PMID: 28620248 PMCID: PMC5465758 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.467-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Aim of the study was to study the relative gene expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis at 60 days postpartum (pp) in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) of Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 healthy Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes of each breed were selected at random from Livestock Research Station, Navsari and Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh, Gujarat, respectively, for this study. Milk sample was collected from each selected buffalo at day 60 pp from these two breeds to study relative gene expression of major milk fat genes using non-invasive approach of obtaining primary bovine MECs (pBMEC) from milk samples. Results: In this study overall, the relative expression of the six major milk lipogenic genes butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mitochondrial (GPAM), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha (ACACA), and lipin (LPIN) did not show changes in expression patterns at 60th day of lactation in both Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes. Conclusion: The pBMEC can be successfully recovered from 1500 ml of milk of Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes using antibody-mediated magnetic bead separation and can be further used for recovering RNA for down step quantification of major milk lipogenic gene expression. The relative expression of the six major milk lipogenic genes BTN1A1, SCD, LPL, GPAM, ACACA, and LPIN did not show changes in expression patterns in both Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes, suggesting expression levels of lipogenic genes are maintained almost uniform till peak lactation without any significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Janmeda
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Vishnu Kharadi
- Livestock Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurav Pandya
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Balkrishna Brahmkshtri
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Umed Ramani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Kuldeep Tyagi
- Livestock Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
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Brijesha N, Aparna HS. Comprehensive characterization of bioactive peptides from Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) colostrum and milk fat globule membrane proteins. Food Res Int 2017; 97:95-103. [PMID: 28578070 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat is dispersed in milk as small spherical globules stabilized in the form of emulsion by its surrounding membrane, often referred to as fat globule membrane (FGM). Buffalo, a major milking mammal of Asia and second most milking mammal across the globe presents physicochemical features different from that of other ruminant species containing higher content of lipids and proteins. The present study describes characterization of FGM proteins isolated from both buffalo milk and colostrum. A detailed proteomic analysis of peptides generated by in vitro gastrointestinal simulation digestion of buffalo milk and colostrum FGM fractions was performed by nLC-ESI MS/MS. The peptide based clustering of FGM proteins unravelled association of membrane proteins in fat transport, enzymatic activity, general transport, defence, cell signalling, membrane/protein trafficking protein synthesis/binding/folding including unknown functions. Gene annotation, STRING and YLoc analyses provided putative insights into major secretory pathways in milk and colostrum FGM peptides, interactive protein networks including their sub cellular localization. The peptides of milk and colostrum FGM offered cellular protection as powerful antioxidants indicated their promising perspectives in commercial formulations and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brijesha
- DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - H S Aparna
- DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India.
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Wooding FBP, Mather IH. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence for the reorganisation of the milk fat globule membrane after secretion. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:283-295. [PMID: 27677271 PMCID: PMC5269472 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a detailed ultrastructural and immunocytochemical investigation of the structure of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in a variety of species. The process follows the same pattern in all mammals so far investigated. The initial (or primary) MFGM immediately on release from the mammary cell is a continuous unit membrane with a thin underlying layer of cytoplasmic origin and a monolayer of phospholipid separating it from the core lipid. This structure changes rapidly as the milk fat globule (MFG) moves into the alveolar lumen. The unit membrane plus the underlying layer of cytoplasm modifies drastically into discontinuous patches and networks. These are superimposed upon a continuous apparently structureless sheet of electron dense material stabilising the MFG and similar to that which bounded the lipid in the cell. The underlying layer of the patches increases in electron density and immunocytochemistry demonstrates localisation of MFGM proteins in this layer. In four species, the dense material shows ordered paracrystalline molecular arrays in section and en face views. All the arrays show the same basic pattern and unit size as determined by optical diffraction. Similar patches, networks and arrays are present on the surface of expressed MFG. Negative staining of lipid-extracted expressed MFGs shows similar patches and networks of membrane. These also occasionally show the crystalline arrays and label with MFGM protein antibodies. Similar networks and strands of plasma membrane on the MFG surface are shown by our CLSM examination of unfixed expressed MFG from mice genetically modified to express a fluorescent molecule as a normal plasma membrane constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Peter Wooding
- Physiology Neuroscience and Development Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Ian H Mather
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA
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Relationships between milks differentiated on native milk fat globule characteristics and fat, protein and calcium compositions. Animal 2017; 11:507-518. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Molecular regulation of lactation: The complex and requisite roles for zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Monks J, Dzieciatkowska M, Bales ES, Orlicky DJ, Wright RM, McManaman JL. Xanthine oxidoreductase mediates membrane docking of milk-fat droplets but is not essential for apocrine lipid secretion. J Physiol 2016; 594:5899-5921. [PMID: 27357166 PMCID: PMC5063925 DOI: 10.1113/jp272390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) modulates milk lipid secretion and lactation initiation. XOR is required for butyrophilin1a1 clustering in the membrane during milk lipid secretion. XOR mediates apical membrane reorganization during milk lipid secretion. Loss of XOR delays milk fat globule secretion. XOR loss alters the proteome of milk fat globules. ABSTRACT Apocrine secretion is utilized by epithelial cells of exocrine glands. These cells bud off membrane-bound particles into the lumen of the gland, losing a portion of the cytoplasm in the secretion product. The lactating mammary gland secretes milk lipid by this mechanism, and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has long been thought to be functionally important. We generated mammary-specific XOR knockout (MGKO) mice, expecting lactation to fail. Histology of the knockout glands showed very large lipid droplets enclosed in the mammary alveolar cells, but milk analysis showed that these large globules were secreted. Butyrophilin, a membrane protein known to bind to XOR, was clustered at the point of contact of the cytoplasmic lipid droplet with the apical plasma membrane, in the wild-type gland but not in the knockout, suggesting that XOR mediates 'docking' to this membrane. Secreted milk fat globules were isolated from mouse milk of wild-type and XOR MGKO dams, and subjected to LC-MS/MS for analysis of protein component. Proteomic results showed that loss of XOR leads to an increase in cytoplasmic, cytoskeletal, Golgi apparatus and lipid metabolism proteins associated with the secreted milk fat globule. Association of XOR with the lipid droplet results in membrane docking and more efficient retention of cytoplasmic components by the secretory cell. Loss of XOR then results in a reversion to a more rudimentary, less efficient, apocrine secretion mechanism, but does not prevent milk fat globule secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elise S Bales
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Holzmüller W, Müller M, Himbert D, Kulozik U. Impact of cream washing on fat globules and milk fat globule membrane proteins. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Lv Y, Guan W, Qiao H, Wang C, Chen F, Zhang Y, Liao Z. Veterinary Medicine and Omics (Veterinomics): Metabolic Transition of Milk Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Sows from Late Pregnancy to Lactation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:602-16. [PMID: 26484979 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian milk is a key source of lipids, providing not only important calories but also essential fatty acids. Veterinary medicine and omics systems sciences intersection, termed as "veterinomics" here, has received little attention to date but stands to offer much promise for building bridges between human and animal health. We determined the changes in porcine mammary genes and proteomics expression associated with milk triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and secretion from late pregnancy to lactation. TAG content and fatty acid (FA) composition were determined in porcine colostrum (the 1st day of lactation) and milk (the 17th day of lactation). The mammary transcriptome for 70 genes and 13 proteins involved in TAG synthesis and secretion from six sows, each at d -17(late pregnancy), d 1(early lactation), and d 17 (peak lactation) relative to parturition were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. The TAG content and the concentrations of de novo synthesized FAs, saturated FAs, and monounsaturated FAs were higher in milk than in colostrum (p<0.05). Robust upregulation with high relative mRNA abundance was evident during lactation for genes associated with FA uptake (VLDLR, LPL, CD36), FA activation (ACSS2, ACSL3), and intracellar transport (FABP3), de novo FA synthesis (ACACA, FASN), FA elongation (ELOVL1), FA desaturation (SCD, FADS1), TAG synthesis (GPAM, AGPAT1, LPIN1, DGAT1), lipid droplet formation (BTN2A1, XDH, PLIN2), and transcription factors and nuclear receptors (SREBP1, SCAP, INSIG1/2). In conclusion, a wide variety of lipogenic genes and proteins regulate the channeling of FAs towards milk TAG synthesis and secretion in porcine mammary gland tissue. These findings inform future omics strategies to increase milk fat production and lipid profile and attest to the rise of both veterinomics and lipidomics in postgenomics life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Lv
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wutai Guan
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China .,2 National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanzhen Qiao
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoxian Wang
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Chen
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Liao
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Suárez-Vega A, Gutiérrez-Gil B, Arranz JJ. Transcriptome expression analysis of candidate milk genes affecting cheese-related traits in 2 sheep breeds. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6381-6390. [PMID: 27179853 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because ewe milk is principally used for cheese making, its quality is related to its content of total solids and the way in which milk constituents influence cheese yield and determine the technological and organoleptic characteristics of dairy products. Therefore, an in-depth knowledge of the expression levels of milk genes influencing cheese-related traits is essential. In the present study, the milk transcriptome data set of 2 dairy sheep breeds, Assaf and Spanish Churra, was used to evaluate the expression levels of 77 transcripts related to cheese yield and quality traits. For the comparison between both breeds, we selected the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data at d 10 of lactation because this is the time point at which within and between breed differences due to lactation length are minimal. The evaluated genes encode major milk proteins (caseins and whey proteins), endogenous proteases, and enzymes related to fatty acid metabolism and citrate content. Through this analysis, we identified the genes predominantly expressed in each of the analyzed pathways that appear to be key genes for traits related to sheep milk cheese. Among the highly expressed genes in both breeds were the genes encoding caseins and whey proteins (CSN2, CSN3, CSN1S1, ENSOARG00000005099/PAEP, CSN1S2, LALBA), genes related to lipid metabolism (BTN1A1, XDH, FASN, ADFP, SCD, H-FABP, ACSS2), and one endogenous protease (CTSB). Moreover, a differential expression analysis between Churra and Assaf sheep allowed us to identify 7 genes that are significantly differentially expressed between the 2 breeds. These genes were mainly linked to endogenous protease activity (CTSL, CTSK, KLK10, KLK6, SERPINE2). Additionally, there were 2 differentially expressed genes coding for an intracellular fatty acid transporter (FABP4), an intermediate molecule of the citric acid cycle (SUCNR1), and 2 heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSPB8) that could be related to high protein production. The differential expression of these genes could have a direct influence on the different phenotypes observed between the 2 analyzed breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain
| | - B Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain
| | - J J Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain.
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Nakamura A, Miyado K, Yamatoya K, Kawano N, Umezawa A. Breast milk stimulates growth hormone secretion in infant mice, and phosphorus insufficiency disables this ability and causes dwarfism-like symptoms. Regen Ther 2015; 2:49-56. [PMID: 31245459 PMCID: PMC6581769 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast milk intake facilitates neonatal growth, and its effect is assumed to last long into the adulthood. We recently reported that dietary phosphorus insufficiency reduces the ability of breast milk to promote infant growth in mice. However, how phosphorus confers this ability to milk is still unclear. METHODS To address this issue, we performed biochemical and physiological comparisons of milk secreted from C57BL/6J mice fed a low-phosphorus diet (LPD) or a normal-phosphorus control diet. RESULTS Although serum phosphorus concentration was decreased, the body weight of mother mice was unaffected. By contrast, infant body weight was significantly reduced, and dwarfism-like symptoms were observed in adulthood. Quantitative analysis revealed that the serum concentration of growth hormone (GH) was substantially reduced, and concomitantly insulin-like growth factor 1 and fibroblast growth factor 23 were decreased. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed ectopic fat accumulation in the livers of infant mice along with increased blood cholesterol level. Moreover, electron microscopy indicated fragility of the outer membrane of milk droplets. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that phosphorus is essential for the formation of milk droplets, which function as a stimulator of growth factor secretion in infant offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nakamura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda 5-10-1, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamatoya
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Honvo-Houéto E, Truchet S. Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26650781 DOI: 10.3791/53179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence is used to detect and locate proteins of interest in a tissue. The protocol presented here describes a complete and simple method for the immune detection of proteins, the mouse lactating mammary gland being taken as an example. A protocol for the preparation of the tissue samples, especially concerning the dissection of mouse mammary gland, tissue fixation and frozen tissue sectioning, are detailed. A standard protocol to perform indirect immunofluorescence, including an optional antigen retrieval step, is also presented. The observation of the labeled tissue sections as well as image acquisition and post-treatments are also stated. This procedure gives a full overview, from the collection of animal tissue to the cellular localization of a protein. Although this general method can be applied to other tissue samples, it should be adapted to each tissue/primary antibody couple studied.
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Lopez C, Cauty C, Guyomarc'h F. Organization of lipids in milks, infant milk formulas and various dairy products: role of technological processes and potential impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 95:863-893. [PMID: 26568788 PMCID: PMC4641158 DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The microstructure of milk fat in processed dairy products is poorly known despite its importance in their functional, sensorial and nutritional properties. However, for the last 10 years, several research groups including our laboratory have significantly contributed to increasing knowledge on the organization of lipids in situ in dairy products. This paper provides an overview of recent advances on the organization of lipids in the milk fat globule membrane using microscopy techniques (mainly confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy). Also, this overview brings structural information about the organization of lipids in situ in commercialized milks, infant milk formulas and various dairy products (cream, butter, buttermilk, butter serum and cheeses). The main mechanical treatment used in the dairy industry, homogenization, decreases the size of milk fat globules, changes the architecture (composition and organization) of the fat/water interface and affects the interactions between lipid droplets and the protein network (concept of inert vs active fillers). The potential impacts of the organization of lipids and of the alteration of the milk fat globule membrane are discussed, and technological strategies are proposed, in priority to design biomimetic lipid droplets in infant milk formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Lopez
- INRA, UMR1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Chantal Cauty
- INRA, UMR1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fanny Guyomarc'h
- INRA, UMR1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France
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42
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D’Incecco P, Faoro F, Silvetti T, Schrader K, Pellegrino L. Mechanisms of Clostridium tyrobutyricum removal through natural creaming of milk: A microscopy study. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5164-72. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Henry C, Saadaoui B, Bouvier F, Cebo C. Phosphoproteomics of the goat milk fat globule membrane: New insights into lipid droplet secretion from the mammary epithelial cell. Proteomics 2015; 15:2307-17. [PMID: 25737190 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of milk lipid secretion are highly controversial. Analyzing the fine protein composition of the "milk fat globule membrane" (MFGM), the triple-layered membrane surrounding milk lipid droplets (LDs) can provide mechanistic clues to better understand LD biosynthesis and secretion pathways in mammary epithelial cells (MECs). We therefore combined a high-sensitive Q-Exactive LC-MS/MS analysis of MFGM-derived peptides to the use of an in-house database intended to improve protein identification in the goat species. Using this approach, we performed the identification of 442 functional groups of proteins in the MFGM from goat milk. To get a more dynamic view of intracellular mechanisms driving LD dynamics in the MECs, we decided to investigate for the first time whether MFGM proteins were phosphorylated. MFGM proteins were sequentially digested by lysine-C and trypsin proteases and the resulting peptides were fractionated by a strong cation exchange chromatography. Titanium beads were used to enrich phosphopeptides from strong cation exchange chromatography eluted fractions. This approach lets us pinpoint 271 sites of phosphorylation on 124 unique goat MFGM proteins. Enriched GO terms associated with phosphorylated MFGM proteins were protein transport and actin cytoskeleton organization. Gained data are discussed with regard to lipid secretory mechanisms in the MECs. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001039 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001039).
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Henry
- INRA, UMR1319, MICALIS, Plateforme PAPSSO (Plateforme d'Analyse Protéomique Paris Sud Ouest), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Besma Saadaoui
- Faculté des Sciences de Gabès, Université de Gabès, cité Erriadh Zrig, Tunisia
| | | | - Christelle Cebo
- INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Equipe Génomique Fonctionnelle et Physiologie de la Glande Mammaire (GFP-GM), Jouy-en-Josas, France
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44
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Novakovic P, Huang YY, Lockerbie B, Shahriar F, Kelly J, Gordon JR, Middleton DM, Loewen ME, Kidney BA, Simko E. Identification of Escherichia coli F4ac-binding proteins in porcine milk fat globule membrane. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2015; 79:120-128. [PMID: 25852227 PMCID: PMC4365703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
F4ac-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) must attach to the intestinal mucosa to cause diarrhea in piglets. Prevention of bacterial attachment to the intestinal mucosa is the most effective defense against ETEC-induced diarrhea. Porcine milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) were shown to be able to inhibit attachment of ETEC to the intestinal brush border; however, the specific components of porcine MFGM that inhibited attachment of ETEC to enterocytes were not identified. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify F4ac-binding MFGM proteins by overlay Western blot and affinity chromatography. The proteome of porcine MFGM was characterized and the following F4ac-binding proteins were detected by overlay Western blot and affinity chromatography: lactadherin, butyrophilin, adipophilin, acyl-CoA synthetase 3, and fatty acid-binding protein 3. The biological function of these proteins was not investigated but it is possible that their interaction with F4ac fimbria interferes with bacterial attachment and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanyun Y. Huang
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Y.Y. Huang; telephone: (306) 966-7307; fax: (306) 966-7439; e-mail: or Dr. E. Simko; e-mail:
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45
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Scumaci D, Trimboli F, Dell’Aquila L, Concolino A, Pappaianni G, Tammè L, Vignola G, Luciani A, Morelli D, Cuda G, Boari A, Britti D. Proteomics-driven analysis of ovine whey colostrum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117433. [PMID: 25643159 PMCID: PMC4313942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to shed light in to the complexity of the ovine colostrum proteome, with a specific focus on the low abundance proteins. The ovine colostrum is characterized by a few dominating proteins, as the immunoglobulins, but it also contains less represented protein species, equally important for the correct development of neonates. Ovine colostrum, collected immediately after lambing, was separated by 1D SDS-PAGE. Proteins bands were digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. On the basis of the Swiss-Prot database, a total of 343 unique proteins were identified. To our knowledge, this study represents the most comprehensive analysis of ovine colostrum proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Scumaci
- Dpt. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Trimboli
- Dpt. of Health Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Concolino
- Dpt. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giusi Pappaianni
- Dpt. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Tammè
- Dpt. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vignola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessia Luciani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM) “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Dpt. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Dpt. of Health Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Effect of the ratios of unsaturated fatty acids on the expressions of genes related to fat and protein in the bovine mammary epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:381-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Logan A, Auldist M, Greenwood J, Day L. Natural variation of bovine milk fat globule size within a herd. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4072-82. [PMID: 24835967 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Native milk fat globule (MFG) size, pH, total fat, protein, and lactose composition in milk from individual cows was examined in autumn and spring 2012 and autumn 2013. Mean MFG diameters ranged between 2.5 and 5.7 µm. Some cows were observed to consistently produce small or large MFG throughout the sampling period, though trends were not consistent across all cows. Small-MFG milk contained more total polar lipids; however, the relative proportion of individual polar lipids did not differ with MFG size, with the exception of phosphatidylcholine, which was greater in small-MFG milk. No significant correlation between MFG size and proximate composition, including calculated fat yield or pH, was found. This work revealed a natural cow-to-cow variation in MFG size exists, which could potentially be exploited to improve the functionality of milk for manufacturing and some products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Logan
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030.
| | - M Auldist
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Ellinbank Centre, Farming Systems Research Division, Ellinbank, Victoria, Australia 3821
| | - J Greenwood
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Ellinbank Centre, Farming Systems Research Division, Ellinbank, Victoria, Australia 3821
| | - L Day
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030
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Zhang Q, Cundiff JK, Maria SD, McMahon RJ, Wickham MSJ, Faulks RM, van Tol EAF. Differential digestion of human milk proteins in a simulated stomach model. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:1055-64. [PMID: 24694256 DOI: 10.1021/pr401051u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A key element in understanding how human milk proteins support the health and development of the neonate is to understand how individual proteins are affected during digestion. In the present study, a dynamic gastric model was used to simulate infant gastric digestion of human milk, and a subsequent proteomic approach was applied to study the behavior of individual proteins. A total of 413 human milk proteins were quantified in this study. This approach demonstrated a high degree of variability in the susceptibility of human milk proteins to gastric digestion. Specifically this study reports that lipoproteins are among the class of slowly digested proteins during gastric processes. The levels of integral lysozyme C and partial lactadherin in milk whey increase over digestion. Mucins, ribonuclease 4, and macrophage mannose receptor 1 are also resistant to gastric digestion. The retention or enhancement in whey protein abundance can be ascribed to the digestive release of milk-fat-globule-membrane or immune-cell enclosed proteins that are not initially accessible in milk. Immunoglobulins are more resistant to digestion compared to total milk proteins, and within the immunoglobulin class IgA and IgM are more resistant to digestion compared to IgG. The gastric digestion of milk proteins becomes more apparent from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Mead Johnson Nutrition, 2400 West Lloyd Expressway, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
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Murgiano L, D'Alessandro A, Zolla L, Valentini A, Pariset L. Comparison of Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) proteins in milk samples of Chianina and Holstein cattle breeds across three lactation phases through 2D IEF SDS PAGE — A preliminary study. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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