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Zhao X, Chen PH, Chen J, Sun H. Manipulated overlapping reactivation of multiple memories promotes explicit gist abstraction. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 213:107953. [PMID: 38950676 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is considered to promote gist abstraction on the basis of spontaneous memory reactivation. As speculated in the theory of 'information overlap to abstract (iOtA)', 'overlap' between reactivated memories, beyond reactivation, is crucial to gist abstraction. Yet so far, empirical research has not tested this theory by manipulating the factor of 'overlap'. In the current study, 'overlap' itself was manipulated by targeted memory reactivation (TMR), through simultaneously reactivating multiple memories that either contain or do not contain spatially overlapped gist information, to investigate the effect of overlapping reactivation on gist abstraction. This study had a factorial design of 2 factors with 2 levels respectively (spatial overlap/no spatial overlap, TMR/no-TMR). Accordingly, 82 healthy college students (aged 19 ∼ 25, 57 females) were randomized into four groups. After learning 16 pictures, paired with 4 auditory cues (4 pictures - 1 cue) according to the grouping, participants were given a 90-minute nap opportunity. Then TMR cueing was conducted during N2 and slow wave sleep of the nap. Performance in memory task was used to measure gist abstraction. The results showed a significant main effect of TMR on both implicit and explicit gist abstraction, and a marginally significant interaction effect on explicit gist abstraction. Further analyses showed that explicit gist abstraction in the spatial overlap & TMR group was significantly better than in the control group. Moreover, explicit gist abstraction was positively correlated with spindle density. The current study thus indicates that TMR facilitates gist abstraction, and explicit gist abstraction may benefit more from overlapping reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, 51 HuayuanBei Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, 51 HuayuanBei Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, 51 HuayuanBei Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongqiang Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, 51 HuayuanBei Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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2
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Buchberger ES, Joechner AK, Ngo CT, Lindenberger U, Werkle-Bergner M. Age differences in generalization, memory specificity, and their overnight fate in childhood. Child Dev 2024; 95:e270-e286. [PMID: 38516813 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Memory enables generalization to new situations, and memory specificity that preserves individual episodes. This study investigated generalization, memory specificity, and their overnight fate in 141 4- to 8-year-olds (computerized memory game; 71 females, tested 2020-2021 in Germany). The results replicated age effects in generalization and memory specificity, and a contingency of generalization on object conceptual properties and interobject semantic proximity. Age effects were stronger in generalization than in memory specificity, and generalization was more closely linked to the explicit regularity knowledge in older than in younger children. After an overnight delay, older children retained more generalized and specific memories and showed greater gains but only in generalization. These findings reveal distinct age differences in generalization and memory specificity across childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa S Buchberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Joechner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chi T Ngo
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Abdou K, Nomoto M, Aly MH, Ibrahim AZ, Choko K, Okubo-Suzuki R, Muramatsu SI, Inokuchi K. Prefrontal coding of learned and inferred knowledge during REM and NREM sleep. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4566. [PMID: 38914541 PMCID: PMC11196720 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Idling brain activity has been proposed to facilitate inference, insight, and innovative problem-solving. However, it remains unclear how and when the idling brain can create novel ideas. Here, we show that cortical offline activity is both necessary and sufficient for building unlearned inferential knowledge from previously acquired information. In a transitive inference paradigm, male C57BL/6J mice gained the inference 1 day after, but not shortly after, complete training. Inhibiting the neuronal computations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during post-learning either non-rapid eye movement (NREM) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but not wakefulness, disrupted the inference without affecting the learned knowledge. In vivo Ca2+ imaging suggests that NREM sleep organizes the scattered learned knowledge in a complete hierarchy, while REM sleep computes the inferential information from the organized hierarchy. Furthermore, after insufficient learning, artificial activation of medial entorhinal cortex-ACC dialog during only REM sleep created inferential knowledge. Collectively, our study provides a mechanistic insight on NREM and REM coordination in weaving inferential knowledge, thus highlighting the power of idling brain in cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Abdou
- Research Centre for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masanori Nomoto
- Research Centre for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohamed H Aly
- Research Centre for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Z Ibrahim
- Research Centre for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiriko Choko
- Research Centre for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Reiko Okubo-Suzuki
- Research Centre for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurological Gene Therapy, Centre for Open Innovation, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 3290498, Japan
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1088639, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Research Centre for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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4
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Siefert EM, Uppuluri S, Mu J, Tandoc MC, Antony JW, Schapiro AC. Memory Reactivation during Sleep Does Not Act Holistically on Object Memory. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0022242024. [PMID: 38604779 PMCID: PMC11170671 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0022-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory reactivation during sleep is thought to facilitate memory consolidation. Most sleep reactivation research has examined how reactivation of specific facts, objects, and associations benefits their overall retention. However, our memories are not unitary, and not all features of a memory persist in tandem over time. Instead, our memories are transformed, with some features strengthened and others weakened. Does sleep reactivation drive memory transformation? We leveraged the Targeted Memory Reactivation technique in an object category learning paradigm to examine this question. Participants (20 female, 14 male) learned three categories of novel objects, where each object had unique, distinguishing features as well as features shared with other members of its category. We used a real-time EEG protocol to cue the reactivation of these objects during sleep at moments optimized to generate reactivation events. We found that reactivation improved memory for distinguishing features while worsening memory for shared features, suggesting a differentiation process. The results indicate that sleep reactivation does not act holistically on object memories, instead supporting a transformation where some features are enhanced over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Siefert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Sindhuja Uppuluri
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jianing Mu
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marlie C Tandoc
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - James W Antony
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407
| | - Anna C Schapiro
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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5
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Mildner JN, Tamir DI. Why do we think? The dynamics of spontaneous thought reveal its functions. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae230. [PMID: 38939015 PMCID: PMC11210302 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneous thought-mind wandering, daydreaming, and creative ideation-makes up most of everyday cognition. Is this idle thought, or does it serve an adaptive function? We test two hypotheses about the functions of spontaneous thought: First, spontaneous thought improves memory efficiency. Under this hypothesis, spontaneous thought should prioritize detailed, vivid episodic simulations. Second, spontaneous thought helps us achieve our goals. Under this hypothesis, spontaneous thought should prioritize content relevant to ongoing goal pursuits, or current concerns. We use natural language processing and machine learning to quantify the dynamics of thought in a large sample (N = 3,359) of think aloud data. Results suggest that spontaneous thought both supports memory optimization and keeps us focused on current concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Mildner
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Diana I Tamir
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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6
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Xu B, Wu J, Xiao H, Münte TF, Ye Z. Inferior parietal cortex represents relational structures for explicit transitive inference. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae137. [PMID: 38584088 PMCID: PMC10999362 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The human brain is distinguished by its ability to perform explicit logical reasoning like transitive inference. This study investigated the functional role of the inferior parietal cortex in transitive inference with functional MRI. Participants viewed premises describing abstract relations among items. They accurately recalled the relationship between old pairs of items, effectively inferred the relationship between new pairs of items, and discriminated between true and false relationships for new pairs. First, the inferior parietal cortex, but not the hippocampus or lateral prefrontal cortex, was associated with transitive inference. The inferior parietal activity and functional connectivity were modulated by inference (new versus old pairs) and discrimination (true versus false pairs). Moreover, the new/old and true/false pairs were decodable from the inferior parietal representation. Second, the inferior parietal cortex represented an integrated relational structure (ordered and directed series). The inferior parietal activity was modulated by serial position (larger end versus center pairs). The inferior parietal representation was modulated by symbolic distance (adjacent versus distant pairs) and direction (preceding versus following pairs). It suggests that the inferior parietal cortex may flexibly integrate observed relations into a relational structure and use the relational structure to infer unobserved relations and discriminate between true and false relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biman Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu East Road 1, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu East Road 1, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Haoyun Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu East Road 1, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Center for Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Zheng Ye
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China
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7
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Schechtman E. When memories get complex, sleep comes to their rescue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402178121. [PMID: 38466857 PMCID: PMC10962965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402178121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Schechtman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697
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8
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Siefert E, Uppuluri S, Mu. J, Tandoc M, Antony J, Schapiro A. Memory reactivation during sleep does not act holistically on object memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.14.571683. [PMID: 38168451 PMCID: PMC10760132 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Memory reactivation during sleep is thought to facilitate memory consolidation. Most sleep reactivation research has examined how reactivation of specific facts, objects, and associations benefits their overall retention. However, our memories are not unitary, and not all features of a memory persist in tandem over time. Instead, our memories are transformed, with some features strengthened and others weakened. Does sleep reactivation drive memory transformation? We leveraged the Targeted Memory Reactivation technique in an object category learning paradigm to examine this question. Participants (20 female, 14 male) learned three categories of novel objects, where each object had unique, distinguishing features as well as features shared with other members of its category. We used a real-time EEG protocol to cue the reactivation of these objects during sleep at moments optimized to generate reactivation events. We found that reactivation improved memory for distinguishing features while worsening memory for shared features, suggesting a differentiation process. The results indicate that sleep reactivation does not act holistically on object memories, instead supporting a transformation process where some features are enhanced over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M. Siefert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - S. Uppuluri
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J. Mu.
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - M.C. Tandoc
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - A.C. Schapiro
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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9
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Santamaria L, Kashif I, McGinley N, Lewis PA. Memory reactivation in slow wave sleep enhances relational learning in humans. Commun Biol 2024; 7:288. [PMID: 38459227 PMCID: PMC10923908 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep boosts the integration of memories, and can thus facilitate relational learning. This benefit may be due to memory reactivation during non-REM sleep. We set out to test this by explicitly cueing reactivation using a technique called targeted memory reactivation (TMR), in which sounds are paired with learned material in wake and then softly played during subsequent sleep, triggering reactivation of the associated memories. We specifically tested whether TMR in slow wave sleep leads to enhancements in inferential thinking in a transitive inference task. Because the Up-phase of the slow oscillation is more responsive to cues than the Down-phase, we also asked whether Up-phase stimulation is more beneficial for such integration. Our data show that TMR during the Up-Phase boosts the ability to make inferences, but only for the most distant inferential leaps. Up-phase stimulation was also associated with detectable memory reinstatement, whereas Down-phase stimulation led to below-chance performance the next morning. Detection of memory reinstatement after Up-state stimulation was negatively correlated with performance on the most difficult inferences the next morning. These findings demonstrate that cueing memory reactivation at specific time points in sleep can benefit difficult relational learning problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Santamaria
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Ibad Kashif
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Niall McGinley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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10
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Tal A, Schechtman E, Caughran B, Paller KA, Davachi L. The reach of reactivation: Effects of consciously triggered versus unconsciously triggered reactivation of associative memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313604121. [PMID: 38408248 PMCID: PMC10927514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313604121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Consolidating memories for long-term storage depends on reactivation. Reactivation occurs both consciously, during wakefulness, and unconsciously, during wakefulness and sleep. While considerable work has examined conscious awake and unconscious sleep reactivation, in this study, we directly compare the consequences of conscious and unconscious reactivation during wakefulness. Forty-one participants learned associations consisting of adjective-object-position triads. Objects were clustered into distinct semantic groups (e.g., fruits, vehicles) such that we could examine consequences of reactivation on semantically related memories. After an intensive learning protocol, we systematically reactivated some of the triads by presenting the adjective as a cue. Reactivation was done so that it was consciously experienced for some triads, and only unconsciously processed for others. Memory for spatial positions, the most distal part of the association, was affected by reactivation in a consciousness-dependent and memory-strength-dependent manner. Conscious reactivation resulted in weakening of semantically related memories that were strong initially, resonating with prior findings of retrieval-induced forgetting. Unconscious reactivation, on the other hand, selectively benefited weak reactivated memories, as previously shown for reactivation during sleep. Semantically linked memories were not impaired, but rather were integrated with the reactivated memory. These results taken together demonstrate that conscious and unconscious reactivation have qualitatively different consequences. Results support a consciousness-dependent inhibition account, whereby unconscious reactivation entails less inhibition than conscious reactivation, thus allowing more liberal spread of activation. Findings set the stage for additional exploration into the role of conscious experience in memory storage and structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tal
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Eitan Schechtman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Bruce Caughran
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Ken A. Paller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
- Department of Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY10962
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11
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Spens E, Burgess N. A generative model of memory construction and consolidation. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:526-543. [PMID: 38242925 PMCID: PMC10963272 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Episodic memories are (re)constructed, share neural substrates with imagination, combine unique features with schema-based predictions and show schema-based distortions that increase with consolidation. Here we present a computational model in which hippocampal replay (from an autoassociative network) trains generative models (variational autoencoders) to (re)create sensory experiences from latent variable representations in entorhinal, medial prefrontal and anterolateral temporal cortices via the hippocampal formation. Simulations show effects of memory age and hippocampal lesions in agreement with previous models, but also provide mechanisms for semantic memory, imagination, episodic future thinking, relational inference and schema-based distortions including boundary extension. The model explains how unique sensory and predictable conceptual elements of memories are stored and reconstructed by efficiently combining both hippocampal and neocortical systems, optimizing the use of limited hippocampal storage for new and unusual information. Overall, we believe hippocampal replay training generative models provides a comprehensive account of memory construction, imagination and consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Spens
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Neil Burgess
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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12
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Lutz ND, Martínez-Albert E, Friedrich H, Born J, Besedovsky L. Sleep shapes the associative structure underlying pattern completion in multielement event memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314423121. [PMID: 38377208 PMCID: PMC10907255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314423121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep supports the consolidation of episodic memory. It is, however, a matter of ongoing debate how this effect is established, because, so far, it has been demonstrated almost exclusively for simple associations, which lack the complex associative structure of real-life events, typically comprising multiple elements with different association strengths. Because of this associative structure interlinking the individual elements, a partial cue (e.g., a single element) can recover an entire multielement event. This process, referred to as pattern completion, is a fundamental property of episodic memory. Yet, it is currently unknown how sleep affects the associative structure within multielement events and subsequent processes of pattern completion. Here, we investigated the effects of post-encoding sleep, compared with a period of nocturnal wakefulness (followed by a recovery night), on multielement associative structures in healthy humans using a verbal associative learning task including strongly, weakly, and not directly encoded associations. We demonstrate that sleep selectively benefits memory for weakly associated elements as well as for associations that were not directly encoded but not for strongly associated elements within a multielement event structure. Crucially, these effects were accompanied by a beneficial effect of sleep on the ability to recall multiple elements of an event based on a single common cue. In addition, retrieval performance was predicted by sleep spindle activity during post-encoding sleep. Together, these results indicate that sleep plays a fundamental role in shaping associative structures, thereby supporting pattern completion in complex multielement events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D. Lutz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich80336, Germany
| | - Estefanía Martínez-Albert
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich80336, Germany
| | - Hannah Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich80336, Germany
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13
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Schmidig FJ, Geva-Sagiv M, Falach R, Yakim S, Gat Y, Sharon O, Fried I, Nir Y. A visual paired associate learning (vPAL) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep. J Sleep Res 2024:e14151. [PMID: 38286437 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Sleep improves the consolidation and long-term stability of newly formed memories and associations. Most research on human declarative memory and its consolidation during sleep uses word-pair associations requiring exhaustive learning. In the present study, we present the visual paired association learning (vPAL) paradigm, in which participants learn new associations between images of celebrities and animals. The vPAL is based on a one-shot exposure that resembles learning in natural conditions. We tested if vPAL can reveal a role for sleep in memory consolidation by assessing the specificity of memory recognition, and the cued recall performance, before and after sleep. We found that a daytime nap improved the stability of recognition memory and discrimination abilities compared to identical intervals of wakefulness. By contrast, cued recall of associations did not exhibit significant sleep-dependent effects. High-density electroencephalography during naps further revealed an association between sleep spindle density and stability of recognition memory. Thus, the vPAL paradigm opens new avenues for future research on sleep and memory consolidation across ages and heterogeneous populations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Jean Schmidig
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Geva-Sagiv
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rotem Falach
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Yakim
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Gat
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Omer Sharon
- Center for Human Sleep Science, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Nir
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sieratzki-Sagol Center for Sleep Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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14
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Chappel-Farley MG, Adams JN, Betzel RF, Janecek JC, Sattari NS, Berisha DE, Meza NJ, Niknazar H, Kim S, Dave A, Chen IY, Lui KK, Neikrug AB, Benca RM, Yassa MA, Mander BA. Medial temporal lobe functional network architecture supports sleep-related emotional memory processing in older adults. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.27.564260. [PMID: 37961192 PMCID: PMC10634911 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.564260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Memory consolidation occurs via reactivation of a hippocampal index during non-rapid eye movement slow-wave sleep (NREM SWS) which binds attributes of an experience existing within cortical modules. For memories containing emotional content, hippocampal-amygdala dynamics facilitate consolidation over a sleep bout. This study tested if modularity and centrality-graph theoretical measures that index the level of segregation/integration in a system and the relative import of its nodes-map onto central tenets of memory consolidation theory and sleep-related processing. Findings indicate that greater network integration is tied to overnight emotional memory retention via NREM SWS expression. Greater hippocampal and amygdala influence over network organization supports emotional memory retention, and hippocampal or amygdala control over information flow are differentially associated with distinct stages of memory processing. These centrality measures are also tied to the local expression and coupling of key sleep oscillations tied to sleep-dependent memory consolidation. These findings suggest that measures of intrinsic network connectivity may predict the capacity of brain functional networks to acquire, consolidate, and retrieve emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda G. Chappel-Farley
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jenna N. Adams
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Richard F. Betzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Indiana Bloomington, Bloomington IN, 47405
| | - John C. Janecek
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Negin S. Sattari
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Destiny E. Berisha
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Novelle J. Meza
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hamid Niknazar
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Soyun Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Abhishek Dave
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ivy Y. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kitty K. Lui
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ariel B. Neikrug
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ruth M. Benca
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, WI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Michael A. Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bryce A. Mander
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
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15
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Mulligan NW, Buchin ZL, Powers A. Transitive inference and the testing effect: Retrieval practice impairs transitive inference. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2356-2370. [PMID: 36760059 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231156732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial interest in the extent to which the testing effect (the finding that retrieval practice enhances memory) extends to more complex forms of learning, especially those entailing greater element interactivity. Transitive inference (TI) requires just such interactivity, in which information must be combined across multiple learning elements or premises to extract an underlying structure. Picklesimer et al. provided preliminary evidence that retrieval practice fails to enhance, and actually disrupts, TI. This study assessed the generality of that result. The current experiments employed a seven- or eight-element TI paradigm in which participants initially learned a set of premise pairs (e.g., A > B, B > C, and C > D) and then engaged in either restudy or retrieval practice of the premise pairs before taking a final test that assessed memory for the original premise pairs and one's ability to make TIs (e.g., to infer that B > D). Experiments 1 and 2 used pictorial materials and simultaneous presentation of premises during learning, a form of presentation that has induced testing effects on other forms of inference. For TI, the results were unchanged from Picklesimer et al.-TI was worse for retrieval practice than restudy. Experiment 3 used verbal materials and likewise found worse TI for retrieval practice. A small-scale meta-analysis combining the current experiments with those of Picklesimer et al. revealed a significant negative testing effect on TI (d = -0.37). Although retrieval practice enhances many aspects of memory, this fundamental aspect of human reasoning may be impaired by retrieval practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W Mulligan
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Buchin
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Annaliisa Powers
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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16
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Denis D, Bottary R, Cunningham TJ, Tcheukado MC, Payne JD. The influence of encoding strategy on associative memory consolidation across wake and sleep. Learn Mem 2023; 30:185-191. [PMID: 37726141 PMCID: PMC10547373 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053765.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Sleep benefits memory consolidation. However, factors present at initial encoding may moderate this effect. Here, we examined the role that encoding strategy plays in subsequent memory consolidation during sleep. Eighty-nine participants encoded pairs of words using two different strategies. Each participant encoded half of the word pairs using an integrative visualization technique, where the two items were imagined in an integrated scene. The other half were encoded nonintegratively, with each word pair item visualized separately. Memory was tested before and after a period of nocturnal sleep (N = 47) or daytime wake (N = 42) via cued recall tests. Immediate memory performance was significantly better for word pairs encoded using the integrative strategy compared with the nonintegrative strategy (P < 0.001). When looking at the change in recall across the delay, there was significantly less forgetting of integrated word pairs across a night of sleep compared with a day spent awake (P < 0.001), with no significant difference in the nonintegrated pairs (P = 0.19). This finding was driven by more forgetting of integrated compared with not-integrated pairs across the wake delay (P < 0.001), whereas forgetting was equivalent across the sleep delay (P = 0.26). Together, these results show that the strategy engaged in during encoding impacts both the immediate retention of memories and their subsequent consolidation across sleep and wake intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Bottary
- Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013, USA
| | - Tony J Cunningham
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Psychiatry Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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17
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Foldes T, Santamaria L, Lewis P. Sleep-related benefits to transitive inference are modulated by encoding strength and joint rank. Learn Mem 2023; 30:201-211. [PMID: 37726142 PMCID: PMC10547378 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053787.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Transitive inference is a measure of relational learning that has been shown to improve across sleep. Here, we examine this phenomenon further by studying the impact of encoding strength and joint rank. In experiment 1, participants learned adjacent premise pairs and were then tested on inferential problems derived from those pairs. In line with prior work, we found improved transitive inference performance after retention across a night of sleep compared with wake alone. Experiment 2 extended these findings using a within-subject design and found superior transitive inference performance on a hierarchy, consolidated across 27 h including sleep compared with just 3 h of wake. In both experiments, consolidation-related improvement was enhanced when presleep learning (i.e., encoding strength) was stronger. We also explored the interaction of these effects with the joint rank effect, in which items were scored according to their rank in the hierarchy, with more dominant item pairs having the lowest scores. Interestingly, the consolidation-related benefit was greatest for more dominant inference pairs (i.e., those with low joint rank scores). Overall, our findings provide further support for the improvement of transitive inference across a consolidation period that includes sleep. We additionally show that encoding strength and joint rank strongly modulate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Foldes
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Santamaria
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Lewis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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18
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Fang X, Alsbury-Nealy B, Wang Y, Frankland PW, Josselyn SA, Schlichting ML, Duncan KD. Time separating spatial memories does not influence their integration in humans. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289649. [PMID: 37561677 PMCID: PMC10414573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans can navigate through similar environments-like grocery stores-by integrating across their memories to extract commonalities or by differentiating between each to find idiosyncratic locations. Here, we investigate one factor that might impact whether two related spatial memories are integrated or differentiated: Namely, the temporal delay between experiences. Rodents have been shown to integrate memories more often when they are formed within 6 hours of each other. To test if this effect influences how humans spontaneously integrate spatial memories, we had 131 participants search for rewards in two similar virtual environments. We separated these learning experiences by either 30 minutes, 3 hours, or 27 hours. Memory integration was assessed three days later. Participants were able to integrate and simultaneously differentiate related memories across experiences. However, neither memory integration nor differentiation was modulated by temporal delay, in contrast to previous work. We further showed that both the levels of initial memory reactivation during the second experience and memory generalization to novel environments were comparable across conditions. Moreover, perseveration toward the initial reward locations during the second experience was related positively to integration and negatively to differentiation-but again, these associations did not vary by delay. Our findings identify important boundary conditions on the translation of rodent memory mechanisms to humans, motivating more research to characterize how even fundamental memory mechanisms are conserved and diverge across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Fang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- School of Psychology, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul W. Frankland
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Canada
| | - Sheena A. Josselyn
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Tal A, Schechtman E, Caughran B, Paller KA, Davachi L. The reach of reactivation: Effects of consciously-triggered versus unconsciously-triggered reactivation of associative memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.546400. [PMID: 37546839 PMCID: PMC10402076 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.546400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Newly formed memories are not passively stored for future retrieval; rather, they are reactivated offline and thereby strengthened and transformed. However, reactivation is not a uniform process: it occurs throughout different states of consciousness, including conscious rehearsal during wakefulness and unconscious processing during both wakefulness and sleep. In this study, we explore the consequences of reactivation during conscious and unconscious awake states. Forty-one participants learned associations consisting of adjective-object-position triads. Objects were clustered into distinct semantic groups (e.g., multiple fruits, vehicles, musical instruments) which allowed us to examine the consequences of reactivation on semantically-related memories. After an extensive learning phase, some triads were reactivated consciously, through cued retrieval, or unconsciously, through subliminal priming. In both conditions, the adjective was used as the cue. Reactivation impacted memory for the most distal association (i.e., the spatial position of associated objects) in a consciousness-dependent and memory-strength-dependent manner. First, conscious reactivation of a triad resulted in a weakening of other semantically related memories, but only those that were initially more accurate (i.e., memories with lower pre-reactivation spatial errors). This is similar to what has been previously demonstrated in studies employing retrieval-induced forgetting designs. Unconscious reactivation, on the other hand, benefited memory selectively for weak cued items. Semantically linked associations were not impaired, but rather integrated with the reactivated memory. Taken together, our results demonstrate that conscious and unconscious reactivation of memories during wakefulness have qualitatively different consequences on memory for distal associations. Effects are memory-strength-dependent, as has been shown for reactivation during sleep. Results support a consciousness-dependent inhibition account, according to which unconscious reactivation involves less inhibitory dynamics than conscious reactivation, thus allowing more liberal spread of activation. Our findings set the stage for additional exploration into the role of consciousness in memory structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tal
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Eitan Schechtman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60207, USA
| | - Bruce Caughran
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60207, USA
| | - Ken A Paller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60207, USA
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
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20
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Golkashani HA, Ghorbani S, Leong RLF, Ong JL, Chee MWL. Advantage conferred by overnight sleep on schema-related memory may last only a day. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 4:zpad019. [PMID: 37193282 PMCID: PMC10155747 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Study Objectives Sleep contributes to declarative memory consolidation. Independently, schemas benefit memory. Here we investigated how sleep compared with active wake benefits schema consolidation 12 and 24 hours after initial learning. Methods Fifty-three adolescents (age: 15-19 years) randomly assigned into sleep and active wake groups participated in a schema-learning protocol based on transitive inference (i.e. If B > C and C > D then B > D). Participants were tested immediately after learning and following 12-, and 24-hour intervals of wake or sleep for both the adjacent (e.g. B-C, C-D; relational memory) and inference pairs: (e.g.: B-D, B-E, and C-E). Memory performance following the respective 12- and 24-hour intervals were analyzed using a mixed ANOVA with schema (schema, no-schema) as the within-participant factor, and condition (sleep, wake) as the between-participant factor. Results Twelve hours after learning, there were significant main effects of condition (sleep, wake) and schema, as well as a significant interaction, whereby schema-related memory was significantly better in the sleep condition compared to wake. Higher sleep spindle density was most consistently associated with greater overnight schema-related memory benefit. After 24 hours, the memory advantage of initial sleep was diminished. Conclusions Overnight sleep preferentially benefits schema-related memory consolidation following initial learning compared with active wake, but this advantage may be eroded after a subsequent night of sleep. This is possibly due to delayed consolidation that might occur during subsequent sleep opportunities in the wake group. Clinical Trial Information Name: Investigating Preferred Nap Schedules for Adolescents (NFS5) URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04044885. Registration: NCT04044885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Aghayan Golkashani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shohreh Ghorbani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Lynn Ong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Liu H, Forest TA, Duncan K, Finn AS. What sticks after statistical learning: The persistence of implicit versus explicit memory traces. Cognition 2023; 236:105439. [PMID: 36934685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Statistical learning is a powerful mechanism that extracts even subtle regularities from our information-dense worlds. Recent theories argue that statistical learning can occur through multiple mechanisms-both the conventionally assumed automatic process that precipitates unconscious learning, and an attention-dependent process that brings regularities into conscious awareness. While this view has gained popularity, there are few empirical dissociations of the hypothesized implicit and explicit forms of statistical learning. Here we provide strong evidence for this dissociation in two ways. First, we show in healthy adults (N = 60) that implicit and explicit traces have divergent consolidation trajectories, with implicit knowledge of structure strengthened over a 24-h period, while precise explicit representations tend to decay. Second, we demonstrate that repeated testing strengthens the retention of explicit representations but that implicit statistical learning is uninfluenced by testing. Together these dissociations provide much needed support for the reconceptualization of statistical learning as a multi-component construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Tess Allegra Forest
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Katherine Duncan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Amy S Finn
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
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22
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Reverberi S, Dolfen N, Van Roy A, Albouy G, King BR. Sleep does not influence schema-facilitated motor memory consolidation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280591. [PMID: 36656898 PMCID: PMC9851548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Novel information is rapidly learned when it is compatible with previous knowledge. This "schema" effect, initially described for declarative memories, was recently extended to the motor memory domain. Importantly, this beneficial effect was only observed 24 hours-but not immediately-following motor schema acquisition. Given the established role of sleep in memory consolidation, we hypothesized that sleep following the initial learning of a schema is necessary for the subsequent rapid integration of novel motor information. METHODS Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of diurnal and nocturnal sleep on schema-mediated motor sequence memory consolidation. In Experiment 1, participants first learned an 8-element motor sequence through repeated practice (Session 1). They were then afforded a 90-minute nap opportunity (N = 25) or remained awake (N = 25) before learning a second motor sequence (Session 2) which was highly compatible with that learned prior to the sleep/wake interval. Experiment 2 was similar; however, Sessions 1 and 2 were separated by a 12-hour interval that included nocturnal sleep (N = 28) or only wakefulness (N = 29). RESULTS For both experiments, we found no group differences in motor sequence performance (reaction time and accuracy) following the sleep/wake interval. Furthermore, in Experiment 1, we found no correlation between sleep features (non-REM sleep duration, spindle and slow wave activity) and post-sleep behavioral performance. CONCLUSIONS The results of this research suggest that integration of novel motor information into a cognitive-motor schema does not specifically benefit from post-learning sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Reverberi
- Department of Movement Sciences, Motor Control and Neural Plasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- LBI—KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nina Dolfen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Motor Control and Neural Plasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- LBI—KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Roy
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Albouy
- Department of Movement Sciences, Motor Control and Neural Plasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- LBI—KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bradley R. King
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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23
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Ghandour K, Inokuchi K. Memory reactivations during sleep. Neurosci Res 2022; 189:60-65. [PMID: 36581176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activities that occur during awake periods are often reactivated again during sleep, to consolidate recently encoded memories, a process known as consolidation. In recent years, advanced tools, specially optical techniques and in-vivo live Ca2+ imaging, have revealed a deeper understanding to the offline periods' neuronal activities and their correspondence to later awake behavioral outputs. Recently, there is a growing consensus that sleep is more of an active process. Sleep has been associated with various functions, memory updating, future imaginations of possible familiar scenarios, decision making and planning by replaying past memories. Also, boosting insightful thoughts, creative thinking and problem solving by forming new associations and connections that were not present in awake states. Sleep activities have been directly associated with many "EUREKA" or "AHA" moments. Here, we describe recent views on memory reactivations during sleep and their implications on learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ghandour
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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24
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Talamini LM, van Moorselaar D, Bakker R, Bulath M, Szegedi S, Sinichi M, De Boer M. No evidence for a preferential role of sleep in episodic memory abstraction. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:871188. [PMID: 36570837 PMCID: PMC9780604 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.871188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests that sleep has a role in declarative memory consolidation. An influential notion holds that such sleep-related memory consolidation is associated with a process of abstraction. The neural underpinnings of this putative process are thought to involve a hippocampo-neocortical dialogue. Specifically, the idea is that, during sleep, the statistical contingencies across episodes are re-coded to a less hippocampus-dependent format, while at the same time losing configural information. Two previous studies from our lab, however, failed to show a preferential role of sleep in either episodic memory decontextualisation or the formation of abstract knowledge across episodic exemplars. Rather these processes occurred over sleep and wake time alike. Here, we present two experiments that replicate and extend these previous studies and exclude some alternative interpretations. The combined data show that sleep has no preferential function in this respect. Rather, hippocampus-dependent memories are generalised to an equal extent across both wake and sleep time. The one point on which sleep outperforms wake is actually the preservation of episodic detail of memories stored prior to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M. Talamini
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam—Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorselaar
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard Bakker
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Máté Bulath
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steffie Szegedi
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohammadamin Sinichi
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke De Boer
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam—Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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25
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de Vries OT, Grasman RPPP, Kindt M, van Ast VA. Threat learning impairs subsequent associative inference. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18878. [PMID: 36344549 PMCID: PMC9640532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite it being widely acknowledged that the most important function of memory is to facilitate the prediction of significant events in a complex world, no studies to date have investigated how our ability to infer associations across distinct but overlapping experiences is affected by the inclusion of threat memories. To address this question, participants (n = 35) encoded neutral predictive associations (A → B). The following day these memories were reactivated by pairing B with a new aversive or neutral outcome (B → CTHREAT/NEUTRAL) while pupil dilation was measured as an index of emotional arousal. Then, again 1 day later, the accuracy of indirect associations (A → C?) was tested. Associative inferences involving a threat learning memory were impaired whereas the initial memories were retroactively strengthened, but these effects were not moderated by pupil dilation at encoding. These results imply that a healthy memory system may compartmentalize episodic information of threat, and so hinders its recall when cued only indirectly. Malfunctioning of this process may cause maladaptive linkage of negative events to distant and benign memories, and thereby contribute to the development of clinical intrusions and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier T de Vries
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Raoul P P P Grasman
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa A van Ast
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Joensen BH, Harrington MO, Berens SC, Cairney SA, Gaskell MG, Horner AJ. Targeted memory reactivation during sleep can induce forgetting of overlapping memories. LEARNING & MEMORY (COLD SPRING HARBOR, N.Y.) 2022; 29:401-411. [PMID: 36253007 PMCID: PMC9578373 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053594.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory reactivation during sleep can shape new memories into a long-term form. Reactivation of memories can be induced via the delivery of auditory cues during sleep. Although this targeted memory reactivation (TMR) approach can strengthen newly acquired memories, research has tended to focus on single associative memories. It is less clear how TMR affects retention for overlapping associative memories. This is critical, given that repeated retrieval of overlapping associations during wake can lead to forgetting, a phenomenon known as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). We asked whether a similar pattern of forgetting occurs when TMR is used to cue reactivation of overlapping pairwise associations during sleep. Participants learned overlapping pairs—learned separately, interleaved with other unrelated pairs. During sleep, we cued a subset of overlapping pairs using TMR. While TMR increased retention for the first encoded pairs, memory decreased for the second encoded pairs. This pattern of retention was only present for pairs not tested prior to sleep. The results suggest that TMR can lead to forgetting, an effect similar to RIF during wake. However, this effect did not extend to memories that had been strengthened via retrieval prior to sleep. We therefore provide evidence for a reactivation-induced forgetting effect during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárður H Joensen
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sam C Berens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A Cairney
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - M Gareth Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan J Horner
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
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27
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Berens SC, Bird CM. Hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortices encode structural task representations following progressive and interleaved training schedules. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010566. [PMID: 36251731 PMCID: PMC9612823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory generalisations may be underpinned by either encoding- or retrieval-based generalisation mechanisms and different training schedules may bias some learners to favour one of these mechanisms over the other. We used a transitive inference task to investigate whether generalisation is influenced by progressive vs randomly interleaved training, and overnight consolidation. On consecutive days, participants learnt pairwise discriminations from two transitive hierarchies before being tested during fMRI. Inference performance was consistently better following progressive training, and for pairs further apart in the transitive hierarchy. BOLD pattern similarity correlated with hierarchical distances in the left hippocampus (HIP) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) following both training schedules. These results are consistent with the use of structural representations that directly encode hierarchical relationships between task features. However, such effects were only observed in the MPFC for recently learnt relationships. Furthermore, the MPFC appeared to maintain structural representations in participants who performed at chance on the inference task. We conclude that humans preferentially employ encoding-based mechanisms to store map-like relational codes that can be used for memory generalisation. These codes are expressed in the HIP and MPFC following both progressive and interleaved training but are not sufficient for accurate inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C. Berens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M. Bird
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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28
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Palermo TM, Law EF, Kim A, de la Vega R, Zhou C. Baseline Sleep Disturbances Modify Outcome Trajectories in Adolescents With Chronic Pain Receiving Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatment. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:1245-1255. [PMID: 35283268 PMCID: PMC9271547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over 50% of adolescents with chronic pain report comorbid sleep disturbances (eg, difficulties with falling asleep), which is associated with increased pain-related disability and poorer quality of life. However, limited longitudinal data are available to understand how sleep disturbance may impact response to psychological treatment. Our primary hypothesis was that baseline sleep disturbances would significantly modify how adolescents responded to an internet-delivered psychological intervention for chronic pain in terms of outcome trajectories. The sample included 85 adolescents, 12 to 17 years, with chronic pain recruited from a multidisciplinary pain clinic and headache clinic who received access to an internet-delivered psychological intervention for chronic pain. Baseline sleep assessment included actigraphy monitoring for 7 days and survey measures. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 8 weeks, and 3 months including core pain-related outcomes, executive functioning, fatigue, positive and negative affect. Results demonstrated that greater baseline insomnia and poorer sleep quality was associated with worse outcome trajectories for pain-related disability, depression, anxiety, fatigue, negative affect, and executive functioning. Findings extend the limited studies that examine how sleep disturbance may modify effectiveness of psychological treatments for adolescent chronic pain and emphasize the importance of treating comorbid sleep disturbance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04043962). PERSPECTIVE: Our study suggests that sleep deficiency, in particular insomnia and poor sleep quality, may modify the effectiveness of psychological treatments for chronic pain, highlighting the urgent need to screen youth for sleep problems prior to initiating treatment, and to consider implementation of sleep-specific treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya M Palermo
- Center for Child Health, Behavior & Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Emily F Law
- Center for Child Health, Behavior & Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Agnes Kim
- Medical Scholars Program, Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rocio de la Vega
- Department of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Center for Child Health, Behavior & Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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29
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Cockcroft JP, Berens SC, Gaskell MG, Horner AJ. Schematic information influences memory and generalisation behaviour for schema-relevant and -irrelevant information. Cognition 2022; 227:105203. [PMID: 35717767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Schemas modulate memory performance for schema-congruent and -incongruent information. However, it is assumed they do not influence behaviour for information irrelevant to themselves. We assessed memory and generalisation behaviour for information related to an underlying pattern, where a schema could be extracted (schema-relevant), and information that was unrelated and therefore irrelevant to the extracted schema (schema-irrelevant). Using precision measures of long-term memory, where participants learnt associations between words and locations around a circle, we assessed memory and generalisation for schema-relevant and -irrelevant information. Words belonged to two semantic categories: human-made and natural. For one category, word-locations were clustered around one point on the circle (clustered condition), while the other category had word-locations randomly distributed (non-clustered condition). The presence of an underlying pattern in the clustered condition allows for the extraction of a schema that can support both memory and generalisation. At test, participants were presented with old (memory) and new (generalisation) words, requiring them to identify a remembered location or make a best guess. The presence of the clustered pattern modulated memory and generalisation. In the clustered condition, participants placed old and new words in locations consistent with the underlying pattern. In contrast, for the non-clustered condition, participants were less likely to place old and new non-clustered words in locations consistent with the clustered condition. Therefore, we provide evidence that the presence of schematic information modulates memory and generalisation for schema-relevant and -irrelevant information. Our results highlight the need to carefully construct appropriate schema-irrelevant control conditions such that behaviour in these conditions is not modulated by the presence of a schema. Theoretically, models of schema processing need to account for how the presence of schematic information can have consequences for information that is irrelevant to itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie P Cockcroft
- Department of Psychology, University of York, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK
| | | | | | - Aidan J Horner
- Department of Psychology, University of York, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK.
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30
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Aghayan Golkashani H, Leong RLF, Ghorbani S, Ong JL, Fernández G, Chee MWL. A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge. Sleep 2022; 45:6516991. [PMID: 35090173 PMCID: PMC8996033 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
The learning brain establishes schemas (knowledge structures) that benefit subsequent learning. We investigated how sleep and having a schema might benefit initial learning followed by rearranged and expanded memoranda. We concurrently examined the contributions of sleep spindles and slow-wave sleep to learning outcomes.
Methods
Fifty-three adolescents were randomly assigned to an 8 h Nap schedule (6.5 h nocturnal sleep with a 90-minute daytime nap) or an 8 h No-Nap, nocturnal-only sleep schedule. The study spanned 14 nights, simulating successive school weeks. We utilized a transitive inference task involving hierarchically ordered faces. Initial learning to set up the schema was followed by rearrangement of the hierarchy (accommodation) and hierarchy expansion (assimilation). The expanded sequence was restudied. Recall of hierarchical knowledge was tested after initial learning and at multiple points for all subsequent phases. As a control, both groups underwent a No-schema condition where the hierarchy was introduced and modified without opportunity to set up a schema. Electroencephalography accompanied the multiple sleep opportunities.
Results
There were main effects of Nap schedule and Schema condition evidenced by superior recall of initial learning, reordered and expanded memoranda. Improved recall was consistently associated with higher fast spindle density but not slow-wave measures. This was true for both nocturnal sleep and daytime naps.
Conclusion
A sleep schedule incorporating regular nap opportunities compared to one that only had nocturnal sleep benefited building of robust and flexible schemas, facilitating recall of the subsequently rearranged and expanded structured knowledge. These benefits appear to be strongly associated with fast spindles.
Clinical Trial registration
NCT04044885 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04044885).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Aghayan Golkashani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shohreh Ghorbani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Lynn Ong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Lerner I, Gluck MA. Sleep Facilitates Extraction of Temporal Regularities With Varying Timescales. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:847083. [PMID: 35401133 PMCID: PMC8990849 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.847083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that memory consolidation is facilitated by sleep, both through the strengthening of existing memories and by extracting regularities embedded in those memories. We previously observed that one sleep stage, Slow-Wave sleep (SWS), is particularly involved in the extraction of temporal regularities. We suggested that this attribute can naturally stem from the time-compressed memory replay known to occur in the hippocampus during SWS. A prediction coming out of this “temporal scaffolding” hypothesis is that sleep would be especially influential on extraction of temporal regularities when the time gap between the events constituting the regularities is shortish. In this study, we tested this prediction. Eighty-three participants performed a cognitive task in which hidden temporal regularities of varying time gaps were embedded. Detecting these regularities could significantly improve performance. Participants performed the task in two sessions with an interval filled with either wake or sleep in between. We found that sleep improved performance across all time gaps and that the longer the gap had been, the smaller was the improvement across both sleep and wake. No interaction between sleep and gap size was observed; however, unlike sleeping participants, awake participants did not exhibit any further performance improvement for the long gaps following the interval. In addition, across all participants, performance for the long gaps was associated with the development of conscious awareness to the regularities. We discuss these results in light of the temporal scaffolding hypothesis and suggest future directions to further elucidate the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Lerner
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Itamar Lerner,
| | - Mark A. Gluck
- Center of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
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32
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Ben-Zion D, Gabitov E, Prior A, Bitan T. Effects of Sleep on Language and Motor Consolidation: Evidence of Domain General and Specific Mechanisms. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 3:180-213. [PMID: 37215556 PMCID: PMC10158628 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The current study explores the effects of time and sleep on the consolidation of a novel language learning task containing both item-specific knowledge and the extraction of grammatical regularities. We also compare consolidation effects in language and motor sequence learning tasks, to ask whether consolidation mechanisms are domain general. Young adults learned to apply plural inflections to novel words based on morphophonological rules embedded in the input, and learned to type a motor sequence using a keyboard. Participants were randomly assigned into one of two groups, practicing each task during either the morning or evening hours. Both groups were retested 12 and 24 hours post-training. Performance on frequent trained items in the language task stabilized only following sleep, consistent with a hippocampal mechanism for item-specific learning. However, regularity extraction, indicated by generalization to untrained items in the linguistic task, as well as performance on motor sequence learning, improved 24 hours post-training, irrespective of the timing of sleep. This consolidation process is consistent with a frontostriatal skill-learning mechanism, common across the language and motor domains. This conclusion is further reinforced by cross-domain correlations at the individual level between improvement across 24 hours in the motor task and in the low-frequency trained items in the linguistic task, which involve regularity extraction. Taken together, our results at the group and individual levels suggest that some aspects of consolidation are shared across the motor and language domains, and more specifically, between motor sequence learning and grammar learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Ben-Zion
- Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ella Gabitov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anat Prior
- Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tali Bitan
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Speech Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Jin R, Xia T, Gawronski B, Hu X. Attitudinal Effects of Stimulus Co-occurrence and Stimulus Relations: Sleep Supports Propositional Learning Via Memory Consolidation. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211067673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive behavior requires that organisms learn not only which stimuli tend to co-occur (e.g., whether stimulus A co-occurs with unpleasant stimulus B) but also how co-occurring stimuli are related (e.g., whether A starts or stops B). In a preregistered study ( N = 200 adults), we investigated whether sleep would promote adaptive evaluative choices requiring joint memories for stimulus co-occurrences and stimulus relations. Participants learned about hypothetical pharmaceutical products that either cause or prevent positive or negative health conditions, followed by measures of evaluative choices and explicit memory. After a 12-hr retention interval including either nocturnal sleep or daytime wake, participants completed the same measures a second time. Results showed that sleep strengthened the impact of causal product–condition relations on choices (revealed by multinomial modeling analyses) and enhanced memories for specific stimulus co-occurrences (revealed by memory preservation analyses). The findings suggest that sleep promotes adaptive evaluative choices via offline memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jin
- The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Xia
- The University of Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xiaoqing Hu
- The University of Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
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34
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Wang Y, Deng Y, Cao L, Zhang J, Yang L. Retrospective memory integration accompanies reconfiguration of neural cell assemblies. Hippocampus 2021; 32:179-192. [PMID: 34935236 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memory is a dynamic process that is based on and can be altered by experiences. Integrating memories of multiple experiences (memory integration) is the basis of flexible and complex decision-making. However, the mechanism of memory integration in neural networks of the brain remains poorly understood. In this study, we built a recurrent spiking network model and investigated the neural mechanism of memory integration before a decision is made (retrospective memory integration) at the neural circuit level. Our simulations suggest that retrospective memory integration accompanies reconfiguration of neural cell assemblies. Additionally, partially blocking neural network plasticity leads to failure of memory integration. These findings can potentially guide the experimental investigation of the neural mechanism of retrospective memory integration and serve as the basis for developing new artificial intelligence algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience and Intelligent Media Institute, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience and Intelligent Media Institute, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience and Intelligent Media Institute, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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35
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Sanders KEG, Beeman M. Sleep and incubation: Using problem reactivation during sleep to study forgetting fixation and unconscious processing during sleep incubation. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 33:738-756. [PMID: 34737850 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.1912050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
When people are stuck on a problem, they sometimes benefit from an incubation period -a break from working on the problem. Anecdotes and empirical evidence suggest that sleeping during incubation is useful, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. We examined how targeted memory reactivation during sleep, which boosts next-day solving, relates to forgetting fixation, a well-supported explanation of awake incubation. In evening sessions, participants attempted puzzles, while a unique sound cue played during each puzzle. Half the time, puzzles included fixating information reinforcing an incorrect representation. Later, during deep sleep, sounds associated with half of participants' previously unsolved puzzles were presented. The sounds should strengthen puzzle memories and reduce forgetting of the fixating information. In morning solving, overnight cueing reliably interacted with fixating information: participants solved numerically more cued than uncued puzzles, but only when puzzles included fixating information. These results suggest that additional processing occurred beyond simple fixation forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Beeman
- Psychology Department, Northwestern University
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36
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Hayes TL, Krishnan GP, Bazhenov M, Siegelmann HT, Sejnowski TJ, Kanan C. Replay in Deep Learning: Current Approaches and Missing Biological Elements. Neural Comput 2021; 33:2908-2950. [PMID: 34474476 PMCID: PMC9074752 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Replay is the reactivation of one or more neural patterns that are similar to the activation patterns experienced during past waking experiences. Replay was first observed in biological neural networks during sleep, and it is now thought to play a critical role in memory formation, retrieval, and consolidation. Replay-like mechanisms have been incorporated in deep artificial neural networks that learn over time to avoid catastrophic forgetting of previous knowledge. Replay algorithms have been successfully used in a wide range of deep learning methods within supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning paradigms. In this letter, we provide the first comprehensive comparison between replay in the mammalian brain and replay in artificial neural networks. We identify multiple aspects of biological replay that are missing in deep learning systems and hypothesize how they could be used to improve artificial neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L Hayes
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, U.S.A.
| | - Giri P Krishnan
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A.
| | - Maxim Bazhenov
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A.
| | | | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A., and Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A.
| | - Christopher Kanan
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, U.S.A.; Paige, New York, NY 10036, U.S.A.; and Cornell Tech, New York, NY 10044, U.S.A.
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37
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Matorina N, Poppenk J. Memory decay distinguishes subtypes of gist. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107519. [PMID: 34536526 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Memories are thought to become more gist-like over time. Multiple related memories might form generalized memory representations, losing specific details but enhancing or retaining gist. The time course within which gist memory emerges, however, is the subject of less consensus. To address this question, we focused our design on four kinds of gist: inferential gist (relations extracted across non-contiguous events), statistical learning (regularities extracted from a series), summary gist (a theme abstracted from a temporally contiguous series of items), and category gist (characterization of a stimulus at a higher level in the semantic hierarchy). Seventy participants completed memory encoding tasks addressing these types of gist and corresponding retrieval tasks the same evening, the morning after, and one week later, as well as an MRI at a later time point. We found little evidence that gist slowly emerges over time or that gist traces are more resistant to forgetting than detail traces. Instead, we found that initial gist memory shortly after encoding was either retained over time or decayed. Inferential gist and statistical learning were retained over a week, whereas memory for category and summary gist decayed. We discuss several interpretations for differences between these two subtypes of gist. Individual differences in REM or slow-wave sleep and hippocampal volumes did not predict changes in memory for these four kinds of gist in a healthy young adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Matorina
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jordan Poppenk
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, K7L 3N6, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience, Queen's University, K7L 3N6, Canada; School of Computing, Queen's University, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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38
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Taylor JE, Cortese A, Barron HC, Pan X, Sakagami M, Zeithamova D. How do we generalize? NEURONS, BEHAVIOR, DATA ANALYSIS, AND THEORY 2021; 1:001c.27687. [PMID: 36282996 PMCID: PMC7613724 DOI: 10.51628/001c.27687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans and animals are able to generalize or transfer information from previous experience so that they can behave appropriately in novel situations. What mechanisms-computations, representations, and neural systems-give rise to this remarkable ability? The members of this Generative Adversarial Collaboration (GAC) come from a range of academic backgrounds but are all interested in uncovering the mechanisms of generalization. We started out this GAC with the aim of arbitrating between two alternative conceptual accounts: (1) generalization stems from integration of multiple experiences into summary representations that reflect generalized knowledge, and (2) generalization is computed on-the-fly using separately stored individual memories. Across the course of this collaboration, we found that-despite using different terminology and techniques, and although some of our specific papers may provide evidence one way or the other-we in fact largely agree that both of these broad accounts (as well as several others) are likely valid. We believe that future research and theoretical synthesis across multiple lines of research is necessary to help determine the degree to which different candidate generalization mechanisms may operate simultaneously, operate on different scales, or be employed under distinct conditions. Here, as the first step, we introduce some of these candidate mechanisms and we discuss the issues currently hindering better synthesis of generalization research. Finally, we introduce some of our own research questions that have arisen over the course of this GAC, that we believe would benefit from future collaborative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Elizabeth Taylor
- The Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aurelio Cortese
- The Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Helen C Barron
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Institute for Cognitive Neurodynamics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Tandoc MC, Bayda M, Poskanzer C, Cho E, Cox R, Stickgold R, Schapiro AC. Examining the effects of time of day and sleep on generalization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255423. [PMID: 34339459 PMCID: PMC8328323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting shared structure across our experiences allows us to generalize our knowledge to novel contexts. How do different brain states influence this ability to generalize? Using a novel category learning paradigm, we assess the effect of both sleep and time of day on generalization that depends on the flexible integration of recent information. Counter to our expectations, we found no evidence that this form of generalization is better after a night of sleep relative to a day awake. Instead, we observed an effect of time of day, with better generalization in the morning than the evening. This effect also manifested as increased false memory for generalized information. In a nap experiment, we found that generalization did not benefit from having slept recently, suggesting a role for time of day apart from sleep. In follow-up experiments, we were unable to replicate the time of day effect for reasons that may relate to changes in category structure and task engagement. Despite this lack of consistency, we found a morning benefit for generalization when analyzing all the data from experiments with matched protocols (n = 136). We suggest that a state of lowered inhibition in the morning may facilitate spreading activation between otherwise separate memories, promoting this form of generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlie C. Tandoc
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mollie Bayda
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Craig Poskanzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eileen Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roy Cox
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Schapiro
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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40
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Hokett E, Arunmozhi A, Campbell J, Verhaeghen P, Duarte A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual differences in naturalistic sleep quality and episodic memory performance in young and older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:675-688. [PMID: 34000349 PMCID: PMC8330880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Better sleep quality has been associated with better episodic memory performance in young adults. However, the strength of sleep-memory associations in aging has not been well characterized. It is also unknown whether factors such as sleep measurement method (e.g., polysomnography, actigraphy, self-report), sleep parameters (e.g., slow wave sleep, sleep duration), or memory task characteristics (e.g., verbal, pictorial) impact the strength of sleep-memory associations. Here, we assessed if the aforementioned factors modulate sleep-memory relationships. Across age groups, sleep-memory associations were similar for sleep measurement methods, however, associations were stronger for PSG than self-report. Age group moderated sleep-memory associations for certain sleep parameters. Specifically, young adults demonstrated stronger positive sleep-memory associations for slow wave sleep than the old, while older adults demonstrated stronger negative associations between greater wake after sleep onset and poorer memory performance than the young. Collectively, these data show that young and older adults maintain similar strength in sleep-memory relationships, but age impacts the specific sleep correlates that contribute to these relationships.
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41
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Abstract
We rely on our long-term memories to guide future behaviors, making it adaptive to prioritize the retention of goal-relevant, salient information in memory. In this review, we discuss findings from rodent and human research to demonstrate that active processes during post-encoding consolidation support the selective stabilization of recent experience into adaptive, long-term memories. Building upon literatures focused on dynamics at the cellular level, we highlight that consolidation also transforms memories at the systems level to support future goal-relevant behavior, resulting in more generalized memory traces in the brain and behavior. We synthesize previous literatures spanning animal research, human cognitive neuroscience, and cognitive psychology to propose an integrative framework for adaptive consolidation by which goal-relevant memoranda are "tagged" for subsequent consolidation, resulting in selective transformations to the structure of memories that support flexible, goal-relevant behaviors.
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42
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Abstract
Prior knowledge of relational structure allows people to quickly make sense of and respond to new experiences. When awareness of such structure is not necessary to support learning, however, it is unclear when and why individuals "spontaneously discover" an underlying relational schema. The present study examines the determinants of such discovery in discrimination-based transitive inference (TI), whereby people learn about a hierarchy of interrelated premises and are tested on their ability to draw inferences that bridge studied relations. Experiencing "chained" sequences of overlapping premises during training was predicted to facilitate the discovery of relational structure. Among individuals without prior knowledge of the hierarchy, chaining improved relational learning and was most likely to result in explicit awareness of the underlying relations between items. Observation of chained training sequences was also more effective than the self-generation of training sequences. These findings add to growing evidence that the temporal dynamics of training, including successive presentation of overlapping associations, are key to understanding spontaneous relational discovery during learning.
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Marin Bosch B, Bringard A, Logrieco MG, Lauer E, Imobersteg N, Thomas A, Ferretti G, Schwartz S, Igloi K. A single session of moderate intensity exercise influences memory, endocannabinoids and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in men. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14371. [PMID: 34257382 PMCID: PMC8277796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical exercise enhances memory functions, synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Likewise, short periods of exercise, or acute exercise, benefit hippocampal plasticity in rodents, via increased endocannabinoids (especially anandamide, AEA) and BDNF release. Yet, it remains unknown whether acute exercise has similar effects on BDNF and AEA levels in humans, with parallel influences on memory performance. Here we combined blood biomarkers, behavioral, and fMRI measurements to assess the impact of a single session of physical exercise on associative memory and underlying neurophysiological mechanisms in healthy male volunteers. For each participant, memory was tested after three conditions: rest, moderate or high intensity exercise. A long-term memory retest took place 3 months later. At both test and retest, memory performance after moderate intensity exercise was increased compared to rest. Memory after moderate intensity exercise correlated with exercise-induced increases in both AEA and BNDF levels: while AEA was associated with hippocampal activity during memory recall, BDNF enhanced hippocampal memory representations and long-term performance. These findings demonstrate that acute moderate intensity exercise benefits consolidation of hippocampal memory representations, and that endocannabinoids and BNDF signaling may contribute to the synergic modulation of underlying neural plasticity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Marin Bosch
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bringard
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pulmonology Division, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria G Logrieco
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Lauer
- Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Imobersteg
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Thomas
- Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Chemin Vulliette 4, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guido Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kinga Igloi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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44
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Park SA, Miller DS, Boorman ED. Protocol for building a cognitive map of structural knowledge in humans by integrating abstract relationships from separate experiences. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100423. [PMID: 33870228 PMCID: PMC8044720 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are adept at learning the latent structure of the relationship between abstract concepts and can build a cognitive map from limited experiences. However, examining internal representations of the cognitive map is challenging because they are unobservable and differ across individuals. Here, we introduce a behavioral training protocol designed for human participants to implicitly build a map of two-dimensional social hierarchies while making a series of binary choices and analytic tools for measuring the internal representation of this structural knowledge. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Park et al. (2020a, 2020b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin A. Park
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Douglas S. Miller
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erie D. Boorman
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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45
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Abstract
This review will explore the role of memory consolidation in speech-motor learning. Existing frameworks of speech-motor control account for the protracted time course of building the speech-motor representation. These perspectives converge on the speech-motor representation as a multimodal unit that is comprised of auditory, motor, and linguistic information. Less is known regarding the memory mechanisms that support the emergence of a generalized speech-motor unit from instances of speech production. Here, we consider the broader learning and memory consolidation literature and how it may apply to speech-motor learning. We discuss findings from relevant domains on the stabilization, enhancement, and generalization of learned information. Based on this literature, we provide our predictions for the division of labor between conscious and unconscious memory systems in speech-motor learning, and the subsequent effects of time and sleep to memory consolidation. We identify both the methodological challenges, as well as the practical importance, of advancing this work empirically. This discussion provides a foundation for building a memory-based framework for speech-motor learning.
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46
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Melnattur K, Kirszenblat L, Morgan E, Militchin V, Sakran B, English D, Patel R, Chan D, van Swinderen B, Shaw PJ. A conserved role for sleep in supporting Spatial Learning in Drosophila. Sleep 2021; 44:5909488. [PMID: 32959053 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss and aging impair hippocampus-dependent Spatial Learning in mammalian systems. Here we use the fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the relationship between sleep and Spatial Learning in healthy and impaired flies. The Spatial Learning assay is modeled after the Morris Water Maze. The assay uses a "thermal maze" consisting of a 5 × 5 grid of Peltier plates maintained at 36-37°C and a visual panorama. The first trial begins when a single tile that is associated with a specific visual cue is cooled to 25°C. For subsequent trials, the cold tile is heated, the visual panorama is rotated and the flies must find the new cold tile by remembering its association with the visual cue. Significant learning was observed with two different wild-type strains-Cs and 2U, validating our design. Sleep deprivation prior to training impaired Spatial Learning. Learning was also impaired in the classic learning mutant rutabaga (rut); enhancing sleep restored learning to rut mutants. Further, we found that flies exhibited a dramatic age-dependent cognitive decline in Spatial Learning starting at 20-24 days of age. These impairments could be reversed by enhancing sleep. Finally, we find that Spatial Learning requires dopaminergic signaling and that enhancing dopaminergic signaling in aged flies restored learning. Our results are consistent with the impairments seen in rodents and humans. These results thus demonstrate a critical conserved role for sleep in supporting Spatial Learning, and suggest potential avenues for therapeutic intervention during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Melnattur
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Leonie Kirszenblat
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ellen Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Valentin Militchin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Blake Sakran
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Denis English
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Rushi Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Dorothy Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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47
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Sleep reduces the semantic coherence of memory recall: An application of latent semantic analysis to investigate memory reconstruction. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 28:1336-1343. [PMID: 33835404 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is thought to help consolidate hippocampus-dependent memories by reactivating previously encoded neural representations, promoting both quantitative and qualitative changes in memory representations. However, the qualitative nature of changes to memory representations induced by sleep remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated how memories are reconstructed by hypothesizing that semantic coherence, defined as conceptual relatedness between statements of free-recall texts and quantified using latent semantic analysis (LSA), is affected by post-encoding sleep. Short naturalistic videos of events featuring six animals were presented to 115 participants who were randomly assigned to either 12- or 24-h delay groups featuring sleep or wakefulness. Participants' free-recall responses were analyzed to test for an effect of sleep on semantic coherence between adjacent statements, and overall. The presence of sleep reduced both forms of semantic coherence, compared to wakefulness. This change was robust and not due to shifts in conciseness or repetitiveness with sleep. These findings support the notion that sleep-dependent consolidation qualitatively changes the features of reconstructed memory representations by reducing semantic coherence.
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48
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Beijamini F, Valentin A, Jäger R, Born J, Diekelmann S. Sleep Facilitates Problem Solving With No Additional Gain Through Targeted Memory Reactivation. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:645110. [PMID: 33746720 PMCID: PMC7965947 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.645110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the active systems consolidation theory, memories undergo reactivation during sleep that can give rise to qualitative changes of the representations. These changes may generate new knowledge such as gaining insight into solutions for problem solving. targeted memory reactivation (TMR) uses learning-associated cues, such as sounds or odors, which have been shown to improve memory consolidation when re-applied during sleep. Here we tested whether TMR during slow wave sleep (SWS) and/or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep increases problem solving. Young healthy volunteers participated in one of two experiments. Experiment 1 tested the effect of natural sleep on problem solving. Subjects were trained in a video game-based problem solving task until being presented with a non-solved challenge. Followed by a ~10-h incubation interval filled with nocturnal sleep or daytime wakefulness, subjects were tested on the problem solving challenge again. Experiment 2 tested the effect of TMR on problem solving, with subjects receiving auditory TMR either during SWS (SWSstim), REM sleep (REMstim), or wakefulness (Wakestim). In Experiment 1, sleep improved problem solving, with 62% of subjects from the Sleep group solving the problem compared to 24% of the Wake group. Subjects with higher amounts of SWS in the Sleep group had a higher chance to solve the problem. In Experiment 2, TMR did not change the sleep effect on problem solving: 56 and 58% of subjects from the SWSstim and REMstim groups solved the problem compared to 57% from the Wakestim group. These findings indicate that sleep, and particularly SWS, facilitates problem solving, whereas this effect is not further increased by TMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Beijamini
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Realeza, Brazil.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anthony Valentin
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Jäger
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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49
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Drews HJ. Connecting sleep, the neurocognitive memory system, and Bourdieu's habitus concept: Is sleep a generative force of the habitus? JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Johannes Drews
- Department of Mental Health Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Department of Sociology Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel Germany
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50
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Effects of retrieval practice on tested and untested information: Cortico-hippocampal interactions and error-driven learning. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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