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Kissinger ST, O'neil E, Li B, Johnson KW, Krajewski JL, Kato AS. Distinctive Neurophysiological Signatures of Analgesia after Inflammatory Pain in the ACC of Freely Moving Mice. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2231232024. [PMID: 38755005 PMCID: PMC11255429 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2231-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical assessments of pain have often relied upon behavioral measurements and anesthetized neurophysiological recordings. Current technologies enabling large-scale neural recordings, however, have the potential to unveil quantifiable pain signals in conscious animals for preclinical studies. Although pain processing is distributed across many brain regions, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is of particular interest in isolating these signals given its suggested role in the affective ("unpleasant") component of pain. Here, we explored the utility of the ACC toward preclinical pain research using head-mounted miniaturized microscopes to record calcium transients in freely moving male mice expressing genetically encoded calcium indicator 6f (GCaMP6f) under the Thy1 promoter. We verified the expression of GCaMP6f in excitatory neurons and found no intrinsic behavioral differences in this model. Using a multimodal stimulation paradigm across naive, pain, and analgesic conditions, we found that while ACC population activity roughly scaled with stimulus intensity, single-cell representations were highly flexible. We found only low-magnitude increases in population activity after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and insufficient evidence for the existence of a robust nociceptive ensemble in the ACC. However, we found a temporal sharpening of response durations and generalized increases in pairwise neural correlations in the presence of the mechanistically distinct analgesics gabapentin or ibuprofen after (but not before) CFA-induced inflammatory pain. This increase was not explainable by changes in locomotion alone. Taken together, these results highlight challenges in isolating distinct pain signals among flexible representations in the ACC but suggest a neurophysiological hallmark of analgesia after pain that generalizes to at least two analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Kissinger
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Estefania O'neil
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Baolin Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Kirk W Johnson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Jeffrey L Krajewski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Akihiko S Kato
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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2
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Khanal N, Padawer-Curry J, Voss T, Schulte K, Bice A, Bauer A. Concurrent optogenetic motor mapping of multiple limbs in awake mice reveals cortical organization of coordinated movements. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.05.602302. [PMID: 39005269 PMCID: PMC11245104 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.05.602302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Motor mapping allows for determining the macroscopic organization of motor circuits and corresponding motor movement representations on the cortex. Techniques such as intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) are robust, but can be time consuming and invasive, making them non-ideal for cortex-wide mapping or longitudinal studies. In contrast, optogenetic motor mapping offers a rapid and minimally invasive technique, enabling mapping with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, motor mapping has seen limited use in tracking 3-dimensonal, multi-limb movements in awake animals. This gap has left open questions regarding the underlying organizational principles of motor control of coordinated, ethologically relevant movements involving multiple limbs. Objective Our first objective was to develop Multi-limb Optogenetic Motor Mapping (MOMM) to concurrently map motor movement representations of multiple limbs with high fidelity in awake mice. Having established MOMM, our next objective was determine whether maps of coordinated and ethologically relevant motor output were topographically organized on the cortex. Methods We combine optogenetic stimulation with a deep learning driven pose-estimation toolbox, DeepLabCut (DLC), and 3-dimentional triangulation to concurrently map motor movements of multiple limbs in awake mice. Results MOMM consistently revealed cortical topographies for all mapped features within and across mice. Many motor maps overlapped and were topographically similar. Several motor movement representations extended beyond cytoarchitecturally defined somatomotor cortex. Finer articulations of the forepaw resided within gross motor movement representations of the forelimb. Moreover, many cortical sites exhibited concurrent limb coactivation when photostimulated, prompting the identification of several cortical regions harboring coordinated and ethologically relevant movements. Conclusions The cortex appears to be topographically organized by motor programs, which are responsible for coordinated, multi-limbed, and behavioral-like movements.
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Chen FD, Sharma A, Roszko DA, Xue T, Mu X, Luo X, Chua H, Lo PGQ, Sacher WD, Poon JKS. Development of wafer-scale multifunctional nanophotonic neural probes for brain activity mapping. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2397-2417. [PMID: 38623840 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Optical techniques, such as optogenetic stimulation and functional fluorescence imaging, have been revolutionary for neuroscience by enabling neural circuit analysis with cell-type specificity. To probe deep brain regions, implantable light sources are crucial. Silicon photonics, commonly used for data communications, shows great promise in creating implantable devices with complex optical systems in a compact form factor compatible with high volume manufacturing practices. This article reviews recent developments of wafer-scale multifunctional nanophotonic neural probes. The probes can be realized on 200 or 300 mm wafers in commercial foundries and integrate light emitters for photostimulation, microelectrodes for electrophysiological recording, and microfluidic channels for chemical delivery and sampling. By integrating active optical devices to the probes, denser emitter arrays, enhanced on-chip biosensing, and increased ease of use may be realized. Silicon photonics technology makes possible highly versatile implantable neural probes that can transform neuroscience experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Der Chen
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - David A Roszko
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Tianyuan Xue
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Xin Mu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Hongyao Chua
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Patrick Guo-Qiang Lo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte Ltd, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Wesley D Sacher
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Joyce K S Poon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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Smirnov IV, Osipova AA, Smirnova MP, Borodinova AA, Volgushev MA, Malyshev AY. Plasticity of Response Properties of Mouse Visual Cortex Neurons Induced by Optogenetic Tetanization In Vivo. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3294-3312. [PMID: 38666936 PMCID: PMC11049003 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterosynaptic plasticity, along with Hebbian homosynaptic plasticity, is an important mechanism ensuring the stable operation of learning neuronal networks. However, whether heterosynaptic plasticity occurs in the whole brain in vivo, and what role(s) in brain function in vivo it could play, remains unclear. Here, we used an optogenetics approach to apply a model of intracellular tetanization, which was established and employed to study heterosynaptic plasticity in brain slices, to study the plasticity of response properties of neurons in the mouse visual cortex in vivo. We show that optogenetically evoked high-frequency bursts of action potentials (optogenetic tetanization) in the principal neurons of the visual cortex induce long-term changes in the responses to visual stimuli. Optogenetic tetanization had distinct effects on responses to different stimuli, as follows: responses to optimal and orthogonal orientations decreased, responses to null direction did not change, and responses to oblique orientations increased. As a result, direction selectivity of the neurons decreased and orientation tuning became broader. Since optogenetic tetanization was a postsynaptic protocol, applied in the absence of sensory stimulation, and, thus, without association of presynaptic activity with bursts of action potentials, the observed changes were mediated by mechanisms of heterosynaptic plasticity. We conclude that heterosynaptic plasticity can be induced in vivo and propose that it may play important homeostatic roles in operation of neural networks by helping to prevent runaway dynamics of responses to visual stimuli and to keep the tuning of neuronal responses within the range optimized for the encoding of multiple features in population activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Smirnov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow 117485, Russia; (I.V.S.); (A.A.O.); (M.P.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Aksiniya A. Osipova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow 117485, Russia; (I.V.S.); (A.A.O.); (M.P.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Maria P. Smirnova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow 117485, Russia; (I.V.S.); (A.A.O.); (M.P.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Anastasia A. Borodinova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow 117485, Russia; (I.V.S.); (A.A.O.); (M.P.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Maxim A. Volgushev
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Alexey Y. Malyshev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow 117485, Russia; (I.V.S.); (A.A.O.); (M.P.S.); (A.A.B.)
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Altahini S, Arnoux I, Stroh A. Optogenetics 2.0: challenges and solutions towards a quantitative probing of neural circuits. Biol Chem 2024; 405:43-54. [PMID: 37650383 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
To exploit the full potential of optogenetics, we need to titrate and tailor optogenetic methods to emulate naturalistic circuit function. For that, the following prerequisites need to be met: first, we need to target opsin expression not only to genetically defined neurons per se, but to specifically target a functional node. Second, we need to assess the scope of optogenetic modulation, i.e. the fraction of optogenetically modulated neurons. Third, we need to integrate optogenetic control in a closed loop setting. Fourth, we need to further safe and stable gene expression and light delivery to bring optogenetics to the clinics. Here, we review these concepts for the human and rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Altahini
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabelle Arnoux
- Cerebral Physiopathology Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université PSL, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Lepperød ME, Stöber T, Hafting T, Fyhn M, Kording KP. Inferring causal connectivity from pairwise recordings and optogenetics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011574. [PMID: 37934793 PMCID: PMC10656035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the neural mechanisms underlying brain function, neuroscientists aim to quantify causal interactions between neurons, for instance by perturbing the activity of neuron A and measuring the effect on neuron B. Recently, manipulating neuron activity using light-sensitive opsins, optogenetics, has increased the specificity of neural perturbation. However, using widefield optogenetic interventions, multiple neurons are usually perturbed, producing a confound-any of the stimulated neurons can have affected the postsynaptic neuron making it challenging to discern which neurons produced the causal effect. Here, we show how such confounds produce large biases in interpretations. We explain how confounding can be reduced by combining instrumental variables (IV) and difference in differences (DiD) techniques from econometrics. Combined, these methods can estimate (causal) effective connectivity by exploiting the weak, approximately random signal resulting from the interaction between stimulation and the absolute refractory period of the neuron. In simulated neural networks, we find that estimates using ideas from IV and DiD outperform naïve techniques suggesting that methods from causal inference can be useful to disentangle neural interactions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Elle Lepperød
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tristan Stöber
- Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Neural Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Torkel Hafting
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Fyhn
- Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Konrad Paul Kording
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Dehghani A, Schenke M, van Heiningen SH, Karatas H, Tolner EA, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Optogenetic cortical spreading depolarization induces headache-related behaviour and neuroinflammatory responses some prolonged in familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mice. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:96. [PMID: 37495957 PMCID: PMC10373261 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), the neurophysiological correlate of the migraine aura, can activate trigeminal pain pathways, but the neurobiological mechanisms and behavioural consequences remain unclear. Here we investigated effects of optogenetically-induced CSDs on headache-related behaviour and neuroinflammatory responses in transgenic mice carrying a familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1) mutation. METHODS CSD events (3 in total) were evoked in a minimally invasive manner by optogenetic stimulation through the intact skull in freely behaving wildtype (WT) and FHM1 mutant mice. Related behaviours were analysed using mouse grimace scale (MGS) scoring, head grooming, and nest building behaviour. Neuroinflammatory changes were investigated by assessing HMGB1 release with immunohistochemistry and by pre-treating mice with a selective Pannexin-1 channel inhibitor. RESULTS In both WT and FHM1 mutant mice, CSDs induced headache-related behaviour, as evidenced by increased MGS scores and the occurrence of oculotemporal strokes, at 30 min. Mice of both genotypes also showed decreased nest building behaviour after CSD. Whereas in WT mice MGS scores had normalized at 24 h after CSD, in FHM1 mutant mice scores were normalized only at 48 h. Of note, oculotemporal stroke behaviour already normalized 5 h after CSD, whereas nest building behaviour remained impaired at 72 h; no genotype differences were observed for either readout. Nuclear HMGB1 release in the cortex of FHM1 mutant mice, at 30 min after CSD, was increased bilaterally in both WT and FHM1 mutant mice, albeit that contralateral release was more pronounced in the mutant mice. Only in FHM1 mutant mice, contralateral release remained higher at 24 h after CSD, but at 48 h had returned to abnormal, elevated, baseline values, when compared to WT mice. Blocking Panx1 channels by TAT-Panx308 inhibited CSD-induced headache related behaviour and HMGB1 release. CONCLUSIONS CSDs, induced in a minimally invasive manner by optogenetics, investigated in freely behaving mice, cause various migraine relevant behavioural and neuroinflammatory phenotypes that are more pronounced and longer-lasting in FHM1 mutant compared to WT mice. Prevention of CSD-related neuroinflammatory changes may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Dehghani
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, 2300, The Netherlands.
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Maarten Schenke
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra H van Heiningen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Else A Tolner
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, 2300, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, 2300, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, 2300, The Netherlands.
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8
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Smirnov IV, Malyshev AY. Paired optogenetic and visual stimulation can change the orientation selectivity of visual cortex neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 646:63-69. [PMID: 36706707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is currently considered the main mechanism underlying the plastic modification of neural networks. The vast majority of studies of synaptic plasticity are carried out on reduced preparations, but the situation in vivo is fundamentally different from that in vitro. In this work, we used the Hebbian paradigm, which is known to induce long-term changes in synaptic strength in vitro, to manipulate the properties of a single pyramidal neuron in the mouse visual cortex. We have shown that optogenetic stimulation of a ChR2-expressing pyramidal neuron in the primary visual cortex of Thy-ChR2 mice paired with the presentation of a visual stimulus of non-optimal orientation induces long-term changes in the properties of the receptive field, manifested in alteration of the orientation selectivity of the cell. Non-paired stimulation did not lead to changes in the properties of the receptive field of the neuron during the experiment. Thus, we have demonstrated the role of associative plasticity in the dynamic organization of the receptive fields of neurons in the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Smirnov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Alexey Y Malyshev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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9
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Alberto GE, Klorig DC, Goldstein AT, Godwin DW. Alcohol withdrawal produces changes in excitability, population discharge probability, and seizure threshold. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:211-218. [PMID: 36543333 PMCID: PMC10197957 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) results from the sudden cessation of chronic alcohol use and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Alcohol withdrawal-induced central nervous system (CNS) hyperexcitability results from complex, compensatory changes in synaptic efficacy and intrinsic excitability. These changes in excitability counteract the depressing effects of chronic ethanol on neural transmission and underlie symptoms of AWS, which range from mild anxiety to seizures and death. The development of targeted pharmacotherapies for treating AWS has been slow, due in part to the lack of available animal models that capture the key features of human AWS. Using a unique optogenetic method of probing network excitability, we examined electrophysiologic correlates of hyperexcitability sensitive to early changes in CNS excitability. This method is sensitive to pharmacologic treatments that reduce excitability and may represent a platform for AWS drug development. METHODS We applied a newly developed method, the optogenetic population discharge threshold (oPDT), which uses light intensity response curves to measure network excitability in chronically implanted mice. Excitability was tracked using the oPDT before, during, and after the chronic intermittent exposure (CIE) model of alcohol withdrawal (WD). RESULTS Alcohol withdrawal produced a dose-dependent leftward shift in the oPDT curve (denoting increased excitability), which was detectable in as few as three exposure cycles. This shift in excitability mirrored an increase in the number of spontaneous interictal spikes during withdrawal. In addition, Withdrawal lowered seizure thresholds and increased seizure severity in optogenetically kindled mice. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the oPDT provides a sensitive measure of alcohol withdrawal-induced hyperexcitability. The ability to actively probe the progression of excitability without eliciting potentially confounding seizures promises to be a useful tool in the preclinical development of next-generation pharmacotherapies for AWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. Alberto
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Neurology; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry; Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - David C. Klorig
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Neurology; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Allison T. Goldstein
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dwayne W. Godwin
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Neurology; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Research and Education Department, W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Salisbury, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Le Gratiet KL, Anderson CK, Puente N, Grandes P, Copas C, Nahirney PC, Delaney KR, Nashmi R. Differential Subcellular Distribution and Release Dynamics of Cotransmitted Cholinergic and GABAergic Synaptic Inputs Modify Dopaminergic Neuronal Excitability. J Neurosci 2022; 42:8670-8693. [PMID: 36195440 PMCID: PMC9671585 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2514-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified three types of monosynaptic cholinergic inputs spatially arranged onto medial substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in male and female mice: cotransmitted acetylcholine (ACh)/GABA, GABA-only, and ACh only. There was a predominant GABA-only conductance along lateral dendrites and soma-centered ACh/GABA cotransmission. In response to repeated stimulation, the GABA conductance found on lateral dendrites decremented less than the proximally located GABA conductance, and was more effective at inhibiting action potentials. While soma-localized ACh/GABA cotransmission showed depression of the GABA component with repeated stimulation, ACh-mediated nicotinic responses were largely maintained. We investigated whether this differential change in inhibitory/excitatory inputs leads to altered neuronal excitability. We found that a depolarizing current or glutamate preceded by cotransmitted ACh/GABA was more effective in eliciting an action potential compared with current, glutamate, or ACh/GABA alone. This enhanced excitability was abolished with nicotinic receptor inhibitors, and modulated by T- and L-type calcium channels, thus establishing that activity of multiple classes of ion channels integrates to shape neuronal excitability.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our laboratory has previously discovered a population of substantia nigra dopaminegic neurons (DA) that receive cotransmitted ACh and GABA. This study used subcellular optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic presynaptic terminals to map the functional ACh and GABA synaptic inputs across the somatodendritic extent of substantia nigra DA neurons. We determined spatially clustered GABA-only inputs on the lateral dendrites while cotransmitted ACh and GABA clustered close to the soma. We have shown that the action of GABA and ACh in cotransmission spatially clustered near the soma play a critical role in enhancing glutamate-mediated neuronal excitability through the activation of T- and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Charlotte Copas
- Division of Medical Sciences
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Patrick C Nahirney
- Division of Medical Sciences
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kerry R Delaney
- Department of Biology
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Raad Nashmi
- Department of Biology
- Division of Medical Sciences
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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Schmieder F, Habibey R, Striebel J, Büttner L, Czarske J, Busskamp V. Tracking connectivity maps in human stem cell-derived neuronal networks by holographic optogenetics. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202101268. [PMID: 35418473 PMCID: PMC9008225 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Holographic optogenetic stimulation of human iPSC–derived neuronal networks was exploited to map precise functional connectivity motifs and their long-term dynamics during network development. Neuronal networks derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells have been exploited widely for modeling neuronal circuits, neurological diseases, and drug screening. As these networks require extended culturing periods to functionally mature in vitro, most studies are based on immature networks. To obtain insights on long-term functional features, we improved a glia–neuron co-culture protocol within multi-electrode arrays, facilitating continuous assessment of electrical features in weekly intervals. By full-field optogenetic stimulation, we detected an earlier onset of neuronal firing and burst activity compared with spontaneous activity. Full-field stimulation enhanced the number of active neurons and their firing rates. Compared with full-field stimulation, which evoked synchronized activity across all neurons, holographic stimulation of individual neurons resulted in local activity. Single-cell holographic stimulation facilitated to trace propagating evoked activities of 400 individually stimulated neurons per multi-electrode array. Thereby, we revealed precise functional neuronal connectivity motifs. Holographic stimulation data over time showed increasing connection numbers and strength with culture age. This holographic stimulation setup has the potential to establish a profound functional testbed for in-depth analysis of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schmieder
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Büttner
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Czarske
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,Competence Center for Biomedical Computational Laser Systems (BIOLAS), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Ricci P, Marchetti M, Sorelli M, Turrini L, Resta F, Gavryusev V, de Vito G, Sancataldo G, Vanzi F, Silvestri L, Pavone FS. Power-effective scanning with AODs for 3D optogenetic applications. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100256. [PMID: 35000289 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon (2P) excitation is a cornerstone approach widely employed in neuroscience microscopy for deep optical access and sub-micrometric-resolution light targeting into the brain. However, besides structural and functional imaging, 2P optogenetic stimulations are less routinary, especially in 3D. This is because of the adopted scanning systems, often feebly effective, slow and mechanically constricted. Faster illumination can be achieved through acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) although their applicability to large volumes excitation has been limited by large efficiency drop along the optical axis. Here, we present a new AOD-based scheme for 2P 3D scanning that improves the power delivery between different illumination planes. We applied this approach to photostimulate an optogenetic actuator in zebrafish larvae, demonstrating the method efficiency observing increased activity responses and uniform activation probabilities from neuronal clusters addressed in the volume. This novel driving scheme can open to new AOD applications in neuroscience, allowing more effective 3D interrogation in large neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ricci
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence
| | | | - Michele Sorelli
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence
| | - Lapo Turrini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence
| | - Francesco Resta
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence
| | - Vladislav Gavryusev
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence
| | - Giuseppe de Vito
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Vanzi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence
- National Institute of Optics, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence
- L4T-Light4Tech, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, Florence, Italy
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13
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Zhang L, Wang K, Ning S, Pedersen PA, Duelli AS, Gourdon PE. Isolation and Crystallization of the D156C form of Optogenetic ChR2. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050895. [PMID: 35269517 PMCID: PMC8909857 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels that are receiving increasing attention as optogenetic tools. Despite extensive efforts to gain understanding of how these channels function, the molecular events linking light absorption of the retinal cofactor to channel opening remain elusive. While dark-state structures of ChR2 or chimeric proteins have demonstrated the architecture of non-conducting states, there is a need for open- and desensitized-state structures to uncover the mechanistic principles underlying channel activity. To facilitate comprehensive structural studies of ChR2 in non-closed states, we report a production and purification procedure of the D156C form of ChR2, which displays prolonged channel opening compared to the wild type. We demonstrate considerable yields (0.45 mg/g fermenter cell culture) of recombinantly produced protein using S. cerevisiae, which is purified to high homogeneity both as opsin (retinal-free) and as functional ChR2 with added retinal. We also develop conditions that enable the growth of ChR2 crystals that scatter X-rays to 6 Å, and identify a molecular replacement solution that suggests that the packing is different from published structures. Consequently, our cost-effective production and purification pipeline opens the way for downstream structural studies of different ChR2 states, which may provide a foundation for further adaptation of this protein for optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.Z.); (K.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Kaituo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.Z.); (K.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Shuo Ning
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Per Amstrup Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Annette Susanne Duelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.Z.); (K.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Pontus Emanuel Gourdon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.Z.); (K.W.); (A.S.D.)
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-50339990
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14
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Halverson HE, Kim J, Khilkevich A, Mauk MD, Augustine GJ. Feedback inhibition underlies new computational functions of cerebellar interneurons. eLife 2022; 11:77603. [PMID: 36480240 PMCID: PMC9771357 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of a feedback inhibitory circuit between cerebellar Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) was defined by combining optogenetics, neuronal activity recordings both in cerebellar slices and in vivo, and computational modeling. Purkinje cells inhibit a subset of MLIs in the inner third of the molecular layer. This inhibition is non-reciprocal, short-range (less than 200 μm) and is based on convergence of one to two Purkinje cells onto MLIs. During learning-related eyelid movements in vivo, the activity of a subset of MLIs progressively increases as Purkinje cell activity decreases, with Purkinje cells usually leading the MLIs. Computer simulations indicate that these relationships are best explained by the feedback circuit from Purkinje cells to MLIs and that this feedback circuit plays a central role in making cerebellar learning efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter E Halverson
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Jinsook Kim
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore,Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologySingaporeSingapore
| | - Andrei Khilkevich
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Michael D Mauk
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of TexasAustinUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, The University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - George J Augustine
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore,Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologySingaporeSingapore
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15
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Proskurina EY, Zaitsev AV. Photostimulation activates fast-spiking interneurons and pyramidal cells in the entorhinal cortex of Thy1-ChR2-YFP line 18 mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 580:87-92. [PMID: 34627001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of optogenetics in animals has provided new insights into both fundamental neuroscience and diseases of the nervous system. This is primarily due to the fact that optogenetics allows selectively activating or inhibiting particular types of neurons. One of the first transgenic mouse lines developed for the optogenetic experiment was Thy1-ChR2-YFP. Thy1 is an immunoglobulin superfamily member expressing in projection neurons, so it was assumed that channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) would be primarily expressed in projection neurons. However, the specificity of ChR2 expression under promoter Thy1 in different lines has to be clarified yet. Therefore, we aimed to determine the cell specificity of ChR2 expression in the entorhinal cortex of Thy1-ChR2-YFP line 18 mice. We have found that both pyramidal cells and fast-spiking interneurons in deep layers of the entorhinal cortex depolarized and fired in response to 470-nm photostimulation. To exclude the effect of synaptic activation of interneurons by pyramidal cells, we used a selective antagonist of AMPA receptors. Under these conditions, inhibitory postsynaptic currents decreased but did not disappear completely. Furthermore, gabazine inhibited these postsynaptic currents entirely, thus confirming the direct activation of interneurons by light. These data demonstrate that ChR2 is expressed in both pyramidal neurons and fast-spiking interneurons of the entorhinal cortex in Thy1-ChR2-YFP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y Proskurina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia; Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 2 Akkuratova Street, St. Petersburg, 197341, Russia.
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia.
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16
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Seo S, Lee JJ, Lee RG, Kim TH, Park S, Jung S, Lee HK, Andreev M, Lee KB, Jung KS, Oh S, Lee HJ, Kim KS, Yeom GY, Kim YH, Park JH. An Optogenetics-Inspired Flexible van der Waals Optoelectronic Synapse and its Application to a Convolutional Neural Network. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102980. [PMID: 34423469 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics refers to a technique that uses light to modulate neuronal activity with a high spatiotemporal resolution, which enables the manipulation of learning and memory functions in the human brain. This strategy of controlling neuronal activity using light can be applied for the development of intelligent systems, including neuromorphic and in-memory computing systems. Herein, a flexible van der Waals (vdW) optoelectronic synapse is reported, which is a core component of optogenetics-inspired intelligent systems. This synapse is fabricated on 2D vdW layered rhenium disulfide (ReS2 ) that features an inherent photosensitive memory nature derived from the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effect, successfully mimicking the dynamics of biological synapses. Based on first-principles calculations, the PPC effect is identified to originate from sulfur vacancies in ReS2 that have an inherent tendency to form shallow defect states near the conduction band edges and under optical excitation lead to large lattice relaxation. Finally, the feasibility of applying the synapses in optogenetics-inspired intelligent systems is demonstrated via training and inference tasks for the CIFAR-10 dataset using a convolutional neural network composed of vdW optoelectronic synapse devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Je-Jun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ryong-Gyu Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sangyong Park
- Department of Semiconductor and Display Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Flash Process Architecture Team, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Pyeongtaek, 17786, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Maksim Andreev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Bae Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Kil-Su Jung
- Department of Semiconductor and Display Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Memory Technology Design Team, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Hwasung, 18448, Korea
| | - Seyong Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics (QSIB), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ho-Jun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ki Seok Kim
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16417, Korea
| | - Geun Young Yeom
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16417, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16417, Korea
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17
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Paredes-Redondo A, Harley P, Maniati E, Ryan D, Louzada S, Meng J, Kowala A, Fu B, Yang F, Liu P, Marino S, Pourquié O, Muntoni F, Wang J, Lieberam I, Lin YY. Optogenetic modeling of human neuromuscular circuits in Duchenne muscular dystrophy with CRISPR and pharmacological corrections. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi8787. [PMID: 34516770 PMCID: PMC8442926 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by dystrophin gene mutations leading to skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. Dystrophin is enriched at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), but how NMJ abnormalities contribute to DMD pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we combine transcriptome analysis and modeling of DMD patient-derived neuromuscular circuits with CRISPR-corrected isogenic controls in compartmentalized microdevices. We show that NMJ volumes and optogenetic motor neuron–stimulated myofiber contraction are compromised in DMD neuromuscular circuits, which can be rescued by pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ signaling, an observation validated in a 96-well human neuromuscular circuit coculture assay. These beneficial effects are associated with normalization of dysregulated gene expression in DMD myogenic transcriptomes affecting NMJ assembly (e.g., MUSK) and axon guidance (e.g., SLIT2 and SLIT3). Our study provides a new human microphysiological model for investigating NMJ defects in DMD and assessing candidate drugs and suggests that enhancing neuromuscular connectivity may be an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Paredes-Redondo
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard
Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary
University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Bowel Research Centre,
Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen
Mary University of London, 2 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Model, Queen Mary
University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Peter Harley
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, MRC
Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and Centre for Developmental
Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology,
Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David Ryan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus,
Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sandra Louzada
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus,
Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jinhong Meng
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30
Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anna Kowala
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard
Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary
University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Bowel Research Centre,
Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen
Mary University of London, 2 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Model, Queen Mary
University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus,
Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus,
Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell and
Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Silvia Marino
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard
Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary
University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics and Department of Pathology,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road,
Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30
Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond
Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology,
Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ivo Lieberam
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, MRC
Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and Centre for Developmental
Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Yung-Yao Lin
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard
Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary
University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Bowel Research Centre,
Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen
Mary University of London, 2 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Model, Queen Mary
University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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18
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Yamanaka G, Suzuki S, Morishita N, Takeshita M, Kanou K, Takamatsu T, Suzuki S, Morichi S, Watanabe Y, Ishida Y, Go S, Oana S, Kashiwagi Y, Kawashima H. Role of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Permutability on Migraine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168929. [PMID: 34445635 PMCID: PMC8396312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, migraine is treated mainly by targeting calcitonin gene-related peptides, although the efficacy of this method is limited and new treatment strategies are desired. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine. In patients with migraine, peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α, are known to be increased. Additionally, animal models of headache have demonstrated that immunological responses associated with cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. Furthermore, these inflammatory mediators might alter the function of tight junctions in brain vascular endothelial cells in animal models, but not in human patients. Based on clinical findings showing elevated IL-1β, and experimental findings involving IL-1β and both the peripheral trigeminal ganglion and central trigeminal vascular pathways, regulation of the Il-1β/IL-1 receptor type 1 axis might lead to new treatments for migraine. However, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is not expected to be affected during attacks in patients with migraine.
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19
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Islam J, Kc E, Kim S, Kim HK, Park YS. Stimulating GABAergic Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Core Alters the Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain Responses in a Rat Model of Infraorbital Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168421. [PMID: 34445124 PMCID: PMC8395143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) is an important component of brain reward circuitry, but studies have revealed its involvement in pain circuitry also. However, its effect on trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and the mechanism underlying it are yet to be fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the outcomes of optogenetic stimulation of NAcc GABAergic neurons in an animal model of TN. Animals were allocated into TN, sham, and control groups. TN was generated by infraorbital nerve constriction and the optogenetic virus was injected into the NAcc. In vivo extracellular recordings were acquired from the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. Alterations of behavioral responses during stimulation "ON" and "OFF" conditions were evaluated. In vivo microdialysis was performed in the NAcc of TN and sham animals. During optogenetic stimulation, electrophysiological recordings revealed a reduction of both tonic and burst firing activity in TN animals, and significantly improved behavioral responses were observed as well. Microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed significant alterations in extracellular concentration levels of GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine, and citrulline in NAcc upon optic stimulation. In fine, our results suggested that NAcc stimulation could modulate the transmission of trigeminal pain signals in the TN animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisan Islam
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Elina Kc
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Soochong Kim
- ISCRM, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyong Kyu Kim
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- ISCRM, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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20
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Kolesov DV, Sokolinskaya EL, Lukyanov KA, Bogdanov AM. Molecular Tools for Targeted Control of Nerve Cell Electrical Activity. Part I. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:52-64. [PMID: 34707897 PMCID: PMC8526180 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern life sciences, the issue of a specific, exogenously directed manipulation of a cell's biochemistry is a highly topical one. In the case of electrically excitable cells, the aim of the manipulation is to control the cells' electrical activity, with the result being either excitation with subsequent generation of an action potential or inhibition and suppression of the excitatory currents. The techniques of electrical activity stimulation are of particular significance in tackling the most challenging basic problem: figuring out how the nervous system of higher multicellular organisms functions. At this juncture, when neuroscience is gradually abandoning the reductionist approach in favor of the direct investigation of complex neuronal systems, minimally invasive methods for brain tissue stimulation are becoming the basic element in the toolbox of those involved in the field. In this review, we describe three approaches that are based on the delivery of exogenous, genetically encoded molecules sensitive to external stimuli into the nervous tissue. These approaches include optogenetics (Part I) as well as chemogenetics and thermogenetics (Part II), which are significantly different not only in the nature of the stimuli and structure of the appropriate effector proteins, but also in the details of experimental applications. The latter circumstance is an indication that these are rather complementary than competing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Kolesov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - E. L. Sokolinskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - K. A. Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - A. M. Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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21
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Tamim I, Chung DY, de Morais AL, Loonen ICM, Qin T, Misra A, Schlunk F, Endres M, Schiff SJ, Ayata C. Spreading depression as an innate antiseizure mechanism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2206. [PMID: 33850125 PMCID: PMC8044138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is an intense and prolonged depolarization in the central nervous systems from insect to man. It is implicated in neurological disorders such as migraine and brain injury. Here, using an in vivo mouse model of focal neocortical seizures, we show that SD may be a fundamental defense against seizures. Seizures induced by topical 4-aminopyridine, penicillin or bicuculline, or systemic kainic acid, culminated in SDs at a variable rate. Greater seizure power and area of recruitment predicted SD. Once triggered, SD immediately suppressed the seizure. Optogenetic or KCl-induced SDs had similar antiseizure effect sustained for more than 30 min. Conversely, pharmacologically inhibiting SD occurrence during a focal seizure facilitated seizure generalization. Altogether, our data indicate that seizures trigger SD, which then terminates the seizure and prevents its generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Tamim
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreia Lopes de Morais
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inge C M Loonen
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amrit Misra
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frieder Schlunk
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Center for Neural Engineering, Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Lee J, Stile CL, Bice AR, Rosenthal ZP, Yan P, Snyder AZ, Lee JM, Bauer AQ. Opposed hemodynamic responses following increased excitation and parvalbumin-based inhibition. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:841-856. [PMID: 33736512 PMCID: PMC7983494 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20930831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding cellular contributions to hemodynamic activity is essential for interpreting blood-based brain mapping signals. Optogenetic studies examining cell-specific influences on local hemodynamics have reported that excitatory activity results in cerebral perfusion and blood volume increase, while inhibitory activity contributes to both vasodilation and vasoconstriction. How specific subpopulations of interneurons regulate the brain's blood supply is less examined. Parvalbumin interneurons are the largest subpopulation of GABAergic neurons in the brain, critical for brain development, plasticity, and long-distance excitatory neurotransmission. Despite their essential role in brain function, the contribution of parvalbumin neurons to neurovascular coupling has been relatively unexamined. Using optical intrinsic signal imaging and laser speckle contrast imaging, we photostimulated awake and anesthetized transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin under a parvalbumin promoter. Increased parvalbumin activity reduced local oxygenation, cerebral blood volume, and cerebral blood flow. These "negative" hemodynamic responses were consistent within and across mice and reproducible across a broad range of photostimulus parameters. However, the sign and magnitude of the hemodynamic response resulting from increased parvalbumin activity depended on the type and level of anesthesia used. Opposed hemodynamic responses following increased excitation or parvalbumin-based inhibition suggest unique contributions from different cell populations to neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhyuk Lee
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chloe L Stile
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Annie R Bice
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachary P Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam Q Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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23
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Moshkforoush A, Balachandar L, Moncion C, Montejo KA, Riera J. Unraveling ChR2-driven stochastic Ca2+ dynamics in astrocytes: A call for new interventional paradigms. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008648. [PMID: 33566841 PMCID: PMC7875401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic targeting of astrocytes provides a robust experimental model to differentially induce Ca2+ signals in astrocytes in vivo. However, a systematic study quantifying the response of optogenetically modified astrocytes to light is yet to be performed. Here, we propose a novel stochastic model of Ca2+ dynamics in astrocytes that incorporates a light sensitive component-channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2). Utilizing this model, we investigated the effect of different light stimulation paradigms on cells expressing select variants of ChR2 (wild type, ChETA, and ChRET/TC). Results predict that depending on paradigm specification, astrocytes might undergo drastic changes in their basal Ca2+ level and spiking probability. Furthermore, we performed a global sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of variation in parameters pertinent to the shape of the ChR2 photocurrent on astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics. Results suggest that directing variants towards the first open state of the ChR2 photocycle (o1) enhances spiking activity in astrocytes during optical stimulation. Evaluation of the effect of Ca2+ buffering and coupling coefficient in a network of ChR2-expressing astrocytes demonstrated basal level elevations in the stimulated region and propagation of calcium activity to unstimulated cells. Buffering reduced the diffusion range of Ca2+ within the network, thereby limiting propagation and influencing the activity of astrocytes. Collectively, the framework presented in this study provides valuable information for the selection of light stimulation paradigms that elicit desired astrocytic activity using existing ChR2 constructs, as well as aids in the engineering of future application-oriented optogenetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Moshkforoush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lakshmini Balachandar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Carolina Moncion
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karla A. Montejo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jorge Riera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Gamma frequency activation of inhibitory neurons in the acute phase after stroke attenuates vascular and behavioral dysfunction. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108696. [PMID: 33535035 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in gamma oscillations occur in several neurological disorders, and the entrainment of gamma oscillations has been recently proposed as a treatment for neurodegenerative disease. Optogenetic stimulation enhances recovery in models of stroke when applied weeks after injury; however, the benefits of acute brain stimulation have not been investigated. Here, we report beneficial effects of gamma-frequency modulation in the acute phase, within 1 h, after stroke. Transgenic VGAT-ChR2 mice are subject to awake photothrombotic stroke in an area encompassing the forelimb sensory and motor cortex. Optogenetic stimulation at 40 Hz in the peri-infarct zone recovers neuronal activity 24 h after stroke in motor and parietal association areas, as well as blood flow over the first week after stroke. Stimulation significantly reduces lesion volume and improves motor function. Our results suggest that acute-phase modulation of cortical oscillatory dynamics may serve as a target for neuroprotection against stroke.
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25
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Abstract
Optical manipulation is a powerful way to control neural activity in vitro and in vivo with millisecond precision. Patterning of light provides the remarkable ability to simultaneously target spatially segregated neurons from a population. Commercially available projectors provide one of the simplest and most economical ways of achieving spatial light modulation at millisecond timescales. Here, we describe the protocol for constructing a projector-based spatio-temporal light patterning system integrated with a microscope on a typical electrophysiology rig. The set-up is well suited for applications requiring rapid, distinct, and combinatorial inputs, akin to brain activity. This equipment involved is fairly economical (<$5000 including all optical and mechanical components), and the set-up is easy to assemble and program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Bhatia
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahil Moza
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Upinder S Bhalla
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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26
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Kim J, Augustine GJ. Molecular Layer Interneurons: Key Elements of Cerebellar Network Computation and Behavior. Neuroscience 2020; 462:22-35. [PMID: 33075461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) play an important role in cerebellar information processing by controlling Purkinje cell (PC) activity via inhibitory synaptic transmission. A local MLI network, constructed from both chemical and electrical synapses, is organized into spatially structured clusters that amplify feedforward and lateral inhibition to shape the temporal and spatial patterns of PC activity. Several recent in vivo studies indicate that such MLI circuits contribute not only to sensorimotor information processing, but also to precise motor coordination and cognitive processes. Here, we review current understanding of the organization of MLI circuits and their roles in the function of the mammalian cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Kim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 308238, Singapore
| | - George J Augustine
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 308238, Singapore.
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27
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Tang Q, Tsytsarev V, Yan F, Wang C, Erzurumlu RS, Chen Y. In vivo voltage-sensitive dye imaging of mouse cortical activity with mesoscopic optical tomography. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:041402. [PMID: 33274250 PMCID: PMC7708784 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.4.041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Cellular layering is a hallmark of the mammalian neocortex with layer and cell type-specific connections within the cortical mantle and subcortical connections. A key challenge in studying circuit function within the neocortex is to understand the spatial and temporal patterns of information flow between different columns and layers. Aim: We aimed to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) layer- and area-specific interactions in mouse cortex in vivo. Approach: We applied a new promising neuroimaging method-fluorescence laminar optical tomography in combination with voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDi). VSDi is a powerful technique for interrogating membrane potential dynamics in assemblies of cortical neurons, but it is traditionally used for two-dimensional (2D) imaging. Our mesoscopic technique allows visualization of neuronal activity in a 3D manner with high temporal resolution. Results: We first demonstrated the depth-resolved capability of 3D mesoscopic imaging technology in Thy1-ChR2-YFP transgenic mice. Next, we recorded the long-range functional projections between sensory cortex (S1) and motor cortex (M1) in mice, in vivo, following single whisker deflection. Conclusions: The results show that mesoscopic imaging technique has the potential to investigate the layer-specific neural connectivity in the mouse cortex in vivo. Combination of mesoscopic imaging technique with optogenetic control strategy is a promising platform for determining depth-resolved interactions between cortical circuit elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Tang
- University of Oklahoma, Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Qinggong Tang, ; Reha S. Erzurumlu, ; Yu Chen,
| | - Vassiliy Tsytsarev
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Feng Yan
- University of Oklahoma, Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- University of Oklahoma, Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Reha S. Erzurumlu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Qinggong Tang, ; Reha S. Erzurumlu, ; Yu Chen,
| | - Yu Chen
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, Maryland, United States
- University of Massachusetts, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Qinggong Tang, ; Reha S. Erzurumlu, ; Yu Chen,
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28
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Functional interrogation of neural circuits with virally transmitted optogenetic tools. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 345:108905. [PMID: 32795553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain comprises a plethora of cell types connected by intertwined pathways. Optogenetics enriches the neuroscientific tool set for disentangling these neuronal circuits in a manner which exceeds the spatio-temporal precision of previously existing techniques. Technically, optogenetics can be divided in three types of optical and genetic combinations: (1) it is primarily understood as the manipulation of the activity of genetically modified cells (typically neurons) with light, i.e. optical actuators. (2) A second combination refers to visualizing the activity of genetically modified cells (again typically neurons), i.e. optical sensors. (3) A completely different interpretation of optogenetics refers to the light activated expression of a genetically induced construct. Here, we focus on the first two types of optogenetics, i.e. the optical actuators and sensors in an attempt to give an overview into the topic. We first cover methods to express opsins into neurons and introduce strategies of targeting specific neuronal populations in different animal species. We then summarize combinations of optogenetics with behavioral read out and neuronal imaging. Finally, we give an overview of the current state-of-the-art and an outlook on future perspectives.
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29
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Nagaeva E, Zubarev I, Bengtsson Gonzales C, Forss M, Nikouei K, de Miguel E, Elsilä L, Linden AM, Hjerling-Leffler J, Augustine GJ, Korpi ER. Heterogeneous somatostatin-expressing neuron population in mouse ventral tegmental area. eLife 2020; 9:59328. [PMID: 32749220 PMCID: PMC7440918 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular architecture of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the main hub of the brain reward system, remains only partially characterized. To extend the characterization to inhibitory neurons, we have identified three distinct subtypes of somatostatin (Sst)-expressing neurons in the mouse VTA. These neurons differ in their electrophysiological and morphological properties, anatomical localization, as well as mRNA expression profiles. Importantly, similar to cortical Sst-containing interneurons, most VTA Sst neurons express GABAergic inhibitory markers, but some of them also express glutamatergic excitatory markers and a subpopulation even express dopaminergic markers. Furthermore, only some of the proposed marker genes for cortical Sst neurons were expressed in the VTA Sst neurons. Physiologically, one of the VTA Sst neuron subtypes locally inhibited neighboring dopamine neurons. Overall, our results demonstrate the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of VTA Sst neurons and suggest that these cells are multifunctional players in the midbrain reward circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Nagaeva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivan Zubarev
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Mikko Forss
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kasra Nikouei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena de Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Elsilä
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni-Maija Linden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George J Augustine
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Nagaeva E, Zubarev I, Bengtsson Gonzales C, Forss M, Nikouei K, de Miguel E, Elsilä L, Linden AM, Hjerling-Leffler J, Augustine GJ, Korpi ER. Heterogeneous somatostatin-expressing neuron population in mouse ventral tegmental area. eLife 2020. [PMID: 32749220 DOI: 10.1038/gene] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular architecture of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the main hub of the brain reward system, remains only partially characterized. To extend the characterization to inhibitory neurons, we have identified three distinct subtypes of somatostatin (Sst)-expressing neurons in the mouse VTA. These neurons differ in their electrophysiological and morphological properties, anatomical localization, as well as mRNA expression profiles. Importantly, similar to cortical Sst-containing interneurons, most VTA Sst neurons express GABAergic inhibitory markers, but some of them also express glutamatergic excitatory markers and a subpopulation even express dopaminergic markers. Furthermore, only some of the proposed marker genes for cortical Sst neurons were expressed in the VTA Sst neurons. Physiologically, one of the VTA Sst neuron subtypes locally inhibited neighboring dopamine neurons. Overall, our results demonstrate the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of VTA Sst neurons and suggest that these cells are multifunctional players in the midbrain reward circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Nagaeva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivan Zubarev
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Mikko Forss
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kasra Nikouei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena de Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Elsilä
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni-Maija Linden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George J Augustine
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Sugimoto K, Chung DY, Böhm M, Fischer P, Takizawa T, Aykan SA, Qin T, Yanagisawa T, Harriott A, Oka F, Yaseen MA, Sakadžić S, Ayata C. Peri-Infarct Hot-Zones Have Higher Susceptibility to Optogenetic Functional Activation-Induced Spreading Depolarizations. Stroke 2020; 51:2526-2535. [PMID: 32640946 PMCID: PMC7387208 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.029618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are recurrent and ostensibly spontaneous depolarization waves that may contribute to infarct progression after stroke. Somatosensory activation of the metastable peri-infarct tissue triggers peri-infarct SDs at a high rate. METHODS We directly measured the functional activation threshold to trigger SDs in peri-infarct hot zones using optogenetic stimulation after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in Thy1-ChR2-YFP mice. RESULTS Optogenetic activation of peri-infarct tissue triggered SDs at a strikingly high rate (64%) compared with contralateral homotopic cortex (8%; P=0.004). Laser speckle perfusion imaging identified a residual blood flow of 31±2% of baseline marking the metastable tissue with a propensity to develop SDs. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal a spatially distinct increase in SD susceptibility in peri-infarct tissue where physiological levels of functional activation are capable of triggering SDs. Given the potentially deleterious effects of peri-infarct SDs, the effect of sensory overstimulation in hyperacute stroke should be examined more carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Sugimoto
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - David Y. Chung
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Maximilian Böhm
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Paul Fischer
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tsubasa Takizawa
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Sanem Aslihan Aykan
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Takeshi Yanagisawa
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Andrea Harriott
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Fumiaki Oka
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mohammad A. Yaseen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
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32
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Takizawa T, Qin T, Lopes de Morais A, Sugimoto K, Chung JY, Morsett L, Mulder I, Fischer P, Suzuki T, Anzabi M, Böhm M, Qu WS, Yanagisawa T, Hickman S, Khoury JE, Whalen MJ, Harriott AM, Chung DY, Ayata C. Non-invasively triggered spreading depolarizations induce a rapid pro-inflammatory response in cerebral cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1117-1131. [PMID: 31242047 PMCID: PMC7181092 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19859381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) induces pro-inflammatory gene expression in brain tissue. However, previous studies assessing the relationship between CSD and inflammation have used invasive methods that directly trigger inflammation. To eliminate the injury confounder, we induced CSDs non-invasively through intact skull using optogenetics in Thy1-channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice. We corroborated our findings by minimally invasive KCl-induced CSDs through thinned skull. Six CSDs induced over 1 h dramatically increased cortical interleukin-1β (IL-1β), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression peaking around 1, 2 and 4 h, respectively. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were only modestly elevated. A single CSD also increased IL-1β, CCL2, and TNF-α, and revealed an ultra-early IL-1β response within 10 min. The response was blunted in IL-1 receptor-1 knockout mice, implicating IL-1β as an upstream mediator, and suppressed by dexamethasone, but not ibuprofen. CSD did not alter systemic inflammatory indices. In summary, this is the first report of pro-inflammatory gene expression after non-invasively induced CSDs. Altogether, our data provide novel insights into the role of CSD-induced neuroinflammation in migraine headache pathogenesis and have implications for the inflammatory processes in acute brain injury where numerous CSDs occur for days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Takizawa
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Andreia Lopes de Morais
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kazutaka Sugimoto
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Joon Yong Chung
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liza Morsett
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory
Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,
USA
| | - Inge Mulder
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Paul Fischer
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Charité –
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomoaki Suzuki
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Maryam Anzabi
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Maximilian Böhm
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Charité –
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wen-sheng Qu
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Takeshi Yanagisawa
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne Hickman
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory
Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,
USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory
Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,
USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea M Harriott
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cenk Ayata, Massachusetts General Hospital,
149 13th Street, 6403, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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33
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Lee C, Lavoie A, Liu J, Chen SX, Liu BH. Light Up the Brain: The Application of Optogenetics in Cell-Type Specific Dissection of Mouse Brain Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:18. [PMID: 32390806 PMCID: PMC7193678 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exquisite intricacies of neural circuits are fundamental to an animal’s diverse and complex repertoire of sensory and motor functions. The ability to precisely map neural circuits and to selectively manipulate neural activity is critical to understanding brain function and has, therefore been a long-standing goal for neuroscientists. The recent development of optogenetic tools, combined with transgenic mouse lines, has endowed us with unprecedented spatiotemporal precision in circuit analysis. These advances greatly expand the scope of tractable experimental investigations. Here, in the first half of the review, we will present applications of optogenetics in identifying connectivity between different local neuronal cell types and of long-range projections with both in vitro and in vivo methods. We will then discuss how these tools can be used to reveal the functional roles of these cell-type specific connections in governing sensory information processing, and learning and memory in the visual cortex, somatosensory cortex, and motor cortex. Finally, we will discuss the prospect of new optogenetic tools and how their application can further advance modern neuroscience. In summary, this review serves as a primer to exemplify how optogenetics can be used in sophisticated modern circuit analyses at the levels of synapses, cells, network connectivity and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andreanne Lavoie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiashu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon X Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Center for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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Böhm M, Chung DY, Gómez CA, Qin T, Takizawa T, Sadeghian H, Sugimoto K, Sakadžić S, Yaseen MA, Ayata C. Neurovascular coupling during optogenetic functional activation: Local and remote stimulus-response characteristics, and uncoupling by spreading depression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:808-822. [PMID: 31063009 PMCID: PMC7168797 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19845934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling is a fundamental response that links activity to perfusion. Traditional paradigms of neurovascular coupling utilize somatosensory stimulation to activate the primary sensory cortex through subcortical relays. Therefore, examination of neurovascular coupling in disease models can be confounded if the disease process affects these multisynaptic pathways. Optogenetic stimulation is an alternative to directly activate neurons, bypassing the subcortical relays. We employed minimally invasive optogenetic cortical activation through intact skull in Thy1-channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice, examined the blood flow changes using laser speckle imaging, and related these to evoked electrophysiological activity. Our data show that optogenetic activation of barrel cortex triggers intensity- and frequency-dependent hyperemia both locally within the barrel cortex (>50% CBF increase), and remotely within the ipsilateral motor cortex (>30% CBF increase). Intriguingly, activation of the barrel cortex causes a small (∼10%) but reproducible hypoperfusion within the contralateral barrel cortex, electrophysiologically linked to transhemispheric inhibition. Cortical spreading depression, known to cause neurovascular uncoupling, diminishes optogenetic hyperemia by more than 50% for up to an hour despite rapid recovery of evoked electrophysiological activity, recapitulating a unique feature of physiological neurovascular coupling. Altogether, these data establish a minimally invasive paradigm to investigate neurovascular coupling for longitudinal characterization of cerebrovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Böhm
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos A Gómez
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tsubasa Takizawa
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Homa Sadeghian
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kazutaka Sugimoto
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad A Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Stroke Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Vazquez AL, Fukuda M, Kim SG. Inhibitory Neuron Activity Contributions to Hemodynamic Responses and Metabolic Load Examined Using an Inhibitory Optogenetic Mouse Model. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:4105-4119. [PMID: 30215693 PMCID: PMC6188559 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic signals are routinely used to noninvasively assess brain function in humans and animals. This work examined the contribution of inhibitory neuron activity on hemodynamic responses captured by changes in blood flow, volume and oxygenation in the cortex of lightly anesthetized mice. Because cortical activity is not commonly initiated by inhibitory neurons, experiments were conducted to examine the neuronal activity properties elicited by photo-stimulation. We observed comparable increases in neuronal activity evoked by forelimb and photo-stimulation; however, significantly larger increases in blood flow and volume were produced by photo-stimulation of inhibitory neurons compared with forelimb stimulation. Following blockade of glutamate and GABA-A receptors to reduce postsynaptic activity contributions, neuronal activity was reliably modulated and hemodynamic changes persisted, though slightly reduced. More importantly, photo-stimulation-evoked changes in blood flow and volume were suppressed by 75–80% with the administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, suggesting that inhibitory neurons regulate blood flow mostly via nitric oxide. Lastly, forelimb and photo-stimulation of excitatory neurons produced local decreases in blood oxygenation, while large increases were generated by photo-stimulation of inhibitory neurons. Estimates of oxygen metabolism suggest that inhibitory neuron activity has a small impact on tissue metabolic load, indicating a mismatch between the metabolic demand and blood flow regulation properties of inhibitory and excitatory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Vazquez
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mitsuhiro Fukuda
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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36
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Huang C, Tai CY, Yang KP, Chang WK, Hsu KJ, Hsiao CC, Wu SC, Lin YY, Chiang AS, Chu SW. All-Optical Volumetric Physiology for Connectomics in Dense Neuronal Structures. iScience 2019; 22:133-146. [PMID: 31765994 PMCID: PMC6883334 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All-optical physiology (AOP) manipulates and reports neuronal activities with light, allowing for interrogation of neuronal functional connections with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, contemporary high-speed AOP platforms are limited to single-depth or discrete multi-plane recordings that are not suitable for studying functional connections among densely packed small neurons, such as neurons in Drosophila brains. Here, we constructed a 3D AOP platform by incorporating single-photon point stimulation and two-photon high-speed volumetric recordings with a tunable acoustic gradient-index (TAG) lens. We demonstrated the platform effectiveness by studying the anterior visual pathway (AVP) of Drosophila. We achieved functional observation of spatiotemporal coding and the strengths of calcium-sensitive connections between anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) sub-compartments and >70 tightly assembled 2-μm bulb (BU) microglomeruli in 3D coordinates with a single trial. Our work aids the establishment of in vivo 3D functional connectomes in neuron-dense brain areas. All-optical volumetric physiology = precise stimulation + fast volumetric recording Precise single-photon point stimulation among genetically defined neurons 3D two-photon imaging by an acoustic gradient-index lens for dense neural structures Observation of 3D functional connectivity in Drosophila anterior visual pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yi Tai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping Yang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kun Chang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chi Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yin Lin
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80780, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Shi-Wei Chu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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37
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Klorig DC, Alberto GE, Smith T, Godwin DW. Optogenetically-Induced Population Discharge Threshold as a Sensitive Measure of Network Excitability. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0229-18.2019. [PMID: 31619450 PMCID: PMC6838688 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0229-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Network excitability is governed by synaptic efficacy, intrinsic excitability, and the circuitry in which these factors are expressed. The complex interplay between these factors determines how circuits function and, at the extreme, their susceptibility to seizure. We have developed a sensitive, quantitative estimate of network excitability in freely behaving mice using a novel optogenetic intensity-response procedure. Synchronous activation of deep sublayer CA1 pyramidal cells produces abnormal network-wide epileptiform population discharges (PDs) that are nearly indistinguishable from spontaneously-occurring interictal spikes (IISs). By systematically varying light intensity, and therefore the magnitude of the optogenetically-mediated current, we generated intensity-response curves using the probability of PD as the dependent variable. Manipulations known to increase excitability, such as sub-convulsive doses (20 mg/kg) of the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), produced a leftward shift in the curve compared to baseline. The anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV; 40 mk/kg), in combination with PTZ, produced a rightward shift. Optogenetically-induced PD threshold (oPDT) baselines were stable over time, suggesting the metric is appropriate for within-subject experimental designs with multiple pharmacological manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Klorig
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Neuroscience Program
| | - G E Alberto
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Neuroscience Program
| | - T Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
| | - D W Godwin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Neuroscience Program
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
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38
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Mercer Lindsay N, Knutsen PM, Lozada AF, Gibbs D, Karten HJ, Kleinfeld D. Orofacial Movements Involve Parallel Corticobulbar Projections from Motor Cortex to Trigeminal Premotor Nuclei. Neuron 2019; 104:765-780.e3. [PMID: 31587918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
How do neurons in orofacial motor cortex (MCtx) orchestrate behaviors? We show that focal activation of MCtx corticobulbar neurons evokes behaviorally relevant concurrent movements of the forelimb, jaw, nose, and vibrissae. The projections from different locations in MCtx form gradients of boutons across premotor nuclei spinal trigeminal pars oralis (SpVO) and interpolaris rostralis (SpVIr). Furthermore, retrograde viral tracing from muscles that control orofacial actions shows that these premotor nuclei segregate their outputs. In the most dramatic case, both SpVO and SpVIr are premotor to forelimb and vibrissa muscles, while only SpVO is premotor to jaw muscles. Functional confirmation of the superimposed control by MCtx was obtained through selective optogenetic activation of corticobulbar neurons on the basis of their preferential projections to SpVO versus SpVIr. We conclude that neighboring projection neurons in orofacial MCtx form parallel pathways to distinct pools of trigeminal premotor neurons that coordinate motor actions into a behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mercer Lindsay
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Per M Knutsen
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adrian F Lozada
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Gibbs
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Harvey J Karten
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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39
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Dombrowski T, Rankovic V, Moser T. Toward the Optical Cochlear Implant. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033225. [PMID: 30323016 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
When hearing fails, cochlear implants (CIs) provide open speech perception to most of the currently half a million CI users. CIs bypass the defective sensory organ and stimulate the auditory nerve electrically. The major bottleneck of current CIs is the poor coding of spectral information, which results from wide current spread from each electrode contact. As light can be more conveniently confined, optical stimulation of the auditory nerve presents a promising perspective for a fundamental advance of CIs. Moreover, given the improved frequency resolution of optical excitation and its versatility for arbitrary stimulation patterns the approach also bears potential for auditory research. Here, we review the current state of the art focusing on the emerging concept of optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway. Developing optogenetic stimulation for auditory research and future CIs requires efforts toward viral gene transfer to the neurons, design and characterization of appropriate optogenetic actuators, as well as engineering of multichannel optical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dombrowski
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Elisabeth Hospital, 44787 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vladan Rankovic
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Moser
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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40
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Otsu Y, Lecca S, Pietrajtis K, Rousseau CV, Marcaggi P, Dugué GP, Mailhes-Hamon C, Mameli M, Diana MA. Functional Principles of Posterior Septal Inputs to the Medial Habenula. Cell Rep 2019; 22:693-705. [PMID: 29346767 PMCID: PMC5792424 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial habenula (MHb) is an epithalamic hub contributing to expression and extinction of aversive states by bridging forebrain areas and midbrain monoaminergic centers. Although contradictory information exists regarding their synaptic properties, the physiology of the excitatory inputs to the MHb from the posterior septum remains elusive. Here, combining optogenetics-based mapping with ex vivo and in vivo physiology, we examine the synaptic properties of posterior septal afferents to the MHb and how they influence behavior. We demonstrate that MHb cells receive sparse inputs producing purely glutamatergic responses via calcium-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), heterotrimeric GluN2A-GluN2B-GluN1 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and inhibitory group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. We describe the complex integration dynamics of these components by MHb cells. Finally, we combine ex vivo data with realistic afferent firing patterns recorded in vivo to demonstrate that efficient optogenetic septal stimulation in the MHb induces anxiolysis and promotes locomotion, contributing long-awaited evidence in favor of the importance of this septo-habenular pathway. Medial habenular (MHb) neurons receive sparse inputs from the posterior septum (PS) PS afferents to the MHb function in a purely glutamatergic mode Excitatory ionotropic and inhibitory metabotropic receptors convey PS inputs in the MHb PS activation in the MHb increases locomotion and induces anxiolysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Otsu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Lecca
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM-UPMC UMR-S 839, Paris, France
| | - Katarzyna Pietrajtis
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Charly Vincent Rousseau
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Païkan Marcaggi
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pierre Dugué
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Mailhes-Hamon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM-UPMC UMR-S 839, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alberto Diana
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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41
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Stanley SA, Friedman JM. Electromagnetic Regulation of Cell Activity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a034322. [PMID: 30249601 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to observe the effects of rapidly and reversibly regulating cell activity in targeted cell populations has provided numerous physiologic insights. Over the last decade, a wide range of technologies have emerged for regulating cellular activity using optical, chemical, and, more recently, electromagnetic modalities. Electromagnetic fields can freely penetrate cells and tissue and their energy can be absorbed by metal particles. When released, the absorbed energy can in turn gate endogenous or engineered receptors and ion channels to regulate cell activity. In this manner, electromagnetic fields acting on external nanoparticles have been used to exert mechanical forces on cell membranes and organelles to generate heat and interact with thermally activated proteins or to induce receptor aggregation and intracellular signaling. More recently, technologies using genetically encoded nanoparticles composed of the iron storage protein, ferritin, have been used for targeted, temporal control of cell activity in vitro and in vivo. These tools provide a means for noninvasively modulating gene expression, intracellular organelles, such as endosomes, and whole-cell activity both in vitro and in freely moving animals. The use of magnetic fields interacting with external or genetically encoded nanoparticles thus provides a rapid noninvasive means for regulating cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10065
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42
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Chung DY, Sadeghian H, Qin T, Lule S, Lee H, Karakaya F, Goins S, Oka F, Yaseen MA, Houben T, Tolner EA, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Whalen MJ, Sakadžić S, Ayata C. Determinants of Optogenetic Cortical Spreading Depolarizations. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1150-1161. [PMID: 29425263 PMCID: PMC6373833 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depolarization (SD) is the electrophysiological event underlying migraine aura, and a critical contributor to secondary damage after brain injury. Experimental models of SD have been used for decades in migraine and brain injury research; however, they are highly invasive and often cause primary tissue injury, diminishing their translational value. Here we present a non-invasive method to trigger SDs using light-induced depolarization in transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in neurons (Thy1-ChR2-YFP). Focal illumination (470 nm, 1-10 mW) through intact skull using an optical fiber evokes power-dependent steady extracellular potential shifts and local elevations of extracellular [K+] that culminate in an SD when power exceeds a threshold. Using the model, we show that homozygous mice are significantly more susceptible to SD (i.e., lower light thresholds) than heterozygous ChR2 mice. Moreover, we show SD susceptibility differs significantly among cortical divisions (motor, whisker barrel, sensory, visual, in decreasing order of susceptibility), which correlates with relative channelrhodopsin-2 expression. Furthermore, the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 blocks the transition to SD without diminishing extracellular potential shifts. Altogether, our data show that the optogenetic SD model is highly suitable for examining physiological or pharmacological modulation of SD in acute and longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Chung
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Homa Sadeghian
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sevda Lule
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hang Lee
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fahri Karakaya
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Stacy Goins
- Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
| | - Fumiaki Oka
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Mohammad A Yaseen
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Thijs Houben
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Else A Tolner
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael J Whalen
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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43
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Masamoto K, Vazquez A. Optical imaging and modulation of neurovascular responses. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2057-2072. [PMID: 30334644 PMCID: PMC6282226 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18803372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral microvasculature consists of pial vascular networks, parenchymal descending arterioles, ascending venules and parenchymal capillaries. This vascular compartmentalization is vital to precisely deliver blood to balance continuously varying neural demands in multiple brain regions. Optical imaging techniques have facilitated the investigation of dynamic spatial and temporal properties of microvascular functions in real time. Their combination with transgenic animal models encoding specific genetic targets have further strengthened the importance of optical methods for neurovascular research by allowing for the modulation and monitoring of neuro vascular function. Image analysis methods with three-dimensional reconstruction are also helping to understand the complexity of microscopic observations. Here, we review the compartmentalized cerebral microvascular responses to global perturbations as well as regional changes in response to neural activity to highlight the differences in vascular action sites. In addition, microvascular responses elicited by optical modulation of different cell-type targets are summarized with emphasis on variable spatiotemporal dynamics of microvascular responses. Finally, long-term changes in microvascular compartmentalization are discussed to help understand potential relationships between CBF disturbances and the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Masamoto
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alberto Vazquez
- Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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44
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Hernandez O, Pietrajtis K, Mathieu B, Dieudonné S. Optogenetic stimulation of complex spatio-temporal activity patterns by acousto-optic light steering probes cerebellar granular layer integrative properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13768. [PMID: 30213968 PMCID: PMC6137064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics provides tools to control afferent activity in brain microcircuits. However, this requires optical methods that can evoke asynchronous and coordinated activity within neuronal ensembles in a spatio-temporally precise way. Here we describe a light patterning method, which combines MHz acousto-optic beam steering and adjustable low numerical aperture Gaussian beams, to achieve fast 2D targeting in scattering tissue. Using mossy fiber afferents to the cerebellar cortex as a testbed, we demonstrate single fiber optogenetic stimulation with micron-scale lateral resolution, >100 µm depth-penetration and 0.1 ms spiking precision. Protracted spatio-temporal patterns of light delivered by our illumination system evoked sustained asynchronous mossy fiber activity with excellent repeatability. Combining optical and electrical stimulations, we show that the cerebellar granular layer performs nonlinear integration, whereby sustained mossy fiber activity provides a permissive context for the transmission of salient inputs, enriching combinatorial views on mossy fiber pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Wavefront-engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR8250, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Katarzyna Pietrajtis
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
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45
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Qian J, Wu W, Xiong W, Chai Z, Xu XM, Jin X. Longitudinal Optogenetic Motor Mapping Revealed Structural and Functional Impairments and Enhanced Corticorubral Projection after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:485-499. [PMID: 29848155 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evaluation of impairment and repair after spinal cord injury (SCI) is largely dependent on behavioral assessment and histological analysis of injured tissue and pathways. Here, we evaluated whether transcranial optogenetic mapping of motor cortex could reflect longitudinal structural and functional damage and recovery after SCI. In Thy1-Channelrhodopsin2 transgenic mice, repeated motor mappings were made by recording optogenetically evoked electromyograms (EMGs) of a hindlimb at baseline and 1 day and 2, 4, and 6 weeks after mild, moderate, and severe spinal cord contusion. Injuries caused initial decreases in EMG amplitude, losses of motor map, and subsequent partial recoveries, all of which corresponded to injury severity. Reductions in map size were positively correlated with motor performance, as measured by Basso Mouse Scale, rota-rod, and grid walk tests, at different time points, as well as with lesion area at spinal cord epicenter at 6 weeks post-SCI. Retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold showed decreased numbers of cortico- and rubrospinal neurons, with the latter being negatively correlated with motor map size. Combined retro- and anterograde tracing and immunostaining revealed more neurons activated in red nucleus by cortical stimulation and enhanced corticorubral axons and synapses in red nucleus after SCI. Electrophysiological recordings showed lower threshold and higher amplitude of corticorubral synaptic response after SCI. We conclude that transcranial optogenetic motor mapping is sensitive and efficient for longitudinal evaluation of impairment and plasticity of SCI, and that spinal cord contusion induces stronger anatomical and functional corticorubral connection that may contribute to spontaneous recovery of motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Spinal Surgery and Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zhi Chai
- 3 Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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46
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Bauer AQ, Kraft AW, Baxter GA, Wright PW, Reisman MD, Bice AR, Park JJ, Bruchas MR, Snyder AZ, Lee JM, Culver JP. Effective Connectivity Measured Using Optogenetically Evoked Hemodynamic Signals Exhibits Topography Distinct from Resting State Functional Connectivity in the Mouse. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:370-386. [PMID: 29136125 PMCID: PMC6057523 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain connectomics has expanded from histological assessment of axonal projection connectivity (APC) to encompass resting state functional connectivity (RS-FC). RS-FC analyses are efficient for whole-brain mapping, but attempts to explain aspects of RS-FC (e.g., interhemispheric RS-FC) based on APC have been only partially successful. Neuroimaging with hemoglobin alone lacks specificity for determining how activity in a population of cells contributes to RS-FC. Wide-field mapping of optogenetically defined connectivity could provide insights into the brain's structure-function relationship. We combined optogenetics with optical intrinsic signal imaging to create an efficient, optogenetic effective connectivity (Opto-EC) mapping assay. We examined EC patterns of excitatory neurons in awake, Thy1-ChR2 transgenic mice. These Thy1-based EC (Thy1-EC) patterns were evaluated against RS-FC over the cortex. Compared to RS-FC, Thy1-EC exhibited increased spatial specificity, reduced interhemispheric connectivity in regions with strong RS-FC, and appreciable connection strength asymmetry. Comparing the topography of Thy1-EC and RS-FC patterns to maps of APC revealed that Thy1-EC more closely resembled APC than did RS-FC. The more general method of Opto-EC mapping with hemoglobin can be determined for 100 sites in single animals in under an hour, and is amenable to other neuroimaging modalities. Opto-EC mapping represents a powerful strategy for examining evolving connectivity-related circuit plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Q Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew W Kraft
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Grant A Baxter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick W Wright
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Reisman
- Department of Physics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Annie R Bice
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jasmine J Park
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph P Culver
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Physics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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47
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Spectrally distinct channelrhodopsins for two-colour optogenetic peripheral nerve stimulation. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:485-496. [PMID: 30948823 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technologies for peripheral nerve stimulation have conventionally relied on the anatomic placement of electrodes adjacent to subsets of sensory fibres or motor fibres that selectively target an end effector. Here, we demonstrate the use of optogenetics to directly target the innervating fibres of an end effector by relying on retrograde transfection of adeno-associated virus serotype 6 to restrict axonal opsin expression to the desired fibre targets. By using an in vivo screen in rats, we identify the first channelrhodopsins as well as a halorhodopsin that respond to red light in the peripheral nerve. Combining two channelrhodopsins with spectrally distinct activation profiles allowed us to drive opposing muscle activity via two-colour illumination of the same mixed nerve. We also show halorhodopsin-mediated reductions in electrically evoked muscle tremor spectrally optimized for deep peripheral nerves. Our non-invasive peripheral neurostimulator with targeted multi-fascicle resolution enables scientific and clinical exploration, such as motor control in paralysis, biomimetic sensation feedback for amputees and targeted inhibition of muscle tremor.
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48
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Schmidt SL, Dorsett CR, Iyengar AK, Fröhlich F. Interaction of Intrinsic and Synaptic Currents Mediate Network Resonance Driven by Layer V Pyramidal Cells. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4396-4410. [PMID: 27578493 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical oscillations modulate cellular excitability and facilitate neuronal communication and information processing. Layer 5 pyramidal cells (L5 PYs) drive low-frequency oscillations (<4 Hz) in neocortical networks in vivo. In vitro, individual L5 PYs exhibit subthreshold resonance in the theta band (4-8 Hz). This bandpass filtering of periodic input is mediated by h-current (Ih) and m-current (IM) that selectively suppress low-frequency input. It has remained unclear how these intrinsic properties of cells contribute to the emergent, network oscillation dynamics. To begin to close this gap, we studied the link between cellular and network mechanisms of network resonance driven by L5 PYs. We performed multielectrode array recordings of network activity in slices of medial prefrontal cortex from the Thy1-ChR2-eYFP line and activated the network by temporally patterned optogenetic suprathreshold stimulation. Networks driven by stimulation of L5 PYs exhibited resonance in the theta band. We found that Ih and IM play a role in resonant suprathreshold network response to depolarizing stimuli. The action of Ih in mediating resonance was dependent on synaptic transmission while that of IM was not. These results demonstrate how synergistic interaction of synaptic and intrinsic ion channels contribute to the response of networks driven by L5 PYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry.,Joint UNC-NCSU Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | | | | | - Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry.,Joint UNC-NCSU Department of Biomedical Engineering.,Neurobiology Curriculum.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology.,Neuroscience Center.,Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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49
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Krishnan V, Park SA, Shin SS, Alon L, Tressler CM, Stokes W, Banerjee J, Sorrell ME, Tian Y, Fridman GY, Celnik P, Pevsner J, Guggino WB, Gilad AA, Pelled G. Wireless control of cellular function by activation of a novel protein responsive to electromagnetic fields. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8764. [PMID: 29884813 PMCID: PMC5993716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kryptopterus bicirrhis (glass catfish) is known to respond to electromagnetic fields (EMF). Here we tested its avoidance behavior in response to static and alternating magnetic fields stimulation. Using expression cloning we identified an electromagnetic perceptive gene (EPG) from the K. bicirrhis encoding a protein that responds to EMF. This EPG gene was cloned and expressed in mammalian cells, neuronal cultures and in rat’s brain. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of EPG is confined to the mammalian cell membrane. Calcium imaging in mammalian cells and cultured neurons expressing EPG demonstrated that remote activation by EMF significantly increases intracellular calcium concentrations, indicative of cellular excitability. Moreover, wireless magnetic activation of EPG in rat motor cortex induced motor evoked responses of the contralateral forelimb in vivo. Here we report on the development of a new technology for remote, non-invasive modulation of cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Krishnan
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA.,The Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Sarah A Park
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Samuel S Shin
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Lina Alon
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Caitlin M Tressler
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - William Stokes
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Jineta Banerjee
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Mary E Sorrell
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Yuemin Tian
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Gene Y Fridman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Pablo Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Jonathan Pevsner
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - William B Guggino
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Assaf A Gilad
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA. .,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA. .,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA. .,The Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA.
| | - Galit Pelled
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA. .,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA. .,The Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA.
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50
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Deep 2-photon imaging and artifact-free optogenetics through transparent graphene microelectrode arrays. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2035. [PMID: 29789548 PMCID: PMC5964174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in optical technologies such as multi-photon microscopy and optogenetics have revolutionized our ability to record and manipulate neuronal activity. Combining optical techniques with electrical recordings is of critical importance to connect the large body of neuroscience knowledge obtained from animal models to human studies mainly relying on electrophysiological recordings of brain-scale activity. However, integration of optical modalities with electrical recordings is challenging due to generation of light-induced artifacts. Here we report a transparent graphene microelectrode technology that eliminates light-induced artifacts to enable crosstalk-free integration of 2-photon microscopy, optogenetic stimulation, and cortical recordings in the same in vivo experiment. We achieve fabrication of crack- and residue-free graphene electrode surfaces yielding high optical transmittance for 2-photon imaging down to ~ 1 mm below the cortical surface. Transparent graphene microelectrode technology offers a practical pathway to investigate neuronal activity over multiple spatial scales extending from single neurons to large neuronal populations.
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