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Wu S, Lin W. The physiological role of the unfolded protein response in the nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2411-2420. [PMID: 38526277 PMCID: PMC11090440 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.393105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response pathway activated when the endoplasmic reticulum, a crucial organelle for protein folding and modification, encounters an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins. The UPR aims to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by enhancing protein folding capacity, reducing protein biosynthesis, and promoting protein degradation. It also plays a pivotal role in coordinating signaling cascades to determine cell fate and function in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Recent research has highlighted the significance of the UPR not only in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis but also in influencing various physiological processes in the nervous system. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings that underscore the UPR's involvement in preserving the function and viability of neuronal and myelinating cells under physiological conditions, and highlight the critical role of the UPR in brain development, memory storage, retinal cone development, myelination, and maintenance of myelin thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchan Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Choi HJ, Wu Y, McDaniel Mims B, Pugel A, Tang CHA, Tian L, Hu CCA, Yu XZ. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Mediator IRE-1α Promotes Host Dendritic Cells in Graft-versus-Host Disease Development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:384-393. [PMID: 38864663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is an effective treatment for hematologic malignancies, but the complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can limit its benefit. The conditioning regimens before transplant, including chemotherapy or irradiation, can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress. IRE-1α is a major endoplasmic reticulum stress mediator that can further activate both spliced XBP-1 (XBP-1s) and regulated IRE-1-dependent decay (RIDD). IRE-1α-XBP-1s signaling controls dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and Ag presentation, crucial in GVHD progression. In this study, we used DC-specific XBP-1-deficient mice as donors or recipients and observed that XBP-1s was crucial for host DCs in the induction of GVHD but dispensable for the graft-versus-leukemia response. To specifically target IRE-1α in the host, we treated recipient mice with the IRE-1α inhibitor B-I09 for 3 d prior to bone marrow transplantation, which significantly suppressed GVHD development while maintaining the graft-versus-leukemia effect. XBP-1-deficient or BI09-treated recipients showed reduced DC survival after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Inhibition of IRE-1α also led to a reduction in DC alloreactivity, subsequently decreasing the proliferation and activation of allogeneic T cells. With further study using RIDD-deficient DCs, we observed that RIDD was also required for optimal DC activation. Taken together, XBP-1s and RIDD both promote host DC survival and alloreactivity that contribute to GVHD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brianyell McDaniel Mims
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Allison Pugel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Chih-Hang Anthony Tang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Linlu Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Chih-Chi Andrew Hu
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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3
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Touvier T, Veneri FA, Claessens A, Ferri C, Mastrangelo R, Sorgiati N, Bianchi F, Valenzano S, Del Carro U, Rivellini C, Duong P, Shy ME, Kelly JW, Svaren J, Wiseman RL, D'Antonio M. Activation of XBP1s attenuates disease severity in models of proteotoxic Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1B. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.31.577760. [PMID: 38352425 PMCID: PMC10862880 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.577760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in myelin protein zero (MPZ) are generally associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1B (CMT1B) disease, one of the most common forms of demyelinating neuropathy. Pathogenesis of some MPZ mutants, such as S63del and R98C, involves the misfolding and retention of MPZ in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of myelinating Schwann cells. To cope with proteotoxic ER-stress, Schwann cells mount an unfolded protein response (UPR) characterized by activation of the PERK, ATF6 and IRE1α/XBP1 pathways. Previous results showed that targeting the PERK UPR pathway mitigates neuropathy in mouse models of CMT1B; however, the contributions of other UPR pathways in disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we probe the importance of the IRE1α/XBP1 signalling during normal myelination and in CMT1B. In response to ER stress, IRE1α is activated to stimulate the non-canonical splicing of Xbp1 mRNA to generate spliced Xbp1 (Xbp1s). This results in the increased expression of the adaptive transcription factor XBP1s, which regulates the expression of genes involved in diverse pathways including ER proteostasis. We generated mouse models where Xbp1 is deleted specifically in Schwann cells, preventing XBP1s activation in these cells. We observed that Xbp1 is dispensable for normal developmental myelination, myelin maintenance and remyelination after injury. However, Xbp1 deletion dramatically worsens the hypomyelination and the electrophysiological and locomotor parameters observed in young and adult CMT1B neuropathic animals. RNAseq analysis suggested that XBP1s exerts its adaptive function in CMT1B mouse models in large part via the induction of ER proteostasis genes. Accordingly, the exacerbation of the neuropathy in Xbp1 deficient mice was accompanied by upregulation of ER-stress pathways and of IRE1-mediated RIDD signaling in Schwann cells, suggesting that the activation of XBP1s via IRE1 plays a critical role in limiting mutant protein toxicity and that this toxicity cannot be compensated by other stress responses. Schwann cell specific overexpression of XBP1s partially re-established Schwann cell proteostasis and attenuated CMT1B severity in both the S63del and R98C mouse models. In addition, the selective, pharmacologic activation of IRE1α/XBP1 signaling ameliorated myelination in S63del dorsal root ganglia explants. Collectively, these data show that XBP1 has an essential adaptive role in different models of proteotoxic CMT1B neuropathy and suggest that activation of the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway may represent a therapeutic avenue in CMT1B and possibly for other neuropathies characterized by UPR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Touvier
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca A Veneri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anke Claessens
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Mastrangelo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Noémie Sorgiati
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Valenzano
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- University of Camerino, Center for Neuroscience, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Rivellini
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Phu Duong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maurizio D'Antonio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
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He D, Tao L, Cai B, Chen X, Wang Y, Li S, Liao C, Chen Y, Chen J, Liu Z, Wu Y. eIF2α incites photoreceptor cell and retina damage by all-trans-retinal. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104686. [PMID: 37031820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and recessive Stargardt's disease (STGD1) lead to irreversible blindness in humans. The accumulation of all-trans-retinal (atRAL) induced by chaos in visual cycle is closely associated with retinal atrophy in dry AMD and STGD1, but its critical downstream signaling molecules remain ambiguous. Here, we reported that activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) by atRAL promoted retinal degeneration and photoreceptor loss through activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling-dependent apoptosis and gasdermin E (GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis. We determined that eIF2α activation by atRAL in photoreceptor cells resulted from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis disruption caused at least in part by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and it activated JNK signaling independent of and dependent on activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and the ATF4/transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) axis. CHOP overexpression induced apoptosis of atRAL-loaded photoreceptor cells through activating JNK signaling rather than inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2. JNK activation by eIF2α facilitated photoreceptor cell apoptosis caused by atRAL via caspase-3 activation and DNA damage. Additionally, we demonstrated that eIF2α was activated in neural retina of light-exposed Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice, a model that shows severe defects in atRAL clearance and displays primary features of human dry AMD and STGD1. Of note, inhibition of eIF2α activation by salubrinal effectively ameliorated retinal degeneration and photoreceptor apoptosis in Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice upon light exposure. The results of this study suggest that eIF2α is an important target to develop drug therapies for the treatment of dry AMD and STGD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxue He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Binxiang Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunyan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingmeng Chen
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yalin Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China; Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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5
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Clark IC, Wheeler MA, Lee HG, Li Z, Sanmarco LM, Thaploo S, Polonio CM, Shin SW, Scalisi G, Henry AR, Rone JM, Giovannoni F, Charabati M, Akl CF, Aleman DM, Zandee SEJ, Prat A, Douek DC, Boritz EA, Quintana FJ, Abate AR. Identification of astrocyte regulators by nucleic acid cytometry. Nature 2023; 614:326-333. [PMID: 36599367 PMCID: PMC9980163 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system1. Astrocytes are heterogeneous glial cells that are resident in the central nervous system and participate in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis2,3. However, few unique surface markers are available for the isolation of astrocyte subsets, preventing their analysis and the identification of candidate therapeutic targets; these limitations are further amplified by the rarity of pathogenic astrocytes. Here, to address these challenges, we developed focused interrogation of cells by nucleic acid detection and sequencing (FIND-seq), a high-throughput microfluidic cytometry method that combines encapsulation of cells in droplets, PCR-based detection of target nucleic acids and droplet sorting to enable in-depth transcriptomic analyses of cells of interest at single-cell resolution. We applied FIND-seq to study the regulation of astrocytes characterized by the splicing-driven activation of the transcription factor XBP1, which promotes disease pathology in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis4. Using FIND-seq in combination with conditional-knockout mice, in vivo CRISPR-Cas9-driven genetic perturbation studies and bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses of samples from mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and humans with multiple sclerosis, we identified a new role for the nuclear receptor NR3C2 and its corepressor NCOR2 in limiting XBP1-driven pathogenic astrocyte responses. In summary, we used FIND-seq to identify a therapeutically targetable mechanism that limits XBP1-driven pathogenic astrocyte responses. FIND-seq enables the investigation of previously inaccessible cells, including rare cell subsets defined by unique gene expression signatures or other nucleic acid markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain C Clark
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liliana M Sanmarco
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shravan Thaploo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolina M Polonio
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Won Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph M Rone
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Charabati
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camilo Faust Akl
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dulce M Aleman
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie E J Zandee
- Neuroimmunology Research Lab, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Lab, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eli A Boritz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Adam R Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Chaperone-Dependent Mechanisms as a Pharmacological Target for Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010823. [PMID: 36614266 PMCID: PMC9820882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern pharmacotherapy of neurodegenerative diseases is predominantly symptomatic and does not allow vicious circles causing disease development to break. Protein misfolding is considered the most important pathogenetic factor of neurodegenerative diseases. Physiological mechanisms related to the function of chaperones, which contribute to the restoration of native conformation of functionally important proteins, evolved evolutionarily. These mechanisms can be considered promising for pharmacological regulation. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Data on BiP and Sigma1R chaperones in clinical and experimental studies of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease are presented. The possibility of neuroprotective effect dependent on Sigma1R ligand activation in these diseases is also demonstrated. The interaction between Sigma1R and BiP-associated signaling in the neuroprotection is discussed. The performed analysis suggests the feasibility of pharmacological regulation of chaperone function, possibility of ligand activation of Sigma1R in order to achieve a neuroprotective effect, and the need for further studies of the conjugation of cellular mechanisms controlled by Sigma1R and BiP chaperones.
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Wöhner M, Pinter T, Bönelt P, Hagelkruys A, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Stadlmann J, Konieczny SF, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. The Xbp1-regulated transcription factor Mist1 restricts antibody secretion by restraining Blimp1 expression in plasma cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859598. [PMID: 36618345 PMCID: PMC9811352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody secretion by plasma cells provides acute and long-term protection against pathogens. The high secretion potential of plasma cells depends on the unfolded protein response, which is controlled by the transcription factor Xbp1. Here, we analyzed the Xbp1-dependent gene expression program of plasma cells and identified Bhlha15 (Mist1) as the most strongly activated Xbp1 target gene. As Mist1 plays an important role in other secretory cell types, we analyzed in detail the phenotype of Mist1-deficient plasma cells in Cd23-Cre Bhlha15 fl/fl mice under steady-state condition or upon NP-KLH immunization. Under both conditions, Mist1-deficient plasma cells were 1.4-fold reduced in number and exhibited increased IgM production and antibody secretion compared to control plasma cells. At the molecular level, Mist1 regulated a largely different set of target genes compared with Xbp1. Notably, expression of the Blimp1 protein, which is known to activate immunoglobulin gene expression and to contribute to antibody secretion, was 1.3-fold upregulated in Mist1-deficient plasma cells, which led to a moderate downregulation of most Blimp1-repressed target genes in the absence of Mist1. Importantly, a 2-fold reduction of Blimp1 (Prdm1) expression was sufficient to restore the cell number and antibody expression of plasma cells in Prdm1 Gfp/+ Cd23-Cre Bhlha15 fl/fl mice to the same level seen in control mice. Together, these data indicate that Mist1 restricts antibody secretion by restraining Blimp1 expression, which likely contributes to the viability of plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Pinter
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen F. Konieczny
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Meinrad Busslinger,
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8
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Wang C, Chang Y, Zhu J, Ma R, Li G. Dual Role of Inositol-requiring Enzyme 1α–X-box Binding protein 1 Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neuroscience 2022; 505:157-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Kukharsky MS, Everett MW, Lytkina OA, Raspopova MA, Kovrazhkina EA, Ovchinnikov RK, Antohin AI, Moskovtsev AA. Protein Homeostasis Dysregulation in Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322060115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Zhao C, Liao Y, Rahaman A, Kumar V. Towards Understanding the Relationship Between ER Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:892518. [PMID: 35783140 PMCID: PMC9248913 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.892518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological stress due to the aberrant buildup of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is considered a key reason behind many human neurodegenerative diseases. Cells adapted to ER stress through the activation of an integrated signal transduction pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration of the motor system. It has largely been known that ER stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALS through the dysregulation of proteostasis. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that ER stress and UPR are important players in TDP-43 pathology. In this mini-review, the complex interplay between ER stress and the UPR in ALS and TDP-43 pathology will be explored by taking into account the studies from in vitro and in vivo models of ALS. We also discuss therapeutic strategies to control levels of ER stress and UPR signaling components that have contrasting effects on ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Zhao
- School of Engineering, College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liao
- Center of Scientific Research, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Liao Vijay Kumar
| | - Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University, Noida, India
- *Correspondence: Yong Liao Vijay Kumar
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11
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Critical roles of protein disulfide isomerases in balancing proteostasis in the nervous system. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102087. [PMID: 35654139 PMCID: PMC9253707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) constitute a family of oxidoreductases promoting redox protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum. PDIs catalyze disulfide bond formation, isomerization, and reduction, operating in concert with molecular chaperones to fold secretory cargoes in addition to directing misfolded proteins to be refolded or degraded. Importantly, PDIs are emerging as key components of the proteostasis network, integrating protein folding status with central surveillance mechanisms to balance proteome stability according to cellular needs. Recent advances in the field driven by the generation of new mouse models, human genetic studies, and omics methodologies, in addition to interventions using small molecules and gene therapy, have revealed the significance of PDIs to the physiology of the nervous system. PDIs are also implicated in diverse pathologies, ranging from neurodevelopmental conditions to neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. Here, we review the principles of redox protein folding in the ER with a focus on current evidence linking genetic mutations and biochemical alterations to PDIs in the etiology of neurological conditions.
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12
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Thakur AK, Luthra-Guptasarma M. Differences in Cellular Clearing Mechanisms of Aggregates of Two Subtypes of HLA-B27. Front Immunol 2022; 12:795053. [PMID: 35082784 PMCID: PMC8785436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) belongs to a group of diseases, called spondyloarthropathies (SpA), that are strongly associated with the genetic marker HLA-B27. AS is characterized by inflammation of joints and primarily affects the spine. Over 160 subtypes of HLA-B27 are known, owing to high polymorphism. Some are strongly associated with disease (e.g., B*2704), whereas others are not (e.g., B*2709). Misfolding of HLA-B27 molecules [as dimers, or as high-molecular-weight (HMW) oligomers] is one of several hypotheses proposed to explain the link between HLA-B27 and AS. Our group has previously established the existence of HMW species of HLA-B27 in AS patients. Still, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying differences in pathogenic outcomes of different HLA-B27 subtypes. We conducted a proteomics-based evaluation of the differential disease association of HLA B*2704 and B*2709, using stable transfectants of genes encoding the two proteins. A clear difference was observed in protein clearance mechanisms: whereas unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy, and aggresomes were involved in the degradation of B*2704, the endosome–lysosome machinery was primarily involved in B*2709 degradation. These differences offer insights into the differential disease association of B*2704 and B*2709.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Thakur
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Manni Luthra-Guptasarma
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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13
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Choi HJ, Tang CHA, Tian L, Wu Y, Sofi MH, Ticer T, Schutt SD, Hu CCA, Yu XZ. XBP-1s Promotes B Cell Pathogenicity in Chronic GVHD by Restraining the Activity of Regulated IRE-1α-Dependent Decay. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705484. [PMID: 34659198 PMCID: PMC8517405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is an effective therapeutic procedure to treat hematological malignancies. However, the benefit of allo-HCT is limited by a major complication, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Since transmembrane and secretory proteins are generated and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ER stress response is of great importance to secretory cells including B cells. By using conditional knock-out (KO) of XBP-1, IRE-1α or both specifically on B cells, we demonstrated that the IRE-1α/XBP-1 pathway, one of the major ER stress response mediators, plays a critical role in B cell pathogenicity on the induction of cGVHD in murine models of allo-HCT. Endoribonuclease activity of IRE-1α activates XBP-1 signaling by converting unspliced XBP-1 (XBP-1u) mRNA into spliced XBP-1 (XBP-1s) mRNA but also cleaves other ER-associated mRNAs through regulated IRE-1α-dependent decay (RIDD). Further, ablation of XBP-1s production leads to unleashed activation of RIDD. Therefore, we hypothesized that RIDD plays an important role in B cells during cGVHD development. In this study, we found that the reduced pathogenicity of XBP-1 deficient B cells in cGVHD was reversed by RIDD restriction in IRE-1α kinase domain KO mice. Restraining RIDD activity per se in B cells resulted in an increased severity of cGVHD. Besides, inhibition of RIDD activity compromised B cell differentiation and led to dysregulated expression of MHC II and costimulatory molecules such as CD86, CD40, and ICOSL in B cells. Furthermore, restraining the RIDD activity without affecting XBP-1 splicing increased B cell ability to induce cGVHD after allo-HCT. These results suggest that RIDD is an important mediator for reducing cGVHD pathogenesis through targeting XBP-1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Choi
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chih-Hang Anthony Tang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linlu Tian
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - M Hanief Sofi
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Taylor Ticer
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Steven D Schutt
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chih-Chi Andrew Hu
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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14
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Zhang Z, Qian Q, Li M, Shao F, Ding WX, Lira VA, Chen SX, Sebag SC, Hotamisligil GS, Cao H, Yang L. The unfolded protein response regulates hepatic autophagy by sXBP1-mediated activation of TFEB. Autophagy 2021; 17:1841-1855. [PMID: 32597296 PMCID: PMC8386593 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1788889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective macroautophagy/autophagy and a failure to initiate the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) in response to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. However, whether and how unresolved ER stress leads to defects in the autophagy pathway and to the progression of obesity-associated hepatic pathologies remains unclear. Obesity suppresses the expression of hepatic spliced XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1; sXBP1), the key transcription factor that promotes the adaptive UPR. Our RNA-seq analysis revealed that sXBP1 regulates genes involved in lysosomal function in the liver under fasting conditions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyzes of both primary hepatocytes and whole livers further showed that sXBP1 occupies the -743 to -523 site of the promoter of Tfeb (transcription factor EB), a master regulator of autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. Notably, this occupancy was significantly reduced in livers from patients with steatosis. In mice, hepatic deletion of Xbp1 (xbp1 LKO) suppressed the transcription of Tfeb as well as autophagy, whereas hepatic overexpression of sXbp1 enhanced Tfeb transcription and autophagy. Moreover, overexpression of Tfeb in the xbp1 LKO mouse liver ameliorated glucose intolerance and steatosis in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Conversely, loss of TFEB function impaired the protective role of sXBP1 in hepatic steatosis in mice with DIO. These data indicate that sXBP1-Tfeb signaling has direct functional consequences in the context of obesity. Collectively, our data provide novel insight into how two organelle stress responses are integrated to protect against obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction.Abbreviations: AAV8: adeno-associated virus serotype 8; ACTB: actin, beta; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ATF6: activating transcription factor-6; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; BMI: body mass index; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; Cre: cre recombinase; DIO: diet-induced obesity; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1/IRE1: endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus signaling 1; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HFD: high-fat diet; h: hours; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; INS: insulin; L/A: ammonium chloride and leupeptin; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mRNA: messenger RNA; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; RD: regular diet; RFP: red fluorescent protein; SERPINA7/TBG: serpin family A member 7; SQSTM1/p62: sequestome 1; sXbp1 LOE: liver-specific overexpression of spliced Xbp1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TG: thapsigargin; TN: tunicamycin; UPR: unfolded protein response; wks: weeks; WT: wild type; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; xbp1 LKO: liver-specific Xbp1 knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qingwen Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fan Shao
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Vitor A. Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sophia X. Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sara C. Sebag
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gökhan S. Hotamisligil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research and Dept. Molecular Metabolism, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Broad Institute of Harvard-MIT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huojun Cao
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA,CONTACT Ling Yang Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Huojun Cao Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA,CONTACT Ling Yang Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Huojun Cao Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
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15
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Park SM, Kang TI, So JS. Roles of XBP1s in Transcriptional Regulation of Target Genes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070791. [PMID: 34356855 PMCID: PMC8301375 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) is an active transcription factor that plays a vital role in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unspliced Xbp1 mRNA is cleaved by the activated stress sensor IRE1α and converted to the mature form encoding spliced XBP1 (XBP1s). Translated XBP1s migrates to the nucleus and regulates the transcriptional programs of UPR target genes encoding ER molecular chaperones, folding enzymes, and ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) components to decrease ER stress. Moreover, studies have shown that XBP1s regulates the transcription of diverse genes that are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and immune responses. Therefore, XBP1s has been considered an important therapeutic target in studying various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. XBP1s is involved in several unique mechanisms to regulate the transcription of different target genes by interacting with other proteins to modulate their activity. Although recent studies discovered numerous target genes of XBP1s via genome-wide analyses, how XBP1s regulates their transcription remains unclear. This review discusses the roles of XBP1s in target genes transcriptional regulation. More in-depth knowledge of XBP1s target genes and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in the future will help develop new therapeutic targets for each disease.
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16
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Hetz C. Adapting the proteostasis capacity to sustain brain healthspan. Cell 2021; 184:1545-1560. [PMID: 33691137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sustaining neuronal proteostasis during the course of our life is a central aspect required for brain function. The dynamic nature of synaptic composition and abundance is a requisite to drive cognitive and motor processes involving a tight control of many aspects of protein biosynthesis and degradation. Through the concerted action of specialized stress sensors, the proteostasis network monitors and limits the accumulation of damaged, misfolded, or aggregated proteins. These stress pathways signal to the cytosol and nucleus to reprogram gene expression, enabling adaptive programs to recover cell function. During aging, the activity of the proteostasis network declines, which may increase the risk of accumulating abnormal protein aggregates, a hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases. Here, I discuss emerging concepts illustrating the functional significance of adaptive signaling pathways to normal brain physiology and their contribution to age-related disorders. Pharmacological and gene therapy strategies to intervene and boost proteostasis are expected to extend brain healthspan and ameliorate disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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17
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Otero A, Betancor M, Eraña H, Fernández Borges N, Lucas JJ, Badiola JJ, Castilla J, Bolea R. Prion-Associated Neurodegeneration Causes Both Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Proteasome Impairment in a Murine Model of Spontaneous Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010465. [PMID: 33466523 PMCID: PMC7796520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that can be spontaneous, familial or acquired by infection. The conversion of the prion protein PrPC to its abnormal and misfolded isoform PrPSc is the main event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases of all origins. In spontaneous prion diseases, the mechanisms that trigger the formation of PrPSc in the central nervous system remain unknown. Several reports have demonstrated that the accumulation of PrPSc can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proteasome impairment from the early stages of the prion disease. Both mechanisms lead to an increment of PrP aggregates in the secretory pathway, which could explain the pathogenesis of spontaneous prion diseases. Here, we investigate the role of ER stress and proteasome impairment during prion disorders in a murine model of spontaneous prion disease (TgVole) co-expressing the UbG76V-GFP reporter, which allows measuring the proteasome activity in vivo. Spontaneously prion-affected mice showed a significantly higher accumulation of the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), the ER chaperone binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP/Grp78), the ER protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and the UbG76V-GFP reporter than age-matched controls in certain brain areas. The upregulation of PERK, BiP, PDI and ubiquitin was detected from the preclinical stage of the disease, indicating that ER stress and proteasome impairment begin at early stages of the spontaneous disease. Strong correlations were found between the deposition of these markers and neuropathological markers of prion disease in both preclinical and clinical mice. Our results suggest that both ER stress and proteasome impairment occur during the pathogenesis of spontaneous prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.O.); (M.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.O.); (M.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Hasier Eraña
- ATLAS Molecular Pharma S.L., Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain;
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.F.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Natalia Fernández Borges
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.F.B.); (J.C.)
| | - José J. Lucas
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.O.); (M.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.F.B.); (J.C.)
- IKERBasque Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.O.); (M.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Medinas DB, Hazari Y, Hetz C. Disruption of Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis in Age-Related Nervous System Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:239-278. [PMID: 34050870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a prominent cellular alteration of diseases impacting the nervous system that are associated to the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated protein species during aging. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the main pathway mediating adaptation to ER stress, but it can also trigger deleterious cascades of inflammation and cell death leading to cell dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Genetic and pharmacological studies in experimental models shed light into molecular pathways possibly contributing to ER stress and the UPR activation in human neuropathies. Most of experimental models are, however, based on the overexpression of mutant proteins causing familial forms of these diseases or the administration of neurotoxins that induce pathology in young animals. Whether the mechanisms uncovered in these models are relevant for the etiology of the vast majority of age-related sporadic forms of neurodegenerative diseases is an open question. Here, we provide a systematic analysis of the current evidence linking ER stress to human pathology and the main mechanisms elucidated in experimental models. Furthermore, we highlight the recent association of metabolic syndrome to increased risk to undergo neurodegeneration, where ER stress arises as a common denominator in the pathogenic crosstalk between peripheral organs and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo B Medinas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Younis Hazari
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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19
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Yakubu UM, Catumbela CSG, Morales R, Morano KA. Understanding and exploiting interactions between cellular proteostasis pathways and infectious prion proteins for therapeutic benefit. Open Biol 2020; 10:200282. [PMID: 33234071 PMCID: PMC7729027 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals are caused by the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc), a self-propagating protein infectious agent that aggregates into oligomeric, fibrillar structures and leads to cell death by incompletely understood mechanisms. Work in multiple biological model systems, from simple baker's yeast to transgenic mouse lines, as well as in vitro studies, has illuminated molecular and cellular modifiers of prion disease. In this review, we focus on intersections between PrP and the proteostasis network, including unfolded protein stress response pathways and roles played by the powerful regulators of protein folding known as protein chaperones. We close with analysis of promising therapeutic avenues for treatment enabled by these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unekwu M Yakubu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
| | - Celso S G Catumbela
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,Centro integrativo de biología y química aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin A Morano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
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20
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García-Huerta P, Troncoso-Escudero P, Wu D, Thiruvalluvan A, Cisternas-Olmedo M, Henríquez DR, Plate L, Chana-Cuevas P, Saquel C, Thielen P, Longo KA, Geddes BJ, Lederkremer GZ, Sharma N, Shenkman M, Naphade S, Sardi SP, Spichiger C, Richter HG, Court FA, Tshilenge KT, Ellerby LM, Wiseman RL, Gonzalez-Billault C, Bergink S, Vidal RL, Hetz C. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) protects against Huntington's disease through the extracellular disposal of protein aggregates. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:737-764. [PMID: 32642868 PMCID: PMC8513574 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting alterations in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We previously reported that targeting the transcription factor XBP1, a key mediator of the ER stress response, delays disease progression and reduces protein aggregation in various models of neurodegeneration. To identify disease modifier genes that may explain the neuroprotective effects of XBP1 deficiency, we performed gene expression profiling of brain cortex and striatum of these animals and uncovered insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) as the major upregulated gene. Here, we studied the impact of IGF2 signaling on protein aggregation in models of Huntington's disease (HD) as proof of concept. Cell culture studies revealed that IGF2 treatment decreases the load of intracellular aggregates of mutant huntingtin and a polyglutamine peptide. These results were validated using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived medium spiny neurons from HD patients and spinocerebellar ataxia cases. The reduction in the levels of mutant huntingtin was associated with a decrease in the half-life of the intracellular protein. The decrease in the levels of abnormal protein aggregation triggered by IGF2 was independent of the activity of autophagy and the proteasome pathways, the two main routes for mutant huntingtin clearance. Conversely, IGF2 signaling enhanced the secretion of soluble mutant huntingtin species through exosomes and microvesicles involving changes in actin dynamics. Administration of IGF2 into the brain of HD mice using gene therapy led to a significant decrease in the levels of mutant huntingtin in three different animal models. Moreover, analysis of human postmortem brain tissue and blood samples from HD patients showed a reduction in IGF2 level. This study identifies IGF2 as a relevant factor deregulated in HD, operating as a disease modifier that buffers the accumulation of abnormal protein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula García-Huerta
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sector B, Second Floor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sector B, Second Floor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arun Thiruvalluvan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marisol Cisternas-Olmedo
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel R Henríquez
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Saquel
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter Thielen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Shenkman
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Swati Naphade
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurological Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans G Richter
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Ellerby
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene L Vidal
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sector B, Second Floor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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21
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Ghemrawi R, Khair M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6127. [PMID: 32854418 PMCID: PMC7503386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle involved in protein quality control and cellular homeostasis. The accumulation of unfolded proteins leads to an ER stress, followed by an adaptive response via the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (IRE1α) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathways. However, prolonged cell stress activates apoptosis signaling leading to cell death. Neuronal cells are particularly sensitive to protein misfolding, consequently ER and UPR dysfunctions were found to be involved in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prions diseases, among others characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins. Pharmacological UPR modulation in affected tissues may contribute to the treatment and prevention of neurodegeneration. The association between ER stress, UPR and neuropathology is well established. In this review, we provide up-to-date evidence of UPR activation in neurodegenerative disorders followed by therapeutic strategies targeting the UPR and ameliorating the toxic effects of protein unfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Ghemrawi
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, UAE
| | - Mostafa Khair
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE;
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22
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Cristofani R, Crippa V, Cicardi ME, Tedesco B, Ferrari V, Chierichetti M, Casarotto E, Piccolella M, Messi E, Galbiati M, Rusmini P, Poletti A. A Crucial Role for the Protein Quality Control System in Motor Neuron Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:191. [PMID: 32792938 PMCID: PMC7385251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are fatal diseases characterized by loss of motor neurons in the brain cortex, in the bulbar region, and/or in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. While generally sporadic, inherited forms linked to mutant genes encoding altered RNA/protein products have also been described. Several different mechanisms have been found altered or dysfunctional in MNDs, like the protein quality control (PQC) system. In this review, we will discuss how the PQC system is affected in two MNDs—spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)—and how this affects the clearance of aberrantly folded proteins, which accumulate in motor neurons, inducing dysfunctions and their death. In addition, we will discuss how the PQC system can be targeted to restore proper cell function, enhancing the survival of affected cells in MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cristofani
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Barbara Tedesco
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrari
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Chierichetti
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Casarotto
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Messi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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23
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Batista A, Rodvold JJ, Xian S, Searles SC, Lew A, Iwawaki T, Almanza G, Waller TC, Lin J, Jepsen K, Carter H, Zanetti M. IRE1α regulates macrophage polarization, PD-L1 expression, and tumor survival. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000687. [PMID: 32520957 PMCID: PMC7307794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, local immune dysregulation is driven in part by macrophages and dendritic cells that are polarized to a mixed proinflammatory/immune-suppressive phenotype. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is emerging as the possible origin of these events. Here we report that the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) branch of the UPR is directly involved in the polarization of macrophages in vitro and in vivo, including the up-regulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-23, Arginase1, as well as surface expression of CD86 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Macrophages in which the IRE1α/X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) axis is blocked pharmacologically or deleted genetically have significantly reduced polarization and CD86 and PD-L1 expression, which was induced independent of IFNγ signaling, suggesting a novel mechanism in PD-L1 regulation in macrophages. Mice with IRE1α- but not Xbp1-deficient macrophages showed greater survival than controls when implanted with B16.F10 melanoma cells. Remarkably, we found a significant association between the IRE1α gene signature and CD274 gene expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages in humans. RNA sequencing (RNASeq) analysis showed that bone marrow-derived macrophages with IRE1α deletion lose the integrity of the gene connectivity characteristic of regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD) and the ability to activate CD274 gene expression. Thus, the IRE1α/Xbp1 axis drives the polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment initiating a complex immune dysregulation leading to failure of local immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Batista
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Rodvold
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Su Xian
- Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Medicine, and Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Searles
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Lew
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Recovery Mechanisms, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Japan
| | - Gonzalo Almanza
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - T. Cameron Waller
- Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Medicine, and Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- IGM Genomics Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Medicine, and Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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24
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Hetz C, Zhang K, Kaufman RJ. Mechanisms, regulation and functions of the unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:421-438. [PMID: 32457508 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1133] [Impact Index Per Article: 283.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular stress induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is emerging as a possible driver of human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity and neurodegeneration. ER proteostasis surveillance is mediated by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction pathway that senses the fidelity of protein folding in the ER lumen. The UPR transmits information about protein folding status to the nucleus and cytosol to adjust the protein folding capacity of the cell or, in the event of chronic damage, induce apoptotic cell death. Recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of UPR signalling and its implications in the pathophysiology of disease might open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,FONDAP Center for Geroscience Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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25
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Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Siwecka N, Wawrzynkiewicz A, Wojtczak R, Pytel D, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. The PERK-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2108. [PMID: 32204380 PMCID: PMC7139310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is strictly connected with progressive aging of the world population. Interestingly, a broad range of age-related, neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a common pathological mechanism-accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins within the cells. Under certain circumstances, such protein aggregates may evoke endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways via the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-dependent manner. Under mild to moderate ER stress, UPR has a pro-adaptive role. However, severe or long-termed ER stress conditions directly evoke shift of the UPR toward its pro-apoptotic branch, which is considered to be a possible cause of neurodegeneration. To this day, there is no effective cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), or prion disease. Currently available treatment approaches for these diseases are only symptomatic and cannot affect the disease progression. Treatment strategies, currently under detailed research, include inhibition of the PERK-dependent UPR signaling branches. The newest data have reported that the use of small-molecule inhibitors of the PERK-mediated signaling branches may contribute to the development of a novel, ground-breaking therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration. In this review, we critically describe all the aspects associated with such targeted therapy against neurodegenerative proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek-Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Adam Wawrzynkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Radosław Wojtczak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
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26
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mTORC1 coordinates an immediate unfolded protein response-related transcriptome in activated B cells preceding antibody secretion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:723. [PMID: 32024827 PMCID: PMC7002553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How activated B cells build biosynthetic pathways and organelle structures necessary for subsequent robust antibody secretion is still unclear. The dominant model holds that nascent plasma cells adapt to increased antibody synthesis by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) under the control of the transcription factor Xbp1. Here, by analyzing gene expression in activated B cells with or without plasma cell-inductive signals, we find that follicular B cells up-regulate a wide array of UPR-affiliated genes before initiating antibody secretion; furthermore, initial transcription of these loci requires the mTORC1 kinase adaptor, Raptor, but not Xbp1. Transcriptomic analyses of resting marginal zone B cells, which generate plasma cells with exceptionally rapid kinetics, reinforce these results by revealing the basal expression of UPR-affiliated mRNA networks without detectable Xbp1 activity. We thus conclude that B cells utilize mTORC1 to prepare for subsequent plasma cell function, before the onset of antibody synthesis. Antibody production in plasma cells involves the unfold protein response (UPR), but how this is regulated is not clear. Here the authors show that mTORC1 signalling but not Xbp1-mediated transcription regulation in activated B cells is important for the induction of a UPR-related transcriptome that precedes full plasma cell functions.
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27
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Bartoszewski R, Gebert M, Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Cabaj A, Króliczewski J, Bartoszewska S, Sobolewska A, Crossman DK, Ochocka R, Kamysz W, Kalinowski L, Dąbrowski M, Collawn JF. Genome-wide mRNA profiling identifies RCAN1 and GADD45A as regulators of the transitional switch from survival to apoptosis during ER stress. FEBS J 2020; 287:2923-2947. [PMID: 31880863 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions promote a cellular adaptive mechanism called the unfolded protein response (UPR) that utilizes three stress sensors, inositol-requiring protein 1, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, and activating transcription factor 6. These sensors activate a number of pathways to reduce the stress and facilitate cell survival. While much is known about the mechanisms involved that modulate apoptosis during chronic stress, less is known about the transition between the prosurvival and proapoptotic factors that determine cell fate. Here, we employed a genetic screen that utilized three different pharmacological stressors to induce ER stress in a human-immortalized airway epithelial cell line, immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells. We followed the stress responses over an 18-h time course and utilized real-time monitoring of cell survival, next-generation sequencing, and quantitative real-time PCR to identify and validate genes that were upregulated with all three commonly employed ER stressors, inhibitor of calpain 1, tunicamycin, and thapsigargin. growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible alpha (GADD45A), a proapoptotic factor, and regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) mRNAs were identified and verified by showing that small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of GADD45A decreased CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (a.k.a DDIT3), BCL2-binding component 3 (a.k.a. BBC3), and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 expression, 3 proapoptotic factors, and increased cell viability during ER stress conditions, whereas siRNA knockdown of RCAN1 dramatically decreased cell viability. These results suggest that the relative levels of these two genes regulate cell fate decisions during ER stress independent of the type of ER stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gebert
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Cabaj
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Króliczewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Sobolewska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, Heflin Center for Genomic Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Renata Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Central Bank of Frozen Tissues & Genetic Specimens, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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28
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Balakrishnan B, Siddiqi A, Mella J, Lupo A, Li E, Hollien J, Johnson J, Lai K. Salubrinal enhances eIF2α phosphorylation and improves fertility in a mouse model of Classic Galactosemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165516. [PMID: 31362041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss of galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) activity in humans results in Classic Galactosemia, and the GalT-deficient (GalT-/-) mouse mimics the patient condition. GalT-/- ovaries display elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, BiP, and downregulated canonical phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Pi3k)/protein kinase B (Akt) growth/pro-survival signaling. Numbers of primordial follicles are reduced in the mutants, recapitulating the accelerated ovarian aging seen in human patients. We previously found that oral administration of the compound Salubrinal (an eIF2α phosphatase inhibitor), resulted in reduction of ovarian BiP expression, rescued Pi3k/Akt signaling, and a doubling of primordial follicles in GalT-/- adults. Here, we further characterized galactosemic stress in GalT-/- mice versus wild-type (WT) controls, and examined whether Salubrinal treatment improved broader reproductive parameters. We assessed the expression levels of factors of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and found that BiP, phospho-Perk, and phospho-eIF2α were all elevated in GalT-/- ovaries. However, neither IKK activation (NFκB pathway) nor alternative Xbp1 splicing downstream of ER membrane protein Ire1α activation was induced, suggesting an Xbp1-independent UPR in galactosemic stress. Moreover, Salubrinal treatment significantly increased the number of ovulated eggs in mutant animals after gonadotrophic superovulation. Salubrinal treatment also normalized estrus cycle stage lengths and resulted in significantly larger litter sizes than vehicle-treated mutants. Overall, we show that Salubrinal protects against galactosemia-induced primordial follicle loss in a fashion that includes suppressing the de-phosphorylation of eIF2α, and that intervention in this way significantly improves and extends ovarian function, fertility, and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Balakrishnan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - A Siddiqi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - J Mella
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah College of Science, United States
| | - A Lupo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - E Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - J Hollien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah College of Science, United States
| | - J Johnson
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado, United States.
| | - K Lai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States.
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29
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McLaughlin T, Siddiqi M, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. Loss of XBP1 Leads to Early-Onset Retinal Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Type I Diabetes. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060906. [PMID: 31242599 PMCID: PMC6617367 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neuronal injury and degeneration is one of the primary manifestations of diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of vision loss in working age adults. In pathological conditions, including diabetes and some physiological conditions such as aging, protein homeostasis can become disrupted, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Severe or unmitigated ER stress can lead to cell death, which in retinal neurons results in irreversible loss of visual function. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a major transcription factor responsible for the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain protein homeostasis in cells undergoing ER stress. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of XBP1-mediated UPR in retinal neuronal survival and function in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Using a conditional retina-specific XBP1 knockout mouse line, we demonstrate that depletion of XBP1 in retinal neurons results in early onset retinal function decline, loss of retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors, disrupted photoreceptor ribbon synapses, and Müller cell activation after induction of diabetes. Our findings suggest an important role of XBP1-mediated adaptive UPR in retinal neuronal survival and function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd McLaughlin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Manhal Siddiqi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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30
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Trigo D, Nadais A, da Cruz e Silva OA. Unravelling protein aggregation as an ageing related process or a neuropathological response. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:67-77. [PMID: 30763619 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is normally associated with amyloidosis, namely motor neurone, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or prion diseases. However, recent results have unveiled a concept of gradual increase of protein aggregation associated with the ageing process, apparently not necessarily associated with pathological conditions. Given that protein aggregation is sufficient to activate stress-response and inflammation, impairing protein synthesis and quality control mechanisms, the former is assumed to negatively affect cellular metabolism and behaviour. In this review the state of the art in protein aggregation research is discussed, namely the relationship between pathology and proteostasis. The role of pathology and ageing in overriding protein quality-control mechanisms, and consequently, the effect of these faulty cellular processes on pathological and healthy ageing, are also addressed.
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Serrano RL, Yu W, Graham RM, Bryan RL, Terkeltaub R. A vascular smooth muscle cell X-box binding protein 1 and transglutaminase 2 regulatory circuit limits neointimal hyperplasia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212235. [PMID: 30943188 PMCID: PMC6447169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia, stimulated by injury and certain vascular diseases, promotes artery obstruction and tissue ischemia. In vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs), multiple modulators of protein handling machinery regulate intimal hyperplasia. These include elements of the VSMC unfolded protein response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (UPRER), and transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which catalyzes post-translational protein modification. Previous results for deficiency of UPRER-specific mediator XBP1, and of TG2, have been significant, but in multiple instances contradictory, for effects on cultured VSMC function, and, using multiple models, for neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. Here, we engineered VSMC-specific deficiency of XBP1, and studied cultured VSMCs, and neointimal hyperplasia in response to carotid artery ligation in vivo. Intimal area almost doubled in Xbp1fl/fl SM22α-CRE+ mice 21 days post-ligation. Cultured murine Xbp1 deficient VSMCs migrated more in response to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) than control VSMCs, and had an increased level of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (Ire1α), a PDGF receptor-binding UPRER transmembrane endonuclease whose substrates include XBP1. Cultured XBP1-deficient VSMCs demonstrated decreased levels of TG2 protein, in association with increased TG2 polyubiquitination, but with increased TG transamidation catalytic activity. Moreover, IRE1α, and TG2-specific transamidation cross-links were increased in carotid artery neointima in Xbp1fl/fl SM22α-CRE+ mice. Cultured TG2-deficient VSMCs had decreased XBP1 associated with increased IRE1α, and increased migration in response to PDGF. Neointimal hyperplasia also was significantly increased in Tgm2fl/fl SM22α-CRE+ mice at 21 days after carotid ligation. In conclusion, a VSMC regulatory circuit between XBP1 and TG2 limits neointimal hyperplasia in response to carotid ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon L. Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Weifang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ru Liu- Bryan
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
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Cakir I, Nillni EA. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, the Hypothalamus, and Energy Balance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:163-176. [PMID: 30691778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity pose significant health problems globally, and are causatively linked to metabolic dysregulation. The hypothalamus integrates neural, nutritional, and hormonal cues to regulate homeostasis, including circadian rhythm, body temperature, thirst, food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose metabolism. Hypothalamic neuropeptides play a fundamental role in these processes. Studies during the past two decades suggest a role of central endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the pathophysiology of obesity. This review covers recent findings on the role of ER stress and neuropeptide processing in the central regulation of energy homeostasis, with special emphasis on proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-encoding neurons. In addition, the role of neuroinflammation in the context of obesity is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isin Cakir
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eduardo A Nillni
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Inhibition of the IRE-1α/XBP-1 pathway prevents chronic GVHD and preserves the GVL effect in mice. Blood Adv 2019; 2:414-427. [PMID: 29483082 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017009068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is a curative procedure for hematological malignancies, but chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a major complication after allogeneic HCT. Because donor B cells are essential for cGVHD development and B cells are sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we hypothesized that the IRE-1α/XBP-1 pathway is required for B-cell activation and function and for the development of cGVHD. To test this hypothesis, we used conditional knock-out mice deficient of XBP-1 specifically in B cells. Recipients transplanted with donor grafts containing XBP-1-deficient B cells displayed reduced cGVHD compared with controls. Reduction of cGVHD correlated with impaired B-cell functions, including reduced production of anti-double-stranded DNA immunoglobulin G antibodies, CD86, Fas, and GL7 surface expression, and impaired T-cell responses, including reduced interferon-γ production and follicular helper T cells. In a bronchiolitis obliterans cGVHD model, recipients of transplants containing XBP-1-deficient B cells demonstrated improved pulmonary function correlated with reduced donor splenic follicular helper T cells and increased B cells compared with those of wild-type control donor grafts. We then tested if XBP-1 blockade via an IRE-1α inhibitor, B-I09, would attenuate cGVHD and preserve the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. In a cutaneous cGVHD model, we found that prophylactic administration of B-I09 reduced clinical features of cGVHD, which correlated with reductions in donor T-cell and dendritic cell skin infiltrates. Inhibition of the IRE-1α/XBP-1 pathway also preserved the GVL effect against chronic myelogenous leukemia mediated by allogeneic splenocytes. Collectively, the ER stress response mediated by the IRE-1α/XBP-1 axis is required for cGVHD development but dispensable for GVL activity.
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García-González P, Cabral-Miranda F, Hetz C, Osorio F. Interplay Between the Unfolded Protein Response and Immune Function in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2541. [PMID: 30450103 PMCID: PMC6224445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the immune and nervous systems are in close interaction in health and disease conditions. Protein aggregation and proteostasis dysfunction at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are central contributors to neurodegenerative diseases. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the main transduction pathway that maintains protein homeostasis under conditions of protein misfolding and aggregation. Brain inflammation often coexists with the degenerative process in different brain diseases. Interestingly, besides its well-described role in neuronal fitness, the UPR has also emerged as a key regulator of ontogeny and function of several immune cell types. Nevertheless, the contribution of the UPR to brain inflammation initiated by immune cells remains largely unexplored. In this review, we provide a perspective on the potential role of ER stress signaling in brain-associated immune cells and the possible implications to neuroinflammation and development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina García-González
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Cabral-Miranda
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Brain Health and Metabolism, FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Brain Health and Metabolism, FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fabiola Osorio
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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35
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Taalab YM, Ibrahim N, Maher A, Hassan M, Mohamed W, Moustafa AA, Salama M, Johar D, Bernstein L. Mechanisms of disordered neurodegenerative function: concepts and facts about the different roles of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:387-415. [PMID: 29303785 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are a dissimilar group of disorders that share a hallmark feature of accumulation of abnormal intraneuronal or extraneuronal misfolded/unfolded protein and are classified as protein misfolding disorders. Cellular and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates multiple signaling cascades of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Consequently, translational and transcriptional alterations in target gene expression occur in response directed toward restoring the ER capacity of proteostasis and reestablishing the cellular homeostasis. Evidences from in vitro and in vivo disease models indicate that disruption of ER homeostasis causes abnormal protein aggregation that leads to synaptic and neuronal dysfunction. However, the exact mechanism by which it contributes to disease progression and pathophysiological changes remains vague. Downstream signaling pathways of UPR are fully integrated, yet with diverse unexpected outcomes in different disease models. Three well-identified ER stress sensors have been implicated in UPR, namely, inositol requiring enzyme 1, protein kinase RNA-activated-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6. Although it cannot be denied that each of the involved stress sensor initiates a distinct downstream signaling pathway, it becomes increasingly clear that shared pathways are crucial in determining whether or not the UPR will guide the cells toward adaptive prosurvival or proapoptotic responses. We review a body of work on the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases based on oxidative stress and cell death pathways with emphasis on the role of PERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen M Taalab
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, 35111, Egypt
| | - Nour Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11591, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Maher
- Zoonotic Disease Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 25200, Egypt
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju-do 32588, South Korea
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Menoufia University, Al-Menoufia, 25200 Egypt.,Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kunatan Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology and MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2751 Australia
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, 35111, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dina Johar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11291, Egypt.,Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology 432 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada, e-mail:
| | - Larry Bernstein
- Triplex Consulting, 54 Firethorn Lane, Northampton, MA 01060, USA
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Barrera K, Stanek A, Okochi K, Niewiadomska Z, Mueller C, Ou P, John D, Alfonso AE, Tenner S, Huan C. Acinar cell injury induced by inadequate unfolded protein response in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2018; 9:37-46. [PMID: 30283709 PMCID: PMC6163129 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v9.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder of pancreatic tissue initiated in injured acinar cells. Severe AP remains a significant challenge due to the lack of effective treatment. The widely-accepted autodigestion theory of AP is now facing challenges, since inhibiting protease activation has negligible effectiveness for AP treatment despite numerous efforts. Furthermore, accumulating evidence supports a new concept that malfunction of a self-protective mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR), is the driving force behind the pathogenesis of AP. The UPR is induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a disturbance frequently found in acinar cells, to prevent the aggravation of ER stress that can otherwise lead to cell injury. In addition, the UPR’s signaling pathways control NFκB activation and autophagy flux, and these dysregulations cause acinar cell inflammatory injury in AP, but with poorly understood mechanisms. We therefore summarize the protective role of the UPR in AP, propose mechanistic models of how inadequate UPR could promote NFκB’s pro-inflammatory activity and impair autophagy’s protective function in acinar cells, and discuss its relevance to current AP treatment. We hope that insight provided in this review will help facilitate the research and management of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylene Barrera
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Albert Stanek
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Kei Okochi
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Cathy Mueller
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Peiqi Ou
- School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Devon John
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Antonio E Alfonso
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Scott Tenner
- Greater New York Endoscopy Surgical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11235, United States
| | - Chongmin Huan
- Department of Surgery and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
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37
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Martínez G, Khatiwada S, Costa-Mattioli M, Hetz C. ER Proteostasis Control of Neuronal Physiology and Synaptic Function. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:610-624. [PMID: 29945734 PMCID: PMC7268632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal proteostasis is maintained by the dynamic integration of different processes that regulate the synthesis, folding, quality control, and localization of proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a fundamental pillar of the proteostasis network, and is emerging as a key compartment to sustain normal brain function. The unfolded protein response (UPR), the main mechanism that copes with ER stress, plays a central role in the quality control of many ion channels and receptors, in addition to crosstalk with signaling pathways that regulate connectivity, synapse formation, and neuronal plasticity. We provide here an overview of recent advances in the involvement of the UPR in maintaining neuronal proteostasis, and discuss its emerging role in brain development, neuronal physiology, and behavior, as well as the implications for neurodegenerative diseases involving cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Martínez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sanjeev Khatiwada
- Department of Neuroscience, Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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38
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Farina AR, Cappabianca L, Ruggeri P, Gneo L, Pellegrini C, Fargnoli MC, Mackay AR. The oncogenic neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin-related kinase variant, TrkAIII. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:119. [PMID: 29914559 PMCID: PMC6006588 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes derived from the neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin-related kinase TrkA act as drivers in sub-populations of a wide-range of human cancers. This, combined with a recent report that both adult and childhood cancers driven by novel oncogenic TrkA chimeric-fusions exhibit profound, long-lived therapeutic responses to the Trk inhibitor Larotrectinib, highlights the need to improve clinical detection of TrkA oncogene-driven cancers in order to maximise this novel therapeutic potential. Cancers potentially driven by TrkA oncogenes include a proportion of paediatric neuroblastomas (NBs) that express the alternative TrkA splice variant TrkAIII, which exhibits exon 6, 7 and 9 skipping and oncogenic-activity that depends upon deletion of the extracellular D4 Ig-like domain. In contrast to fully spliced TrkA, which exhibits tumour suppressor activity in NB and associates with good prognosis, TrkAIII associates with advanced stage metastatic disease, post therapeutic relapse and worse prognosis, induces malignant transformation of NIH-3T3 cells and exhibits oncogenic activity in NB models. TrkAIII induction in NB cells is stress-regulated by conditions that mimic hypoxia or perturbate the ER with potential to change TrkA tumour-suppressing signals into oncogenic TrkAIII signals within the stressful tumour microenvironment. In contrast to cell surface TrkA, TrkAIII re-localises to intracellular pre-Golgi membranes, centrosomes and mitochondria, within which it exhibits spontaneous ligand-independent activation, triggering a variety of mechanisms that promote tumorigenicity and malignant behaviour, which impact the majority of cancer hallmarks. In this review, we present updates on TrkAIII detection and association with human malignancies, the multiple ways TrkAIII exerts oncogenic activity and potential therapeutic approaches for TrkAIII expressing cancers, with particular reference to NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Lucia Cappabianca
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Ruggeri
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luciana Gneo
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina Pellegrini
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria-Concetta Fargnoli
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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39
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Brucklacher-Waldert V, Ferreira C, Stebegg M, Fesneau O, Innocentin S, Marie JC, Veldhoen M. Cellular Stress in the Context of an Inflammatory Environment Supports TGF-β-Independent T Helper-17 Differentiation. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2357-2370. [PMID: 28614720 PMCID: PMC5483510 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper-17 (Th17) cells are associated with inflammatory disorders and cancer. We report that environmental conditions resulting in cellular stress, such as low oxygen, glucose, and isotonic stress, particularly enhance the generation of Th17 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of cell stress reduces Th17 cell differentiation while stress inducers enhance the development of Th17 cells. The cellular stress response results in Th17 cell development via sustained cytoplasmic calcium levels and, in part, XBP1 activity. Furthermore, in an inflammatory environment, conditions resulting in cell stress can bring about de novo Th17 cell differentiation, even in the absence of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. In vivo, cell stress inhibition enhances resistance to Th17-mediated autoimmunity while stress-exposed T cells enhance disease severity. Adverse metabolic environments during inflammation provide a link between adaptive immunity and inflammation and may represent a risk factor for the development of chronic inflammatory conditions by facilitating Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Marisa Stebegg
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Olivier Fesneau
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon UMR INSERM1052, CNRS 5286 28 rue Laennec, Lyon 69373, Cedex 08, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69000, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France; Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Julien C Marie
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon UMR INSERM1052, CNRS 5286 28 rue Laennec, Lyon 69373, Cedex 08, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69000, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France; Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon 69008, France; TGFβ and Immuno-Evasion Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal.
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40
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McLaughlin T, Falkowski M, Park JW, Keegan S, Elliott M, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. Loss of XBP1 accelerates age-related decline in retinal function and neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:16. [PMID: 29615095 PMCID: PMC5883257 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is the strongest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and extended age results in neuronal degeneration and functional decline in the visual system. Among many contributing factors to age-related deterioration of neurons is an insufficient activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in response to cellular stress. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a major component of the UPR and is essential for maintaining protein homeostasis and reducing cellular stresses. Herein, we investigate the role of XBP1 in maintaining morphological and functional integrity in retinal neurons during adulthood and the early stages of aging. Methods The basal and induced levels of XBP1 activation in the retina were measured in young adult and aged mice. Conditional knockout (cKO) of XBP1 in retinal neurons was achieved by crossing XBP1 floxed mice with a retina specific Cre-recombinase line (Chx10-Cre). Retinal morphology, neuronal populations including photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), synaptic structure, and microglial activation were examined with immunohistochemistry and staining of retinal sections. Retinal function was evaluated with light-adapted (photopic) and dark adapted (scotopic) electroretinograms. Retinal mitochondrial function and metabolism was assessed by Seahorse XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Results The retinas of aged wild type (WT) mice display a significantly reduced basal level of Xbp1s and compromised activation of ER stress response. In XBP1 cKO mice, significant structural degeneration of the retina, evidenced by thinning of retinal layers and a loss of RGCs, and functional defects indicated by diminished photopic and scotopic ERG b-waves are observed at the age of 12–14 months. Furthermore, discontinuous and disorganized synaptic laminae, colocalized with activated microglia, in the inner plexiform layer is found in the XBP1 cKO retinas. In addition, cKO mice demonstrate a significant increase in ectopic synapses between bipolar cells and photoreceptors, which is strikingly similar to WT mice at 20–24 months of age. These changes are associated with defective retinal glycolysis while mitochondrial respiratory function appears normal in the cKO retina. Conclusions XBP1 cKO mice at 12–14 months of age show significant structural, functional, and metabolic deficits that closely resemble WT mice twice that age. Our findings suggest that the absence of XBP1, a critical component of the UPR, accelerates age-related retinal neurodegeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0250-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd McLaughlin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marek Falkowski
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jae Whan Park
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Stephen Keegan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Michael Elliott
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. .,SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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41
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Gerakis Y, Hetz C. Emerging roles of ER stress in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. FEBS J 2017; 285:995-1011. [PMID: 29148236 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by synaptic dysfunction and accumulation of abnormal aggregates formed by amyloid-β peptides or phosphorylated tau proteins. Accumulating evidence suggests that alterations in the buffering capacity of the proteostasis network are a salient feature of AD. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main compartment involved in protein folding and secretion and is drastically affected in AD neurons. ER stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction pathway that enforces adaptive programs to recover homeostasis or trigger apoptosis of irreversibly damaged cells. Experimental manipulation of specific UPR signaling modules in preclinical models of AD has revealed a key role of this pathway in regulating protein misfolding and neurodegeneration. Recent studies suggest that the UPR also influences synaptic plasticity and memory through ER stress-independent mechanisms. Consequently, targeting of the UPR in AD is emerging as an interesting therapeutic approach to modify the two pillars of AD, protein misfolding and synaptic failure. Here, we review the functional role of ER stress signaling in AD, discussing the complex involvement of the pathway in controlling neuronal survival, the amyloid cascade, neurodegeneration and synaptic function. Recent intervention efforts to target the UPR with pharmacological and gene therapy strategies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Gerakis
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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42
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Shah SZA, Zhao D, Hussain T, Yang L. Role of the AMPK pathway in promoting autophagic flux via modulating mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases: Insight into prion diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:51-63. [PMID: 28903070 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly energy demanding cells dependent on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. Mitochondria generate energy via respiratory complexes that constitute the electron transport chain. Adenosine triphosphate depletion or glucose starvation act as a trigger for the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is an evolutionarily conserved protein that plays an important role in cell survival and organismal longevity through modulation of energy homeostasis and autophagy. Several studies suggest that AMPK activation may improve energy metabolism and protein clearance in the brains of patients with vascular injury or neurodegenerative disease. Mild mitochondrial dysfunction leads to activated AMPK signaling, but severe endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to a shift from autophagy towards apoptosis and perturbed AMPK signaling. Hence, controlling mitochondrial dynamics and autophagic flux via AMPK activation might be a useful therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases to reinstate energy homeostasis and degrade misfolded proteins. In this review article, we discuss briefly the role of AMPK signaling in energy homeostasis, the structure of AMPK, activation mechanisms of AMPK, regulation of AMPK, the role of AMPK in autophagy, the role of AMPK in neurodegenerative diseases, and finally the role of autophagic flux in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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43
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Duran-Aniotz C, Cornejo VH, Espinoza S, Ardiles ÁO, Medinas DB, Salazar C, Foley A, Gajardo I, Thielen P, Iwawaki T, Scheper W, Soto C, Palacios AG, Hoozemans JJM, Hetz C. IRE1 signaling exacerbates Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:489-506. [PMID: 28341998 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered proteostasis is a salient feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), highlighting the occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and abnormal protein aggregation. ER stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling pathway that enforces adaptive programs to sustain proteostasis or eliminate terminally damaged cells. IRE1 is an ER-located kinase and endoribonuclease that operates as a major stress transducer, mediating both adaptive and proapoptotic programs under ER stress. IRE1 signaling controls the expression of the transcription factor XBP1, in addition to degrade several RNAs. Importantly, a polymorphism in the XBP1 promoter was suggested as a risk factor to develop AD. Here, we demonstrate a positive correlation between the progression of AD histopathology and the activation of IRE1 in human brain tissue. To define the significance of the UPR to AD, we targeted IRE1 expression in a transgenic mouse model of AD. Despite initial expectations that IRE1 signaling may protect against AD, genetic ablation of the RNase domain of IRE1 in the nervous system significantly reduced amyloid deposition, the content of amyloid β oligomers, and astrocyte activation. IRE1 deficiency fully restored the learning and memory capacity of AD mice, associated with improved synaptic function and improved long-term potentiation (LTP). At the molecular level, IRE1 deletion reduced the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in cortical and hippocampal areas of AD mice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that inhibition of IRE1 downstream signaling reduces APP steady-state levels, associated with its retention at the ER followed by proteasome-mediated degradation. Our findings uncovered an unanticipated role of IRE1 in the pathogenesis of AD, offering a novel target for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Sector B, second floor), University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Hugo Cornejo
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Sector B, second floor), University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Espinoza
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Sector B, second floor), University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaiso, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Danilo B Medinas
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Sector B, second floor), University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Salazar
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaiso, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Andrew Foley
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Sector B, second floor), University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivana Gajardo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaiso, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Peter Thielen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Wiep Scheper
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Soto
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, The University of Texas Houston Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adrian G Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaiso, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Sector B, second floor), University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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Sage AP, Nus M, Bagchi Chakraborty J, Tsiantoulas D, Newland SA, Finigan AJ, Masters L, Binder CJ, Mallat Z. X-Box Binding Protein-1 Dependent Plasma Cell Responses Limit the Development of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2017; 121:270-281. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
Diverse B cell responses and functions may be involved in atherosclerosis. Protective antibody responses, such as those against oxidized lipid epitopes, are thought to mainly derive from T cell-independent innate B cell subsets. In contrast, both pathogenic and protective roles have been associated with T cell-dependent antibodies, and their importance in both humans and mouse models is still unclear.
Objective:
To specifically target antibody production by plasma cells and determine the impact on atherosclerotic plaque development in mice with and without CD4+ T cells.
Methods and Results:
We combined a model of specific antibody deficiency, B cell-specific CD79a-
Cre
x XBP1 (X-box binding protein-1) floxed mice (XBP1-conditional knockout), with antibody-mediated depletion of CD4+ T cells. Ldlr knockout mice transplanted with XBP1-conditional knockout (or wild-type control littermate) bone marrow were fed western diet for 8 weeks with or without anti-CD4 depletion. All groups had similar levels of serum cholesterol. In Ldlr/XBP1-conditional knockout mice, serum levels of IgG, IgE, and IgM were significantly attenuated, and local antibody deposition in atherosclerotic plaque was absent. Antibody deficiency significantly accelerated atherosclerosis at both the aortic root and aortic arch. T cell and monocyte responses were not modulated, but necrotic core size was greater, even when adjusting for plaque size, and collagen deposition significantly lower. Anti-CD4 depletion in Ldlr/wild-type mice led to a decrease of serum IgG1 and IgG2c but not IgG3, as well as decreased IgM, associated with increased atherosclerosis and necrotic cores, and a decrease in plaque collagen. The combination of antibody deficiency and anti-CD4 depletion has no additive effects on aortic root atherosclerosis.
Conclusions:
The endogenous T cell-dependent humoral response can be protective. This has important implications for novel vaccine strategies for atherosclerosis and in understanding the impacts of immunotherapies used in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Sage
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
| | - Meritxell Nus
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
| | - Jayashree Bagchi Chakraborty
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
| | - Stephen A. Newland
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
| | - Alison J. Finigan
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
| | - Leanne Masters
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., M.N., J.B.C., S.A.N., A.J.F., L.M., Z.M.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, (D.T., C.J.B.); Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (D.T., C.J.B.); INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.); and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (Z.M.)
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Abstract
The clinical manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases is initiated by the selective alteration in the functionality of distinct neuronal populations. The pathology of many neurodegenerative diseases includes accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain. In physiological conditions, the proteostasis network maintains normal protein folding, trafficking and degradation; alterations in this network - particularly disturbances to the function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - are thought to contribute to abnormal protein aggregation. ER stress triggers a signalling reaction known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which induces adaptive programmes that improve protein folding and promote quality control mechanisms and degradative pathways or can activate apoptosis when damage is irreversible. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in defining the functional contribution of ER stress to brain diseases, including novel evidence that relates the UPR to synaptic function, which has implications for cognition and memory. A complex concept is emerging wherein the consequences of ER stress can differ drastically depending on the disease context and the UPR signalling pathway that is altered. Strategies to target specific components of the UPR using small molecules and gene therapy are in development, and promise interesting avenues for future interventions to delay or stop neurodegeneration.
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46
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Remondelli P, Renna M. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Its Potential Therapeutic Significance. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:187. [PMID: 28670265 PMCID: PMC5472670 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cell compartment involved in secretory protein translocation and quality control of secretory protein folding. Different conditions can alter ER function, resulting in the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the ER lumen. Such a condition, known as ER stress, elicits an integrated adaptive response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore proteostasis within the secretory pathway. Conversely, in prolonged cell stress or insufficient adaptive response, UPR signaling causes cell death. ER dysfunctions are involved and contribute to neuronal degeneration in several human diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The correlations between ER stress and its signal transduction pathway known as the UPR with neuropathological changes are well established. In addition, much evidence suggests that genetic or pharmacological modulation of UPR could represent an effective strategy for minimizing the progressive neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review recent results describing the main cellular mechanisms linking ER stress and UPR to neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we provide an up-to-date panoramic view of the currently pursued strategies for ameliorating the toxic effects of protein unfolding in disease by targeting the ER UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Remondelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Università degli Studi di SalernoSalerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
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47
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Fink SL, Jayewickreme TR, Molony RD, Iwawaki T, Landis CS, Lindenbach BD, Iwasaki A. IRE1α promotes viral infection by conferring resistance to apoptosis. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaai7814. [PMID: 28588082 PMCID: PMC5535312 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai7814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ancient cellular pathway that detects and alleviates protein-folding stresses. The UPR components X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) promote type I interferon (IFN) responses. We found that Xbp1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and macrophages had impaired antiviral resistance. However, this was not because of a defect in type I IFN responses but rather an inability of Xbp1-deficient cells to undergo viral-induced apoptosis. The ability to undergo apoptosis limited infection in wild-type cells. Xbp1-deficient cells were generally resistant to the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis through an indirect mechanism involving activation of the nuclease IRE1α. We observed an IRE1α-dependent reduction in the abundance of the proapoptotic microRNA miR-125a and a corresponding increase in the amounts of the members of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family. The activation of IRE1α by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein NS4B in XBP1-proficient cells also conferred apoptosis resistance and promoted viral replication. Furthermore, we found evidence of IRE1α activation and decreased miR-125a abundance in liver biopsies from patients infected with HCV compared to those in the livers of healthy controls. Our results reveal a prosurvival role for IRE1α in virally infected cells and suggest a possible target for IFN-independent antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Fink
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Ryan D Molony
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Charles S Landis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20814, USA
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48
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Shah SZA, Zhao D, Hussain T, Yang L. The Role of Unfolded Protein Response and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Focus on Prion Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:120. [PMID: 28507517 PMCID: PMC5410568 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative pathologies characterized by the accumulation of a protease-resistant form of the cellular prion protein named prion protein scrapie (PrPSc) in the brain. PrPSc accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) result in a dysregulated calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and subsequent initiation of unfolded protein response (UPR) leading to neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms for the transition between adaptation to ER stress and ER stress-induced apoptosis are still unclear. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that rule the signaling of many extracellular stimuli from plasma membrane to the nucleus. However the identification of numerous points of cross talk between the UPR and MAPK signaling pathways may contribute to our understanding of the consequences of ER stress in prion diseases. Indeed the MAPK signaling network is known to regulate cell cycle progression and cell survival or death responses following a variety of stresses including misfolded protein response stress. In this article, we review the UPR signaling in prion diseases and discuss the triad of MAPK signaling pathways. We also describe the role played by MAPK signaling cascades in Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). We will also overview the mechanisms of cell death and the role of MAPK signaling in prion disease progression and highlight potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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49
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Llorens F, Thüne K, Sikorska B, Schmitz M, Tahir W, Fernández-Borges N, Cramm M, Gotzmann N, Carmona M, Streichenberger N, Michel U, Zafar S, Schuetz AL, Rajput A, Andréoletti O, Bonn S, Fischer A, Liberski PP, Torres JM, Ferrer I, Zerr I. Altered Ca 2+ homeostasis induces Calpain-Cathepsin axis activation in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:35. [PMID: 28449707 PMCID: PMC5408381 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most prevalent form of human prion disease and it is characterized by the presence of neuronal loss, spongiform degeneration, chronic inflammation and the accumulation of misfolded and pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc). The molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations are largely unknown, but the presence of intracellular neuronal calcium (Ca2+) overload, a general feature in models of prion diseases, is suggested to play a key role in prion pathogenesis. Here we describe the presence of massive regulation of Ca2+ responsive genes in sCJD brain tissue, accompanied by two Ca2+-dependent processes: endoplasmic reticulum stress and the activation of the cysteine proteases Calpains 1/2. Pathogenic Calpain proteins activation in sCJD is linked to the cleavage of their cellular substrates, impaired autophagy and lysosomal damage, which is partially reversed by Calpain inhibition in a cellular prion model. Additionally, Calpain 1 treatment enhances seeding activity of PrPSc in a prion conversion assay. Neuronal lysosomal impairment caused by Calpain over activation leads to the release of the lysosomal protease Cathepsin S that in sCJD mainly localises in axons, although massive Cathepsin S overexpression is detected in microglial cells. Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and activation of Calpain-Cathepsin axis already occur at pre-clinical stages of the disease as detected in a humanized sCJD mouse model. Altogether our work indicates that unbalanced Calpain-Cathepsin activation is a relevant contributor to the pathogenesis of sCJD at multiple molecular levels and a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Xiong G, Hindi SM, Mann AK, Gallot YS, Bohnert KR, Cavener DR, Whittemore SR, Kumar A. The PERK arm of the unfolded protein response regulates satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle regeneration. eLife 2017; 6:22871. [PMID: 28332979 PMCID: PMC5391206 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle in adults is mediated by satellite stem cells. Accumulation of misfolded proteins triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress that leads to unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is relayed to the cell through the activation of PERK, IRE1/XBP1, and ATF6. Here, we demonstrate that levels of PERK and IRE1 are increased in satellite cells upon muscle injury. Inhibition of PERK, but not the IRE1 arm of the UPR in satellite cells inhibits myofiber regeneration in adult mice. PERK is essential for the survival and differentiation of activated satellite cells into the myogenic lineage. Deletion of PERK causes hyper-activation of p38 MAPK during myogenesis. Blocking p38 MAPK activity improves the survival and differentiation of PERK-deficient satellite cells in vitro and muscle formation in vivo. Collectively, our results suggest that the PERK arm of the UPR plays a pivotal role in the regulation of satellite cell homeostasis during regenerative myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Xiong
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, United States
| | - Sajedah M Hindi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, United States
| | - Aman K Mann
- duPont Manual High School, Louisville, United States
| | - Yann S Gallot
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, United States
| | - Kyle R Bohnert
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, United States
| | - Douglas R Cavener
- Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, United States
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