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Jaykumar AB, Plumber S, Binns D, Wichaidit C, Luby-Phelps K, Cobb MH. SMURF1/2 are novel regulators of WNK1 stability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.31.606092. [PMID: 39131382 PMCID: PMC11312594 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.31.606092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for remodeling and repairing existing vessels, and this process requires signaling pathways including those controlled by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). We have previously reported crosstalk between TGF-β and the protein kinase With No lysine (K) 1 (WNK1). Homozygous disruption of the gene encoding WNK1 results in lethality in mice near embryonic day E12 due to impaired angiogenesis and this defect can be rescued by endothelial-specific expression of an activated form of the WNK1 substrate kinase OSR1. However, molecular processes regulated via a collaboration between TGF-β and WNK1/OSR1 are not well understood. Here we show that WNK1 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligases SMURF1/2. In addition, we discovered complex inter-regulation between WNK1 and SMURF1/2 and we demonstrate that WNK1 activity regulates TGF-β receptor levels, in turn, controlling TGF-β signaling.
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2
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Taylor CA, Jung JU, Kankanamalage SG, Li J, Grzemska M, Jaykumar AB, Earnest S, Stippec S, Saha P, Sauceda E, Cobb MH. Predictive and Experimental Motif Interaction Analysis Identifies Functions of the WNK-OSR1/SPAK Pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600905. [PMID: 38979344 PMCID: PMC11230372 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The WNK-OSR1/SPAK protein kinase signaling pathway regulates ion homeostasis and cell volume, but its other functions are poorly understood. To uncover undefined signaling functions of the pathway we analyzed the binding specificity of the conserved C-terminal (CCT) domains of OSR1 and SPAK to find all possible interaction motifs in human proteins. These kinases bind the core consensus sequences R-F-x-V/I and R-x-F-x-V/I. Motifs were ranked based on sequence, conservation, cellular localization, and solvent accessibility. Out of nearly 3,700 motifs identified, 90% of previously published motifs were within the top 2% of those predicted. Selected candidates (TSC22D1, CAVIN1, ATG9A, NOS3, ARHGEF5) were tested. Upstream kinases WNKs 1-4 and their close relatives, the pseudokinases NRBP1/2, contain CCT-like domains as well. We identified additional distinct motif variants lacking the conserved arginine previously thought to be required, and found that the NRBP1 CCT-like domain binds TSC22D1 via the same motif as OSR1 and SPAK. Our results further highlight the rich and diverse functionality of CCT and CCT-like domains in connecting WNK signaling to cellular processes.
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3
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Rodan AR. Circadian Rhythm Regulation by Pacemaker Neuron Chloride Oscillation in Flies. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38411570 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior sync organisms to external environmental cycles. Here, circadian oscillation in intracellular chloride in central pacemaker neurons of the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is reviewed. Intracellular chloride links SLC12 cation-coupled chloride transporter function with kinase signaling and the regulation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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4
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Wang Q, Cheng J, Liu F, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang H, Ju Y, Ma L, Hui X, Lin Y. Modulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dysregulation via a SPAK and OSR1 Targeted Framework Nucleic Acid in Hydrocephalus. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306622. [PMID: 38353402 PMCID: PMC11077654 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and a life-long incurable condition. An empirical "one-size-fits-all" approach of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting remains the mainstay of hydrocephalus treatment and effective pharmacotherapy options are currently lacking. Macrophage-mediated ChP inflammation and CSF hypersecretion have recently been identified as a significant discovery in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. In this study, a pioneering DNA nano-drug (TSOs) is developed by modifying S2 ssDNA and S4 ssDNA with SPAK ASO and OSR1 ASO in tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) and synthesis via a one-pot annealing procedure. This construct can significantly knockdown the expression of SPAK and OSR1, along with their downstream ion channel proteins in ChP epithelial cells, thereby leading to a decrease in CSF secretion. Moreover, these findings indicate that TSOs effectively inhibit the M0 to M1 phenotypic switch of ChP macrophages via the MAPK pathways, thus mitigating the cytokine storm. In in vivo post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) models, TSOs significantly reduce CSF secretion rates, alleviate ChP inflammation, and prevent the onset of hydrocephalus. These compelling results highlight the potential of TSOs as a promising therapeutic option for managing hydrocephalus, with significant applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institutes for Systems GeneticsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgerySichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610000P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Core facilitiesWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yan Ju
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Xuhui Hui
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Institutes for Systems GeneticsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral BiomaterialsSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
- National Center for Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P.R. China
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5
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Zhang S, Meor Azlan NF, Josiah SS, Zhou J, Zhou X, Jie L, Zhang Y, Dai C, Liang D, Li P, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ding K, Wang Y, Zhang J. The role of SLC12A family of cation-chloride cotransporters and drug discovery methodologies. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1471-1495. [PMID: 38223443 PMCID: PMC10785268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12 (SLC12) of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) comprises potassium chloride cotransporters (KCCs, e.g. KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4)-mediated Cl- extrusion, and sodium potassium chloride cotransporters (N[K]CCs, NKCC1, NKCC2, and NCC)-mediated Cl- loading. The CCCs play vital roles in cell volume regulation and ion homeostasis. Gain-of-function or loss-of-function of these ion transporters can cause diseases in many tissues. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of CCCs' control mechanisms in cell volume regulations, with many techniques developed in studying the functions and activities of CCCs. Classic approaches to directly measure CCC activity involve assays that measure the transport of potassium substitutes through the CCCs. These techniques include the ammonium pulse technique, radioactive or nonradioactive rubidium ion uptake-assay, and thallium ion-uptake assay. CCCs' activity can also be indirectly observed by measuring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity with patch-clamp electrophysiology and intracellular chloride concentration with sensitive microelectrodes, radiotracer 36Cl-, and fluorescent dyes. Other techniques include directly looking at kinase regulatory sites phosphorylation, flame photometry, 22Na+ uptake assay, structural biology, molecular modeling, and high-throughput drug screening. This review summarizes the role of CCCs in genetic disorders and cell volume regulation, current methods applied in studying CCCs biology, and compounds developed that directly or indirectly target the CCCs for disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Lingjun Jie
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Aurora Discovery Inc., Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266021, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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6
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Yarikipati P, Jonusaite S, Pleinis JM, Dominicci Cotto C, Sanchez-Hernandez D, Morrison DE, Goyal S, Schellinger J, Pénalva C, Curtiss J, Rodan AR, Jenny A. Unanticipated domain requirements for Drosophila Wnk kinase in vivo. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010975. [PMID: 37819975 PMCID: PMC10593226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
WNK (With no Lysine [K]) kinases have critical roles in the maintenance of ion homeostasis and the regulation of cell volume. Their overactivation leads to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (Gordon syndrome) characterized by hyperkalemia and high blood pressure. More recently, WNK family members have been shown to be required for the development of the nervous system in mice, zebrafish, and flies, and the cardiovascular system of mice and fish. Furthermore, human WNK2 and Drosophila Wnk modulate canonical Wnt signaling. In addition to a well-conserved kinase domain, animal WNKs have a large, poorly conserved C-terminal domain whose function has been largely mysterious. In most but not all cases, WNKs bind and activate downstream kinases OSR1/SPAK, which in turn regulate the activity of various ion transporters and channels. Here, we show that Drosophila Wnk regulates Wnt signaling and cell size during the development of the wing in a manner dependent on Fray, the fly homolog of OSR1/SPAK. We show that the only canonical RF(X)V/I motif of Wnk, thought to be essential for WNK interactions with OSR1/SPAK, is required to interact with Fray in vitro. However, this motif is unexpectedly dispensable for Fray-dependent Wnk functions in vivo during fly development and fluid secretion in the Malpighian (renal) tubules. In contrast, a structure function analysis of Wnk revealed that the less-conserved C-terminus of Wnk, that recently has been shown to promote phase transitions in cell culture, is required for viability in vivo. Our data thus provide novel insights into unexpected in vivo roles of specific WNK domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Yarikipati
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Sima Jonusaite
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John M. Pleinis
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carihann Dominicci Cotto
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - David Sanchez-Hernandez
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Daryl E. Morrison
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Suhani Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Schellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clothilde Pénalva
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Curtiss
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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7
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Humphreys JM, Teixeira LR, Akella R, He H, Kannangara AR, Sekulski K, Pleinis J, Liwocha J, Jiou J, Servage KA, Orth K, Joachimiak L, Rizo J, Cobb MH, Brautigam CA, Rodan AR, Goldsmith EJ. Hydrostatic Pressure Sensing by WNK kinases. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar109. [PMID: 37585288 PMCID: PMC10559305 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous study has demonstrated that the WNK kinases 1 and 3 are direct osmosensors consistent with their established role in cell-volume control. WNK kinases may also be regulated by hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure applied to cells in culture with N2 gas or to Drosophila Malpighian tubules by centrifugation induces phosphorylation of downstream effectors of endogenous WNKs. In vitro, the autophosphorylation and activity of the unphosphorylated kinase domain of WNK3 (uWNK3) is enhanced to a lesser extent than in cells by 190 kPa applied with N2 gas. Hydrostatic pressure measurably alters the structure of uWNK3. Data from size exclusion chromatography in line with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS), SEC alone at different back pressures, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), NMR, and chemical crosslinking indicate a change in oligomeric structure in the presence of hydrostatic pressure from a WNK3 dimer to a monomer. The effects on the structure are related to those seen with osmolytes. Potential mechanisms of hydrostatic pressure activation of uWNK3 and the relationships of pressure activation to WNK osmosensing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphreys
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Liliana R. Teixeira
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Radha Akella
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Haixia He
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ashari R. Kannangara
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kamil Sekulski
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - John Pleinis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT 84112
| | - Joanna Liwocha
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jenny Jiou
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kelly A. Servage
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lukasz Joachimiak
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Josep Rizo
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Chad A. Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT 84112
| | - Elizabeth J. Goldsmith
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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8
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Furukawa T, Fukuda A. Maternal taurine as a modulator of Cl - homeostasis as well as of glycine/GABA A receptors for neocortical development. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1221441. [PMID: 37601283 PMCID: PMC10435090 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1221441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain and spinal cord development, GABA and glycine, the inhibitory neurotransmitters, cause depolarization instead of hyperpolarization in adults. Since glycine and GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are chloride (Cl-) ion channel receptor, the conversion of GABA/glycine actions during development is influenced by changes in the transmembrane Cl- gradient, which is regulated by Cl- transporters, NKCC1 (absorption) and KCC2 (expulsion). In immature neurons, inhibitory neurotransmitters are released in a non-vesicular/non-synaptic manner, transitioning to vesicular/synaptic release as the neuron matures. In other word, in immature neurons, neurotransmitters generally act tonically. Thus, the glycine/GABA system is a developmentally multimodal system that is required for neurogenesis, differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. The endogenous agonists for these receptors are not fully understood, we address taurine. In this review, we will discuss about the properties and function of taurine during development of neocortex. Taurine cannot be synthesized by fetuses or neonates, and is transferred from maternal blood through the placenta or maternal milk ingestion. In developing neocortex, taurine level is higher than GABA level, and taurine tonically activates GABAARs to control radial migration as a stop signal. In the marginal zone (MZ) of the developing neocortex, endogenous taurine modulates the spread of excitatory synaptic transmission, activating glycine receptors (GlyRs) as an endogenous agonist. Thus, taurine affects information processing and crucial developmental processes such as axonal growth, cell migration, and lamination in the developing cerebral cortex. Additionally, we also refer to the possible mechanism of taurine-regulating Cl- homeostasis. External taurine is uptake by taurine transporter (TauT) and regulates NKCC1 and KCC2 mediated by intracellular signaling pathway, with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) and its subsequent kinases STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response kinase-1 (OSR1). Through the regulation of NKCC1 and KCC2, mediated by the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling pathway, taurine plays a role in maintaining Cl- homeostasis during normal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Furukawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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9
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Abstract
The with no lysine (K) (WNK) kinases are an evolutionarily ancient group of kinases with atypical placement of the catalytic lysine and diverse physiological roles. Recent studies have shown that WNKs are directly regulated by chloride, potassium, and osmotic pressure. Here, we review the discovery of WNKs as chloride-sensitive kinases and discuss physiological contexts in which chloride regulation of WNKs has been demonstrated. These include the kidney, pancreatic duct, neurons, and inflammatory cells. We discuss the interdependent relationship of osmotic pressure and intracellular chloride in cell volume regulation. We review the recent demonstration of potassium regulation of WNKs and speculate on possible physiological roles. Finally, structural and mechanistic aspects of intracellular ion and osmotic pressure regulation of WNKs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Goldsmith
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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10
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Chlebowicz J, Akella R, Humphreys JM, He H, Kannangara AR, Wei S, Posner B, Goldsmith EJ. Identification of a Class of WNK Isoform-Specific Inhibitors Through High-Throughput Screening. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:93-105. [PMID: 36712947 PMCID: PMC9880028 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s389461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction WNK [with no lysine (K)] kinases are serine/threonine kinases associated with familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). WNKs are therapeutic targets for blood pressure regulation, stroke and several cancers including triple negative breast cancer and glioblastoma. Here, we searched for and characterized novel WNK kinase inhibitors. Methods We used a ~210,000-compound library in a high-throughput screen, re-acquisition and assay, commercial specificity screens and crystallography to identify WNK-isoform-selective inhibitors. Results We identified five classes of compounds that inhibit the kinase activity of WNK1: quinoline compounds, halo-sulfones, cyclopropane-containing thiazoles, piperazine-containing compounds, and nitrophenol-derived compounds. The compounds are strongly pan-WNK selective, inhibiting all four WNK isoforms. A class of quinoline compounds was identified that further shows selectivity among the WNK isoforms, being more potent toward WNK3 than WNK1. The crystal structure of the quinoline-derived SW120619 bound to the kinase domain of WNK3 reveals active site binding, and comparison to the WNK1 structure reveals the potential origin of isoform specificity. Discussion The newly discovered classes of compounds may be starting points for generating pharmacological tools and potential drugs treating hypertension and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Chlebowicz
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Radha Akella
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John M Humphreys
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Haixia He
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ashari R Kannangara
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bruce Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Goldsmith
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Correspondence: Elizabeth J Goldsmith, Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8816, USA, Tel +1 214 645 6376, Email
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11
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Jung JU, Jaykumar AB, Cobb MH. WNK1 in Malignant Behaviors: A Potential Target for Cancer? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:935318. [PMID: 35813203 PMCID: PMC9257110 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.935318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in cancer patients. Analyses of mouse models and patient data have implicated the protein kinase WNK1 as one of a handful of genes uniquely linked to a subset of invasive cancers. WNK1 signaling pathways are widely implicated in the regulation of ion co-transporters and in controlling cell responses to osmotic stress. In this review we will discuss its actions in tumor malignancy in human cancers and present evidence for its function in invasion, migration, angiogenesis and mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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12
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Jung JU, Ghosh A, Earnest S, Deaton SL, Cobb MH. UBR5 is a novel regulator of WNK1 stability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1176-C1186. [PMID: 35442829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00417.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) protein kinase maintains cellular ion homeostasis in many tissues through actions on ion cotransporters and channels. Increased accumulation of WNK1 protein leads to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a form of familial hypertension. WNK1 can be degraded via its adaptor-dependent recruitment to the Cullin3-RBX1 E3 ligase complex by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Disruption of this process also leads to disease. To determine if this is the primary mechanism of WNK1 turnover, we examined WNK1 protein stability and degradation by measuring its rate of decay after blockade of translation. Here, we show that WNK1 protein degradation exhibits atypical kinetics in Hela cells. Consistent with this apparent complexity, we found that multiple degradative pathways can modulate cellular WNK1 protein amount. WNK1 protein is degraded not only by the proteasome, but also by the lysosome. Non-lysosomal cysteine proteases calpain and caspases also influence WNK1 degradation, as inhibitors of these proteases modestly increased WNK1 protein expression. Importantly, we discovered that the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 interacts with WNK1 and its deficiency results in increased WNK1 protein. Our results further demonstrate that increased WNK1 in UBR5-depleted cells is attributable to reduced lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the multiplicity of degradative pathways involved in WNK1 turnover and uncover UBR5 as a previously unknown regulator of WNK1 protein stability that leads to lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ung Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anwesha Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Svetlana Earnest
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Staci L Deaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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13
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Schellinger JN, Sun Q, Pleinis JM, An SW, Hu J, Mercenne G, Titos I, Huang CL, Rothenfluh A, Rodan AR. Chloride oscillation in pacemaker neurons regulates circadian rhythms through a chloride-sensing WNK kinase signaling cascade. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1429-1438.e6. [PMID: 35303418 PMCID: PMC8972083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Central pacemaker neurons regulate circadian rhythms and undergo diurnal variation in electrical activity in mammals and flies.1,2 Circadian variation in the intracellular chloride concentration of mammalian pacemaker neurons has been proposed to influence the response to GABAergic neurotransmission through GABAA receptor chloride channels.3 However, results have been contradictory,4-9 and a recent study demonstrated circadian variation in pacemaker neuron chloride without an effect on GABA response.10 Therefore, whether and how intracellular chloride regulates circadian rhythms remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate a signaling role for intracellular chloride in the Drosophila small ventral lateral (sLNv) pacemaker neurons. In control flies, intracellular chloride increases in sLNvs over the course of the morning. Chloride transport through sodium-potassium-2-chloride (NKCC) and potassium-chloride (KCC) cotransporters is a major determinant of intracellular chloride concentrations.11Drosophila melanogaster with loss-of-function mutations in the NKCC encoded by Ncc69 have abnormally low intracellular chloride 6 h after lights on, loss of morning anticipation, and a prolonged circadian period. Loss of kcc, which is expected to increase intracellular chloride, suppresses the long-period phenotype of Ncc69 mutant flies. Activation of a chloride-inhibited kinase cascade, consisting of WNK (with no lysine [K]) kinase and its downstream substrate, Fray, is necessary and sufficient to prolong period length. Fray activation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Irk1, is also required for the long-period phenotype. These results indicate that the NKCC-dependent rise in intracellular chloride in Drosophila sLNv pacemakers restrains WNK-Fray signaling and overactivation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel to maintain normal circadian period length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Schellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qifei Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Pleinis
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sung-Wan An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jianrui Hu
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gaëlle Mercenne
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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14
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Kudelko M, Chen P, Tam V, Zhang Y, Kong OY, Sharma R, Au TY, To MKT, Cheah KS, Chan WC, Chan D. PRIMUS: Comprehensive proteomics of mouse intervertebral discs that inform novel biology and relevance to human disease modelling. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100082. [PMID: 34409283 PMCID: PMC8361275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics of healthy mouse IVDs differentiating compartments and spine levels. NP cells feature vacuoles with lysosomal, transport and cell–cell communication functions. Collagen XII, decorin and other ECM proteins contribute to function of the AF. Distinct proteomics between lumbar and tail discs. Mouse is a relevant model for human disc biology but care is needed in its use.
Mice are commonly used to study intervertebral disc (IVD) biology and related diseases such as IVD degeneration. Discs from both the lumbar and tail regions are used. However, little is known about compartmental characteristics in the different regions, nor their relevance to the human setting, where a functional IVD unit depends on a homeostatic proteome. Here, we address these major gaps through comprehensive proteomic profiling and in-depth analyses of 8-week-old healthy murine discs, followed by comparisons with human. Leveraging on a dataset of over 2,700 proteins from 31 proteomic profiles, we identified key molecular and cellular differences between disc compartments and spine levels, but not gender. The nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) compartments differ the most, both in matrisome and cellularity contents. Differences in the matrisome are consistent with the fibrous nature required for tensile strength in the AF and hydration property in the NP. Novel findings for the NP cells included an enrichment in cell junction proteins for cell–cell communication (Cdh2, Dsp and Gja1) and osmoregulation (Slc12a2 and Wnk1). In NP cells, we detected heterogeneity of vacuolar organelles; where about half have potential lysosomal function (Vamp3, Copb2, Lamp1/2, Lamtor1), some contain lipid droplets and others with undefined contents. The AF is enriched in proteins for the oxidative stress responses (Sod3 and Clu). Interestingly, mitochondrial proteins are elevated in the lumbar than tail IVDs that may reflect differences in metabolic requirement. Relative to the human, cellular and structural information are conserved for the AF. Even though the NP is more divergent between mouse and human, there are similarities at the level of cell biology. Further, common cross-species markers were identified for both NP (KRT8/19, CD109) and AF (COL12A1). Overall, mouse is a relevant model to study IVD biology, and an understanding of the limitation will facilitate research planning and data interpretation, maximizing the translation of research findings to human IVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kudelko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
| | - Vivian Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Oi-Yin Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tiffany Y.K. Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Kai-Tsun To
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn S.E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wilson C.W. Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
- Corresponding author at: School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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15
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Jonniya NA, Zhang J, Kar P. Molecular Mechanism of Inhibiting WNK Binding to OSR1 by Targeting the Allosteric Pocket of the OSR1-CCT Domain with Potential Antihypertensive Inhibitors: An In Silico Study. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9115-9129. [PMID: 34369793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative-stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) and the STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) are physiological substrates of the with-no-lysine (WNK) kinase. They are the master regulators of cation Cl- cotransporters that could be targeted for discovering novel antihypertensive agents. Both kinases have a conserved carboxy-terminal (CCT) domain that recognizes a unique peptide motif (Arg-Phe-Xaa-Val) present in their upstream kinases and downstream substrates. Here, we have combined molecular docking with molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations to identify potential inhibitors that can bind to the allosteric pocket of the OSR1-CCT domain and impede its interaction with the WNK peptide. Our study revealed that STOCK1S-14279 and Closantel bound strongly to the allosteric pocket of OSR1 and displaced the WNK peptide from the primary pocket of OSR1. We showed that primarily Arg1004 and Gln1006 of the WNK4-peptide motif were involved in strong H-bond interactions with Glu453 and Arg451 of OSR1. Besides, our study revealed that atoms of Arg1004 were solvent-exposed in cases of STOCK1S-14279 and Closantel, implying that the WNK4 peptide was moved out of the pocket. Overall, the predicted potential inhibitors altogether abolish the OSR1-WNK4-peptide interaction, suggesting their potency as a prospective allosteric inhibitor against OSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Amarnath Jonniya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, U.K
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
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16
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Izadifar A, Courchet J, Virga DM, Verreet T, Hamilton S, Ayaz D, Misbaer A, Vandenbogaerde S, Monteiro L, Petrovic M, Sachse S, Yan B, Erfurth ML, Dascenco D, Kise Y, Yan J, Edwards-Faret G, Lewis T, Polleux F, Schmucker D. Axon morphogenesis and maintenance require an evolutionary conserved safeguard function of Wnk kinases antagonizing Sarm and Axed. Neuron 2021; 109:2864-2883.e8. [PMID: 34384519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying complex axon morphogenesis are still poorly understood. We report a novel, evolutionary conserved function for the Drosophila Wnk kinase (dWnk) and its mammalian orthologs, WNK1 and 2, in axon branching. We uncover that dWnk, together with the neuroprotective factor Nmnat, antagonizes the axon-destabilizing factors D-Sarm and Axundead (Axed) during axon branch growth, revealing a developmental function for these proteins. Overexpression of D-Sarm or Axed results in axon branching defects, which can be blocked by overexpression of dWnk or Nmnat. Surprisingly, Wnk kinases are also required for axon maintenance of adult Drosophila and mouse cortical pyramidal neurons. Requirement of Wnk for axon maintenance is independent of its developmental function. Inactivation of dWnk or mouse Wnk1/2 in mature neurons leads to axon degeneration in the adult brain. Therefore, Wnk kinases are novel signaling components that provide a safeguard function in both developing and adult axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Izadifar
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn, Germany; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julien Courchet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel M Virga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tine Verreet
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stevie Hamilton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Derya Ayaz
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Misbaer
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vandenbogaerde
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laloe Monteiro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Milan Petrovic
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sonja Sachse
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bing Yan
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria-Luise Erfurth
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dan Dascenco
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jiekun Yan
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Edwards-Faret
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn, Germany; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tommy Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn, Germany; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Taylor CA, Cobb MH. CCT and CCT-like Modular Protein Interaction Domains in WNK Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:201-212. [PMID: 34312216 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNK (with-no lysine (K)) kinases and their downstream effector kinases, OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive 1) and SPAK (SPS/STE20-related proline-alanine rich kinase), have well-established functions in the maintenance of cell volume and ion homeostasis. Mutations in these kinases have been linked to an inherited form of hypertension, neurological defects, and other pathologies. A rapidly expanding body of evidence points to the involvement of WNKs in regulating multiple diverse cellular processes as well as the progression of some forms of cancer. How OSR1/SPAK contribute to these processes is well understood in some cases, but completely unknown in others. OSR1 and SPAK are targeted to both WNKs and substrates via their conserved C-terminal (CCT) protein interaction domains. Considerable effort has been put forth to understand the structure, function, and interaction specificity of the CCT domains in relation to WNK signaling, and multiple inhibitors of WNK signaling target these domains. The domains bind RFxV and RxFxV protein sequence motifs with the consensus sequence R-F-x-V/I or R-x-F-x-V/I, but residues outside the core motif also contribute to specificity. CCT interactions are required for OSR1 and SPAK activation and deactivation as well as cation-chloride cotransporter substrate phosphorylation. All four WNKs also contain CCT-like domains that have similar structures and conserved binding residues when compared to CCT domains, but their functions and interaction specificities are mostly unknown. A better understanding of the varied actions of these domains and their interactions will better define the known signaling mechanisms of the WNK pathway as well as uncover new ones. Significance Statement WNK kinases and downstream effector kinases, OSR1 and SPAK, have been shown to be involved in an array of diverse cellular processes. Here we review the function of modular protein interaction domains found in OSR1 and SPAK as well as related domains found in WNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A Taylor
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
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18
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Jaykumar AB, Jung JU, Parida PK, Dang TT, Wichaidit C, Kannangara AR, Earnest S, Goldsmith EJ, Pearson GW, Malladi S, Cobb MH. WNK1 Enhances Migration and Invasion in Breast Cancer Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1800-1808. [PMID: 34253593 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in patients with breast cancer. Many signaling pathways have been linked to cancer invasiveness, but blockade of few protein components has succeeded in reducing metastasis. Thus, identification of proteins contributing to invasion that are manipulable by small molecules may be valuable in inhibiting spread of the disease. The protein kinase with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) has been suggested to induce migration of cells representing a range of cancer types. Analyses of mouse models and patient data have implicated WNK1 as one of a handful of genes uniquely linked to invasive breast cancer. Here, we present evidence that inhibition of WNK1 slows breast cancer metastasis. We show that depletion or inhibition of WNK1 reduces migration of several breast cancer cell lines in wound healing assays and decreases invasion in collagen matrices. Furthermore, WNK1 depletion suppresses expression of AXL, a tyrosine kinase implicated in metastasis. Finally, we demonstrate that WNK inhibition in mice attenuates tumor progression and metastatic burden. These data showing reduced migration, invasion, and metastasis upon WNK1 depletion in multiple breast cancer models suggest that WNK1 contributes to the metastatic phenotype, and that WNK1 inhibition may offer a therapeutic avenue for attenuating progression of invasive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita B Jaykumar
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ji-Ung Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Tuyen T Dang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Svetlana Earnest
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Gray W Pearson
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Srinivas Malladi
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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19
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Ke S, Zhang R, He Y, Mu H, Sun F, Liu W, Li J, Song X. Human adenylate kinase 6 regulates WNK1 (with no lysine kinase-1) phosphorylation states and affects ion homeostasis in NT2 cells. Exp Cell Res 2021; 402:112565. [PMID: 33744230 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenylate kinase 6 (AK6), a nucleus localized phosphotransferase in mammalians, shows ubiquitously expression and broad substrate activity in different tissues and cell types. Although the function of AK6 has been extensively studied in different cancer cell lines, its role in mammalian germline is still unknown. Here we showed that knockdown of AK6 inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis in human testicular carcinoma (NT2 cells). Co-immunoprecipitation experiment and in vitro pull down assay identified WNK1 (with no lysine kinase-1) as one of the AK6 interacting proteins in NT2 cells. Moreover, we found that AK6 regulates the phosphorylation states of WNK1 (Thr60) and affects phosphorylation level of Akt (Ser473) upon hypotonic condition, probably affecting chloride channel and regulating ion transport and homeostasis in NT2 cells and consequently contributing to the decreased cell proliferation rate. In conclusion, AK6 regulates WNK1 phosphorylation states and affects ion homeostasis in NT2 cells. These findings provide new insights into the function of AK6 and WNK1 in human testicular carcinoma. This work also provides foundation for further mechanism study of AK6 in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Ke
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yaohui He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Huawei Mu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jianyuan Li
- Yu Huang Ding Medical Research Centre, Yan Tai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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20
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The electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter and its roles in the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induced cardiac diseases. Life Sci 2021; 270:119153. [PMID: 33539911 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue ischemia/hypoxia increases glycolysis and lactic acid accumulation in cardiomyocytes, leading to intracellular metabolic acidosis. Sodium bicarbonate cotransporters (NBCs) play a vital role in modulating intracellular pH and maintaining sodium ion concentrations in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes mainly express electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1), which has been demonstrated to participate in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This review outlines the structural and functional properties of NBCe1, summarizes the signaling pathways and factors that may regulate the activity of NBCe1, and reviews the roles of NBCe1 in the pathogenesis of I/R-induced cardiac diseases. Further studies revealing the regulatory mechanisms of NBCe1 activity should provide novel therapeutic targets for preventing I/R-induced cardiac diseases.
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21
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Klug NR, Chechneva OV, Hung BY, O'Donnell ME. High glucose-induced effects on Na +-K +-2Cl - cotransport and Na +/H + exchange of blood-brain barrier endothelial cells: involvement of SGK1, PKCβII, and SPAK/OSR1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C619-C634. [PMID: 33406028 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00177.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia exacerbates edema formation and worsens neurological outcome in ischemic stroke. Edema formation in the early hours of stroke involves transport of ions and water across an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), and swelling of astrocytes. We showed previously that high glucose (HG) exposures of 24 hours to 7 days increase abundance and activity of BBB Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport (NKCC) and Na+/H+ exchange 1 (NHE1). Further, bumetanide and HOE-642 inhibition of these transporters significantly reduces edema and infarct following middle cerebral artery occlusion in hyperglycemic rats, suggesting that NKCC and NHE1 are effective therapeutic targets for reducing edema in hyperglycemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying hyperglycemia effects on BBB NKCC and NHE1 are not known. In the present study we investigated whether serum-glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and protein kinase C beta II (PKCβII) are involved in HG effects on BBB NKCC and NHE1. We found transient increases in phosphorylated SGK1 and PKCβII within the first hour of HG exposure, after 5-60 min for SGK1 and 5 min for PKCβII. However, no changes were observed in cerebral microvascular endothelial cell SGK1 or PKCβII abundance or phosphorylation (activity) after 24 or 48 h HG exposures. Further, we found that HG-induced increases in NKCC and NHE1 abundance were abolished by inhibition of SGK1 but not PKCβII, whereas the increases in NKCC and NHE activity were abolished by inhibition of either kinase. Finally, we found evidence that STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1 (SPAK/OSR1) participate in the HG-induced effects on BBB NKCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Klug
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Olga V Chechneva
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Benjamin Y Hung
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Martha E O'Donnell
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
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Chi RPA, Wang T, Huang CL, Wu SP, Young SL, Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ. WNK1 regulates uterine homeostasis and its ability to support pregnancy. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141832. [PMID: 33048843 PMCID: PMC7710275 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WNK1 (with no lysine [K] kinase 1) is an atypical kinase protein ubiquitously expressed in humans and mice. A mutation in its encoding gene causes hypertension in humans, which is associated with abnormal ion homeostasis. WNK1 is critical for in vitro decidualization in human endometrial stromal cells, thereby demonstrating its importance in female reproduction. Using a mouse model, WNK1 was ablated in the female reproductive tract to define its in vivo role in uterine biology. Loss of WNK1 altered uterine morphology, causing endometrial epithelial hyperplasia, adenomyotic features, and a delay in embryo implantation, ultimately resulting in compromised fertility. Combining transcriptomic, proteomic, and interactomic analyses revealed a potentially novel regulatory pathway whereby WNK1 represses AKT phosphorylation through protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in endometrial cells from both humans and mice. We show that WNK1 interacted with PPP2R1A, the alpha isoform of the PP2A scaffold subunit. This maintained the levels of PP2A subunits and stabilized its activity, which then dephosphorylated AKT. Therefore, loss of WNK1 reduced PP2A activity, causing AKT hypersignaling. Using FOXO1 as a readout of AKT activity, we demonstrate that there was escalated FOXO1 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion, leading to a disruption in the expression of genes that are crucial for embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - San-pin Wu
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory and
| | - Steven L. Young
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John P. Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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23
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Chávez-Canales M, de los Heros P, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. Physiological Processes Modulated by the Chloride-Sensitive WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Kinase Signaling Pathway and the Cation-Coupled Chloride Cotransporters. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585907. [PMID: 33192599 PMCID: PMC7606576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Cl- as an intracellular signaling ion has been increasingly recognized in recent years. One of the currently best described roles of Cl- in signaling is the modulation of the With-No-Lysine (K) (WNK) - STE20-Proline Alanine rich Kinase (SPAK)/Oxidative Stress Responsive Kinase 1 (OSR1) - Cation-Coupled Cl- Cotransporters (CCCs) cascade. Binding of a Cl- anion to the active site of WNK kinases directly modulates their activity, promoting their inhibition. WNK activation due to Cl- release from the binding site leads to phosphorylation and activation of SPAK/OSR1, which in turn phosphorylate the CCCs. Phosphorylation by WNKs-SPAK/OSR1 of the Na+-driven CCCs (mediating ions influx) promote their activation, whereas that of the K+-driven CCCs (mediating ions efflux) promote their inhibition. This results in net Cl- influx and feedback inhibition of WNK kinases. A wide variety of alterations to this pathway have been recognized as the cause of several human diseases, with manifestations in different systems. The understanding of WNK kinases as Cl- sensitive proteins has allowed us to better understand the mechanistic details of regulatory processes involved in diverse physiological phenomena that are reviewed here. These include cell volume regulation, potassium sensing and intracellular signaling in the renal distal convoluted tubule, and regulation of the neuronal response to the neurotransmitter GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola de los Heros
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Bazard P, Ding B, Chittam HK, Zhu X, Parks TA, Taylor-Clark TE, Bhethanabotla VR, Frisina RD, Walton JP. Aldosterone up-regulates voltage-gated potassium currents and NKCC1 protein membrane fractions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15604. [PMID: 32973172 PMCID: PMC7515911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+-K+-2Cl- Cotransporter (NKCC1) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions across cell membranes. It has been shown that long-term systemic treatment with aldosterone (ALD) can enhance NKCC1 protein expression and activity in the aging cochlea resulting in improved hearing. In the present work, we used a cell line with confirmed NKCC1 expression to demonstrate that in vitro application of ALD increased outward voltage-gated potassium currents significantly, and simultaneously upregulated whole lysate and membrane portion NKCC1 protein expression. These ALD-induced changes were blocked by applying the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone. However, application of the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide or the potassium channel antagonist Tetraethyl ammonium had no effect. In addition, NKKC1 mRNA levels remained stable, indicating that ALD modulates NKCC1 protein expression via the activation of mineralocorticoid receptors and post-transcriptional modifications. Further, in vitro electrophysiology experiments, with ALD in the presence of NKCC1, K+ channel and mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors, revealed interactions between NKCC1 and outward K+ channels, mediated by a mineralocorticoid receptor-ALD complex. These results provide evidence of the therapeutic potential of ALD for the prevention/treatment of inner ear disorders such as age-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Bazard
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Harish K Chittam
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Thomas A Parks
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Venkat R Bhethanabotla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Robert D Frisina
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Department Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Behavioral and Communication Sciences, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Joseph P Walton
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Department Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Behavioral and Communication Sciences, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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25
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Yasuda M, Inui TA, Hirano S, Asano S, Okazaki T, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Intracellular Cl - Regulation of Ciliary Beating in Ciliated Human Nasal Epithelial Cells: Frequency and Distance of Ciliary Beating Observed by High-Speed Video Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114052. [PMID: 32517062 PMCID: PMC7312665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small inhaled particles, which are entrapped by the mucous layer that is maintained by mucous secretion via mucin exocytosis and fluid secretion, are removed from the nasal cavity by beating cilia. The functional activities of beating cilia are assessed by their frequency and the amplitude. Nasal ciliary beating is controlled by intracellular ions (Ca2+, H+ and Cl-), and is enhanced by a decreased concentration of intracellular Cl- ([Cl-]i) in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells (cHNECs) in primary culture, which increases the ciliary beat amplitude. A novel method to measure both ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat distance (CBD, an index of ciliary beat amplitude) in cHNECs has been developed using high-speed video microscopy, which revealed that a decrease in [Cl-]i increased CBD, but not CBF, and an increase in [Cl-]i decreased both CBD and CBF. Thus, [Cl-]i inhibits ciliary beating in cHNECs, suggesting that axonemal structures controlling CBD and CBF may have Cl- sensors and be regulated by [Cl-]i. These observations indicate that the activation of Cl- secretion stimulates ciliary beating (increased CBD) mediated via a decrease in [Cl-]i in cHNECs. Thus, [Cl-]i is critical for controlling ciliary beating in cHNECs. This review introduces the concept of Cl- regulation of ciliary beating in cHNECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5603 (M.Y.); +81-77-561-3488 (ext. 7554) (T.N.)
| | - Taka-aki Inui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.-a.I.); (S.H.)
| | - Shinji Asano
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Tomonori Okazaki
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi 570-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5603 (M.Y.); +81-77-561-3488 (ext. 7554) (T.N.)
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26
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High expression of OSR1 as a predictive biomarker for poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 182:35-46. [PMID: 32424721 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05671-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) plays a crucial role in regulating diverse cellular pathophysiologic functions, including ion homeostasis, development, differentiation, angiogenesis, invasive migration, and metastasis. Regardless, the clinical significance of OSR1 in breast cancer is scarce. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of OSR1 on the prognosis of patients with breast cancer with a long-term follow-up. METHODS OSR1 expression in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens was analyzed. These specimens were collected from 551 evaluable breast cancer cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC). OSR1 expression was dichotomized based on the H-score in IHC. The effects of OSR1 levels on the clinicopathological attributes and survival prediction in patients with breast cancer were explored. RESULTS Among 551 specimens, 183 (33.2%) exhibited high expression of OSR1 in tumor cells. High OSR1 levels were markedly correlated with histologic grade (P = 0.035), ER (P < 0.001) and PgR (P = 0.043) expression, lymph node involvement (P < 0.001), TNM stage (P < 0.001), and axillary surgery procedures (P = 0.003). Univariate analysis results indicate that patients with high OSR1 expression had significantly poor overall survival (P < 0.001), distant disease-free survival (P < 0.001), and breast cancer-specific survival (P < 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analyses suggest that OSR1 expression was an independent predictive marker of poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis (HR 3.224, 95% CI 1.182-8.702, P = 0.023) in patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that OSR1 is a significantly independent prognosis index for patients with breast cancer with respect to distant disease-free survival, overall survival, and breast cancer-specific survival. High OSR1 expression caused an increase in deaths specifically attributed to breast cancer and was related to increased lymph node metastasis. However, the precise cellular mechanisms for OSR1 in breast cancer require further research.
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27
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Shahidullah M, Mandal A, Mathias RT, Gao J, Križaj D, Redmon S, Delamere NA. TRPV1 activation stimulates NKCC1 and increases hydrostatic pressure in the mouse lens. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C969-C980. [PMID: 32293931 PMCID: PMC7294325 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00391.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The porcine lens response to a hyperosmotic stimulus involves an increase in the activity of an ion cotransporter sodium-potassium/two-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). Recent studies with agonists and antagonists pointed to a mechanism that appears to depend on activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channels. Here, we compare responses in lenses and cultured lens epithelium obtained from TRPV1-/- and wild type (WT) mice. Hydrostatic pressure (HP) in lens surface cells was determined using a manometer-coupled microelectrode approach. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (100 nM) caused a transient HP increase in WT lenses that peaked after ∼30 min and then returned toward baseline. Capsaicin did not cause a detectable change of HP in TRPV1-/- lenses. The NKCC inhibitor bumetanide prevented the HP response to capsaicin in WT lenses. Potassium transport was examined by measuring Rb+ uptake. Capsaicin increased Rb+ uptake in cultured WT lens epithelial cells but not in TRPV1-/- cells. Bumetanide, A889425, and the Akt inhibitor Akti prevented the Rb+ uptake response to capsaicin. The bumetanide-sensitive (NKCC-dependent) component of Rb+ uptake more than doubled in response to capsaicin. Capsaicin also elicited rapid (<2 min) NKCC1 phosphorylation in WT but not TRPV1-/- cells. HP recovery was shown to be absent in TRPV1-/- lenses exposed to hyperosmotic solution. Bumetanide and Akti prevented HP recovery in WT lenses exposed to hyperosmotic solution. Taken together, responses to capsaicin and hyperosmotic solution point to a functional role for TRPV1 channels in mouse lens. Lack of NKCC1 phosphorylation and Rb+ uptake responses in TRPV1-/- mouse epithelium reinforces the notion that a hyperosmotic challenge causes TRPV1-dependent NKCC1 activation. The results are consistent with a role for the TRPV1-activated signaling pathway leading to NKCC1 stimulation in lens osmotic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahidullah
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,2Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amritlal Mandal
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Richard T. Mathias
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Junyuan Gao
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - David Križaj
- 4Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah Redmon
- 4Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nicholas A. Delamere
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,2Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies of the genetic model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, have unraveled molecular pathways relevant to human physiology and disease. The Malpighian tubule, the Drosophila renal epithelium, is described here, including tools available to study transport; conserved transporters, channels, and the signaling pathways regulating them; and fly models of kidney stone disease. RECENT FINDINGS Tools to measure Malpighian tubule transport continue to advance, including use of a transgenic sensor to quantify intracellular pH and proton fluxes. A recent study generated an RNA-sequencing-based atlas of tissue-specific gene expression, with resulting insights into Malpighian tubule gene expression of transporters and channels. Advances have been made in understanding the molecular physiology of the With No Lysine kinase-Ste20-related proline/alanine rich kinase/oxidative stress response kinase cascade that regulates epithelial ion transport in flies and mammals. New studies in Drosophila kidney stone models have characterized zinc transporters and used Malpighian tubules to study the efficacy of a plant metabolite in decreasing stone burden. SUMMARY Study of the Drosophila Malpighian tubule affords opportunities to better characterize the molecular physiology of epithelial transport mechanisms relevant to mammalian renal physiology.
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29
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Henriques AFA, Matos P, Carvalho AS, Azkargorta M, Elortza F, Matthiesen R, Jordan P. WNK1 phosphorylation sites in TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 modulate cell surface expression of GLUT1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 679:108223. [PMID: 31816312 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose uptake by mammalian cells is a key mechanism to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis and relies mostly on plasma membrane-localized glucose transporter proteins (GLUTs). Two main cellular mechanisms regulate GLUT proteins in the cell: first, expression of GLUT genes is under dynamic transcriptional control and is used by cancer cells to increase glucose availability. Second, GLUT proteins are regulated by membrane traffic from storage vesicles to the plasma membrane (PM). This latter process is triggered by signaling mechanisms and well-studied in the case of insulin-responsive cells, which activate protein kinase AKT to phosphorylate TBC1D4, a RAB-GTPase activating protein involved in membrane traffic regulation. Previously, we identified protein kinase WNK1 as another kinase able to phosphorylate TBC1D4 and regulate the surface expression of the constitutive glucose transporter GLUT1. Here we describe that downregulation of WNK1 through RNA interference in HEK293 cells led to a 2-fold decrease in PM GLUT1 expression, concomitant with a 60% decrease in glucose uptake. By mass spectrometry, we identified serine (S) 704 in TBC1D4 as a WNK1-regulated phosphorylation site, and also S565 in the paralogue TBC1D1. Transfection of the respective phosphomimetic or unphosphorylatable TBC1D mutants into cells revealed that both affected the cell surface abundance of GLUT1. The results reinforce a regulatory role for WNK1 in cell metabolism and have potential impact for the understanding of cancer cell metabolism and therapeutic options in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia F A Henriques
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute 'Dr. Ricardo Jorge', Lisbon, Portugal; BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute 'Dr. Ricardo Jorge', Lisbon, Portugal; BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Carvalho
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Centre, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Building 800, Science and Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Building 800, Science and Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Rune Matthiesen
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Centre, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute 'Dr. Ricardo Jorge', Lisbon, Portugal; BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Interpreting an apoptotic corpse as anti-inflammatory involves a chloride sensing pathway. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1532-1543. [PMID: 31792382 PMCID: PMC7140761 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell clearance (efferocytosis) elicits an anti-inflammatory response by phagocytes, but the mechanisms that underlie this response are still being defined. Here, we uncover a chloride-sensing signalling pathway that controls both the phagocyte 'appetite' and its anti-inflammatory response. Efferocytosis transcriptionally altered the genes that encode the solute carrier (SLC) proteins SLC12A2 and SLC12A4. Interfering with SLC12A2 expression or function resulted in a significant increase in apoptotic corpse uptake per phagocyte, whereas the loss of SLC12A4 inhibited corpse uptake. In SLC12A2-deficient phagocytes, the canonical anti-inflammatory program was replaced by pro-inflammatory and oxidative-stress-associated gene programs. This 'switch' to pro-inflammatory sensing of apoptotic cells resulted from the disruption of the chloride-sensing pathway (and not due to corpse overload or poor degradation), including the chloride-sensing kinases WNK1, OSR1 and SPAK-which function upstream of SLC12A2-had a similar effect on efferocytosis. Collectively, the WNK1-OSR1-SPAK-SLC12A2/SLC12A4 chloride-sensing pathway and chloride flux in phagocytes are key modifiers of the manner in which phagocytes interpret the engulfed apoptotic corpse.
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31
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Marcoux AA, Slimani S, Tremblay LE, Frenette-Cotton R, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Endocytic recycling of Na + -K + -Cl - cotransporter type 2: importance of exon 4. J Physiol 2019; 597:4263-4276. [PMID: 31216057 DOI: 10.1113/jp278024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Na+ -K+ -Cl- cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) is a 27-exon membrane protein that is expressed in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle where it is involved in reabsorption of the ultrafiltered NaCl load. It comes as three splice variants that are identical to each other except for the residue composition of exon 4 and that differ in their transport characteristics, functional roles and distributions along the TAL. In this report, it is shown that the variants also differ in their trafficking properties and that two residues in exon 4 play a key role in this regard. One of these residues was also shown to sustain carrier internalization. Through these results, a novel function for the alternatively spliced exon of NKCC2 has been identified and a domain that is involved in carrier trafficking has been uncovered for the first time in a cation-Cl- cotransporter family member. ABSTRACT Na+ -K+ -Cl- cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) is a 12-transmembrane (TM) domain cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle and stimulated during cell shrinkage. It comes as three splice variants (A, B and F) that are identical to each other except for TM2 and the following connecting segment (CS2). Yet, these variants do not share the same localization, transport characteristics and physiological roles along the TAL. We have recently found that while cell shrinkage could exert its activating effect by increasing NKCC2 expression at the cell surface, the variants also responded differentially to this stimulus. In the current work, a mutagenic approach was exploited to determine whether CS2 could play a role in carrier trafficking and identify the residues potentially involved. We found that when the residue of position 238 in NKCC2A (F) and NKCC2B (Y) was replaced by the corresponding residue in NKCC2F (V), carrier activity increased by over 3-fold and endocytosis decreased concomitantly. We also found that when the residue of position 230 in NKCC2F (M) was replaced by the one in NKCC2B (T), carrier activity and affinity for ions both increased substantially whereas expression at the membrane decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that CS2 is involved in carrier trafficking and that two of its residues, those of positions 238 and 230, are part of an internalization motif. They also indicate that the divergent residue of position 230 plays the dual role of specifying ion affinity and sustaining carrier internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - Samira Slimani
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - Laurence E Tremblay
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - Rachelle Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6.,Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3T 1J4
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
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Rodan AR. Intracellular chloride: a regulator of transepithelial transport in the distal nephron. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2019; 28:360-367. [PMID: 30865168 PMCID: PMC6684285 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the role of intracellular chloride in regulating transepithelial ion transport in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in response to perturbations in plasma potassium homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Low dietary potassium increases the phosphorylation and activity of the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the DCT, and vice versa, affecting sodium-dependent potassium secretion in the downstream aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. In cells, NCC phosphorylation is increased by lowering of intracellular chloride, via activation of the chloride-sensitive with no lysine (WNK)-SPAK/OSR1 (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress response) kinase cascade. In-vivo studies have demonstrated pathway activation in the kidney in response to low dietary potassium. A possible mechanism is lowering of DCT intracellular chloride in response to low potassium because of parallel basolateral potassium and chloride channels. Recent studies support a role for these channels in the response of NCC to varying potassium. Studies examining chloride-insensitive WNK mutants, in the Drosophila renal tubule and in the mouse, lend further support to a role for chloride in regulating WNK activity and transepithelial ion transport. Caveats, alternatives, and future directions are also discussed. SUMMARY Chloride sensing by WNK kinase provides a mechanism to allow coupling of extracellular potassium with NCC phosphorylation and activity to maintain potassium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R. Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, and Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT
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Marcoux AA, Slimani S, Tremblay LE, Frenette-Cotton R, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Regulation of Na +-K +-Cl - cotransporter type 2 by the with no lysine kinase-dependent signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C20-C30. [PMID: 30917032 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) is confined to the apical membrane of the thick ascending limb of Henle, where it reabsorbs a substantial fraction of the ultrafiltered NaCl load. It is expressed along this nephron segment as three main splice variants (called NKCC2A, NKCC2B, and NKCC2F) that differ in residue composition along their second transmembrane domain and first intracellular cytosolic connecting segment (CS2). NKCC2 is known to be activated by cell shrinkage and intracellular [Cl-] reduction. Although the with no lysine (WNK) kinases could play a role in this response, the mechanisms involved are ill defined, and the possibility of variant-specific responses has not been tested thus far. In this study, we have used the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system to gain further insight in these regards. We have found for the first time that cell shrinkage could stimulate NKCC2A- and NKCC2B-mediated ion transport by increasing carrier abundance at the cell surface and that this response was achieved (at least in part) by the enzymatic function of a WNK kinase. Interestingly, we have also found that the activity and cell surface abundance of NKCC2F were less affected by cell shrinkage compared with the other variants and that ion transport by certain variants could be stimulated through WNK kinase expression in the absence of carrier redistribution. Taken together, these results suggest that the WNK kinase-dependent pathway can affect both the trafficking as well as intrinsic activity of NKCC2 and that CS2 plays an important role in carrier regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Samira Slimani
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Laurence E Tremblay
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Rachelle Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada.,Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
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Gallolu Kankanamalage S, Karra AS, Cobb MH. WNK pathways in cancer signaling networks. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:72. [PMID: 30390653 PMCID: PMC6215617 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The with no lysine [K] (WNK) pathway consists of the structurally unique WNK kinases, their downstream target kinases, oxidative stress responsive (OSR)1 and SPS/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), and a multitude of OSR1/SPAK substrates including cation chloride cotransporters. Main body While the best known functions of the WNK pathway is regulation of ion transport across cell membranes, WNK pathway components have been implicated in numerous human diseases. The goal of our review is to draw attention to how this pathway and its components exert influence on the progression of cancer, specifically by detailing WNK signaling intersections with major cell communication networks and processes. Conclusion Here we describe how WNKs and associated proteins interact with and influence PI3K-AKT, TGF-β, and NF-κB signaling, as well as its unanticipated role in the regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA
| | - Aroon S Karra
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA.
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AlAmri MA, Kadri H, Alderwick LJ, Jeeves M, Mehellou Y. The Photosensitising Clinical Agent Verteporfin Is an Inhibitor of SPAK and OSR1 Kinases. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2072-2080. [PMID: 29999233 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative-stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) are two serine/threonine protein kinases that play key roles in regulating ion homeostasis. Various SPAK and OSR1 mouse models exhibited reduced blood pressure. Herein, the discovery of verteporfin, a photosensitising agent used in photodynamic therapy, as a potent inhibitor of SPAK and OSR1 kinases is reported. It is shown that verteporfin binds the kinase domains of SPAK and OSR1 and inhibits their catalytic activity in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-independent manner. In cells, verteporfin was able to suppress the phosphorylation of the ion co-transporter NKCC1; a downstream physiological substrate of SPAK and OSR1 kinases. Kinase panel screening indicated that verteporfin inhibited a further eight protein kinases more potently than that of SPAK and OSR1. Although verteporfin has largely been studied as a modifier of the Hippo signalling pathway, this work indicates that the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signalling cascade is also a target of this clinical agent. This finding could explain the fluctuation in blood pressure noted in patients and animals treated with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak A AlAmri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hachemi Kadri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Jeeves
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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Rodan AR. WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling: lessons learned from an insect renal epithelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F903-F907. [PMID: 29923766 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00176.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WNK [with no lysine (K)] kinases regulate renal epithelial ion transport to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations, extracellular volume, and blood pressure. The SLC12 cation-chloride cotransporters, including the sodium-potassium-2-chloride (NKCC) and sodium chloride cotransporters (NCC), are targets of WNK regulation via the intermediary kinases SPAK (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress response). The pathway is activated by low dietary potassium intake, resulting in increased phosphorylation and activity of NCC. Chloride regulates WNK kinases in vitro by binding to the active site and inhibiting autophosphorylation and has been proposed to modulate WNK activity in the distal convoluted tubule in response to low dietary potassium. WNK-SPAK/OSR1 regulation of NKCC-dependent ion transport is evolutionarily ancient, and it occurs in the Drosophila Malpighian (renal) tubule. Here, we review recent studies from the Drosophila tubule demonstrating cooperative roles for chloride and the scaffold protein Mo25 (mouse protein-25, also known as calcium-binding protein-39) in the regulation of WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling in a transporting renal epithelium. Insights gained from this genetically manipulable and physiologically accessible epithelium shed light on molecular mechanisms of regulation of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway, which is important in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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Sun Q, Wu Y, Jonusaite S, Pleinis JM, Humphreys JM, He H, Schellinger JN, Akella R, Stenesen D, Krämer H, Goldsmith EJ, Rodan AR. Intracellular Chloride and Scaffold Protein Mo25 Cooperatively Regulate Transepithelial Ion Transport through WNK Signaling in the Malpighian Tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1449-1461. [PMID: 29602832 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With No Lysine kinase (WNK) signaling regulates mammalian renal epithelial ion transport to maintain electrolyte and BP homeostasis. Our previous studies showed a conserved role for WNK in the regulation of transepithelial ion transport in the Drosophila Malpighian tubule.Methods Using in vitro assays and transgenic Drosophila lines, we examined two potential WNK regulators, chloride ion and the scaffold protein mouse protein 25 (Mo25), in the stimulation of transepithelial ion flux.ResultsIn vitro, autophosphorylation of purified Drosophila WNK decreased as chloride concentration increased. In conditions in which tubule intracellular chloride concentration decreased from 30 to 15 mM as measured using a transgenic sensor, Drosophila WNK activity acutely increased. Drosophila WNK activity in tubules also increased or decreased when bath potassium concentration decreased or increased, respectively. However, a mutation that reduces chloride sensitivity of Drosophila WNK failed to alter transepithelial ion transport in 30 mM chloride. We, therefore, examined a role for Mo25. In in vitro kinase assays, Drosophila Mo25 enhanced the activity of the Drosophila WNK downstream kinase Fray, the fly homolog of mammalian Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), and oxidative stress-responsive 1 protein (OSR1). Knockdown of Drosophila Mo25 in the Malpighian tubule decreased transepithelial ion flux under stimulated but not basal conditions. Finally, whereas overexpression of wild-type Drosophila WNK, with or without Drosophila Mo25, did not affect transepithelial ion transport, Drosophila Mo25 overexpressed with chloride-insensitive Drosophila WNK increased ion flux.Conclusions Cooperative interactions between chloride and Mo25 regulate WNK signaling in a transporting renal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Yipin Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Sima Jonusaite
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John M Pleinis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | | | - Drew Stenesen
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | | | - Aylin R Rodan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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OSR1 regulates a subset of inward rectifier potassium channels via a binding motif variant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3840-3845. [PMID: 29581290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802339115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine (K) (WNK) signaling pathway to STE20/SPS1-related proline- and alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive 1 (OSR1) kinase is an important mediator of cell volume and ion transport. SPAK and OSR1 associate with upstream kinases WNK 1-4, substrates, and other proteins through their C-terminal domains which interact with linear R-F-x-V/I sequence motifs. In this study we find that SPAK and OSR1 also interact with similar affinity with a motif variant, R-x-F-x-V/I. Eight of 16 human inward rectifier K+ channels have an R-x-F-x-V motif. We demonstrate that two of these channels, Kir2.1 and Kir2.3, are activated by OSR1, while Kir4.1, which does not contain the motif, is not sensitive to changes in OSR1 or WNK activity. Mutation of the motif prevents activation of Kir2.3 by OSR1. Both siRNA knockdown of OSR1 and chemical inhibition of WNK activity disrupt NaCl-induced plasma membrane localization of Kir2.3. Our results suggest a mechanism by which WNK-OSR1 enhance Kir2.1 and Kir2.3 channel activity by increasing their plasma membrane localization. Regulation of members of the inward rectifier K+ channel family adds functional and mechanistic insight into the physiological impact of the WNK pathway.
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Wilson CS, Mongin AA. The signaling role for chloride in the bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:33-44. [PMID: 29329909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the electrical signaling in neuronal networks is modulated by chloride (Cl-) fluxes via the inhibitory GABAA and glycine receptors. Here, we discuss the putative contribution of Cl- fluxes and intracellular Cl- to other forms of information transfer in the CNS, namely the bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes. The manuscript (i) summarizes the generic functions of Cl- in cellular physiology, (ii) recaps molecular identities and properties of Cl- transporters and channels in neurons and astrocytes, and (iii) analyzes emerging studies implicating Cl- in the modulation of neuroglial communication. The existing literature suggests that neurons can alter astrocytic Cl- levels in a number of ways; via (a) the release of neurotransmitters and activation of glial transporters that have intrinsic Cl- conductance, (b) the metabotropic receptor-driven changes in activity of the electroneutral cation-Cl- cotransporter NKCC1, and (c) the transient, activity-dependent changes in glial cell volume which open the volume-regulated Cl-/anion channel VRAC. Reciprocally, astrocytes are thought to alter neuronal [Cl-]i through either (a) VRAC-mediated release of the inhibitory gliotransmitters, GABA and taurine, which open neuronal GABAA and glycine receptor/Cl- channels, or (b) the gliotransmitter-driven stimulation of NKCC1. The most important recent developments in this area are the identification of the molecular composition and functional heterogeneity of brain VRAC channels, and the discovery of a new cytosolic [Cl-] sensor - the Wnk family protein kinases. With new work in the field, our understanding of the role of Cl- in information processing within the CNS is expected to be significantly updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
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The modulation of the phosphorylation status of NKCC1 in organ cultured bovine lenses: Implications for the regulation of fiber cell and overall lens volume. Exp Eye Res 2017; 165:164-174. [PMID: 28818393 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In previous work, we have shown the Sodium/Potassium/2 Chloride Cotransporter (NKCC1) to be a key effector of lens fiber cell volume regulation. Since others have shown that the activity of NKCC1 is regulated via its phosphorylation status, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether NKCC1 phosphorylation can be modulated in organ cultured bovine lenses, and to see how this relates to changes in lens wet weight. Western blotting was first used to confirm the expression of NKCC1, phosphorylated NKCC1 (NKCC1-P) and the regulatory kinases WNK/SPAK and phosphatases PP1/PP2A in bovine lenses at the protein level. Changes to NKCC1-P status were then assessed by organ culturing bovine lenses in either isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic solutions in the presence or absence of the NKCC inhibitor, bumetanide, or phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A. After 1-22 h of culturing, lenses were weighed, assessed for transparency and the cortical protein fractions analyzed by western blot using antibodies to detect total NKCC1 and NKCC1-P. NKCC1, NKCC1-P, SPAK, PP1 and PP2A were all detected in the membrane fraction of bovine lenses. Under hypertonic conditions, NKCC1 is phosphorylated and activated to mediate a regulatory volume increase. Finally, NKCC1-P signal increased in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors indicating that PP1/PP2A can dephosphorylate NKCC1. These results show that the phosphorylation status and hence activity of NKCC1 is dynamically regulated and that in response to hypertonic stress, NKCC1 activity is increased to effect a regulatory volume increase that limits cell shrinkage. These findings support the view that the lens dynamically regulates ion fluxes to maintain steady state lens volume, and suggest that dysfunction of this regulation maybe an initiating factor in the localized fiber cell swelling that is a characteristic of diabetic lens cataract.
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Zhang J, Karimy JK, Delpire E, Kahle KT. Pharmacological targeting of SPAK kinase in disorders of impaired epithelial transport. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:795-804. [PMID: 28679296 PMCID: PMC6081737 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1351949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich serine-threonine kinase SPAK (STK39) modulates ion transport across and between epithelial cells in response to environmental stimuli such osmotic stress and inflammation. Research over the last decade has established a central role for SPAK in the regulation of ion and water transport in the distal nephron, colonic crypts, and pancreatic ducts, and has implicated deregulated SPAK signaling in NaCl-sensitive hypertension, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and cystic fibrosis. Areas covered: We review recent advances in our understanding of the role of SPAK kinase in the regulation of epithelial transport. We highlight how SPAK signaling - including its upstream Cl- sensitive activators, the WNK kinases, and its downstream ion transport targets, the cation- Cl- cotransporters contribute to human disease. We discuss prospects for the pharmacotherapeutic targeting of SPAK kinase in specific human disorders that feature impaired epithelial homeostasis. Expert opinion: The development of novel drugs that antagonize the SPAK-WNK interaction, inhibit SPAK kinase activity, or disrupt SPAK kinase activation by interfering with its binding to MO25α/β could be useful adjuncts in essential hypertension, inflammatory colitis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jason K. Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiolgy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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AlAmri MA, Kadri H, Alderwick LJ, Simpkins NS, Mehellou Y. Rafoxanide and Closantel Inhibit SPAK and OSR1 Kinases by Binding to a Highly Conserved Allosteric Site on Their C-terminal Domains. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:639-645. [PMID: 28371477 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SPAK and OSR1 are two protein kinases that have emerged as attractive targets in the discovery of novel antihypertensive agents due to their role in regulating electrolyte balance in vivo. Herein we report the identification of an allosteric pocket on the highly conserved C-terminal domains of these two kinases, which influences their activity. We also show that some known WNK signaling inhibitors bind to this allosteric site. Using in silico screening, we identified the antiparasitic agent rafoxanide as a novel allosteric inhibitor of SPAK and OSR1. Collectively, this work will facilitate the rational design of novel SPAK and OSR1 kinase inhibitors that could be useful antihypertensive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak A AlAmri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hachemi Kadri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- Birmingham Drug Discovery Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nigel S Simpkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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Abstract
WNK kinases, along with their upstream regulators (CUL3/KLHL3) and downstream targets (the SPAK/OSR1 kinases and the cation-Cl- cotransporters [CCCs]), comprise a signaling cascade essential for ion homeostasis in the kidney and nervous system. Recent work has furthered our understanding of the WNKs in epithelial transport, cell volume homeostasis, and GABA signaling, and uncovered novel roles for this pathway in immune cell function and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shekarabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA.
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Donaldson PJ, Grey AC, Maceo Heilman B, Lim JC, Vaghefi E. The physiological optics of the lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 56:e1-e24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The with-no-lysine (K) (WNK) kinases are an atypical family of protein kinases that regulate ion transport across cell membranes. Mutations that result in their overexpression cause hypertension-related disorders in humans. Of the four mammalian WNKs, only WNK1 is expressed throughout the body. We report that WNK1 inhibits autophagy, an intracellular degradation pathway implicated in several human diseases. Using small-interfering RNA-mediated WNK1 knockdown, we show autophagosome formation and autophagic flux are accelerated. In cells with reduced WNK1, basal and starvation-induced autophagy is increased. We also show that depletion of WNK1 stimulates focal class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex (PI3KC3) activity, which is required to induce autophagy. Depletion of WNK1 increases the expression of the PI3KC3 upstream regulator unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), its phosphorylation, and activation of the kinase upstream of ULK1, the AMP-activated protein kinase. In addition, we show that the N-terminal region of WNK1 binds to the UV radiation resistance-associated gene (UVRAG) in vitro and WNK1 partially colocalizes with UVRAG, a component of a PI3KC3 complex. This colocalization decreases upon starvation of cells. Depletion of the SPS/STE20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase, a WNK1-activated enzyme, also induces autophagy in nutrient-replete or -starved conditions, but depletion of the related kinase and WNK1 substrate, oxidative stress responsive 1, does not. These results indicate that WNK1 inhibits autophagy by multiple mechanisms.
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Abstract
WNK (With-No-Lysine (K)) kinases are serine-threonine kinases characterized by an atypical placement of a catalytic lysine within the kinase domain. Mutations in human WNK1 or WNK4 cause an autosomal dominant syndrome of hypertension and hyperkalemia, reflecting the fact that WNK kinases are critical regulators of renal ion transport processes. Here, the role of WNKs in the regulation of ion transport processes in vertebrate and invertebrate renal function, cellular and organismal osmoregulation, and cell migration and cerebral edema will be reviewed, along with emerging literature demonstrating roles for WNKs in cardiovascular and neural development, Wnt signaling, and cancer. Conserved roles for these kinases across phyla are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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Vav3 is linked to poor prognosis of pancreatic cancers and promotes the motility and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreatology 2016; 16:905-16. [PMID: 27453460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 in the motility and invasiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to determine whether high Vav3 expression in human PDAC tissues is correlated with poor prognosis. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine the association and intracellular distribution of Vav3, Rac1 and Akt in PDAC cells. Phosphoprotein array analysis was performed to determine the Vav3-associated intracellular signaling pathways. Immunocytochemistry and Matrigel invasion assays were used to examine the effects of Vav3 on the formation of cell protrusions and PDAC cell invasion. RESULTS Expression of Vav3 in PDAC tissue was significantly correlated with overall survival. Vav3 was localized in cell protrusions of migrating PDAC cells. Knockdown of Vav3 inhibited the motility and invasiveness of PDAC cells through a decrease in cell protrusions. The levels of active Rac1 or active Akt were not associated with the concentration of Vav3 in cell protrusions. The Vav3-dependent promotion of motility and invasiveness was not modulated by Rac1 or Akt. Additionally, knockdown of Vav3 increased phosphorylated WNK1 in PDAC cells, and knockdown of WNK1 inhibited the motility and invasiveness. This study suggests that Vav3 can be a useful marker for predicting the outcome of patients with PDAC and that Vav3 can promote PDAC cell motility and invasion through association with dephosphorylation of WNK1. CONCLUSIONS Vav3 was accumulated in cell protrusions, contributed to the formation of membrane protrusions, and thereby increased the motility and invasiveness of PDAC cells.
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Dbouk HA, Huang CL, Cobb MH. Hypertension: the missing WNKs. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F16-27. [PMID: 27009339 PMCID: PMC4967160 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00358.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The With no Lysine [K] (WNK) family of enzymes are central in the regulation of blood pressure. WNKs have been implicated in hereditary hypertension disorders, mainly through control of the activity and levels of ion cotransporters and channels. Actions of WNKs in the kidney have been heavily investigated, and recent studies have provided insight into not only the regulation of these enzymes but also how mutations in WNKs and their interacting partners contribute to hypertensive disorders. Defining the roles of WNKs in the cardiovascular system will provide clues about additional mechanisms by which WNKs can regulate blood pressure. This review summarizes recent developments in the regulation of the WNK signaling cascade and its role in regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem A Dbouk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
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Tang BL. (WNK)ing at death: With-no-lysine (Wnk) kinases in neuropathies and neuronal survival. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:92-8. [PMID: 27131446 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of With-no-lysine (WNK) family of serine-threonine kinase are key regulators of chloride ion transport in diverse cell types, controlling the activity and the surface expression of cation-chloride (Na(+)/K(+)-Cl(-)) co-transporters. Mutations in WNK1 and WNK4 are linked to a hereditary form of hypertension, and WNKs have been extensively investigated pertaining to their roles in renal epithelial ion homeostasis. However, some members of the WNK family and their splice isoforms are also expressed in the mammalian brain, and have been implicated in aspects of hereditary neuropathy as well as neuronal and glial survival. WNK2, which is exclusively enriched in neurons, is well known as an anti-proliferative tumor suppressor. WNK3, on the other hand, appears to promote cell survival as its inhibition enhances neuronal apoptosis. However, loss of WNK3 has been recently shown to reduce ischemia-associated brain damage. In this review, I surveyed the potentially context-dependent roles of WNKs in neurological disorders and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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50
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Abstract
The human exocrine pancreas consists of 2 main cell types: acinar and ductal cells. These exocrine cells interact closely to contribute to the secretion of pancreatic juice. The most important ion in terms of the pancreatic ductal secretion is HCO3. In fact, duct cells produce an alkaline fluid that may contain up to 140 mM NaHCO3, which is essential for normal digestion. This article provides an overview of the basics of pancreatic ductal physiology and pathophysiology. In the first part of the article, we discuss the ductal electrolyte and fluid transporters and their regulation. The central role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is highlighted, which is much more than just a Cl channel. We also review the role of pancreatic ducts in severe debilitating diseases such as cystic fibrosis (caused by various genetic defects of cftr), pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus. Stimulation of ductal secretion in cystic fibrosis and pancreatitis may have beneficial effects in their treatment.
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