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Su M, Shi Y, Yang Y, Guo W. Impacts of different biomass burning emission inventories: Simulations of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations based on GEOS-Chem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162825. [PMID: 36924969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning has substantial spatiotemporal variabilities. It contributes significantly to the dynamics of global CO2 distributions and variances. Quantifying the impacts of biomass burning emissions on atmospheric CO2 concentrations is essential for global and regional carbon cycles and budgets. In this study, we performed several numerical experiments by switching and replacing inventories to estimate the impacts of four biomass burning emission inventories on atmospheric CO2 concentration simulations in 2006-2010 based on the global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem. The results highlighted similarities and differences in the annual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions and simulated CO2 concentrations at global and regional scales. Based on four different biomass burning emission inventories, we found that biomass burning emissions could lead to a global CO2 concentration increase of 2.4 ppm annually. Africa contributed the largest global CO2 emissions among all continental regions, where the maximum CO2 concentration increase could reach 7.9-13.0 ppm in summer. Model evaluation results showed that simulation using the Quick Fire Emissions Database (QFED) as the model priori biomass burning emission inventory had the best performance compared with the satellite and surface observations. The sensitivity of simulated CO2 concentrations to the uncertainties in different biomass burning emission inventories was high in southern South America and most areas of the Eurasian continent, and low in central Africa and Southeast Asia. This study furthers our understanding of the critical role of biomass burning in atmospheric CO2 and indicates an urgent need to improve the accuracy of biomass burning emission estimates in CO2 simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Su
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yongliang Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Wenyue Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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2
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Fisher JA, Schneider L, Fostier AH, Guerrero S, Guimarães JRD, Labuschagne C, Leaner JJ, Martin LG, Mason RP, Somerset V, Walters C. A synthesis of mercury research in the Southern Hemisphere, part 2: Anthropogenic perturbations. AMBIO 2023; 52:918-937. [PMID: 36952094 PMCID: PMC10073395 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental mercury (Hg) contamination is a global concern requiring action at national scales. Scientific understanding and regulatory policies are underpinned by global extrapolation of Northern Hemisphere Hg data, despite historical, political, and socioeconomic differences between the hemispheres that impact Hg sources and sinks. In this paper, we explore the primary anthropogenic perturbations to Hg emission and mobilization processes that differ between hemispheres and synthesize current understanding of the implications for Hg cycling. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), lower historical production of Hg and other metals implies lower present-day legacy emissions, but the extent of the difference remains uncertain. More use of fire and higher deforestation rates drive re-mobilization of terrestrial Hg, while also removing vegetation that would otherwise provide a sink for atmospheric Hg. Prevalent Hg use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining is a dominant source of Hg inputs to the environment in tropical regions. Meanwhile, coal-fired power stations continue to be a significant Hg emission source and industrial production of non-ferrous metals is a large and growing contributor. Major uncertainties remain, hindering scientific understanding and effective policy formulation, and we argue for an urgent need to prioritize research activities in under-sampled regions of the SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A. Fisher
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Larissa Schneider
- College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Coombs Bld 9 Fellows Rd, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Anne-Hélène Fostier
- Instituto de Química/Unicamp, Rua Josué de Castro, s/n – Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Saul Guerrero
- College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Coombs Bld 9 Fellows Rd, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jean Remy Davée Guimarães
- Lab. de Traçadores, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Casper Labuschagne
- South African Weather Service c/o CSIR Environmentek, 11 Jan Cilliers Street, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa
| | - Joy J. Leaner
- Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Western Cape Government, Property Building, 1 Dorp Street, Cape Town, 8001 Western Cape South Africa
| | - Lynwill G. Martin
- South African Weather Service c/o CSIR Environmentek, 11 Jan Cilliers Street, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa
- Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - Robert P. Mason
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Vernon Somerset
- Department of Chemistry, CPUT, CPUT Bellville Campus, Bellville, 7535 Western Cape South Africa
| | - Chavon Walters
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 11 Jan Cilliers Street, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa
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3
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Yin S. Effect of biomass burning on premature mortality associated with long-term exposure to PM 2.5 in Equatorial Asia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 330:117154. [PMID: 36584473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The health burden from exposure to ambient fine particulates (PM2.5) in Equatorial Asia is substantially affected by the peatland fires in Indonesia, but the long-term health effect of the fires on local inhabitants is unclear. In this study, PM2.5-associated excess mortality in Equatorial Asia over the past 30 years (1990-2019) was estimated and then the health effect of biomass burning was identified. The PM2.5-related death in Equatorial Asia almost tripled from 113 (95% confidence interval, 100-125) thousand in 1990 to 337 (300-373) thousand in 2019, with a rate of increase of 6.4 (6.2-6.9) thousand/yr. The intense biomass burning between 1990 and 2019 was estimated to have induced 317 (282-348) thousand excess deaths in the study regions, with excess deaths mainly occurring in the El Niño years, such as in 1997, 2006, 2015 and 2019. Although the remote sensing data and emission inventories both reveal that the effective control measures have reduced biomass burning intensity in Equatorial Asia (especially in Sumatra and Borneo), the corresponding health benefit has been offset by variations in demographic factors, i.e., population and age structure. Over the same period, fossil fuel emissions continued to increase rapidly. Thus, more stringent and ambitious policies are required to reduce the health burden from biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions simultaneously to maximize the health benefits from government measures and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yin
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 3058506, Japan.
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4
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Brown C, Boyd DS, Sjögersten S, Vane CH. Detecting tropical peatland degradation: Combining remote sensing and organic geochemistry. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280187. [PMID: 36989287 PMCID: PMC10057786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are important carbon stores that are vulnerable to drainage and conversion to agriculture. Protection and restoration of peatlands are increasingly recognised as key nature based solutions that can be implemented as part of climate change mitigation. Identification of peatland areas that are important for protection and restauration with regards to the state of their carbon stocks, are therefore vital for policy makers. In this paper we combined organic geochemical analysis by Rock-Eval (6) pyrolysis of peat collected from sites with different land management history and optical remote sensing products to assess if remotely sensed data could be used to predict peat conditions and carbon storage. The study used the North Selangor Peat Swamp forest, Malaysia, as the model system. Across the sampling sites the carbon stocks in the below ground peat was ca 12 times higher than the forest (median carbon stock held in ground vegetation 114.70 Mg ha-1 and peat soil 1401.51 Mg ha-1). Peat core sub-samples and litter collected from Fire Affected, Disturbed Forest, and Managed Recovery locations (i.e. disturbed sites) had different decomposition profiles than Central Forest sites. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis of the upper peat profiles showed that surface peat layers at Fire Affected, Disturbed Forest, and Managed Recovery locations had lower immature organic matter index (I-index) values (average I-index range in upper section 0.15 to -0.06) and higher refractory organic matter index (R -index) (average R-index range in upper section 0.51 to 0.65) compared to Central Forest sites indicating enhanced decomposition of the surface peat. In the top 50 cm section of the peat profile, carbon stocks were negatively related to the normalised burns ratio (NBR) (a satellite derived parameter) (Spearman's rho = -0.664, S = 366, p-value = <0.05) while there was a positive relationship between the hydrogen index and the normalised burns ratio profile (Spearman's rho = 0.7, S = 66, p-value = <0.05) suggesting that this remotely sensed product is able to detect degradation of peat in the upper peat profile. We conclude that the NBR can be used to identify degraded peatland areas and to support identification of areas for conversation and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Brown
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Doreen S Boyd
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sofie Sjögersten
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth, United Kingdom
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Spatial variations in vegetation fires and emissions in South and Southeast Asia during COVID-19 and pre-pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18233. [PMID: 36309590 PMCID: PMC9617248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation fires are common in South/Southeast Asian (SA/SEA) countries. However, very few studies focused on vegetation fires and the changes during the COVID as compared to pre-pandemic. This study fills an information gap and reports total fire incidences, total burnt area, type of vegetation burnt, and total particulate matter emission variations in SA/SEA during COVID-2020 and pre-pandemic (2012-2019). Results from the short-term 2020-COVID versus 2019-non-COVID year showed a decline in fire counts varying from - 2.88 to 79.43% in S/SEA. The exceptions in South Asia include Afghanistan and Sri Lanka, with a 152% and 4.9% increase, and Cambodia and Myanmar in Southeast Asia, with an 11.1% and 8.5% increase in fire counts in the 2020-COVID year. The burnt area decline for 2020 compared to 2019 varied from - 0.8% to 92% for South/Southeast Asian countries, with most burning in agricultural landscapes than forests. Several patches in S/SEA showed a decrease in fires for the 2020 pandemic year compared to long term 2012-2020 pre-pandemic record, with Z scores greater or less than two denoting statistical significance. However, on a country scale, the results were not statistically significant in both S/SEA, with Z scores ranging from - 0.24 to - 1, although most countries experienced a decrease in fire counts. The associated mean TPM emissions declined from ~ 2.31 Tg (0.73stdev) during 2012-2019 to 2.0 (0.65stdev)Tg in 2020 in South Asia and 6.83 (0.70stdev)Tg during 2012-2019 to 5.71 (0.69 stdev)Tg in 2020 for South East Asian countries. The study highlights variations in fires and emissions useful for fire management and mitigation.
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Sahani M, Othman H, Kwan SC, Juneng L, Ibrahim MF, Hod R, Zaini ZI, Mustafa M, Nnafie I, Ching LC, Dambul R, Varkkey H, Phung VLH, Mamood SNH, Karim N, Abu Bakar NF, Wahab MIA, Zulfakar SS, Rosli Y. Impacts of climate change and environmental degradation on children in Malaysia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:909779. [PMID: 36311578 PMCID: PMC9614245 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.909779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of climate change and degradation are increasingly felt in Malaysia. While everyone is vulnerable to these impacts, the health and wellbeing of children are disproportionately affected. We carried out a study composed of two major components. The first component is an environmental epidemiology study comprised of three sub-studies: (i) a global climate model (GCM) simulating specific health-sector climate indices; (ii) a time-series study to estimate the risk of childhood respiratory disease attributable to ambient air pollution; and (iii) a case-crossover study to identify the association between haze and under-five mortality in Malaysia. The GCM found that Malaysia has been experiencing increasing rainfall intensity over the years, leading to increased incidences of other weather-related events. The time-series study revealed that air quality has worsened, while air pollution and haze have been linked to an increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases among children. Although no clear association between haze and under-five mortality was found in the case-crossover study, the lag patterns suggested that health effects could be more acute if haze occurred over a longer duration and at a higher intensity. The second component consists of three community surveys on marginalized children conducted (i) among the island community of Pulau Gaya, Sabah; (ii) among the indigenous Temiar tribe in Pos Kuala Mu, Perak; and (iii) among an urban poor community (B40) in PPR Sg. Bonus, Kuala Lumpur. The community surveys are cross-sectional studies employing a socio-ecological approach using a standardized questionnaire. The community surveys revealed how children adapt to climate change and environmental degradation. An integrated model was established that consolidates our overall research processes and demonstrates the crucial interconnections between environmental challenges exacerbated by climate change. It is recommended that Malaysian schools adopt a climate-smart approach to education to instill awareness of the impending climate change and its cascading impact on children's health from early school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazrura Sahani
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hidayatulfathi Othman
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo Chen Kwan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Liew Juneng
- Centre for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faiz Ibrahim
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zul'Izzat Ikhwan Zaini
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Penang Branch, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Maizatun Mustafa
- Legal Practice Department, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Issmail Nnafie
- Climate and Environment, UNICEF Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Lai Che Ching
- Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Ramzah Dambul
- Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Helena Varkkey
- Department of International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vera Ling Hui Phung
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Siti Nur Hanis Mamood
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Karim
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Faizah Abu Bakar
- Center for Diagnostic Therapeautic and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram A. Wahab
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Shahara Zulfakar
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yanti Rosli
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Yanti Rosli
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7
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Zhang G, Wang M, Liu K. Dynamic prediction of global monthly burned area with hybrid deep neural networks. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2610. [PMID: 35366041 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires not only severely damage the natural environment and global ecological balance but also cause substantial losses to global forest resources and human lives and property. Unprecedented fire events such as Australia's bushfires have alerted us to the fact that wildfire prediction is a critical scientific problem for fire management. Therefore, robust, long-lead models and dynamic predictions of wildfire are valuable for global fire prevention. However, despite decades of effort, the dynamic, effective, and accurate prediction of wildfire remains problematic. There is great uncertainty in predicting the future based on historical and existing spatiotemporal sequence data, but with advances in deep learning algorithms, solutions to prediction problems are being developed. Here, we present a dynamic prediction model of global burned area of wildfire employing a deep neural network (DNN) approach that produces effective wildfire forecasts based on historical time series predictors and satellite-based burned area products. A hybrid DNN that combines long short-term memory and a two-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN2D-LSTM) was proposed, and CNN2D-LSTM model candidates with four different architectures were designed and compared to construct the optimal architecture for fire prediction. The proposed model was also shown to outperform convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and the fully connected long short-term memory (FcLSTM) approach using the refined index of agreement and evaluation metrics. We produced monthly global burned area spatiotemporal prediction maps and adequately reflected the seasonal peak in fire activity and highly fire-prone areas. Our combined CNN2D-LSTM approach can effectively predict the global burned area of wildfires 1 month in advance and can be generalized to provide seasonal estimates of global fire risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhang
- School of National Safety and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- School of National Safety and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of National Safety and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Hapsari KA, Jennerjahn T, Nugroho SH, Yulianto E, Behling H. Sea level rise and climate change acting as interactive stressors on development and dynamics of tropical peatlands in coastal Sumatra and South Borneo since the Last Glacial Maximum. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3459-3479. [PMID: 35312144 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asian peatlands, along with their various important ecosystem services, are mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Sumatra and Borneo. These ecosystems are threatened by coastal development, global warming and sea level rise (SLR). Despite receiving growing attention for their biodiversity and as massive carbon stores, there is still a lack of knowledge on how they initiated and evolved over time, and how they responded to past environmental change, that is, precipitation, sea level and early anthropogenic activities. To improve our understanding thereof, we conducted multi-proxy paleoecological studies in the Kampar Peninsula and Katingan peatlands in the coastal area of Riau and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results indicate that the initiation timing and environment of both peatlands are very distinct, suggesting that peat could form under various vegetation as soon as there is sufficient moisture to limit organic matter decomposition. The past dynamics of both peatlands were mainly attributable to natural drivers, while anthropogenic activities were hardly relevant. Changes in precipitation and sea level led to shifts in peat swamp forest vegetation, peat accumulation rates and fire regimes at both sites. We infer that the simultaneous occurrence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and SLR resulted in synergistic effects which led to the occurrence of severe fires in a pristine coastal peatland ecosystem; however, it did not interrupt peat accretion. In the future, SLR, combined with the projected increase in frequency and intensity of ENSO, can potentially amplify the negative effects of anthropogenic peatland fires. This prospectively stimulates massive carbon release, thus could, in turn, contribute to worsening the global climate crisis especially once an as yet unknown threshold is crossed and peat accretion is halted, that is, peatlands lose their carbon sink function. Given the current rapid SLR, coastal peatland managements should start develop fire risk reduction or mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anggi Hapsari
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tim Jennerjahn
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geoscience, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Septriono Hari Nugroho
- Research Center for Geotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Eko Yulianto
- Research Center for Geotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hermann Behling
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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9
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Above-and-Belowground Carbon Stocks in Two Contrasting Peatlands in the Philippines. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although tropical peatlands are huge carbon reservoirs, they are threatened by climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Here, we assessed two contrasting peatland sites in the Philippines in terms of aboveground biomass and carbon content, soil carbon stock, and CO2 fluxes in the soils. The Caimpugan peatland in Agusan del Sur was considered the ‘undisturbed’ site, while the Bambanin peatland in Mindoro Oriental was the ‘disturbed’ site. The aboveground biomass at the undisturbed site was 35.8 ± 30.0 Mg ha−1) while at the disturbed site, it was 2.0 Mg ha−1 ± 1.9 Mg ha−1. The aboveground C content at the undisturbed site varied from 1.29 Mg C ha−1 to 37.2 C Mg ha−1, while the disturbed site only ranged from 0.1 Mg C ha−1 to 2.1 Mg C ha−1. A trend of increasing soil carbon content as the soil gets deeper was observed in both sites. At the undisturbed site, the average soil carbon content was 750 ± 710 Mg ha−1 and 595 ± 406 Mg ha−1 at the disturbed site. In terms of soil carbon emission, the undisturbed site had 3.6 ± 3.0 g C m−2d−1 and was only one-third the emission rate at the disturbed site (11.2 ± 6.4 g C m−2d−1). Our study highlights the dire condition of a disturbed peatland in terms of vegetation/soil carbon dynamics. We underscored the need to address the pressing issues on peatland drainage, agricultural activities, and human settlement within the peatland sites geared towards effectively managing this important carbon reservoir in the Philippines.
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10
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Zheng B, Ciais P, Chevallier F, Chuvieco E, Chen Y, Yang H. Increasing forest fire emissions despite the decline in global burned area. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh2646. [PMID: 34559570 PMCID: PMC8462883 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Satellites have detected a global decline in burned area of grassland, coincident with a small increase in burned forest area. These contrasting trends have been reported in earlier literature; however, less is known of their impacts on global fire emission trends due to the scarcity of direct observations. We use an atmospheric inversion system to show that global fire emissions have been stable or slightly decreasing despite the substantial decline in global burned area over the past two decades caused by the carbon dioxide emission increase from forest fires offsetting the decreasing emissions from grass and shrubland fires. Forest fires are larger carbon dioxide sources per unit area burned than grassland fires, with a slow or incomplete follow-up recovery—sometimes no recovery due to degradation and deforestation. With fires expanding over forest areas, the slow recovery of carbon dioxide uptake over burned forest lands weakens land sink capacity, implying positive feedback on climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Frederic Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emilio Chuvieco
- Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and the Environment, University of Alcalá, Calle Colegios 2, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Phung VLH, Ueda K, Sahani M, Seposo XT, Wan Mahiyuddin WR, Honda A, Takano H. Investigation of association between smoke haze and under-five mortality in Malaysia, accounting for time lag, duration and intensity. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 51:155-165. [PMID: 34148080 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the association between smoke haze (hereafter 'haze') and adverse health effects have increased in recent years due to extreme weather conditions and the increased occurrence of vegetation fires. The possible adverse health effects on under-five children (U5Y) is especially worrying due to their vulnerable condition. Despite continuous repetition of serious haze occurrence in Southeast Asia, epidemiological studies in this region remained scarce. Furthermore, no study had examined the association accounting for three important aspects (time lag, duration and intensity) concurrently. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between haze and U5Y mortality in Malaysia, considering time lag, duration and intensity of exposure. METHODS We performed a time-stratified case-crossover study using a generalized additive model to examine the U5Y mortality related to haze in 12 districts in Malaysia, spanning from 2014 to 2016. A 'haze day' was characterized by intensity [based on concentrations of particulate matter (PM)] and duration (continuity of haze occurrence, up to 3 days). RESULTS We observed the highest but non-significant odds ratios (ORs) of U5Y mortality at lag 4 of Intensity-3. Lag patterns revealed the possibility of higher acuteness at prolonged and intensified haze. Stratifying the districts by the 95th-percentile of PM distribution, the 'low' category demonstrated marginal positive association at Intensity-2 Duration-3 [OR: 1.210 (95% confidence interval: 1.000, 1.464)]. CONCLUSIONS We found a null association between haze and U5Y mortality. The different lag patterns of the association observed over different duration and intensity suggest consideration of these aspects in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Ling Hui Phung
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mazrura Sahani
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xerxes Tesoro Seposo
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wan Rozita Wan Mahiyuddin
- Environmental Health Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Akiko Honda
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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van Wees D, van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Andela N, Chen Y, Morton DC. The role of fire in global forest loss dynamics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2377-2391. [PMID: 33694227 PMCID: PMC8251961 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fires, among other forms of natural and anthropogenic disturbance, play a central role in regulating the location, composition and biomass of forests. Understanding the role of fire in global forest loss is crucial in constraining land-use change emissions and the global carbon cycle. We analysed the relationship between forest loss and fire at 500 m resolution based on satellite-derived data for the 2003-2018 period. Satellite fire data included burned area and active fire detections, to best account for large and small fires, respectively. We found that, on average, 38 ± 9% (± range) of global forest loss was associated with fire, and this fraction remained relatively stable throughout the study period. However, the fraction of fire-related forest loss varied substantially on a regional basis, and showed statistically significant trends in key tropical forest areas. Decreases in the fraction of fire-related forest loss were found where deforestation peaked early in our study period, including the Amazon and Indonesia while increases were found for tropical forests in Africa. The inclusion of active fire detections accounted for 41%, on average, of the total fire-related forest loss, with larger contributions in small clearings in interior tropical forests and human-dominated landscapes. Comparison to higher-resolution fire data with resolutions of 375 and 20 m indicated that commission errors due to coarse resolution fire data largely balanced out omission errors due to missed small fire detections for regional to continental-scale estimates of fire-related forest loss. Besides an improved understanding of forest dynamics, these findings may help to refine and separate fire-related and non-fire-related land-use change emissions in forested ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave van Wees
- Department of Earth SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Niels Andela
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Douglas C. Morton
- Biospheric Sciences LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
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13
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Lupascu M, Akhtar H, Smith TEL, Sukri RS. Post-fire carbon dynamics in the tropical peat swamp forests of Brunei reveal long-term elevated CH 4 flux. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5125-5145. [PMID: 32475055 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands hold about 15%-19% of the global peat carbon (C) pool of which 77% is stored in the peat swamp forests (PSFs) of Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, these PSFs have been drained, exploited for timber and land for agriculture, leading to frequent fires in the region. The physico-chemical characteristics of peat, as well as the hydrology of PSFs are affected after a fire, during which the ecosystem can act as a C source for decades, as C emissions to the atmosphere exceed photosynthesis. In this work, we studied the longer-term impact of fires on C cycling in tropical PSFs, hence we quantified the magnitude and patterns of C loss (CO2 , CH4 and dissolved organic carbon) and soil-water quality characteristics in an intact and a degraded burnt PSF in Brunei Darussalam affected by seven fires over the last 40 years. We used natural tracers such as 14 C to investigate the age and sources of C contributing to ecosystem respiration (Reco ) and CH4 , while we continuously monitored soil temperature and water table (WT) level from June 2017 to January 2019. Our results showed a major difference in the physico-chemical parameters, which in turn affected C dynamics, especially CH4 . Methane effluxes were higher in fire-affected areas (7.8 ± 2.2 mg CH4 m-2 hr-1 ) compared to the intact PSF (4.0 ± 2.0 mg CH4 m-2 hr-1 ) due to prolonged higher WT and more optimal methanogenesis conditions. On the other hand, we did not find significant differences in Reco between burnt (432 ± 83 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1 ) and intact PSF (359 ± 76 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1 ). Radiocarbon analysis showed overall no significant difference between intact and burnt PSF with a modern signature for both CO2 and CH4 fluxes implying a microbial preference for the more labile C fraction in the peat matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrated Tropical Peatland Research Program, NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hasan Akhtar
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas E L Smith
- Department of Geography and Environment, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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14
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Chen Y, Randerson JT, Coffield SR, Foufoula‐Georgiou E, Smyth P, Graff CA, Morton DC, Andela N, van der Werf GR, Giglio L, Ott LE. Forecasting Global Fire Emissions on Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) Time Scales. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2020; 12:e2019MS001955. [PMID: 33042387 PMCID: PMC7540459 DOI: 10.1029/2019ms001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fire emissions of gases and aerosols alter atmospheric composition and have substantial impacts on climate, ecosystem function, and human health. Warming climate and human expansion in fire-prone landscapes exacerbate fire impacts and call for more effective management tools. Here we developed a global fire forecasting system that predicts monthly emissions using past fire data and climate variables for lead times of 1 to 6 months. Using monthly fire emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) as the prediction target, we fit a statistical time series model, the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model with eXogenous variables (ARIMAX), in over 1,300 different fire regions. Optimized parameters were then used to forecast future emissions. The forecast system took into account information about region-specific seasonality, long-term trends, recent fire observations, and climate drivers representing both large-scale climate variability and local fire weather. We cross-validated the forecast skill of the system with different combinations of predictors and forecast lead times. The reference model, which combined endogenous and exogenous predictors with a 1 month forecast lead time, explained 52% of the variability in the global fire emissions anomaly, considerably exceeding the performance of a reference model that assumed persistent emissions during the forecast period. The system also successfully resolved detailed spatial patterns of fire emissions anomalies in regions with significant fire activity. This study bridges the gap between the efforts of near-real-time fire forecasts and seasonal fire outlooks and represents a step toward establishing an operational global fire, smoke, and carbon cycle forecasting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Shane R. Coffield
- Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Efi Foufoula‐Georgiou
- Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Padhraic Smyth
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineUSA
| | - Casey A. Graff
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Douglas C. Morton
- Biospheric Sciences LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Niels Andela
- Biospheric Sciences LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | | | - Louis Giglio
- Department of Geographical SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Lesley E. Ott
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
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15
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Prananto JA, Minasny B, Comeau LP, Rudiyanto R, Grace P. Drainage increases CO 2 and N 2 O emissions from tropical peat soils. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4583-4600. [PMID: 32391633 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are vital ecosystems that play an important role in global carbon storage and cycles. Current estimates of greenhouse gases from these peatlands are uncertain as emissions vary with environmental conditions. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of managed and natural tropical peatland GHG fluxes: heterotrophic (i.e. soil respiration without roots), total CO2 respiration rates, CH4 and N2 O fluxes. The study documents studies that measure GHG fluxes from the soil (n = 372) from various land uses, groundwater levels and environmental conditions. We found that total soil respiration was larger in managed peat ecosystems (median = 52.3 Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 ) than in natural forest (median = 35.9 Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 ). Groundwater level had a stronger effect on soil CO2 emission than land use. Every 100 mm drop of groundwater level caused an increase of 5.1 and 3.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 for plantation and cropping land use, respectively. Where groundwater is deep (≥0.5 m), heterotrophic respiration constituted 84% of the total emissions. N2 O emissions were significantly larger at deeper groundwater levels, where every drop in 100 mm of groundwater level resulted in an exponential emission increase (exp(0.7) kg N ha-1 year-1 ). Deeper groundwater levels induced high N2 O emissions, which constitute about 15% of total GHG emissions. CH4 emissions were large where groundwater is shallow; however, they were substantially smaller than other GHG emissions. When compared to temperate and boreal peatland soils, tropical peatlands had, on average, double the CO2 emissions. Surprisingly, the CO2 emission rates in tropical peatlands were in the same magnitude as tropical mineral soils. This comprehensive analysis provides a great understanding of the GHG dynamics within tropical peat soils that can be used as a guide for policymakers to create suitable programmes to manage the sustainability of peatlands effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Aditya Prananto
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Budiman Minasny
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rudiyanto Rudiyanto
- Program of Crop Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Peter Grace
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Wildfire occurrence and spread are affected by atmospheric and land-cover conditions, and therefore meteorological and land-cover parameters can be used in area burned prediction. We apply three forecast methods, a generalized linear model, regression trees, and neural networks (Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation) to produce monthly wildfire predictions 1 year in advance. The models are trained using the Global Fire Emissions Database version 4 with small fires (GFEDv4s). Continuous 1-year monthly fire predictions from 2011 to 2015 are evaluated with GFEDs data for 10 major fire regions around the globe. The predictions by the neural network method are superior. The 1-year moving predictions have good prediction skills over these regions, especially over the tropics and the southern hemisphere. The temporal refined index of agreement (IOA) between predictions and GFEDv4s regional burned areas are 0.82, 0.82, 0.8, 0.75, and 0.56 for northern and southern Africa, South America, equatorial Asia and Australia, respectively. The spatial refined IOA for 5-year averaged monthly burned area range from 0.69 in low-fire months to 0.86 in high-fire months over South America, 0.3–0.93 over northern Africa, 0.69–0.93 over southern Africa, 0.47–0.85 over equatorial Asia, and 0.53–0.8 over Australia. For fire regions in the northern temperate and boreal regions, the temporal and spatial IOA between predictions and GFEDv4s data in fire seasons are 0.7–0.79 and 0.24–0.83, respectively. The predictions in high-fire months are better than low-fire months. This study illustrates the feasibility of global fire activity outlook forecasts using a neural network model and the method can be applied to quickly assess the potential effects of climate change on wildfires.
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17
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Yin Y, Bloom AA, Worden J, Saatchi S, Yang Y, Williams M, Liu J, Jiang Z, Worden H, Bowman K, Frankenberg C, Schimel D. Fire decline in dry tropical ecosystems enhances decadal land carbon sink. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1900. [PMID: 32312976 PMCID: PMC7170937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The terrestrial carbon sink has significantly increased in the past decades, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The current synthesis of process-based estimates of land and ocean sinks requires an additional sink of 0.6 PgC yr-1 in the last decade to explain the observed airborne fraction. A concurrent global fire decline was observed in association with tropical agriculture expansion and landscape fragmentation. Here we show that a decline of 0.2 ± 0.1 PgC yr-1 in fire emissions during 2008-2014 relative to 2001-2007 also induced an additional carbon sink enhancement of 0.4 ± 0.2 PgC yr-1 attributable to carbon cycle feedbacks, amounting to a combined sink increase comparable to the 0.6 PgC yr-1 budget imbalance. Our results suggest that the indirect effects of fire, in addition to the direct emissions, is an overlooked mechanism for explaining decadal-scale changes in the land carbon sink and highlight the importance of fire management in climate mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA.
| | - A Anthony Bloom
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA.
| | - John Worden
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Sassan Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Mathew Williams
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Junjie Liu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Zhe Jiang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Helen Worden
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kevin Bowman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - David Schimel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
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18
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Fire Frequency and Related Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes in Indonesia’s Peatlands. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indonesia’s converted peatland areas have a well-established fire problem, but limited studies have examined the frequency with which they are burning. Here, we quantify fire frequency in Indonesia’s two largest peatland regions, Sumatra and Kalimantan, during 2001–2018. We report, annual areas burned, total peatland area affected by fires, amount of recurrent burning and associations with land-use and land-cover (LULC) change. We based these analyses on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra/Aqua combined burned area and three Landsat-derived LULC maps (1990, 2007, and 2015) and explored relationships between burning and land-cover types. Cumulative areas burned amounted nearly half of the surface areas of Sumatra and Kalimantan but were concentrated in only ~25% of the land areas. Although peatlands cover only 13% of Sumatra and Kalimantan, annual percentage of area burning in these areas was almost five times greater than in non-peatlands (2.8% vs. 0.6%) from 2001 to 2018. Recurrent burning was more prominent in Kalimantan than Sumatra. Average fire-return intervals (FRI) in peatlands of both regions were short, 28 and 45 years for Kalimantan and Sumatra, respectively. On average, forest FRI were less than 50 years. In non-forest areas, Kalimantan had shorter average FRI than Sumatra (13 years vs. 40 years), with ferns/low shrub areas burning most frequently. Our findings highlight the significant influence of LULC change in altering fire regimes. If prevalent rates of burning in Indonesia’s peatlands are not greatly reduced, peat swamp forest will disappear from Sumatra and Kalimantan in the coming decades.
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19
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Harrison ME, Ottay JB, D’Arcy LJ, Cheyne SM, Anggodo, Belcher C, Cole L, Dohong A, Ermiasi Y, Feldpausch T, Gallego‐Sala A, Gunawan A, Höing A, Husson SJ, Kulu IP, Soebagio SM, Mang S, Mercado L, Morrogh‐Bernard HC, Page SE, Priyanto R, Ripoll Capilla B, Rowland L, Santos EM, Schreer V, Sudyana IN, Taman SBB, Thornton SA, Upton C, Wich SA, Veen FJF. Tropical forest and peatland conservation in Indonesia: Challenges and directions. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Harrison
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | | | - Laura J. D’Arcy
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Zoological Society of London (ZSL) London UK
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
| | - Anggodo
- Sebangau National Park Office Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Claire Belcher
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Lydia Cole
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Alue Dohong
- Peatland Restoration Agency Jakarta Indonesia
- University of Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | | | - Ted Feldpausch
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Angela Gallego‐Sala
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Adib Gunawan
- Nature Conservation Agency Central Kalimantan (BSKDA KALTENG)Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Andrea Höing
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Institute of Oriental and Asian Studies Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhems‐Universität Bonn Bonn Germany
| | | | - Ici P. Kulu
- UPT CIMTROP University of Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | | | - Shari Mang
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Lina Mercado
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Helen C. Morrogh‐Bernard
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Susan E. Page
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | | | | | - Lucy Rowland
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Environmental Biology Research Group College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | | | | | | | - Sara A. Thornton
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Caroline Upton
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | | | - F. J. Frank Veen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
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20
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Relationship Between Fire and Forest Cover Loss in Riau Province, Indonesia Between 2001 and 2012. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Forest and peatland fires occur regularly across Indonesia, resulting in large greenhouse gas emissions and causing major air quality issues. Over the last few decades, Indonesia has also experienced extensive forest loss and conversion of natural forest to oil palm and timber plantations. Here we used data on fire hotspots and tree-cover loss, as well as information on the extent of peat land, protected areas, and concessions to explore spatial and temporal relationships among forest, forest loss, and fire frequency. We focus on the Riau Province in Central Sumatra, one of the most active regions of fire in Indonesia. We find strong relationships between forest loss and fire at the local scale. Regions with forest loss experienced six times as many fire hotspots compared to regions with no forest loss. Forest loss and maximum fire frequency occurred within the same year, or one year apart, in 70% of the 1 km2 cells experiencing both forest loss and fire. Frequency of fire was lower both before and after forest loss, suggesting that most fire is associated with the forest loss process. On peat soils, fire frequency was a factor 10 to 100 lower in protected areas and natural forest logging concessions compared to oil palm and wood fiber (timber) concessions. Efforts to reduce fire need to address the underlying role of land-use and land-cover change in the occurrence of fire. Increased support for protected areas and natural forest logging concessions and restoration of degraded peatlands may reduce future fire risk. During times of high fire risk, fire suppression resources should be targeted to regions that are experiencing recent forest loss, as these regions are most likely to experience fire.
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21
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Marlier ME, Liu T, Yu K, Buonocore JJ, Koplitz SN, DeFries RS, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ, Schwartz J, Wardhana BS, Myers SS. Fires, Smoke Exposure, and Public Health: An Integrative Framework to Maximize Health Benefits From Peatland Restoration. GEOHEALTH 2019; 3:178-189. [PMID: 32159040 PMCID: PMC7007093 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of particulate matter from fires associated with land management practices in Indonesia contribute to regional air pollution and mortality. We assess the public health benefits in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore from policies to reduce fires by integrating information on fire emissions, atmospheric transport patterns, and population exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We use adjoint sensitivities to relate fire emissions to PM2.5 for a range of meteorological conditions and find that a Business-As-Usual scenario of land use change leads, on average, to 36,000 excess deaths per year into the foreseeable future (the next several decades) across the region. These deaths are largely preventable with fire reduction strategies, such as blocking fires in peatlands, industrial concessions, or protected areas, which reduce the health burden by 66, 45, and 14%, respectively. The effectiveness of these different strategies in mitigating human health impacts depends on the location of fires relative to the population distribution. For example, protecting peatlands through eliminating all fires on such lands would prevent on average 24,000 excess deaths per year into the foreseeable future across the region because, in addition to storing large amounts of fuel, many peatlands are located directly upwind of densely populated areas. We also demonstrate how this framework can be used to prioritize restoration locations for the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency based on their ability to reduce pollution exposure and health burden. This scientific framework is publicly available through an online decision support tool that allows stakeholders to readily determine the public health benefits of different land management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E. Marlier
- The RAND CorporationSanta MonicaCAUSA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Tianjia Liu
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Karen Yu
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jonathan J. Buonocore
- Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Shannon N. Koplitz
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Ruth S. DeFries
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Samuel S. Myers
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Harvard University Center for the EnvironmentHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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22
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Abstract
Until the 1970s, disaster risk was perceived as a direct consequence of natural hazards. Gradually, disaster risk has come to be understood as a compound event, which lies at the intersection of hazards, exposure, and vulnerability of the exposed elements. After decades of research and lessons learned from mega-disasters, social scientists have introduced the social dimension of disaster risk, and the prevailing understanding is that disasters are also a human construct. Now, due to climate and global environmental changes, even the natural component of hazards is being altered by anthropogenic activities, changing hazard susceptibility, coverage, frequency, and severity. This review retraces the brief history and evolution of the global understanding of disaster risk as a compound event, in parallel with research on global environmental change. It highlights the main milestones in this area, and shows that there are tight connections between trends of disaster risk and global change. This paper aims to demonstrate the need to better consider the role of global environmental change in disaster risk assessment. In 2015, three major new agreements were reached to improve global environmental governance: the new Sendai Framework (2015–2030), the post-2015 development agenda with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Climate COP21 in Paris. These all include a clear focus on disaster risk reduction; however, several aspects of disaster risk linked with global environmental changes are still not clearly addressed by the main stakeholders (governments, insurers, or agencies). As the complexity of risk unfolds, more actors are getting together; the need for a holistic approach for disaster risk reduction has become clear, and is closely connected with achieving sustainable development.
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Polle A, Chen SL, Eckert C, Harfouche A. Engineering Drought Resistance in Forest Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1875. [PMID: 30671067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climatic stresses limit plant growth and productivity. In the past decade, tree improvement programs were mainly focused on yield but it is obvious that enhanced stress resistance is also required. In this review we highlight important drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms in forest trees. Genomes of economically important trees species with divergent resistance mechanisms can now be exploited to uncover the mechanistic basis of long-term drought adaptation at the whole plant level. Molecular tree physiology indicates that osmotic adjustment, antioxidative defense and increased water use efficiency are important targets for enhanced drought tolerance at the cellular and tissue level. Recent biotechnological approaches focused on overexpression of genes involved in stress sensing and signaling, such as the abscisic acid core pathway, and down-stream transcription factors. By this strategy, a suite of defense systems was recruited, generally enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance under laboratory conditions. However, field studies are still scarce. Under field conditions trees are exposed to combinations of stresses that vary in duration and magnitude. Variable stresses may overrule the positive effect achieved by engineering an individual defense pathway. To assess the usability of distinct modifications, large-scale experimental field studies in different environments are necessary. To optimize the balance between growth and defense, the use of stress-inducible promoters may be useful. Future improvement programs for drought resistance will benefit from a better understanding of the intricate networks that ameliorate molecular and ecological traits of forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shao Liang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Eckert
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antoine Harfouche
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Polle A, Chen SL, Eckert C, Harfouche A. Engineering Drought Resistance in Forest Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1875. [PMID: 30671067 PMCID: PMC6331418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climatic stresses limit plant growth and productivity. In the past decade, tree improvement programs were mainly focused on yield but it is obvious that enhanced stress resistance is also required. In this review we highlight important drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms in forest trees. Genomes of economically important trees species with divergent resistance mechanisms can now be exploited to uncover the mechanistic basis of long-term drought adaptation at the whole plant level. Molecular tree physiology indicates that osmotic adjustment, antioxidative defense and increased water use efficiency are important targets for enhanced drought tolerance at the cellular and tissue level. Recent biotechnological approaches focused on overexpression of genes involved in stress sensing and signaling, such as the abscisic acid core pathway, and down-stream transcription factors. By this strategy, a suite of defense systems was recruited, generally enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance under laboratory conditions. However, field studies are still scarce. Under field conditions trees are exposed to combinations of stresses that vary in duration and magnitude. Variable stresses may overrule the positive effect achieved by engineering an individual defense pathway. To assess the usability of distinct modifications, large-scale experimental field studies in different environments are necessary. To optimize the balance between growth and defense, the use of stress-inducible promoters may be useful. Future improvement programs for drought resistance will benefit from a better understanding of the intricate networks that ameliorate molecular and ecological traits of forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shao Liang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Eckert
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antoine Harfouche
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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25
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The Invisible Carbon Footprint as a hidden impact of peatland degradation inducing marine carbonate dissolution in Sumatra, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17403. [PMID: 30479397 PMCID: PMC6258705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Indonesia, land use change (LUC) in the form of peatland degradation induces carbon loss through direct CO2 emissions, but also via soil leaching of which circa 50% is decomposed and emitted as CO2 from the rivers. However, the fate of the remaining exported leached carbon is uncertain. Here, we show that the majority of this carbon is respired in the estuaries and emitted to the atmosphere. However, a portion is adsorbed into the marine carbon pool where it favors CaCO3 dissolution and can therefore be seen as the invisible carbon footprint. We conclude that the effects of LUC stretch beyond the terrestrial realm and are not limited to CO2 emissions, but also affect marine ecosystems. Considering the ecological and economical importance of these ecosystems, it is important that this so far invisible carbon footprint, as well as the aquatic and marine CO2 emissions, are included in climate mitigation strategies.
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26
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Smoke radiocarbon measurements from Indonesian fires provide evidence for burning of millennia-aged peat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12419-12424. [PMID: 30455288 PMCID: PMC6298069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806003115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to a strong El Niño, fires in Indonesia during September and October 2015 released a large amount of carbon dioxide and created a massive regional smoke cloud that severely degraded air quality in many urban centers across Southeast Asia. Although several lines of evidence indicate that peat burning was a dominant contributor to emissions in the region, El Niño-induced drought is also known to increase deforestation fires and agricultural waste burning in plantations. As a result, uncertainties remain with respect to partitioning emissions among different ecosystem and fire types. Here we measured the radiocarbon content (14C) of carbonaceous aerosol samples collected in Singapore from September 2014 through October 2015, with the aim of identifying the age and origin of fire-emitted fine particulate matter (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm). The Δ14C of fire-emitted aerosol was -76 ± 51‰, corresponding to a carbon pool of combusted organic matter with a mean turnover time of 800 ± 420 y. Our observations indicated that smoke plumes reaching Singapore originated primarily from peat burning (∼85%), and not from deforestation fires or waste burning. Atmospheric transport modeling confirmed that fires in Sumatra and Borneo were dominant contributors to elevated PM2.5 in Singapore during the fire season. The mean age of the carbonaceous aerosol, which predates the Industrial Revolution, highlights the importance of improving peatland fire management during future El Niño events for meeting climate mitigation and air quality commitments.
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27
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Nechita-Banda N, Krol M, van der Werf GR, Kaiser JW, Pandey S, Huijnen V, Clerbaux C, Coheur P, Deeter MN, Röckmann T. Monitoring emissions from the 2015 Indonesian fires using CO satellite data. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0307. [PMID: 30297466 PMCID: PMC6178426 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, has periodically struggled with intense fire events. These events convert substantial amounts of carbon stored as peat to atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and significantly affect atmospheric composition on a regional to global scale. During the recent 2015 El Niño event, peat fires led to strong enhancements of carbon monoxide (CO), an air pollutant and well-known tracer for biomass burning. These enhancements were clearly observed from space by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instruments. We use these satellite observations to estimate CO fire emissions within an inverse modelling framework. We find that the derived CO emissions for each sub-region of Indonesia and Papua are substantially different from emission inventories, highlighting uncertainties in bottom-up estimates. CO fire emissions based on either MOPITT or IASI have a similar spatial pattern and evolution in time, and a 10% uncertainty based on a set of sensitivity tests we performed. Thus, CO satellite data have a high potential to complement existing operational fire emission estimates based on satellite observations of fire counts, fire radiative power and burned area, in better constraining fire occurrence and the associated conversion of peat carbon to atmospheric CO2 A total carbon release to the atmosphere of 0.35-0.60 Pg C can be estimated based on our results.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcisa Nechita-Banda
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), University of Utrecht, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Krol
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), University of Utrecht, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.,SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes W Kaiser
- Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Pandey
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Huijnen
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Clerbaux
- LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 75252 Paris, France.,Spectroscopie de l'Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Coheur
- Spectroscopie de l'Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Merritt N Deeter
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), University of Utrecht, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Giglio L, Boschetti L, Roy DP, Humber ML, Justice CO. The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product. REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2018; 217:72-85. [PMID: 30220740 PMCID: PMC6136150 DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on-board NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites have provided nearly two decades of global fire data. Here, we describe refinements made to the 500-m global burned area mapping algorithm that were implemented in late 2016 as part of the MODIS Collection 6 (C6) land-product reprocessing. The updated algorithm improves upon the heritage Collection 5.1 (C5.1) MCD64A1 and MCD45A1 algorithms by offering significantly better detection of small burns, a modest reduction in burn-date temporal uncertainty, and a large reduction in the extent of unmapped areas. Comparison of the C6 and C5.1 MCD64A1 products for fifteen years (2002-2016) on a regional basis shows that the C6 product detects considerably more burned area globally (26%) and in almost every region considered. The sole exception was in Boreal North America, where the mean annual area burned was 6% lower for C6, primarily as a result of a large increase in the number of small lakes mapped (and subsequently masked) at high latitudes in the upstream C6 input data. With respect to temporal reporting accuracy, 44% of the C6 MCD64A1 burned grid cells were de-tected on the same day as an active fire, and 68% within 2 days, which represents a substantial reduction in temporal uncertainty compared to the C5.1 MCD64A1 and MCD45A1 products. In addition, an areal accuracy assessment of the C6 burned area product undertaken using high resolution burned area reference maps derived from 108 Landsat image pairs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Giglio
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, 2181 LeFrak Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA. (L. Giglio), (L. Boschetti), (D.P. Roy), (M.L. Humber), (C.O. Justice)
| | - Luigi Boschetti
- Department of Natural Resources and Society, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - David P. Roy
- Geospatial Science Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Michael L. Humber
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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29
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Tropical Peatland Vegetation Structure and Biomass: Optimal Exploitation of Airborne Laser Scanning. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Land use change and El Niño-Southern Oscillation drive decadal carbon balance shifts in Southeast Asia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1154. [PMID: 29559637 PMCID: PMC5861034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated understanding of the biogeochemical consequences of climate extremes and land use changes is needed to constrain land-surface feedbacks to atmospheric CO2 from associated climate change. Past assessments of the global carbon balance have shown particularly high uncertainty in Southeast Asia. Here, we use a combination of model ensembles to show that intensified land use change made Southeast Asia a strong source of CO2 from the 1980s to 1990s, whereas the region was close to carbon neutral in the 2000s due to an enhanced CO2 fertilization effect and absence of moderate-to-strong El Niño events. Our findings suggest that despite ongoing deforestation, CO2 emissions were substantially decreased during the 2000s, largely owing to milder climate that restores photosynthetic capacity and suppresses peat and deforestation fire emissions. The occurrence of strong El Niño events after 2009 suggests that the region has returned to conditions of increased vulnerability of carbon stocks. The carbon balance in Southeast Asia is highly uncertain. Here, the authors show that land use changes and occurrence of strong El Niño control decadal shifts in the carbon balance of this region.
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31
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Andela N, Morton DC, Giglio L, Chen Y, van der Werf GR, Kasibhatla PS, DeFries RS, Collatz GJ, Hantson S, Kloster S, Bachelet D, Forrest M, Lasslop G, Li F, Mangeon S, Melton JR, Yue C, Randerson JT. A human-driven decline in global burned area. Science 2018; 356:1356-1362. [PMID: 28663495 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fire is an essential Earth system process that alters ecosystem and atmospheric composition. Here we assessed long-term fire trends using multiple satellite data sets. We found that global burned area declined by 24.3 ± 8.8% over the past 18 years. The estimated decrease in burned area remained robust after adjusting for precipitation variability and was largest in savannas. Agricultural expansion and intensification were primary drivers of declining fire activity. Fewer and smaller fires reduced aerosol concentrations, modified vegetation structure, and increased the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Fire models were unable to reproduce the pattern and magnitude of observed declines, suggesting that they may overestimate fire emissions in future projections. Using economic and demographic variables, we developed a conceptual model for predicting fire in human-dominated landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Andela
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. .,Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - D C Morton
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L Giglio
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - G R van der Werf
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P S Kasibhatla
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - R S DeFries
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - G J Collatz
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S Hantson
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - S Kloster
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20164 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Bachelet
- Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - M Forrest
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - G Lasslop
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20164 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Li
- International Center for Climate and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Mangeon
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J R Melton
- Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - C Yue
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement-Institute Pierre Simon Laplace, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J T Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Carlson KM, Heilmayr R, Gibbs HK, Noojipady P, Burns DN, Morton DC, Walker NF, Paoli GD, Kremen C. Effect of oil palm sustainability certification on deforestation and fire in Indonesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:121-126. [PMID: 29229857 PMCID: PMC5776786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704728114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many major corporations and countries have made commitments to purchase or produce only "sustainable" palm oil, a commodity responsible for substantial tropical forest loss. Sustainability certification is the tool most used to fulfill these procurement policies, and around 20% of global palm oil production was certified by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) in 2017. However, the effect of certification on deforestation in oil palm plantations remains unclear. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of RSPO-certified and noncertified oil palm plantations (∼188,000 km2) in Indonesia, the leading producer of palm oil, as well as annual remotely sensed metrics of tree cover loss and fire occurrence, to evaluate the impact of certification on deforestation and fire from 2001 to 2015. While forest loss and fire continued after RSPO certification, certified palm oil was associated with reduced deforestation. Certification lowered deforestation by 33% from a counterfactual of 9.8 to 6.6% y-1 Nevertheless, most plantations contained little residual forest when they received certification. As a result, by 2015, certified areas held less than 1% of forests remaining within Indonesian oil palm plantations. Moreover, certification had no causal impact on forest loss in peatlands or active fire detection rates. Broader adoption of certification in forested regions, strict requirements to avoid all peat, and routine monitoring of clearly defined forest cover loss in certified and RSPO member-held plantations appear necessary if the RSPO is to yield conservation and climate benefits from reductions in tropical deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Carlson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822;
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Robert Heilmayr
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Holly K Gibbs
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
- The Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Praveen Noojipady
- National Wildlife Federation, National Advocacy Center, Washington, DC 20005
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - David N Burns
- National Wildlife Federation, National Advocacy Center, Washington, DC 20005
| | - Douglas C Morton
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Nathalie F Walker
- National Wildlife Federation, National Advocacy Center, Washington, DC 20005
| | | | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Ramakreshnan L, Aghamohammadi N, Fong CS, Bulgiba A, Zaki RA, Wong LP, Sulaiman NM. Haze and health impacts in ASEAN countries: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2096-2111. [PMID: 29209970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal haze episodes and the associated inimical health impacts have become a regular crisis among the ASEAN countries. Even though many emerging experimental and epidemiological studies have documented the plausible health effects of the predominating toxic pollutants of haze, the consistency among the reported findings by these studies is poorly understood. By addressing such gap, this review aimed to critically highlight the evidence of physical and psychological health impacts of haze from the available literature in ASEAN countries. Systematic literature survey from six electronic databases across the environmental and medical disciplines was performed, and 20 peer-reviewed studies out of 384 retrieved articles were selected. The evidence pertaining to the health impacts of haze based on field survey, laboratory tests, modelling and time-series analysis were extracted for expert judgement. In specific, no generalization can be made on the reported physical symptoms as no specific symptoms recorded in all the reviewed studies except for throat discomfort. Consistent evidence was found for the increase in respiratory morbidity, especially for asthma, whilst the children and the elderly are deemed to be the vulnerable groups of the haze-induced respiratory ailments. A consensual conclusion on the association between the cardiovascular morbidity and haze is unfeasible as the available studies are scanty and geographically limited albeit of some reported increased cases. A number of modelling and simulation studies demonstrated elevating respiratory mortality rates due to seasonal haze exposures over the years. Besides, evidence on cancer risk is inconsistent where industrial and vehicular emissions are also expected to play more notable roles than mere haze exposure. There are insufficient regional studies to examine the association between the mental health and haze. Limited toxicological studies in ASEAN countries often impede a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanism of haze-induced toxic pollutants on human physiology. Therefore, the lack of consistent evidence among the reported haze-induced health effects as highlighted in this review calls for more intensive longitudinal and toxicological studies with greater statistical power to disseminate more reliable and congruent findings to empower the institutional health planning among the ASEAN countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logaraj Ramakreshnan
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nasrin Aghamohammadi
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chng Saun Fong
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Awang Bulgiba
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Ping Wong
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Meriam Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ma A, Bohan DA, Canard E, Derocles SA, Gray C, Lu X, Macfadyen S, Romero GQ, Kratina P. A Replicated Network Approach to ‘Big Data’ in Ecology. ADV ECOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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Shawki D, Field RD, Tippett MK, Saharjo BH, Albar I, Atmoko D, Voulgarakis A. Long-lead prediction of the 2015 fire and haze episode in Indonesia. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 44:9996-10005. [PMID: 32803204 PMCID: PMC7427816 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl073660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a case study of NCEP CFSv2 seasonal model forecast performance over Indonesia in predicting the dry conditions in 2015 that led to severe fire, in comparison to the non-El Niño dry season conditions of 2016. Forecasts of the Drought Code (DC) component of Indonesia's Fire Danger Rating System were examined across the entire Equatorial Asia region and for the primary burning regions within it. Our results show that early warning lead times of high observed DC in September and October 2015 varied considerably for different regions. High DC over Southern Kalimantan and Southern New Guinea were predicted with 180-day lead times, whereas Southern Sumatra had lead times of up to only 60 days, which we attribute to the absence in the forecasts of an eastward decrease in Indian Ocean SSTs. This case study provides the starting point for longer-term evaluation of seasonal fire danger rating forecasts over Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad Shawki
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Field
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY, USA, 10025
- Dept. of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY, USA, 10025
| | - Michael K. Tippett
- Dept. of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY, USA, 10025
- Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, Department of Meteorology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bambang Hero Saharjo
- Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia, Bogor, 16001
| | - Israr Albar
- Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Manggala Wanabakti Bldg., Block VII, Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10270
| | - Dwi Atmoko
- Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics, Jl. Angkasa I No. 2, Kemayoran, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10720
| | - Apostolos Voulgarakis
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Gumbricht T, Roman-Cuesta RM, Verchot L, Herold M, Wittmann F, Householder E, Herold N, Murdiyarso D. An expert system model for mapping tropical wetlands and peatlands reveals South America as the largest contributor. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3581-3599. [PMID: 28295834 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands are important providers of ecosystem services and key regulators of climate change. They positively contribute to global warming through their greenhouse gas emissions, and negatively through the accumulation of organic material in histosols, particularly in peatlands. Our understanding of wetlands' services is currently constrained by limited knowledge on their distribution, extent, volume, interannual flood variability and disturbance levels. We present an expert system approach to estimate wetland and peatland areas, depths and volumes, which relies on three biophysical indices related to wetland and peat formation: (1) long-term water supply exceeding atmospheric water demand; (2) annually or seasonally water-logged soils; and (3) a geomorphological position where water is supplied and retained. Tropical and subtropical wetlands estimates reach 4.7 million km2 (Mkm2 ). In line with current understanding, the American continent is the major contributor (45%), and Brazil, with its Amazonian interfluvial region, contains the largest tropical wetland area (800,720 km2 ). Our model suggests, however, unprecedented extents and volumes of peatland in the tropics (1.7 Mkm2 and 7,268 (6,076-7,368) km3 ), which more than threefold current estimates. Unlike current understanding, our estimates suggest that South America and not Asia contributes the most to tropical peatland area and volume (ca. 44% for both) partly related to some yet unaccounted extended deep deposits but mainly to extended but shallow peat in the Amazon Basin. Brazil leads the peatland area and volume contribution. Asia hosts 38% of both tropical peat area and volume with Indonesia as the main regional contributor and still the holder of the deepest and most extended peat areas in the tropics. Africa hosts more peat than previously reported but climatic and topographic contexts leave it as the least peat-forming continent. Our results suggest large biases in our current understanding of the distribution, area and volumes of tropical peat and their continental contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gumbricht
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Karttur AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Verchot
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
- Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-KIT, Rastatt, Germany
| | - Ethan Householder
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-KIT, Rastatt, Germany
| | - Nadine Herold
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Murdiyarso
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
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37
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Shi Y, Matsunaga T. Temporal comparison of global inventories of CO 2 emissions from biomass burning during 2002-2011 derived from remotely sensed data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16905-16916. [PMID: 28577139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a large important source of greenhouse gases and atmospheric aerosols, and can contribute greatly to the temporal variations of CO2 emissions at regional and global scales. In this study, we compared four globally gridded CO2 emission inventories from biomass burning during the period of 2002-2011, highlighting the similarities and differences in seasonality and interannual variability of the CO2 emissions both at regional and global scales. The four datasets included Global Fire Emissions Database 4s with small fires (GFED4s), Global Fire Assimilation System 1.0 (GFAS1.0), Fire INventory from NCAR 1.0 (FINN1.0), and Global Inventory for Chemistry-Climate studies-GFED4s (G-G). The results showed that in general, the four inventories presented consistent temporal trend but with large differences as well. Globally, CO2 emissions of GFED4s, GFAS1.0, and G-G all peaked in August with the exception in FINN1.0, which recorded another peak in annual March. The interannual trend of all datasets displayed an overall decrease in CO2 emissions during 2002-2011, except for the inconsistent FINN1.0, which showed a tendency to increase during the considered period. Meanwhile, GFED4s and GFAS1.0 noted consistent agreement from 2002 to 2011 at both global (R 2 > 0.8) and continental levels (R 2 > 0.7). FINN1.0 was found to have the poorest temporal correlations with the other three inventories globally (R 2 < 0.6). The lower estimation in savanna CO2 emissions and higher calculation in cropland CO2 emissions by FINN1.0 from 2002 to 2011 was the primary reason for the temporal differences of the four inventories. Besides, the contributions of the three land covers (forest, savanna, and cropland) on CO2 emissions in each region varied greatly within the year (>80%) but showed small variations through the years (<40%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Shi
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
- Satellite Observation Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellites Remote Sensing, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tsuneo Matsunaga
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
- Satellite Observation Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
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38
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Hamadeh N, Karouni A, Daya B, Chauvet P. Using correlative data analysis to develop weather index that estimates the risk of forest fires in Lebanon & Mediterranean: Assessment versus prevalent meteorological indices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csfs.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Population exposure to hazardous air quality due to the 2015 fires in Equatorial Asia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37074. [PMID: 27848989 PMCID: PMC5111049 DOI: 10.1038/srep37074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation and peatland fires cause poor air quality and thousands of premature deaths across densely populated regions in Equatorial Asia. Strong El-Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole conditions are associated with an increase in the frequency and intensity of wildfires in Indonesia and Borneo, enhancing population exposure to hazardous concentrations of smoke and air pollutants. Here we investigate the impact on air quality and population exposure of wildfires in Equatorial Asia during Fall 2015, which were the largest over the past two decades. We performed high-resolution simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry based on a new fire emission product. The model captures the spatio-temporal variability of extreme pollution episodes relative to space- and ground-based observations and allows for identification of pollution sources and transport over Equatorial Asia. We calculate that high particulate matter concentrations from fires during Fall 2015 were responsible for persistent exposure of 69 million people to unhealthy air quality conditions. Short-term exposure to this pollution may have caused 11,880 (6,153-17,270) excess mortalities. Results from this research provide decision-relevant information to policy makers regarding the impact of land use changes and human driven deforestation on fire frequency and population exposure to degraded air quality.
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40
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Goh CS, Wicke B, Faaij A, Bird DN, Schwaiger H, Junginger M. Linking carbon stock change from land-use change to consumption of agricultural products: Alternative perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 182:542-556. [PMID: 27543749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion driven by growing demand has been a key driver for carbon stock change as a consequence of land-use change (CSC-LUC). However, its relative role compared to non-agricultural and non-productive drivers, as well as propagating effects were not clearly addressed. This study contributed to this subject by providing alternative perspectives in addressing these missing links. A method was developed to allocate historical CSC-LUC to agricultural expansions by land classes (products), trade, and end use. The analysis for 1995-2010 leads to three key trends: (i) agricultural land degradation and abandonment is found to be a major (albeit indirect) driver for CSC-LUC, (ii) CSC-LUC is spurred by the growth of cross-border trade, (iii) non-food use (excluding liquid biofuels) has emerged as a significant contributor of CSC-LUC in the 2000's. In addition, the study demonstrated that exact values of CSC-LUC at a single spatio-temporal point may change significantly with different methodological settings. For example, CSC-LUC allocated to 'permanent oil crops' changed from 0.53 Pg C (billion tonne C) of carbon stock gain to 0.11 Pg C of carbon stock loss when spatial boundaries were changed from global to regional. Instead of comparing exact values for accounting purpose, key messages for policymaking were drawn from the main trends. Firstly, climate change mitigation efforts pursued through a territorial perspective may ignore indirect effects elsewhere triggered through trade linkages. Policies targeting specific commodities or types of consumption are also unable to quantitatively address indirect CSC-LUC effects because the quantification changes with different arbitrary methodological settings. Instead, it is recommended that mobilising non-productive or under-utilised lands for productive use should be targeted as a key solution to avoid direct and indirect CSC-LUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sheng Goh
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3854 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Birka Wicke
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3854 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André Faaij
- University of Groningen, Blauwborgje 6, P.O. Box, 9700 AE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Neil Bird
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Elisabethstrasse 18/II, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Hannes Schwaiger
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Elisabethstrasse 18/II, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Junginger
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3854 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Indonesian fire activity and smoke pollution in 2015 show persistent nonlinear sensitivity to El Niño-induced drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9204-9. [PMID: 27482096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524888113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2015 fire season and related smoke pollution in Indonesia was more severe than the major 2006 episode, making it the most severe season observed by the NASA Earth Observing System satellites that go back to the early 2000s, namely active fire detections from the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS), MODIS aerosol optical depth, Terra Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) carbon monoxide (CO), Aqua Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) CO, Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aerosol index, and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) CO. The MLS CO in the upper troposphere showed a plume of pollution stretching from East Africa to the western Pacific Ocean that persisted for 2 mo. Longer-term records of airport visibility in Sumatra and Kalimantan show that 2015 ranked after 1997 and alongside 1991 and 1994 as among the worst episodes on record. Analysis of yearly dry season rainfall from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) and rain gauges shows that, due to the continued use of fire to clear and prepare land on degraded peat, the Indonesian fire environment continues to have nonlinear sensitivity to dry conditions during prolonged periods with less than 4 mm/d of precipitation, and this sensitivity appears to have increased over Kalimantan. Without significant reforms in land use and the adoption of early warning triggers tied to precipitation forecasts, these intense fire episodes will reoccur during future droughts, usually associated with El Niño events.
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42
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Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26886. [PMID: 27241616 PMCID: PMC4886261 DOI: 10.1038/srep26886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In September and October 2015 widespread forest and peatland fires burned over large parts of maritime southeast Asia, most notably Indonesia, releasing large amounts of terrestrially-stored carbon into the atmosphere, primarily in the form of CO2, CO and CH4. With a mean emission rate of 11.3 Tg CO2 per day during Sept-Oct 2015, emissions from these fires exceeded the fossil fuel CO2 release rate of the European Union (EU28) (8.9 Tg CO2 per day). Although seasonal fires are a frequent occurrence in the human modified landscapes found in Indonesia, the extent of the 2015 fires was greatly inflated by an extended drought period associated with a strong El Niño. We estimate carbon emissions from the 2015 fires to be the largest seen in maritime southeast Asia since those associated with the record breaking El Niño of 1997. Compared to that event, a much better constrained regional total carbon emission estimate can be made for the 2015 fires through the use of present-day satellite observations of the fire's radiative power output and atmospheric CO concentrations, processed using the modelling and assimilation framework of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and combined with unique in situ smoke measurements made on Kalimantan.
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43
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Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC. Land cover distribution in the peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with changes since 1990. Glob Ecol Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Konecny K, Ballhorn U, Navratil P, Jubanski J, Page SE, Tansey K, Hooijer A, Vernimmen R, Siegert F. Variable carbon losses from recurrent fires in drained tropical peatlands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1469-80. [PMID: 26661597 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatland fires play a significant role in the context of global warming through emissions of substantial amounts of greenhouse gases. However, the state of knowledge on carbon loss from these fires is still poorly developed with few studies reporting the associated mass of peat consumed. Furthermore, spatial and temporal variations in burn depth have not been previously quantified. This study presents the first spatially explicit investigation of fire-driven tropical peat loss and its variability. An extensive airborne Light Detection and Ranging data set was used to develop a prefire peat surface modelling methodology, enabling the spatially differentiated quantification of burned area depth over the entire burned area. We observe a strong interdependence between burned area depth, fire frequency and distance to drainage canals. For the first time, we show that relative burned area depth decreases over the first four fire events and is constant thereafter. Based on our results, we revise existing peat and carbon loss estimates for recurrent fires in drained tropical peatlands. We suggest values for the dry mass of peat fuel consumed that are 206 t ha(-1) for initial fires, reducing to 115 t ha(-1) for second, 69 t ha(-1) for third and 23 t ha(-1) for successive fires, which are 58-7% of the current IPCC Tier 1 default value for all fires. In our study area, this results in carbon losses of 114, 64, 38 and 13 t C ha(-1) for first to fourth fires, respectively. Furthermore, we show that with increasing proximity to drainage canals both burned area depth and the probability of recurrent fires increase and present equations explaining burned area depth as a function of distance to drainage canal. This improved knowledge enables a more accurate approach to emissions accounting and will support IPCC Tier 2 reporting of fire emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Konecny
- Biology Department II, GeoBio Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- RSS Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Isarstr. 3, 82065, Baierbrunn, Germany
| | - Uwe Ballhorn
- RSS Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Isarstr. 3, 82065, Baierbrunn, Germany
| | - Peter Navratil
- RSS Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Isarstr. 3, 82065, Baierbrunn, Germany
| | - Juilson Jubanski
- RSS Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Isarstr. 3, 82065, Baierbrunn, Germany
| | - Susan E Page
- Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kevin Tansey
- Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Aljosja Hooijer
- Deltares, Rotterdamseweg 185, 2629 HD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Siegert
- Biology Department II, GeoBio Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- RSS Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Isarstr. 3, 82065, Baierbrunn, Germany
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45
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Han Y, Peteet D, Arimoto R, Cao J, An Z, Sritrairat S, Yan B. Climate and Fuel Controls on North American Paleofires: Smoldering to Flaming in the Late-glacial-Holocene Transition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20719. [PMID: 26860820 PMCID: PMC4748283 DOI: 10.1038/srep20719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoldering and flaming fires, which emit different proportions of organic (OC) and black carbon (BC, in the form of char and soot), have long been recognized in modern wildfire observations but never in a paleo-record, and little is known about their interactions with climate. Here we show that in the late glacial-early Holocene transition period, when the climate was moist, relatively high quantities of char were deposited in Linsley Pond, Connecticut, USA while soot was more abundant during the warmer and drier early Holocene interval. The highest soot mass accumulation rates (MARs) occurred at the beginning of the Holocene as fuel availability increased through the climatic transition when boreal forests were locally extirpated. These variations with time are related to the different formation pathways of char and soot, which are governed by combustion efficiency. This study provides an approach for differentiating smoldering from flaming combustion in paleo-wildfire reconstructions. Our results suggest that climate and fuel loads control the occurrence of different wildfire types and precipitation may play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.M. Han
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - D.M. Peteet
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
- NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, NY, NY 10025
| | - R. Arimoto
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - J.J. Cao
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Z.S. An
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - S. Sritrairat
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
| | - B.Z. Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
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46
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Xu J, Tai X, Betha R, He J, Balasubramanian R. Comparison of physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols during the 2009 haze and non-haze periods in Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:831-841. [PMID: 25503685 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent smoke-haze episodes that occur in Southeast Asia (SEA) are of much concern because of their environmental and health impacts. These haze episodes are mainly caused by uncontrolled biomass and peat burning in Indonesia. Airborne particulate matter (PM) samples were collected in the southwest coast of Singapore from 16 August to 9 November in 2009 to assess the impact of smoke-haze episodes on the air quality due to the long-range transport of biomass and peat burning emissions. The physical and chemical characteristics of PM were investigated during pre-haze, smoke-haze, and post-haze periods. Days with PM2.5 mass concentrations of ≥35 μg m(-3) were considered as smoke-haze events. Using this criterion, out of the total 82 sampling days, nine smoke-haze events were identified. The origin of air masses during smoke-haze episodes was studied on the basis of HYSPLIT backward air trajectory analysis for 4 days. In terms of the physical properties of PM, higher particle surface area concentrations and particle gravimetric mass concentrations were observed during the smoke-haze period, but there was no consistent pattern for particle number concentrations during the haze period as compared to the non-haze period except that there was a significant increase at about 08:00, which could be attributed to the entrainment of PM from aloft after the breakdown of the nocturnal inversion layer. As for the chemical characteristics of PM, among the six key inorganic water-soluble ions (Cl(-), NO3(-), nss-SO4(2-), Na(+), NH4(+), and nss-K(+)) measured in this study, NO3(-), nss-SO4(2-), and NH4(+) showed a significant increase in their concentrations during the smoke-haze period together with nss-K(+). These observations suggest that the increased atmospheric loading of PM with higher surface area and increased concentrations of optically active secondary inorganic aerosols [(NH4)2SO4 or NH4HSO4 and NH4NO3] resulted in the atmospheric visibility reduction in SEA due to the advection of biomass and peat burning emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Xu
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Xuhong Tai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raghu Betha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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47
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Frank D, Reichstein M, Bahn M, Thonicke K, Frank D, Mahecha MD, Smith P, van der Velde M, Vicca S, Babst F, Beer C, Buchmann N, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Cramer W, Ibrom A, Miglietta F, Poulter B, Rammig A, Seneviratne SI, Walz A, Wattenbach M, Zavala MA, Zscheischler J. Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2861-80. [PMID: 25752680 PMCID: PMC4676934 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes may impact the structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and thus carbon cycling and its feedbacks to the climate system. Yet, the interconnected avenues through which climate extremes drive ecological and physiological processes and alter the carbon balance are poorly understood. Here, we review the literature on carbon cycle relevant responses of ecosystems to extreme climatic events. Given that impacts of climate extremes are considered disturbances, we assume the respective general disturbance-induced mechanisms and processes to also operate in an extreme context. The paucity of well-defined studies currently renders a quantitative meta-analysis impossible, but permits us to develop a deductive framework for identifying the main mechanisms (and coupling thereof) through which climate extremes may act on the carbon cycle. We find that ecosystem responses can exceed the duration of the climate impacts via lagged effects on the carbon cycle. The expected regional impacts of future climate extremes will depend on changes in the probability and severity of their occurrence, on the compound effects and timing of different climate extremes, and on the vulnerability of each land-cover type modulated by management. Although processes and sensitivities differ among biomes, based on expert opinion, we expect forests to exhibit the largest net effect of extremes due to their large carbon pools and fluxes, potentially large indirect and lagged impacts, and long recovery time to regain previous stocks. At the global scale, we presume that droughts have the strongest and most widespread effects on terrestrial carbon cycling. Comparing impacts of climate extremes identified via remote sensing vs. ground-based observational case studies reveals that many regions in the (sub-)tropics are understudied. Hence, regional investigations are needed to allow a global upscaling of the impacts of climate extremes on global carbon-climate feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Frank
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry07745, Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: Dorothea Frank, tel. + 49 3641 576284, fax + 49 3641 577200, e-mail:
| | | | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) e.V.14773, Potsdam, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of BernCH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Marijn van der Velde
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Biology Department, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium
| | - Flurin Babst
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) e.V.14773, Potsdam, Germany
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Christian Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere FlagshipGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- IPSL – Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQ91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Wolfgang Cramer
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon UniversitéAix-en-Provence, France
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Franco Miglietta
- IBIMET-CNRVia Caproni, 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
- FoxLab, Fondazione E.MachVia Mach 1, 30158, San Michele a/Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Ben Poulter
- IPSL – Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQ91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anja Rammig
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of BernCH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | | | - Ariane Walz
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Wattenbach
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre For Geosciences14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Universidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Biswas S, Vadrevu KP, Lwin ZM, Lasko K, Justice CO. Factors controlling vegetation fires in protected and non-protected areas of myanmar. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124346. [PMID: 25909632 PMCID: PMC4409334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire is an important disturbance agent in Myanmar impacting several ecosystems. In this study, we quantify the factors impacting vegetation fires in protected and non-protected areas of Myanmar. Satellite datasets in conjunction with biophysical and anthropogenic factors were used in a spatial framework to map the causative factors of fires. Specifically, we used the frequency ratio method to assess the contribution of each causative factor to overall fire susceptibility at a 1km scale. Results suggested the mean fire density in non-protected areas was two times higher than the protected areas. Fire-land cover partition analysis suggested dominant fire occurrences in the savannas (protected areas) and woody savannas (non-protected areas). The five major fire causative factors in protected areas in descending order include population density, land cover, tree cover percent, travel time from nearest city and temperature. In contrast, the causative factors in non-protected areas were population density, tree cover percent, travel time from nearest city, temperature and elevation. The fire susceptibility analysis showed distinct spatial patterns with central Myanmar as a hot spot of vegetation fires. Results from propensity score matching suggested that forests within protected areas have 11% less fires than non-protected areas. Overall, our results identify important causative factors of fire useful to address broad scale fire risk concerns at a landscape scale in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumalika Biswas
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Krishna Prasad Vadrevu
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zin Mar Lwin
- Mandalay Technological University, Patheingyi, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Kristofer Lasko
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher O. Justice
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette L Heald
- †Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dominick V Spracklen
- ‡School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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