1
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Wu Y, Li J, Zhu L, Wang D, Song J, Yu X, Li Y, Tang BZ. Photosensitive AIEgens sensitize bacteria to oxidative damage and modulate the inflammatory responses of macrophages to salvage the photodynamic therapy against MRSA. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122583. [PMID: 38692148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The urgent need for antimicrobial agents to combat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria facilitates the exploration of alternative strategies such as photosensitizer (PS)-mediated photoinactivation. However, increasing studies have discovered uncorrelated bactericidal activities among PSs possessing similar photodynamic and pathogen-targeted properties. To optimize the photodynamic therapy (PDT) against infections, we investigated three type-I PSs of D-π-A AIEgens TI, TBI, and TTI. The capacities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of TI, TBI, and TTI did not align with their bactericidal activities. Despite exhibiting the lowest photodynamic efficiency, TI exhibited the highest activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by impairing the anti-oxidative responses of bacteria. By comparison, TTI, characterized by the strongest ROS production, inactivated intracellular MRSA by potentiating the inflammatory response of macrophages. Unlike TI and TTI, TBI, despite possessing moderate photodynamic activities and inducing ROS accumulation in both MRSA and macrophages, did not exhibit any antibacterial activity. Therefore, relying on the disturbed anti-oxidative metabolism of pathogens or potentiated host immune responses, transient ROS bursts can effectively control bacterial infections. Our study reevaluates the contribution of photodynamic activities of PSs to bacterial elimination and provides new insights into discovering novel antibacterial targets and agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China; Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Jiangao Li
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China; Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Deliang Wang
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Jiayi Song
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Clinical Translational Research Center of Aggregation-Induced Emission, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong, 518172, China.
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2
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Romero-Carramiñana I, Dominguez-Zorita S, Esparza-Moltó PB, Cuezva JM. Ablation of Atp5if1 impairs metabolic reprogramming and proliferation of T lymphocytes and compromises mouse survival. iScience 2024; 27:109863. [PMID: 38799559 PMCID: PMC11126974 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells experience metabolic reprogramming to an enhanced glycolysis upon activation. Herein, we have investigated whether ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1), the physiological inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase, participates in rewiring T cells to a particular metabolic phenotype. We show that the activation of naive CD4+ T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo is accompanied by a sharp upregulation of IF1, which is expressed only in Th1 effector cells. T lymphocytes of conditional CD4+-IF1-knockout mice display impaired glucose uptake and flux through glycolysis, reducing the biogenesis of mitochondria and cellular proliferation after activation. Consequently, mice devoid of IF1 in T lymphocytes cannot mount an effective Th1 response against bacterial infection compromising their survival. Overall, we show that the inhibition of a fraction of ATP synthase by IF1 regulates metabolic reprogramming and functionality of T cells, highlighting the essential role of IF1 in adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Romero-Carramiñana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Dominguez-Zorita
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau B. Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Grandi M, Fabbian S, Solaini G, Baracca A, Bellanda M, Giorgio V. Peptides Targeting the IF1-ATP Synthase Complex Modulate the Permeability Transition Pore in Cancer HeLa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4655. [PMID: 38731874 PMCID: PMC11083241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial protein IF1 is upregulated in many tumors and acts as a pro-oncogenic protein through its interaction with the ATP synthase and the inhibition of apoptosis. We have recently characterized the molecular nature of the IF1-Oligomycin Sensitivity Conferring Protein (OSCP) subunit interaction; however, it remains to be determined whether this interaction could be targeted for novel anti-cancer therapeutic intervention. We generated mitochondria-targeting peptides to displace IF1 from the OSCP interaction. The use of one selective peptide led to displacement of the inhibitor IF1 from ATP synthase, as shown by immunoprecipitation. NMR spectroscopy analysis, aimed at clarifying whether these peptides were able to directly bind to the OSCP protein, identified a second peptide which showed affinity for the N-terminal region of this subunit overlapping the IF1 binding region. In situ treatment with the membrane-permeable derivatives of these peptides in HeLa cells, that are silenced for the IF1 inhibitor protein, showed significant inhibition in mitochondrial permeability transition and no effects on mitochondrial respiration. These peptides mimic the effects of the IF1 inhibitor protein in cancer HeLa cells and confirm that the IF1-OSCP interaction inhibits apoptosis. A third peptide was identified which counteracts the anti-apoptotic role of IF1, showing that OSCP is a promising target for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Grandi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Fabbian
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Sharma S, Luo M, Patel H, Mueller DM, Liao M. Conformational ensemble of yeast ATP synthase at low pH reveals unique intermediates and plasticity in F 1-F o coupling. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:657-666. [PMID: 38316880 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase uses the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to synthesize ATP. Structural and single molecule studies conducted mostly at neutral or basic pH have provided details of the reaction mechanism of ATP synthesis. However, pH of the mitochondrial matrix is slightly acidic during hypoxia and pH-dependent conformational changes in the ATP synthase have been reported. Here we use single-particle cryo-EM to analyze the conformational ensemble of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ATP synthase at pH 6. Of the four conformations resolved in this study, three are reaction intermediates. In addition to canonical catalytic dwell and binding dwell structures, we identify two unique conformations with nearly identical positions of the central rotor but different catalytic site conformations. These structures provide new insights into the catalytic mechanism of the ATP synthase and highlight elastic coupling between the catalytic and proton translocating domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Sharma
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiral Patel
- Center for Genetic Diseases, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David M Mueller
- Center for Genetic Diseases, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Maofu Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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5
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Hatasaki YC, Kobayashi R, Watanabe RR, Hara M, Ueno H, Noji H. Engineering of IF 1 -susceptive bacterial F 1 -ATPase. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4942. [PMID: 38501464 PMCID: PMC10949317 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
IF1 , an inhibitor protein of mitochondrial ATP synthase, suppresses ATP hydrolytic activity of F1 . One of the unique features of IF1 is the selective inhibition in mitochondrial F1 (MF1 ); it inhibits catalysis of MF1 but does not affect F1 with bacterial origin despite high sequence homology between MF1 and bacterial F1 . Here, we aimed to engineer thermophilic Bacillus F1 (TF1 ) to confer the susceptibility to IF1 for elucidating the molecular mechanism of selective inhibition of IF1 . We first examined the IF1 -susceptibility of hybrid F1 s, composed of each subunit originating from bovine MF1 (bMF1 ) or TF1 . It was clearly shown that only the hybrid with the β subunit of mitochondrial origin has the IF1 -susceptibility. Based on structural analysis and sequence alignment of bMF1 and TF1 , the five non-conserved residues on the C-terminus of the β subunit were identified as the candidate responsible for the IF1 -susceptibility. These residues in TF1 were substituted with the bMF1 residues. The resultant mutant TF1 showed evident IF1 -susceptibility. Reversely, we examined the bMF1 mutant with TF1 residues at the corresponding sites, which showed significant suppression of IF1 -susceptibility, confirming the critical role of these residues. We also tested additional three substitutions with bMF1 residues in α and γ subunits that further enhanced the IF1 -susceptibility, suggesting the additive role of these residues. We discuss the molecular mechanism by which IF1 specifically recognizes F1 with mitochondrial origin, based on the present result and the structure of F1 -IF1 complex. These findings would help the development of the inhibitors targeting bacterial F1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro C. Hatasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ryohei Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Research Center for Computational ScienceInstitute for Molecular ScienceOkazakiAichiJapan
| | - Ryo R. Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Mayu Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Digital Bioanalysis LaboratoryThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Digital Bioanalysis LaboratoryThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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6
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Sgarbi G, Righetti R, Del Dotto V, Grillini S, Giorgio V, Baracca A, Solaini G. The pro-oncogenic protein IF 1 does not contribute to the Warburg effect and is not regulated by PKA in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166879. [PMID: 37689158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous inhibitor of mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase (ATP synthase), IF1, has been shown to exert pro-oncogenic actions, including reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism (Warburg effect). The latter action of IF1 has been reported to be hampered by its PKA-dependent phosphorylation, but both reprogramming of metabolism and PKA-dependent phosphorylation are intensely debated. To clarify these critical issues, we prepared stably IF1-silenced clones and compared their bioenergetics with that of the three parental IF1-expressing cancer cell lines. All functional parameters: respiration rate, ATP synthesis rate (OXPHOS), and mitochondrial membrane potential were similar in IF1-silenced and control cells, clearly indicating that IF1 cannot inhibit the ATP synthase in cancer cells when the enzyme works physiologically. Furthermore, all cell types exposed to PKA modulators and energized with NAD+-dependent substrates or succinate showed similar OXPHOS rate regardless of the presence or absence of IF1. Therefore, our results rule out that IF1 action is modulated by its PKA-dependent phosphorylated/dephosphorylated state. Notably, cells exposed to a negative PKA modulator and energized with NAD+-dependent substrates showed a significant decrease of the OXPHOS rate matching previously reported inactivation of complex I. Overall, this study definitively demonstrates that IF1 inhibits neither mitochondrial ATP synthase nor OXPHOS in normoxic cancer cells and does not contribute to the Warburg effect. Thus, currently the protection of cancer cells from severe hypoxia/anoxia and apoptosis remain the only unquestionable actions of IF1 as pro-oncogenic factor that may be exploited to develop therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sgarbi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Righetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Dotto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Grillini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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7
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Romero-Carramiñana I, Esparza-Moltó PB, Domínguez-Zorita S, Nuevo-Tapioles C, Cuezva JM. IF1 promotes oligomeric assemblies of sluggish ATP synthase and outlines the heterogeneity of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Commun Biol 2023; 6:836. [PMID: 37573449 PMCID: PMC10423274 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The coexistence of two pools of ATP synthase in mitochondria has been largely neglected despite in vitro indications for the existence of reversible active/inactive state transitions in the F1-domain of the enzyme. Herein, using cells and mitochondria from mouse tissues, we demonstrate the existence in vivo of two pools of ATP synthase: one active, the other IF1-bound inactive. IF1 is required for oligomerization and inactivation of ATP synthase and for proper cristae formation. Immunoelectron microscopy shows the co-distribution of IF1 and ATP synthase, placing the inactive "sluggish" ATP synthase preferentially at cristae tips. The intramitochondrial distribution of IF1 correlates with cristae microdomains of high membrane potential, partially explaining its heterogeneous distribution. These findings support that IF1 is the in vivo regulator of the active/inactive state transitions of the ATP synthase and suggest that local regulation of IF1-ATP synthase interactions is essential to activate the sluggish ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Romero-Carramiñana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau B Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Domínguez-Zorita
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuevo-Tapioles
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Domínguez-Zorita S, Romero-Carramiñana I, Santacatterina F, Esparza-Moltó PB, Simó C, Del-Arco A, Núñez de Arenas C, Saiz J, Barbas C, Cuezva JM. IF1 ablation prevents ATP synthase oligomerization, enhances mitochondrial ATP turnover and promotes an adenosine-mediated pro-inflammatory phenotype. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:413. [PMID: 37433784 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) regulates the activity of mitochondrial ATP synthase. The expression of IF1 in differentiated human and mouse cells is highly variable. In intestinal cells, the overexpression of IF1 protects against colon inflammation. Herein, we have developed a conditional IF1-knockout mouse model in intestinal epithelium to investigate the role of IF1 in mitochondrial function and tissue homeostasis. The results show that IF1-ablated mice have increased ATP synthase/hydrolase activities, leading to profound mitochondrial dysfunction and a pro-inflammatory phenotype that impairs the permeability of the intestinal barrier compromising mouse survival upon inflammation. Deletion of IF1 prevents the formation of oligomeric assemblies of ATP synthase and alters cristae structure and the electron transport chain. Moreover, lack of IF1 promotes an intramitochondrial Ca2+ overload in vivo, minimizing the threshold to Ca2+-induced permeability transition (mPT). Removal of IF1 in cell lines also prevents the formation of oligomeric assemblies of ATP synthase, minimizing the threshold to Ca2+-induced mPT. Metabolomic analyses of mice serum and colon tissue highlight that IF1 ablation promotes the activation of de novo purine and salvage pathways. Mechanistically, lack of IF1 in cell lines increases ATP synthase/hydrolase activities and installs futile ATP hydrolysis in mitochondria, resulting in the activation of purine metabolism and in the accumulation of adenosine, both in culture medium and in mice serum. Adenosine, through ADORA2B receptors, promotes an autoimmune phenotype in mice, stressing the role of the IF1/ATP synthase axis in tissue immune responses. Overall, the results highlight that IF1 is required for ATP synthase oligomerization and that it acts as a brake to prevent ATP hydrolysis under in vivo phosphorylating conditions in intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Domínguez-Zorita
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Romero-Carramiñana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fulvio Santacatterina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau B Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Simó
- Molecular Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Del-Arco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, 45071, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina, Toledo, 45071, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez de Arenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Saiz
- Centre of Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre of Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Guo L, Gu Z. F-ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 regulates metabolic reprogramming involving its interaction with c-Myc and PGC1α. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1207603. [PMID: 37469400 PMCID: PMC10352482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1207603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
F-ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is an intrinsic inhibitor of F-ATP synthase. It is known that IF1 mediates metabolic phenotypes and cell fate, yet the molecular mechanisms through which IF1 fulfills its physiological functions are not fully understood. Ablation of IF1 favors metabolic switch to oxidative metabolism from glycolysis. c-Myc and PGC1α are critical for metabolic reprogramming. This work identified that IF1 interacted with Thr-58 phosphorylated c-Myc, which might thus mediate the activity of c-Myc and promote glycolysis. The interaction of IF1 with PGC1α inhibited oxidative respiration. c-Myc and PGC1α were localized to mitochondria under mitochondrial stress in an IF1-dependent manner. Furthermore, IF1 was found to be required for the protective effect of hypoxia on c-Myc- and PGC1α-induced cell death. This study suggested that the interactions of IF1 with transcription factors c-Myc and PGC1α might be involved in IF1-regulatory metabolic reprogramming and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Guo
- Center for Mitochondrial Genetics and Health, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou, China
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Center for Mitochondrial Genetics and Health, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Acin‐Perez R, Benincá C, Fernandez del Rio L, Shu C, Baghdasarian S, Zanette V, Gerle C, Jiko C, Khairallah R, Khan S, Rincon Fernandez Pacheco D, Shabane B, Erion K, Masand R, Dugar S, Ghenoiu C, Schreiner G, Stiles L, Liesa M, Shirihai OS. Inhibition of ATP synthase reverse activity restores energy homeostasis in mitochondrial pathologies. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111699. [PMID: 36912136 PMCID: PMC10183817 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of cellular function relies on the close regulation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis by mitochondrial ATP Synthase (CV) is induced by loss of proton motive force and inhibited by the mitochondrial protein ATPase inhibitor (ATPIF1). The extent of CV hydrolytic activity and its impact on cellular energetics remains unknown due to the lack of selective hydrolysis inhibitors of CV. We find that CV hydrolytic activity takes place in coupled intact mitochondria and is increased by respiratory chain defects. We identified (+)-Epicatechin as a selective inhibitor of ATP hydrolysis that binds CV while preventing the binding of ATPIF1. In cells with Complex-III deficiency, we show that inhibition of CV hydrolytic activity by (+)-Epichatechin is sufficient to restore ATP content without restoring respiratory function. Inhibition of CV-ATP hydrolysis in a mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is sufficient to improve muscle force without any increase in mitochondrial content. We conclude that the impact of compromised mitochondrial respiration can be lessened using hydrolysis-selective inhibitors of CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Acin‐Perez
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Lucia Fernandez del Rio
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Cynthia Shu
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Siyouneh Baghdasarian
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Vanessa Zanette
- Department of BioinformaticsUniversity Federal of ParanaCuritibaBrazil
| | - Christoph Gerle
- Institute for Protein ResearchOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- RIKEN SPring‐8 CenterSayo‐gunJapan
| | - Chimari Jiko
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear ScienceKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | | | | | | | - Byourak Shabane
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Molecular Cellular Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB, CSICBarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Molecular Cellular Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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11
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Fernandez-Del-Rio L, Benincá C, Villalobos F, Shu C, Stiles L, Liesa M, Divakaruni AS, Acin-Perez R, Shirihai OS. A novel approach to measure complex V ATP hydrolysis in frozen cell lysates and tissue homogenates. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201628. [PMID: 36918278 PMCID: PMC10019470 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial depolarization can initiate reversal activity of ATP synthase, depleting ATP by its hydrolysis. We have recently shown that increased ATP hydrolysis contributes to ATP depletion leading to a maladaptation in mitochondrial disorders, where maximal hydrolytic capacity per CV content is increasing. However, despite its importance, ATP hydrolysis is not a commonly studied parameter because of the limitations of the currently available methods. Methods that measure CV hydrolytic activity indirectly require the isolation of mitochondria and involve the introduction of detergents, preventing their utilization in clinical studies or any high-throughput analyses. Here, we describe a novel approach to assess maximal ATP hydrolytic capacity and maximal respiratory capacity in a single assay in cell lysates, PBMCs, and tissue homogenates that were previously frozen. The methodology described here has the potential to be used in clinical samples to determine adaptive and maladaptive adjustments of CV function in diseases, with the added benefit of being able to use frozen samples in a high-throughput manner and to explore ATP hydrolysis as a drug target for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Fernandez-Del-Rio
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frankie Villalobos
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Shu
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Kobayashi R, Ueno H, Okazaki KI, Noji H. Molecular mechanism on forcible ejection of ATPase inhibitory factor 1 from mitochondrial ATP synthase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1682. [PMID: 37002198 PMCID: PMC10066207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IF1 is a natural inhibitor protein for mitochondrial FoF1 ATP synthase that blocks catalysis and rotation of the F1 by deeply inserting its N-terminal helices into F1. A unique feature of IF1 is condition-dependent inhibition; although IF1 inhibits ATP hydrolysis by F1, IF1 inhibition is relieved under ATP synthesis conditions. To elucidate this condition-dependent inhibition mechanism, we have performed single-molecule manipulation experiments on IF1-inhibited bovine mitochondrial F1 (bMF1). The results show that IF1-inhibited F1 is efficiently activated only when F1 is rotated in the clockwise (ATP synthesis) direction, but not in the counterclockwise direction. The observed rotational-direction-dependent activation explains the condition-dependent mechanism of IF1 inhibition. Investigation of mutant IF1 with N-terminal truncations shows that the interaction with the γ subunit at the N-terminal regions is crucial for rotational-direction-dependent ejection, and the middle long helix is responsible for the inhibition of F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Okazaki
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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13
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Galber C, Fabbian S, Gatto C, Grandi M, Carissimi S, Acosta MJ, Sgarbi G, Tiso N, Argenton F, Solaini G, Baracca A, Bellanda M, Giorgio V. The mitochondrial inhibitor IF1 binds to the ATP synthase OSCP subunit and protects cancer cells from apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:54. [PMID: 36690622 PMCID: PMC9870916 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial protein IF1 binds to the catalytic domain of the ATP synthase and inhibits ATP hydrolysis in ischemic tissues. Moreover, IF1 is overexpressed in many tumors and has been shown to act as a pro-oncogenic protein, although its mechanism of action is still debated. Here, we show that ATP5IF1 gene disruption in HeLa cells decreases colony formation in soft agar and tumor mass development in xenografts, underlining the role of IF1 in cancer. Notably, the lack of IF1 does not affect proliferation or oligomycin-sensitive mitochondrial respiration, but it sensitizes the cells to the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP). Immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation analysis show that IF1 binds to the ATP synthase OSCP subunit in HeLa cells under oxidative phosphorylation conditions. The IF1-OSCP interaction is confirmed by NMR spectroscopy analysis of the recombinant soluble proteins. Overall, our results suggest that the IF1-OSCP interaction protects cancer cells from PTP-dependent apoptosis under normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Galber
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, I-35121, Italy
| | - Simone Fabbian
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Padova, I-35121, Italy
| | - Cristina Gatto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
| | - Martina Grandi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
| | - Stefania Carissimi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, I-35121, Italy
| | - Manuel Jesus Acosta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, I-35121, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sgarbi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, I-35131, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Padova, I-35121, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova, I-35131, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, I-40126, Italy.
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, I-35121, Italy.
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14
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Structural Elements Involved in ATP Hydrolysis Inhibition and ATP Synthesis of Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial F-ATP Synthase Decipher New Targets for Inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0105622. [PMID: 36445139 PMCID: PMC9764993 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01056-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The F1FO-ATP synthase is required for the viability of tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and has been validated as a drug target. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of the Mycobacterium smegmatis F1-ATPase and the F1FO-ATP synthase with different nucleotide occupation within the catalytic sites and visualize critical elements for latent ATP hydrolysis and efficient ATP synthesis. Mutational studies reveal that the extended C-terminal domain (αCTD) of subunit α is the main element for the self-inhibition mechanism of ATP hydrolysis for TB and NTM bacteria. Rotational studies indicate that the transition between the inhibition state by the αCTD and the active state is a rapid process. We demonstrate that the unique mycobacterial γ-loop and subunit δ are critical elements required for ATP formation. The data underline that these mycobacterium-specific elements of α, γ, and δ are attractive targets, providing a platform for the discovery of species-specific inhibitors.
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15
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Cofas-Vargas LF, Mendoza-Espinosa P, Avila-Barrientos LP, Prada-Gracia D, Riveros-Rosas H, García-Hernández E. Exploring the druggability of the binding site of aurovertin, an exogenous allosteric inhibitor of FOF1-ATP synthase. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1012008. [PMID: 36313289 PMCID: PMC9615146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1012008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role in the mitochondria as the main producer of ATP, FOF1-ATP synthase performs diverse key regulatory functions in the cell membrane. Its malfunction has been linked to a growing number of human diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer, and some neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and aging diseases. Furthermore, inhibition of this enzyme jeopardizes the survival of several bacterial pathogens of public health concern. Therefore, FOF1-ATP synthase has emerged as a novel drug target both to treat human diseases and to combat antibiotic resistance. In this work, we carried out a computational characterization of the binding sites of the fungal antibiotic aurovertin in the bovine F1 subcomplex, which shares a large identity with the human enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that although the binding sites can be described as preformed, the inhibitor hinders inter-subunit communications and exerts long-range effects on the dynamics of the catalytic site residues. End-point binding free energy calculations revealed hot spot residues for aurovertin recognition. These residues were also relevant to stabilize solvent sites determined from mixed-solvent molecular dynamics, which mimic the interaction between aurovertin and the enzyme, and could be used as pharmacophore constraints in virtual screening campaigns. To explore the possibility of finding species-specific inhibitors targeting the aurovertin binding site, we performed free energy calculations for two bacterial enzymes with experimentally solved 3D structures. Finally, an analysis of bacterial sequences was carried out to determine conservation of the aurovertin binding site. Taken together, our results constitute a first step in paving the way for structure-based development of new allosteric drugs targeting FOF1-ATP synthase sites of exogenous inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Cofas-Vargas
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola Mendoza-Espinosa
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, The Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Diego Prada-Gracia
- Unidad de Investigación en Biología Computacional y Diseño de Fármacos, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Riveros-Rosas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Enrique García-Hernández,
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16
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Iwamoto-Kihara A. Regulatory Mechanisms and Environmental Adaptation of the F-ATPase Family. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1412-1418. [PMID: 36184497 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The F-type ATPase family of enzymes, including ATP synthases, are found ubiquitously in biological membranes. ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate is driven by an electrochemical H+ gradient or H+ motive force, in which intramolecular rotation of F-type ATPase is generated with H+ transport across the membranes. Because this rotation is essential for energy coupling between catalysis and H+-transport, regulation of the rotation is important to adapt to environmental changes and maintain ATP concentration. Recently, a series of cryo-electron microscopy images provided detailed insights into the structure of the H+ pathway and the multiple subunit arrangement. However, the regulatory mechanism of the rotation has not been clarified. This review describes the inhibition mechanism of ATP hydrolysis in bacterial enzymes. In addition, properties of the F-type ATPase of Streptococcus mutans, which acts as a H+-pump in an acidic environment, are described. These findings may help in the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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17
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Gatto C, Grandi M, Solaini G, Baracca A, Giorgio V. The F1Fo-ATPase inhibitor protein IF1 in pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2022; 13:917203. [PMID: 35991181 PMCID: PMC9389554 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.917203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous inhibitor of ATP synthase is a protein of about 10 kDa, known as IF1 which binds to the catalytic domain of the enzyme during ATP hydrolysis. The main role of IF1 consists of limiting ATP dissipation under condition of severe oxygen deprivation or in the presence of dysfunctions of mitochondrial respiratory complexes, causing a collapse in mitochondrial membrane potential and therefore ATP hydrolysis. New roles of IF1 are emerging in the fields of cancer and neurodegeneration. Its high expression levels in tumor tissues have been associated with different roles favouring tumor formation, progression and evasion. Since discordant mechanisms of action have been proposed for IF1 in tumors, it is of the utmost importance to clarify them in the prospective of defining novel approaches for cancer therapy. Other IF1 functions, including its involvement in mitophagy, may be protective for neurodegenerative and aging-related diseases. In the present review we aim to clarify and discuss the emerging mechanisms in which IF1 is involved, providing a critical view of the discordant findings in the literature.
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18
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Shekhar M, Gupta C, Suzuki K, Chan CK, Murata T, Singharoy A. Revealing a Hidden Intermediate of Rotatory Catalysis with X-ray Crystallography and Molecular Simulations. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:915-925. [PMID: 35912346 PMCID: PMC9336149 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of rotatory catalysis in ATP-hydrolyzing molecular motors remains an unresolved puzzle in biological energy transfer. Notwithstanding the wealth of available biochemical and structural information inferred from years of experiments, knowledge on how the coupling between the chemical and mechanical steps within motors enforces directional rotatory movements remains fragmentary. Even more contentious is to pinpoint the rate-limiting step of a multistep rotation process. Here, using vacuolar or V1-type hexameric ATPase as an exemplary rotational motor, we present a model of the complete 4-step conformational cycle involved in rotatory catalysis. First, using X-ray crystallography, a new intermediate or "dwell" is identified, which enables the release of an inorganic phosphate (or Pi) after ATP hydrolysis. Using molecular dynamics simulations, this new dwell is placed in a sequence with three other crystal structures to derive a putative cyclic rotation path. Free-energy simulations are employed to estimate the rate of the hexameric protein transformations and delineate allosteric effects that allow new reactant ATP entry only after hydrolysis product exit. An analysis of transfer entropy brings to light how the side-chain-level interactions transcend into larger-scale reorganizations, highlighting the role of the ubiquitous arginine-finger residues in coupling chemical and mechanical information. An inspection of all known rates encompassing the 4-step rotation mechanism implicates the overcoming of the ADP interactions with V1-ATPase to be the rate-limiting step of motor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Shekhar
- Center
for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chitrak Gupta
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 797 East Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Kano Suzuki
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Chun Kit Chan
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 797 East Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Membrane
Protein Research and Molecular Chirality Research Centers, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Structure
Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials
Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 1-1 Oho, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Abhishek Singharoy
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 797 East Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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19
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Domínguez-Zorita S, Romero-Carramiñana I, Cuezva JM, Esparza-Moltó PB. The ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 is a Tissue-Specific Physiological Regulator of the Structure and Function of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase: A Closer Look Into Neuronal Function. Front Physiol 2022; 13:868820. [PMID: 35620611 PMCID: PMC9128019 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.868820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP synthase is an essential multifunctional enzyme complex of mitochondria that produces most of cellular ATP, shapes the structure of the inner membrane into cristae and regulates the signals that control cell fate or demise. The ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) functions in vivo as a physiological regulator of the ATP synthase and thereby controls mitochondrial structure and function, and the retrograde signaling pathways that reprogram nuclear gene expression. However, IF1 is not ubiquitously expressed in mammals, showing tissue-restricted expression in humans and mice and large expression differences between the two species in some tissues. Herein, we summarized key regulatory functions of IF1 for tissue homeostasis, with special emphasis on the deleterious effects that its genetic ablation in neurons has in learning. The development and characterization of tissue-specific mouse models with regulated expression of IF1 will be crucial to disentangle the contribution of the ATP synthase/IF1 axis in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Domínguez-Zorita
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Romero-Carramiñana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau B Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
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20
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Guo L. Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 interacts with the p53-cyclophilin D complex and promotes opening of the permeability transition pore. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101858. [PMID: 35337801 PMCID: PMC9043413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) is a Ca2+-dependent megachannel that plays an important role in mitochondrial physiology and cell fate. Cyclophilin D (CyPD) is a well-characterized PTP regulator, and its binding to the PTP favors pore opening. It has previously been shown that p53 physically interacts with CyPD and opens the PTP during necrosis. Accumulating studies also suggest that the F-ATP synthase contributes to the regulation and formation of the PTP. F-ATP synthase IF1 (mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1) is a natural inhibitor of F-ATP synthase activity; however, whether IF1 participates in the modulation of PTP opening is basically unknown. Here, we demonstrate using calcium retention capacity assay that IF1 overexpression promotes mitochondrial permeability transition via opening of the PTP. Intriguingly, we show that IF1 can interact with the p53-CyPD complex and facilitate cell death. We also demonstrate that the presence of IF1 is necessary for the formation of p53-CyPD complex. Therefore, we suggest that IF1 regulates the PTP via interaction with the p53-CyPD complex, and that IF1 is necessary for the inducing effect of p53-CyPD complex on PTP opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Guo
- Center for Mitochondrial Genetics and Health, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Contribution of Mitochondria to Insulin Secretion by Various Secretagogues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:920-952. [PMID: 34180254 PMCID: PMC9125579 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria determine glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β-cells by elevating ATP synthesis. As the metabolic and redox hub, mitochondria provide numerous links to the plasma membrane channels, insulin granule vesicles (IGVs), cell redox, NADH, NADPH, and Ca2+ homeostasis, all affecting insulin secretion. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial redox signaling was implicated in several modes of insulin secretion (branched-chain ketoacid [BCKA]-, fatty acid [FA]-stimulated). Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx was found to enhance GSIS, reflecting cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations induced by action potential spikes (intermittent opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ and K+ channels) or the superimposed Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) was reported to tune the glucose sensitivity range for GSIS. Mitochondrial protein kinase A was implicated in preventing the IF1-mediated inhibition of the ATP synthase. Critical Issues: It is unknown how the redox signal spreads up to the plasma membrane and what its targets are, what the differences in metabolic, redox, NADH/NADPH, and Ca2+ signaling, and homeostasis are between the first and second GSIS phase, and whether mitochondria can replace ER in the amplification of IGV exocytosis. Future Directions: Metabolomics studies performed to distinguish between the mitochondrial matrix and cytosolic metabolites will elucidate further details. Identifying the targets of cell signaling into mitochondria and of mitochondrial retrograde metabolic and redox signals to the cell will uncover further molecular mechanisms for insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, BCKAs, and FAs, and the amplification of secretion by glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and metabotropic receptors. They will identify the distinction between the hub β-cells and their followers in intact and diabetic states. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 920-952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Reisman BJ, Guo H, Ramsey HE, Wright MT, Reinfeld BI, Ferrell PB, Sulikowski GA, Rathmell WK, Savona MR, Plate L, Rubinstein JL, Bachmann BO. Apoptolidin family glycomacrolides target leukemia through inhibition of ATP synthase. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:360-367. [PMID: 34857958 PMCID: PMC8967781 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have long been recognized to exhibit unique bioenergetic requirements. The apoptolidin family of glycomacrolides are distinguished by their selective cytotoxicity towards oncogene-transformed cells, yet their molecular mechanism remains uncertain. We used photoaffinity analogs of the apoptolidins to identify the F1 subcomplex of mitochondrial ATP synthase as the target of apoptolidin A. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of apoptolidin and ammocidin-ATP synthase complexes revealed a novel shared mode of inhibition that was confirmed by deep mutational scanning of the binding interface to reveal resistance mutations which were confirmed using CRISPR-Cas9. Ammocidin A was found to suppress leukemia progression in vivo at doses that were tolerated with minimal toxicity. The combination of cellular, structural, mutagenesis, and in vivo evidence defines the mechanism of action of apoptolidin family glycomacrolides and establishes a path to address oxidative phosphorylation-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Reisman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hui Guo
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haley E. Ramsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Madison T. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bradley I. Reinfeld
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - P. Brent Ferrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gary A. Sulikowski
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael R. Savona
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John L. Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian O. Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Correspondence to:
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23
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Juhaszova M, Kobrinsky E, Zorov DB, Nuss HB, Yaniv Y, Fishbein KW, de Cabo R, Montoliu L, Gabelli SB, Aon MA, Cortassa S, Sollott SJ. ATP Synthase K +- and H +-fluxes Drive ATP Synthesis and Enable Mitochondrial K +-"Uniporter" Function: II. Ion and ATP Synthase Flux Regulation. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac001. [PMID: 35187492 PMCID: PMC8850977 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that ATP synthase serves the functions of a primary mitochondrial K+ "uniporter," i.e., the primary way for K+ to enter mitochondria. This K+ entry is proportional to ATP synthesis, regulating matrix volume and energy supply-vs-demand matching. We show that ATP synthase can be upregulated by endogenous survival-related proteins via IF1. We identified a conserved BH3-like domain of IF1 which overlaps its "minimal inhibitory domain" that binds to the β-subunit of F1. Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 possess a BH3-binding-groove that can engage IF1 and exert effects, requiring this interaction, comparable to diazoxide to augment ATP synthase's H+ and K+ flux and ATP synthesis. Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, but not Bcl-2, serve as endogenous regulatory ligands of ATP synthase via interaction with IF1 at this BH3-like domain, to increase its chemo-mechanical efficiency, enabling its function as the recruitable mitochondrial KATP-channel that can limit ischemia-reperfusion injury. Using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to examine potential bacterial IF1-progenitors, we found that IF1 is likely an ancient (∼2 Gya) Bcl-family member that evolved from primordial bacteria resident in eukaryotes, corresponding to their putative emergence as symbiotic mitochondria, and functioning to prevent their parasitic ATP consumption inside the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth W Fishbein
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Miguel A Aon
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sonia Cortassa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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24
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Wu JW, Hu H, Hua JS, Ma LK. ATPase inhibitory factor 1 protects the heart from acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through activating AMPK signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:731-741. [PMID: 35002521 PMCID: PMC8741848 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinic scenario that occurs in the context of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) blocks the reversal of the F1Fo-ATP synthase to prevent detrimental consumption of cellular ATP and associated demise. In the present study, we study the role and mechanism of IF1 in myocardial I/R injury. Methods: Mice were ligated the left anterior descending coronary artery to build the I/R model in vivo. Rat hearts were isolated and perfused with constant pressure according to Langendorff. Also, neonatal cardiomyocytes hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) model was also used. Myocardial infarction area, cardiac function, cellular function, and cell viability was conducted and compared. Results: Our data revealed that IF1 is upregulated in hearts after I/R and cardiomyocytes with hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R). IF1 delivered with adenovirus and adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) ameliorated cardiac dysfunction and pathological development induced by I/R ex vivo and in vivo. Mechanistically, IF1 stimulates glucose uptake and glycolysis activity and stimulates AMPK activation during in vivo basal and I/R and in vitro OGD/R conditions, and activation of AMPK by IF1 is responsible for its cardioprotective effects against H/R-induced injury. Conclusions: These results suggest that increased IF1 in the I/R heart confer cardioprotective effects via activating AMPK signaling. Therefore, IF1 can be used as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pathological ischemic injury and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Li-Kun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
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25
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Rieger B, Arroum T, Borowski M, Villalta J, Busch KB. Mitochondrial F 1 F O ATP synthase determines the local proton motive force at cristae rims. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52727. [PMID: 34595823 PMCID: PMC8647149 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view of oxidative phosphorylation is that a proton motive force (PMF) generated by the respiratory chain complexes fuels ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Yet, under glycolytic conditions, ATP synthase in its reverse mode also can contribute to the PMF. Here, we dissected these two functions of ATP synthase and the role of its inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) under different metabolic conditions. pH profiles of mitochondrial sub-compartments were recorded with high spatial resolution in live mammalian cells by positioning a pH sensor directly at ATP synthase's F1 and FO subunits, complex IV and in the matrix. Our results clearly show that ATP synthase activity substantially controls the PMF and that IF1 is essential under OXPHOS conditions to prevent reverse ATP synthase activity due to an almost negligible ΔpH. In addition, we show how this changes lateral, transmembrane, and radial pH gradients in glycolytic and respiratory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Rieger
- Institute of Molecular Cell BiologySchool of BiologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Tasnim Arroum
- Institute of Molecular Cell BiologySchool of BiologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Marie‐Theres Borowski
- Institute of Molecular Cell BiologySchool of BiologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Jimmy Villalta
- Institute of Molecular Cell BiologySchool of BiologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Karin B Busch
- Institute of Molecular Cell BiologySchool of BiologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
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26
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Kobayashi R, Mori S, Ueno H, Noji H. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition mechanism of bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase inhibitory protein using biochemical assay. J Biochem 2021; 170:79-87. [PMID: 33693769 PMCID: PMC8457647 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is a mitochondrial regulatory protein that blocks ATP hydrolysis of F1-ATPase, by inserting its N-terminus into the rotor-stator interface of F1-ATPase. Although previous studies have proposed a two-step model for IF1-mediated inhibition, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we analysed the kinetics of IF1-mediated inhibition under a wide range of [ATP]s and [IF1]s, using bovine mitochondrial IF1 and F1-ATPase. Typical hyperbolic curves of inhibition rates with [IF1]s were observed at all [ATP]s tested, suggesting a two-step mechanism: the initial association of IF1 to F1-ATPase and the locking process, where IF1 blocks rotation by inserting its N-terminus. The initial association was dependent on ATP. Considering two principal rotation dwells, binding dwell and catalytic dwell, in F1-ATPase, this result means that IF1 associates with F1-ATPase in the catalytic-waiting state. In contrast, the isomerization process to the locking state was almost independent of ATP, suggesting that it is also independent of the F1-ATPase state. Further, we investigated the role of Glu30 or Tyr33 of IF1 in the two-step mechanism. Kinetic analysis showed that Glu30 is involved in the isomerization, whereas Tyr33 contributes to the initial association. Based on these findings, we propose an IF1-mediated inhibition scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sougo Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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27
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Nirody JA, Budin I, Rangamani P. ATP synthase: Evolution, energetics, and membrane interactions. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:152111. [PMID: 32966553 PMCID: PMC7594442 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of ATP, life’s “universal energy currency,” is the most prevalent chemical reaction in biological systems and is responsible for fueling nearly all cellular processes, from nerve impulse propagation to DNA synthesis. ATP synthases, the family of enzymes that carry out this endless task, are nearly as ubiquitous as the energy-laden molecule they are responsible for making. The F-type ATP synthase (F-ATPase) is found in every domain of life and has facilitated the survival of organisms in a wide range of habitats, ranging from the deep-sea thermal vents to the human intestine. Accordingly, there has been a large amount of work dedicated toward understanding the structural and functional details of ATP synthases in a wide range of species. Less attention, however, has been paid toward integrating these advances in ATP synthase molecular biology within the context of its evolutionary history. In this review, we present an overview of several structural and functional features of the F-type ATPases that vary across taxa and are purported to be adaptive or otherwise evolutionarily significant: ion channel selectivity, rotor ring size and stoichiometry, ATPase dimeric structure and localization in the mitochondrial inner membrane, and interactions with membrane lipids. We emphasize the importance of studying these features within the context of the enzyme’s particular lipid environment. Just as the interactions between an organism and its physical environment shape its evolutionary trajectory, ATPases are impacted by the membranes within which they reside. We argue that a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and evolution of membrane proteins—including ATP synthase—requires such an integrative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A Nirody
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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28
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Kerr M, Dennis KMJH, Carr CA, Fuller W, Berridge G, Rohling S, Aitken CL, Lopez C, Fischer R, Miller JJ, Clarke K, Tyler DJ, Heather LC. Diabetic mitochondria are resistant to palmitoyl CoA inhibition of respiration, which is detrimental during ischemia. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21765. [PMID: 34318967 PMCID: PMC8662312 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100394r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive lipid intermediate palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) can inhibit mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport, though the physiological relevance of this regulation remains unclear. We questioned whether myocardial ischemia provides a pathological setting in which PCoA regulation of ADP/ATP transport would be beneficial, and secondly, whether the chronically elevated lipid content within the diabetic heart could make mitochondria less sensitive to the effects of PCoA. PCoA acutely decreased ADP‐stimulated state 3 respiration and increased the apparent Km for ADP twofold. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PCoA in control mitochondria was 22 µM. This inhibitory effect of PCoA on respiration was blunted in diabetic mitochondria, with no significant difference in the Km for ADP in the presence of PCoA, and an increase in the IC50 to 32 µM PCoA. The competitive inhibition by PCoA was localised to the phosphorylation apparatus, particularly the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC). During ischemia, the AAC imports ATP into the mitochondria, where it is hydrolysed by reversal of the ATP synthase, regenerating the membrane potential. Addition of PCoA dose‐dependently prevented this wasteful ATP hydrolysis for membrane repolarisation during ischemia, however, this beneficial effect was blunted in diabetic mitochondria. Finally, using 31P‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy we demonstrated that diabetic hearts lose ATP more rapidly during ischemia, with a threefold higher ATP decay rate compared with control hearts. In conclusion, PCoA plays a role in protecting mitochondrial energetics during ischemia, by preventing wasteful ATP hydrolysis. However, this beneficial effect is blunted in diabetes, contributing to the impaired energy metabolism seen during myocardial ischemia in the diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kerr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K M J H Dennis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G Berridge
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Rohling
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C L Aitken
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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29
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Bryant OJ, Chung BYW, Fraser GM. Chaperone-mediated coupling of subunit availability to activation of flagellar Type III secretion. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:538-549. [PMID: 33893668 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellar subunits are exported across the cell membrane by the flagellar Type III Secretion System (fT3SS), powered by the proton motive force (pmf) and a specialized ATPase that enables the flagellar export gate to utilize the pmf electric potential (ΔΨ). Export gate activation is mediated by the ATPase stalk, FliJ, but how this process is regulated to prevent wasteful dissipation of pmf in the absence of subunit cargo is not known. Here, we show that FliJ activation of the export gate is regulated by flagellar export chaperones. FliJ binds unladen chaperones and, by using novel chaperone variants specifically defective for FliJ binding, we show that disruption of this interaction attenuates motility and cognate subunit export. We demonstrate in vitro that chaperones and the FlhA export gate component compete for binding to FliJ, and show in vivo that unladen chaperones, which would be present in the cell when subunit levels are low, sequester FliJ to prevent activation of the export gate and attenuate subunit export. Our data indicate a mechanism whereby chaperones couple availability of subunit cargo to pmf-driven export by the fT3SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owain J Bryant
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Betty Y-W Chung
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Zubareva VM, Lapashina AS, Shugaeva TE, Litvin AV, Feniouk BA. Rotary Ion-Translocating ATPases/ATP Synthases: Diversity, Similarities, and Differences. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1613-1630. [PMID: 33705299 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920120135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ion-translocating ATPases and ATP synthases (F-, V-, A-type ATPases, and several P-type ATPases and ABC-transporters) catalyze ATP hydrolysis or ATP synthesis coupled with the ion transport across the membrane. F-, V-, and A-ATPases are protein nanomachines that combine transmembrane transport of protons or sodium ions with ATP synthesis/hydrolysis by means of a rotary mechanism. These enzymes are composed of two multisubunit subcomplexes that rotate relative to each other during catalysis. Rotary ATPases phosphorylate/dephosphorylate nucleotides directly, without the generation of phosphorylated protein intermediates. F-type ATPases are found in chloroplasts, mitochondria, most eubacteria, and in few archaea. V-type ATPases are eukaryotic enzymes present in a variety of cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane, vacuoles, late endosomes, and trans-Golgi cisternae. A-type ATPases are found in archaea and some eubacteria. F- and A-ATPases have two main functions: ATP synthesis powered by the proton motive force (pmf) or, in some prokaryotes, sodium-motive force (smf) and generation of the pmf or smf at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. In prokaryotes, both functions may be vitally important, depending on the environment and the presence of other enzymes capable of pmf or smf generation. In eukaryotes, the primary and the most crucial function of F-ATPases is ATP synthesis. Eukaryotic V-ATPases function exclusively as ATP-dependent proton pumps that generate pmf necessary for the transmembrane transport of ions and metabolites and are vitally important for pH regulation. This review describes the diversity of rotary ion-translocating ATPases from different organisms and compares the structural, functional, and regulatory features of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Zubareva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A S Lapashina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T E Shugaeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Litvin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - B A Feniouk
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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31
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Esparza-Moltó PB, Romero-Carramiñana I, Núñez de Arenas C, Pereira MP, Blanco N, Pardo B, Bates GR, Sánchez-Castillo C, Artuch R, Murphy MP, Esteban JA, Cuezva JM. Generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species is controlled by ATPase inhibitory factor 1 and regulates cognition. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001252. [PMID: 33983919 PMCID: PMC8148373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP synthase emerges as key hub of cellular functions controlling the production of ATP, cellular signaling, and fate. It is regulated by the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1), which is highly abundant in neurons. Herein, we ablated or overexpressed IF1 in mouse neurons to show that IF1 dose defines the fraction of active/inactive enzyme in vivo, thereby controlling mitochondrial function and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses indicate that IF1 dose regulates mitochondrial metabolism, synaptic function, and cognition. Ablation of IF1 impairs memory, whereas synaptic transmission and learning are enhanced by IF1 overexpression. Mechanistically, quenching the IF1-mediated increase in mtROS production in mice overexpressing IF1 reduces the increased synaptic transmission and obliterates the learning advantage afforded by the higher IF1 content. Overall, IF1 plays a key role in neuronal function by regulating the fraction of ATP synthase responsible for mitohormetic mtROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau B. Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Romero-Carramiñana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez de Arenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta P. Pereira
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Blanco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pardo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgina R. Bates
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Unidad de Neuropatología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - José A. Esteban
- Unidad de Neuropatología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Solaini G, Sgarbi G, Baracca A. The F1Fo-ATPase inhibitor, IF1, is a critical regulator of energy metabolism in cancer cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:815-827. [PMID: 33929490 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, IF1, the endogenous inhibitor of the mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase (ATP synthase) has assumed greater and ever greater interest since it has been found to be overexpressed in many cancers. At present, several findings indicate that IF1 is capable of playing a central role in cancer cells by promoting metabolic reprogramming, proliferation and resistance to cell death. However, the mechanism(s) at the basis of this pro-oncogenic action of IF1 remains elusive. Here, we recall the main features of the mechanism of the action of IF1 when the ATP synthase works in reverse, and discuss the experimental evidence that support its relevance in cancer cells. In particular, a clear pro-oncogenic action of IF1 is to avoid wasting of ATP when cancer cells are exposed to anoxia or near anoxia conditions, therefore favoring cell survival and tumor growth. However, more recently, various papers have described IF1 as an inhibitor of the ATP synthase when it is working physiologically (i.e. synthethizing ATP), and therefore reprogramming cell metabolism to aerobic glycolysis. In contrast, other studies excluded IF1 as an inhibitor of ATP synthase under normoxia, providing the basis for a hot debate. This review focuses on the role of IF1 as a modulator of the ATP synthase in normoxic cancer cells with the awareness that the knowledge of the molecular action of IF1 on the ATP synthase is crucial in unravelling the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the pro-oncogenic role of IF1 in cancer and in developing related anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sgarbi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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33
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Tauber J, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. The Pancreatic β-Cell: The Perfect Redox System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020197. [PMID: 33572903 PMCID: PMC7912581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, which responds to various secretagogues and hormonal regulations, is reviewed here, emphasizing the fundamental redox signaling by NADPH oxidase 4- (NOX4-) mediated H2O2 production for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). There is a logical summation that integrates both metabolic plus redox homeostasis because the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) can only be closed when both ATP and H2O2 are elevated. Otherwise ATP would block KATP, while H2O2 would activate any of the redox-sensitive nonspecific calcium channels (NSCCs), such as TRPM2. Notably, a 100%-closed KATP ensemble is insufficient to reach the -50 mV threshold plasma membrane depolarization required for the activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Open synergic NSCCs or Cl- channels have to act simultaneously to reach this threshold. The resulting intermittent cytosolic Ca2+-increases lead to the pulsatile exocytosis of insulin granule vesicles (IGVs). The incretin (e.g., GLP-1) amplification of GSIS stems from receptor signaling leading to activating the phosphorylation of TRPM channels and effects on other channels to intensify integral Ca2+-influx (fortified by endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+). ATP plus H2O2 are also required for branched-chain ketoacids (BCKAs); and partly for fatty acids (FAs) to secrete insulin, while BCKA or FA β-oxidation provide redox signaling from mitochondria, which proceeds by H2O2 diffusion or hypothetical SH relay via peroxiredoxin "redox kiss" to target proteins.
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34
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Hevler JF, Lukassen MV, Cabrera-Orefice A, Arnold S, Pronker MF, Franc V, Heck AJR. Selective cross-linking of coinciding protein assemblies by in-gel cross-linking mass spectrometry. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106174. [PMID: 33459420 PMCID: PMC7883291 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-linking mass spectrometry has developed into an important method to study protein structures and interactions. The in-solution cross-linking workflows involve time and sample consuming steps and do not provide sensible solutions for differentiating cross-links obtained from co-occurring protein oligomers, complexes, or conformers. Here we developed a cross-linking workflow combining blue native PAGE with in-gel cross-linking mass spectrometry (IGX-MS). This workflow circumvents steps, such as buffer exchange and cross-linker concentration optimization. Additionally, IGX-MS enables the parallel analysis of co-occurring protein complexes using only small amounts of sample. Another benefit of IGX-MS, demonstrated by experiments on GroEL and purified bovine heart mitochondria, is the substantial reduction of undesired over-length cross-links compared to in-solution cross-linking. We next used IGX-MS to investigate the complement components C5, C6, and their hetero-dimeric C5b6 complex. The obtained cross-links were used to generate a refined structural model of the complement component C6, resembling C6 in its inactivated state. This finding shows that IGX-MS can provide new insights into the initial stages of the terminal complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Hevler
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matti F Pronker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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35
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Mühleip A, Kock Flygaard R, Ovciarikova J, Lacombe A, Fernandes P, Sheiner L, Amunts A. ATP synthase hexamer assemblies shape cristae of Toxoplasma mitochondria. Nat Commun 2021; 12:120. [PMID: 33402698 PMCID: PMC7785744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ATP synthase plays a key role in inducing membrane curvature to establish cristae. In Apicomplexa causing diseases such as malaria and toxoplasmosis, an unusual cristae morphology has been observed, but its structural basis is unknown. Here, we report that the apicomplexan ATP synthase assembles into cyclic hexamers, essential to shape their distinct cristae. Cryo-EM was used to determine the structure of the hexamer, which is held together by interactions between parasite-specific subunits in the lumenal region. Overall, we identified 17 apicomplexan-specific subunits, and a minimal and nuclear-encoded subunit-a. The hexamer consists of three dimers with an extensive dimer interface that includes bound cardiolipins and the inhibitor IF1. Cryo-ET and subtomogram averaging revealed that hexamers arrange into ~20-megadalton pentagonal pyramids in the curved apical membrane regions. Knockout of the linker protein ATPTG11 resulted in the loss of pentagonal pyramids with concomitant aberrantly shaped cristae. Together, this demonstrates that the unique macromolecular arrangement is critical for the maintenance of cristae morphology in Apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mühleip
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 17165, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Kock Flygaard
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 17165, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana Ovciarikova
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alice Lacombe
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paula Fernandes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 17165, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lilach Sheiner
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Alexey Amunts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 17165, Solna, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Jarman OD, Biner O, Hirst J. Regulation of ATP hydrolysis by the ε subunit, ζ subunit and Mg-ADP in the ATP synthase of Paracoccus denitrificans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148355. [PMID: 33321110 PMCID: PMC8039183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
F1FO-ATP synthase is a crucial metabolic enzyme that uses the proton motive force from respiration to regenerate ATP. For maximum thermodynamic efficiency ATP synthesis should be fully reversible, but the enzyme from Paracoccus denitrificans catalyzes ATP hydrolysis at far lower rates than it catalyzes ATP synthesis, an effect often attributed to its unique ζ subunit. Recently, we showed that deleting ζ increases hydrolysis only marginally, indicating that other common inhibitory mechanisms such as inhibition by the C-terminal domain of the ε subunit (ε-CTD) or Mg-ADP may be more important. Here, we created mutants lacking the ε-CTD, and double mutants lacking both the ε-CTD and ζ subunit. No substantial activation of ATP hydrolysis was observed in any of these strains. Instead, hydrolysis in even the double mutant strains could only be activated by oxyanions, the detergent lauryldimethylamine oxide, or a proton motive force, which are all considered to release Mg-ADP inhibition. Our results establish that P. denitrificans ATP synthase is regulated by a combination of the ε and ζ subunits and Mg-ADP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen D Jarman
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Olivier Biner
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Judy Hirst
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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37
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The Unique C-Terminal Extension of Mycobacterial F-ATP Synthase Subunit α Is the Major Contributor to Its Latent ATP Hydrolysis Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01568-20. [PMID: 32988828 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01568-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial F1Fo-ATP synthases (α3:β3:γ:δ:ε:a:b:b':c9 ) are incapable of ATP-driven proton translocation due to their latent ATPase activity. This prevents wasting of ATP and altering of the proton motive force, whose dissipation is lethal to mycobacteria. We demonstrate that the mycobacterial C-terminal extension of nucleotide-binding subunit α contributes mainly to the suppression of ATPase activity in the recombinant mycobacterial F1-ATPase. Using C-terminal deletion mutants, the regions responsible for the enzyme's latency were mapped, providing a new compound epitope.
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38
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Esparza-Moltó PB, Cuezva JM. Reprogramming Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cancer: A Role for RNA-Binding Proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:927-945. [PMID: 31910046 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cancer is a major disease imposing high personal and economic burden draining large part of National Health Care and Research budgets worldwide. In the last decade, research in cancer has underscored the reprogramming of metabolism to an enhanced aerobic glycolysis as a major trait of the cancer phenotype with great potential for targeted therapy. Recent Advances: Mitochondria are essential organelles in metabolic reprogramming for controlling the production of biological energy through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and the supply of metabolic precursors that sustain proliferation. In addition, mitochondria are critical hubs that integrate different signaling pathways that control cellular metabolism and cell fate. The mitochondrial ATP synthase plays a fundamental role in OXPHOS and cellular signaling. Critical Issues: This review overviews mitochondrial metabolism and OXPHOS, and the major changes reported in the expression and function of mitochondrial proteins of OXPHOS in oncogenesis and in cellular differentiation. We summarize the prominent role that RNA-binding proteins (RNABPs) play in the sorting and localized translation of nuclear-encoded mRNAs that help define the mitochondrial cell-type-specific phenotype. Moreover, we emphasize the mechanisms that contribute to restrain the activity and expression of the mitochondrial ATP synthase in carcinomas, and illustrate that the dysregulation of proteins that control energy metabolism correlates with patients' survival. Future Directions: Future research should elucidate the mechanisms and RNABPs that promote the specific alterations of the mitochondrial phenotype in carcinomas arising from different tissues with the final aim of developing new therapeutic strategies to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau B Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Galber C, Acosta MJ, Minervini G, Giorgio V. The role of mitochondrial ATP synthase in cancer. Biol Chem 2020; 401:1199-1214. [PMID: 32769215 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP synthase is a multi-subunit enzyme complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane which is essential for oxidative phosphorylation under physiological conditions. In this review, we analyse the enzyme functions involved in cancer progression by dissecting specific conditions in which ATP synthase contributes to cancer development or metastasis. Moreover, we propose the role of ATP synthase in the formation of the permeability transition pore (PTP) as an additional mechanism which controls tumour cell death. We further describe transcriptional and translational modifications of the enzyme subunits and of the inhibitor protein IF1 that may promote adaptations leading to cancer metabolism. Finally, we outline ATP synthase gene mutations and epigenetic modifications associated with cancer development or drug resistance, with the aim of highlighting this enzyme complex as a potential novel target for future anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Galber
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, V.le G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Jesus Acosta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, V.le G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Minervini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, V.le G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121, Padova, Italy
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40
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41
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Abstract
The structure of the dimeric ATP synthase from bovine mitochondria determined in three rotational states by electron cryo-microscopy provides evidence that the proton uptake from the mitochondrial matrix via the proton inlet half channel proceeds via a Grotthus mechanism, and a similar mechanism may operate in the exit half channel. The structure has given information about the architecture and mechanical constitution and properties of the peripheral stalk, part of the membrane extrinsic region of the stator, and how the action of the peripheral stalk damps the side-to-side rocking motions that occur in the enzyme complex during the catalytic cycle. It also describes wedge structures in the membrane domains of each monomer, where the skeleton of each wedge is provided by three α-helices in the membrane domains of the b-subunit to which the supernumerary subunits e, f, and g and the membrane domain of subunit A6L are bound. Protein voids in the wedge are filled by three specifically bound cardiolipin molecules and two other phospholipids. The external surfaces of the wedges link the monomeric complexes together into the dimeric structures and provide a pivot to allow the monomer-monomer interfaces to change during catalysis and to accommodate other changes not related directly to catalysis in the monomer-monomer interface that occur in mitochondrial cristae. The structure of the bovine dimer also demonstrates that the structures of dimeric ATP synthases in a tetrameric porcine enzyme have been seriously misinterpreted in the membrane domains.
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42
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Rotary catalysis of bovine mitochondrial F 1-ATPase studied by single-molecule experiments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1447-1456. [PMID: 31896579 PMCID: PMC6983367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909407117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction scheme of rotary catalysis and the torque generation mechanism of bovine mitochondrial F1 (bMF1) were studied in single-molecule experiments. Under ATP-saturated concentrations, high-speed imaging of a single 40-nm gold bead attached to the γ subunit of bMF1 showed 2 types of intervening pauses during the rotation that were discriminated by short dwell and long dwell. Using ATPγS as a slowly hydrolyzing ATP derivative as well as using a functional mutant βE188D with slowed ATP hydrolysis, the 2 pausing events were distinctively identified. Buffer-exchange experiments with a nonhydrolyzable analog (AMP-PNP) revealed that the long dwell corresponds to the catalytic dwell, that is, the waiting state for hydrolysis, while it remains elusive which catalytic state short pause represents. The angular position of catalytic dwell was determined to be at +80° from the ATP-binding angle, mostly consistent with other F1s. The position of short dwell was found at 50 to 60° from catalytic dwell, that is, +10 to 20° from the ATP-binding angle. This is a distinct difference from human mitochondrial F1, which also shows intervening dwell that probably corresponds to the short dwell of bMF1, at +65° from the binding pause. Furthermore, we conducted "stall-and-release" experiments with magnetic tweezers to reveal how the binding affinity and hydrolysis equilibrium are modulated by the γ rotation. Similar to thermophilic F1, bMF1 showed a strong exponential increase in ATP affinity, while the hydrolysis equilibrium did not change significantly. This indicates that the ATP binding process generates larger torque than the hydrolysis process.
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43
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Salewskij K, Rieger B, Hager F, Arroum T, Duwe P, Villalta J, Colgiati S, Richter CP, Psathaki OE, Enriquez JA, Dellmann T, Busch KB. The spatio-temporal organization of mitochondrial F 1F O ATP synthase in cristae depends on its activity mode. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1861:148091. [PMID: 31669489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
F1FO ATP synthase, also known as complex V, is a key enzyme of mitochondrial energy metabolism that can synthesize and hydrolyze ATP. It is not known whether the ATP synthase and ATPase function are correlated with a different spatio-temporal organisation of the enzyme. In order to analyze this, we tracked and localized single ATP synthase molecules in situ using live cell microscopy. Under normal conditions, complex V was mainly restricted to cristae indicated by orthogonal trajectories along the cristae membranes. In addition confined trajectories that are quasi immobile exist. By inhibiting glycolysis with 2-DG, the activity and mobility of complex V was altered. The distinct cristae-related orthogonal trajectories of complex V were obliterated. Moreover, a mobile subpopulation of complex V was found in the inner boundary membrane. The observed changes in the ratio of dimeric/monomeric complex V, respectively less mobile/more mobile complex V and its activity changes were reversible. In IF1-KO cells, in which ATP hydrolysis is not inhibited by IF1, complex V was more mobile, while inhibition of ATP hydrolysis by BMS-199264 reduced the mobility of complex V. Taken together, these data support the existence of different subpopulations of complex V, ATP synthase and ATP hydrolase, the latter with higher mobility and probably not prevailing at the cristae edges. Obviously, complex V reacts quickly and reversibly to metabolic conditions, not only by functional, but also by spatial and structural reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Salewskij
- University Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, 48149 Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Bettina Rieger
- University Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, 48149 Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Frances Hager
- University Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, 48149 Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Tasnim Arroum
- University Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, 48149 Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Patrick Duwe
- University Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, 48149 Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Jimmy Villalta
- University Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, 48149 Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sara Colgiati
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Catania, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
| | - Christian P Richter
- University of Osnabrück, School of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany; Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Integrated Bioimaging Facility, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Olympia E Psathaki
- University of Osnabrück, School of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany; Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Integrated Bioimaging Facility, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - José A Enriquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Catania, Spain
| | - Timo Dellmann
- University Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, 48149 Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Karin B Busch
- University Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, 48149 Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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44
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Mühleip A, McComas SE, Amunts A. Structure of a mitochondrial ATP synthase with bound native cardiolipin. eLife 2019; 8:51179. [PMID: 31738165 PMCID: PMC6930080 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP synthase fuels eukaryotic cells with chemical energy. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of a divergent ATP synthase dimer from mitochondria of Euglena gracilis, a member of the phylum Euglenozoa that also includes human parasites. It features 29 different subunits, 8 of which are newly identified. The membrane region was determined to 2.8 Å resolution, enabling the identification of 37 associated lipids, including 25 cardiolipins, which provides insight into protein-lipid interactions and their functional roles. The rotor-stator interface comprises four membrane-embedded horizontal helices, including a distinct subunit a. The dimer interface is formed entirely by phylum-specific components, and a peripherally associated subcomplex contributes to the membrane curvature. The central and peripheral stalks directly interact with each other. Last, the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) binds in a mode that is different from human, but conserved in Trypanosomatids. Every living thing uses the energy-rich molecule called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, as fuel. It is the universal molecular currency for transferring energy. Cells trade it, mitochondria make it, and the energy extracted from it is used to drive chemical reactions, transport molecules across cell membranes, energize nerve impulses and contract muscles. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP molecules. It is a multi-part complex that straddles the inner membrane of mitochondria, the energy factories in cells. The enzyme complex interacts with fatty molecules in the mitochondrial inner membrane, creating a curvature that is required to produce ATP more efficiently. The mitochondrial ATP synthase has been studied in many different organisms, including yeast, algae, plants, pigs, cows and humans. These studies show that most of these ATP synthases are similar to each other, but obtaining a high resolution structure has been a challenge. Some single-cell organisms have unusual ATP synthases, which provide clues about how the enzyme evolved in pursuit of the most energy efficient arrangement. One such organism is the photosynthetic Euglena gracilis, which is closely related to the human parasites that cause sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Now, Mü̈hleip et al. have extracted ATP synthase from E. gracilis and reconstructed its structure using electron cryo-microscopy. The high resolution of this reconstruction allowed for the first time to examine the fatty molecules associated with ATP synthase, called cardiolipins. This is important, because cardiolipins are thought to modulate the rotating motor of the enzyme and affect how the complex sits in the membrane. The analysis revealed that the ATP synthase in E. gracilis has 29 different protein subunits, 13 of which are only found in organisms of the same family. Some of the newly discovered subunits are glued together by fatty molecules and extend into the surrounding mitochondrial membrane. This distinctive structure suggests an adaptation which likely evolved independently in E. gracilis for efficiency. These results represent an important advance in the field, and provide direct evidence for the functional roles of cardiolipin. This information will be used to reconstruct the evolution of this mighty molecule and to further study the roles of cardiolipin in energy conversion. Moreover, the analysis identified similarities between the ATP synthase in E. gracilis and human parasites, which could provide new therapeutic targets in disease-causing parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mühleip
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah E McComas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alexey Amunts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Petri J, Nakatani Y, Montgomery MG, Ferguson SA, Aragão D, Leslie AGW, Heikal A, Walker JE, Cook GM. Structure of F 1-ATPase from the obligate anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum. Open Biol 2019; 9:190066. [PMID: 31238823 PMCID: PMC6597759 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the F1-catalytic domain of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase has been determined from the pathogenic anaerobic bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum. The enzyme can hydrolyse ATP but is partially inhibited. The structure is similar to those of the F1-ATPases from Caldalkalibacillus thermarum, which is more strongly inhibited in ATP hydrolysis, and in Mycobacterium smegmatis, which has a very low ATP hydrolytic activity. The βE-subunits in all three enzymes are in the conventional ‘open’ state, and in the case of C. thermarum and M. smegmatis, they are occupied by an ADP and phosphate (or sulfate), but in F. nucleatum, the occupancy by ADP appears to be partial. It is likely that the hydrolytic activity of the F. nucleatum enzyme is regulated by the concentration of ADP, as in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Petri
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054 , New Zealand
| | - Yoshio Nakatani
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054 , New Zealand.,2 Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042 , New Zealand
| | - Martin G Montgomery
- 3 Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit , Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY , UK
| | - Scott A Ferguson
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054 , New Zealand
| | - David Aragão
- 4 Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Andrew G W Leslie
- 5 Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH , UK
| | - Adam Heikal
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054 , New Zealand.,2 Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042 , New Zealand
| | - John E Walker
- 3 Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit , Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY , UK
| | - Gregory M Cook
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054 , New Zealand.,2 Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042 , New Zealand
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46
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Li Y, Ma X, Weber J. Interaction between γC87 and γR242 residues participates in energy coupling between catalysis and proton translocation in Escherichia coli ATP synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:679-687. [PMID: 31251901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Functioning as a nanomotor, ATP synthase plays a vital role in the cellular energy metabolism. Interactions at the rotor and stator interface are critical to the energy transmission in ATP synthase. From mutational studies, we found that the γC87K mutation impairs energy coupling between proton translocation and nucleotide synthesis/hydrolysis. An additional glutamine mutation at γR242 (γR242Q) can restore efficient energy coupling to the γC87K mutant. Arrhenius plots and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that an extra hydrogen bond could form between the side chains of γC87K and βTPE381 in the γC87K mutant, thus impeding the free rotation of the rotor complex. In the enzyme with γC87K/γR242Q double mutations, the polar moiety of γR242Q side chain can form a hydrogen bond with γC87K, so that the amine group in the side chain of γC87K will not hydrogen-bond with βE381. As a conclusion, the intra-subunit interaction between positions γC87 and γR242 modulates the energy transmission in ATP synthase. This study should provide more information of residue interactions at the rotor and stator interface in order to further elucidate the energetic mechanism of ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Xinyou Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joachim Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; The Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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47
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Murphy BJ, Klusch N, Langer J, Mills DJ, Yildiz Ö, Kühlbrandt W. Rotary substates of mitochondrial ATP synthase reveal the basis of flexible F1-Focoupling. Science 2019; 364:364/6446/eaaw9128. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
F1Fo–adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthases make the energy of the proton-motive force available for energy-consuming processes in the cell. We determined the single-particle cryo–electron microscopy structure of active dimeric ATP synthase from mitochondria ofPolytomellasp. at a resolution of 2.7 to 2.8 angstroms. Separation of 13 well-defined rotary substates by three-dimensional classification provides a detailed picture of the molecular motions that accompanyc-ring rotation and result in ATP synthesis. Crucially, the F1head rotates along with the central stalk andc-ring rotor for the first ~30° of each 120° primary rotary step to facilitate flexible coupling of the stoichiometrically mismatched F1and Fosubcomplexes. Flexibility is mediated primarily by the interdomain hinge of the conserved OSCP subunit. A conserved metal ion in the proton access channel may synchronizec-ring protonation with rotation.
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48
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Gu J, Zhang L, Zong S, Guo R, Liu T, Yi J, Wang P, Zhuo W, Yang M. Cryo-EM structure of the mammalian ATP synthase tetramer bound with inhibitory protein IF1. Science 2019; 364:1068-1075. [PMID: 31197009 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase produces most of the ATP required by mammalian cells. We isolated porcine tetrameric ATP synthase and solved its structure at 6.2-angstrom resolution using a single-particle cryo-electron microscopy method. Two classical V-shaped ATP synthase dimers lie antiparallel to each other to form an H-shaped ATP synthase tetramer, as viewed from the matrix. ATP synthase inhibitory factor subunit 1 (IF1) is a well-known in vivo inhibitor of mammalian ATP synthase at low pH. Two IF1 dimers link two ATP synthase dimers, which is consistent with the ATP synthase tetramer adopting an inhibited state. Within the tetramer, we refined structures of intact ATP synthase in two different rotational conformations at 3.34- and 3.45-Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Gu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Laixing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuai Zong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Runyu Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianya Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingbo Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- SUSTech Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Maojun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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49
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Boreikaite V, Wicky BIM, Watt IN, Clarke J, Walker JE. Extrinsic conditions influence the self-association and structure of IF 1, the regulatory protein of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10354-10359. [PMID: 31064873 PMCID: PMC6535023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903535116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous inhibitor of ATP synthase in mitochondria, called IF1, conserves cellular energy when the proton-motive force collapses by inhibiting ATP hydrolysis. Around neutrality, the 84-amino-acid bovine IF1 is thought to self-assemble into active dimers and, under alkaline conditions, into inactive tetramers and higher oligomers. Dimerization is mediated by formation of an antiparallel α-helical coiled-coil involving residues 44-84. The inhibitory region of each monomer from residues 1-46 is largely α-helical in crystals, but disordered in solution. The formation of the inhibited enzyme complex requires the hydrolysis of two ATP molecules, and in the complex the disordered region from residues 8-13 is extended and is followed by an α-helix from residues 14-18 and a longer α-helix from residue 21, which continues unbroken into the coiled-coil region. From residues 21-46, the long α-helix binds to other α-helices in the C-terminal region of predominantly one of the β-subunits in the most closed of the three catalytic interfaces. The definition of the factors that influence the self-association of IF1 is a key to understanding the regulation of its inhibitory properties. Therefore, we investigated the influence of pH and salt-types on the self-association of bovine IF1 and the folding of its unfolded region. We identified the equilibrium between dimers and tetramers as a potential central factor in the in vivo modulation of the inhibitory activity and suggest that the intrinsically disordered region makes its inhibitory potency exquisitely sensitive and responsive to physiological changes that influence the capability of mitochondria to make ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytaute Boreikaite
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Basile I M Wicky
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian N Watt
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Clarke
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John E Walker
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY Cambridge, United Kingdom;
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50
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Inabe K, Kondo K, Yoshida K, Wakabayashi KI, Hisabori T. The N-terminal region of the ϵ subunit from cyanobacterial ATP synthase alone can inhibit ATPase activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10094-10103. [PMID: 31068416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP hydrolysis activity catalyzed by chloroplast and proteobacterial ATP synthase is inhibited by their ϵ subunits. To clarify the function of the ϵ subunit from phototrophs, here we analyzed the ϵ subunit-mediated inhibition (ϵ-inhibition) of cyanobacterial F1-ATPase, a subcomplex of ATP synthase obtained from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1. We generated three C-terminal α-helix null ϵ-mutants; one lacked the C-terminal α-helices, and in the other two, the C-terminal conformation could be locked by a disulfide bond formed between two α-helices or an α-helix and a β-sandwich structure. All of these ϵ-mutants maintained ATPase-inhibiting competency. We then used single-molecule observation techniques to analyze the rotary motion of F1-ATPase in the presence of these ϵ-mutants. The stop angular position of the γ subunit in the presence of the ϵ-mutant was identical to that in the presence of the WT ϵ. Using magnetic tweezers, we examined recovery from the inhibited rotation and observed restoration of rotation by 80° forcing of the γ subunit in the case of the ADP-inhibited form, but not when the rotation was inhibited by the ϵ-mutants or by the WT ϵ subunit. These results imply that the C-terminal α-helix domain of the ϵ subunit of cyanobacterial enzyme does not directly inhibit ATP hydrolysis and that its N-terminal domain alone can inhibit the hydrolysis activity. Notably, this property differed from that of the proteobacterial ϵ, which could not tightly inhibit rotation. We conclude that phototrophs and heterotrophs differ in the ϵ subunit-mediated regulation of ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inabe
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and.,the School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kondo
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and.,the School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and .,the School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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