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Thöny B, Ng J, Kurian MA, Mills P, Martinez A. Mouse models for inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:533-550. [PMID: 38168036 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Several mouse models have been developed to study human defects of primary and secondary inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders (iMND). As the field continues to expand, current defects in corresponding mouse models include enzymes and a molecular co-chaperone involved in monoamine synthesis and metabolism (PAH, TH, PITX3, AADC, DBH, MAOA, DNAJC6), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor synthesis and recycling (adGTPCH1/DRD, arGTPCH1, PTPS, SR, DHPR), and vitamin B6 cofactor deficiency (ALDH7A1), as well as defective monoamine neurotransmitter packaging (VMAT1, VMAT2) and reuptake (DAT). No mouse models are available for human DNAJC12 co-chaperone and PNPO-B6 deficiencies, disorders associated with recessive variants that result in decreased stability and function of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and decreased neurotransmitter synthesis, respectively. More than one mutant mouse is available for some of these defects, which is invaluable as different variant-specific (knock-in) models may provide more insights into underlying mechanisms of disorders, while complete gene inactivation (knock-out) models often have limitations in terms of recapitulating complex human diseases. While these mouse models have common phenotypic traits also observed in patients, reflecting the defective homeostasis of the monoamine neurotransmitter pathways, they also present with disease-specific manifestations with toxic accumulation or deficiency of specific metabolites related to the specific gene affected. This review provides an overview of the currently available models and may give directions toward selecting existing models or generating new ones to investigate novel pathogenic mechanisms and precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Ng
- Genetic Therapy Accelerator Centre, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippa Mills
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's Disease, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Arefieva AB, Komleva PD, Naumenko VS, Khotskin NV, Kulikov AV. In Vitro and In Vivo Chaperone Effect of (R)-2-amino-6-(1R, 2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-4(3H)-one on the C1473G Mutant Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1458. [PMID: 37892138 PMCID: PMC10604173 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the key and rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the mammalian brain. The 1473G mutation in the Tph2 gene decreases TPH2 activity in the mouse brain by twofold. (R)-2-amino-6-(1R, 2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-4(3H)-one (BH4) is a pharmacological chaperone for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. In the present study, chaperone effects of BH4 on the mutant C1473G TPH2 were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro BH4 increased the thermal stability (T50 value) of mutant and wild-type TPH2 molecules. At the same time, neither chronic (twice per day for 7 days) intraperitoneal injection of 48.3 mg/kg of BH4 nor a single intraventricular administration of 60 μg of the drug altered the mutant TPH2 activity in the brain of Balb/c mice. This result indicates that although BH4 shows a chaperone effect in vitro, it is unable to increase the activity of mutant TPH2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla B. Arefieva
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.A.); (N.V.K.)
| | - Polina D. Komleva
- Department of Psychoneuropharmacology, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.D.K.); (V.S.N.)
| | - Vladimir S. Naumenko
- Department of Psychoneuropharmacology, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.D.K.); (V.S.N.)
- Departments of Behavioral Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Khotskin
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.A.); (N.V.K.)
| | - Alexander V. Kulikov
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.A.); (N.V.K.)
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Komleva PD, Alhalabi G, Izyurov AE, Khotskin NV, Kulikov AV. Effects of the Combination of the C1473G Mutation in the Tph2 Gene and Lethal Yellow Mutations in the Raly-Agouti Locus on Behavior, Brain 5-HT and Melanocortin Systems in Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:963. [PMID: 37371543 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the key and rate-limited enzyme of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the brain. The C1473G mutation in the Tph2 gene results in a two-fold decrease in enzyme activity in the mouse brain. The lethal yellow (AY) mutation in the Raly-Agouti locus results in the overexpression of the Agouti gene in the brain and causes obesity and depressive-like behavior in mice. Herein, the possible influences of these mutations and their combination on body mass, behavior, brain 5-HT and melanocortin systems in mice of the B6-1473CC/aa. B6-1473CC/AYa, B6-1473GG/aa are investigated. B6-1473GG/AYa genotypes were studied. The 1473G and AY alleles increase the activity of TPH2 and the expression of the Agouti gene, respectively, but they do not alter 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels or the expression of the genes Tph2, Maoa, Slc6a4, Htr1a, Htr2a, Mc3r and Mc4r in the brain. The 1473G allele attenuates weight gain and depressive-like immobility in the forced swim test, while the AY allele increases body weight gain and depressive-like immobility. The combination of these alleles results in hind limb dystonia in the B6-1473GG/AYa mice. This is the first evidence for the interaction between the C1473G and AY mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyna D Komleva
- Department of Psychoneuropharmacology, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ghofran Alhalabi
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arseniy E Izyurov
- Department of Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita V Khotskin
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kulikov
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Matar E, Bhatia K. Dystonia and Parkinson's disease: Do they have a shared biology? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:347-411. [PMID: 37482398 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinsonism and dystonia co-occur across many movement disorders and are most encountered in the setting of Parkinson's disease. Here we aim to explore the shared neurobiological underpinnings of dystonia and parkinsonism through the clinical lens of the conditions in which these movement disorders can be seen together. Foregrounding the discussion, we briefly review the circuits of the motor system and the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects of motor control and highlight their relevance to the proposed pathophysiology of parkinsonism and dystonia. Insight into shared biology is then sought from dystonia occurring in PD and other forms of parkinsonism including those disorders in which both can be co-expressed simultaneously. We organize these within a biological schema along with important questions to be addressed in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Matar
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Goto S. Specificity of striatal dopamine D 1 system in humans: implications for clinical use of D 1 receptor-agonists in Parkinson's disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1178616. [PMID: 37180553 PMCID: PMC10169585 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1178616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Goto
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development Sciences, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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El Atiallah I, Bonsi P, Tassone A, Martella G, Biella G, Castagno AN, Pisani A, Ponterio G. Synaptic Dysfunction in Dystonia: Update From Experimental Models. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2310-2322. [PMID: 37464831 PMCID: PMC10556390 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230718100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia, the third most common movement disorder, refers to a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases characterized by involuntary, sustained or intermittent muscle contractions resulting in repetitive twisting movements and abnormal postures. In the last few years, several studies on animal models helped expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying dystonia. These findings have reinforced the notion that the synaptic alterations found mainly in the basal ganglia and cerebellum, including the abnormal neurotransmitters signalling, receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity, are a common hallmark of different forms of dystonia. In this review, we focus on the major contribution provided by rodent models of DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-GNAL, DYT/ PARK-GCH1, DYT/PARK-TH and DYT-SGCE dystonia, which reveal that an abnormal motor network and synaptic dysfunction represent key elements in the pathophysiology of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham El Atiallah
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tassone
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Biella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio N. Castagno
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Ponterio
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Kaji R. Direct cerebello-striatal loop in dystonia as a possible new target for deep brain stimulation: A revised view of subcortical pathways involved. Front Neurol 2022; 13:912818. [PMID: 36090883 PMCID: PMC9450946 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.912818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is the second most common movement disorder next to tremor, but its pathophysiology remains unsettled. Its therapeutic measures include anti-cholingerics and other medications, in addition to botulinum neurotoxin injections, and stereotaxic surgery including deep brain stimulation (DBS), but there still remain a number of patients resistant to the therapy. Evidence has been accumulating suggesting that basal ganglia in association with the cerebellum are playing a pivotal role in pathogenesis. Clinical observations such as sensory tricks and the effects of muscle afferent stimulation and blockage suggest the conflict between the cortical voluntary motor plan and the subcortical motor program or motor subroutine controlling the intended action semi-automatically. In this review, the current understanding of the possible pathways or loops involved in dystonia is presented, and we review promising new targets for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) including the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- National Hospital Organization Utano Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryuji Kaji
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Matsumoto S, Koizumi H, Shimazu H, Kaji R, Goto S. A dual dopaminergic therapy with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and chlorpromazine for the treatment of blepharospasm, a focal dystonia: Possible implications for striosomal D1 signaling. Front Neurol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.922333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of balanced activity between dopamine D1 and D2 receptor functions in the striatum, particularly in striatal functional subdivisions (i.e., striosome and matrix compartments), has been proposed to underlie dystonia genesis. This study was undertaken to examine the therapeutic effect of dual dopaminergic modulation with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) in patients with blepharospasm, a focal dystonia. For this purpose, Dopacol tablets™ (L-DOPA 50 mg plus carbidopa 5 mg) and Wintermin™ (CPZ phenolphthalinate 180 mg/g) were used. Clinical evaluations were performed before and after an 8-week drug treatment interval using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Blepharospasm Disability Index (BSDI), modified VAS (mVAS), and Jankovic Rating Scale (JRS). The data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics. Results showed that in patients (n = 7) with blepharospasm, dystonia symptoms were significantly alleviated by the administration of both Dopacol tablets™ (one tablet × 3/day) and CPZ (5 mg × 3/day), as determined using the VAS, BSDI, mVAS, and JRS. In contrast, there was no improvement of dystonia symptoms in patients (n = 7) who ingested Dopacol tablets™ (one tablet × 3/day) alone, nor in those (n = 7) who ingested CPZ (5 mg × 3/day) alone. Thus, dual pharmacotherapy with L-DOPA and CPZ can exert a therapeutic effect on blepharospasm, suggesting that dystonia symptoms can be attenuated through dopaminergic modulation with inducing an increase in striatal D1-signals. Since dopamine D1 receptors are heavily enriched in the striosome compartment in the “human” striatum, our results also suggest that striosomal loss of D1-signaling may be important in the pathogenesis of dystonia.
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Nishioka K, Imai Y, Yoshino H, Li Y, Funayama M, Hattori N. Clinical Manifestations and Molecular Backgrounds of Parkinson's Disease Regarding Genes Identified From Familial and Population Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:764917. [PMID: 35720097 PMCID: PMC9201061 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.764917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, numerous robust analyses have identified over 20 genes related to familial Parkinson's disease (PD), thereby uncovering its molecular underpinnings and giving rise to more sophisticated approaches to investigate its pathogenesis. α-Synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies (LBs) and behaves in a prion-like manner. The discovery of α-Synuclein enables an in-depth understanding of the pathology behind the generation of LBs and dopaminergic neuronal loss. Understanding the pathophysiological roles of genes identified from PD families is uncovering the molecular mechanisms, such as defects in dopamine biosynthesis and metabolism, excessive oxidative stress, dysfunction of mitochondrial maintenance, and abnormalities in the autophagy–lysosome pathway, involved in PD pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on familial PD genes detected by both single-gene analyses obeying the Mendelian inheritance and meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from genome libraries of PD. Studying the functional role of these genes might potentially elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying familial PD and sporadic PD and stimulate future investigations to decipher the common pathways between the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kenya Nishioka
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Yuzuru Imai
| | - Hiroyo Yoshino
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Funayama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sumi-Ichinose C, Suganuma Y, Kano T, Ikemoto K, Ihira N, Ichinose H, Kondo K. Priapism caused by partial deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin through hypofunction of the sympathetic neurons in sepiapterin reductase gene-disrupted mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:621-634. [PMID: 35192730 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
6R-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for aromatic L-amino acid hydroxylases, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), alkylglycerol monooxygenase, and three types of nitric oxide (NO) synthases (NOS). Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) catalyzes the third step of BH4 biosynthesis. SPR gene-disrupted (Spr-/- ) mice exhibit a dystonic posture, low body weight, hyperphenylalaninemia, and unstable hypertension with endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we found that Spr-/- mice suffered from a high incidence of severe priapism. Their erections persisted for months. The biopterin, BH4, and norepinephrine contents, and TH protein levels in the penile tissue of Spr-/- mice without and with priapism were significantly reduced compared to those of Spr+/+ mice. In contrast, their neural NOS (nNOS) protein levels were increased, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were remarkably elevated in the penises of Spr-/- mice with priapism. The symptoms were relieved by repeated administration of BH4. The biopterin, BH4, and norepinephrine contents were increased in penile homogenates from BH4-supplemented Spr-/- mice, and the TH protein levels tended to increase, and their nitrite plus nitrate levels were significantly lower than those of vehicle-treated Spr-/- mice and were approximately the same as vehicle- and BH4-supplemented Spr+/+ mice. Thus, we deduced that the priapism of Spr-/- mice is primarily caused by hypofunction of the sympathetic neurons due to cofactor depletion and the loss of TH protein and, further, dysregulation of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway, which would be caused by disinhibition of nNOS-containing neurons and/or abnormal catabolism of cyclic nucleotides is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Sumi-Ichinose
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yui Suganuma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Taiki Kano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ikemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Noriko Ihira
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunao Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Miyajima K, Sudo Y, Sanechika S, Hara Y, Horiguchi M, Xu F, Suzuki M, Hara S, Tanda K, Inoue KI, Takada M, Yoshioka N, Takebayashi H, Mori-Kojima M, Sugimoto M, Sumi-Ichinose C, Kondo K, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Ichinose H. Perturbation of monoamine metabolism and enhanced fear responses in mice defective in the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin. J Neurochem 2022; 161:129-145. [PMID: 35233765 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of peripheral amino acid metabolism in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, whereas the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor for enzymes that catalyze phenylalanine metabolism, monoamine synthesis, nitric oxide production, and lipid metabolism. BH4 is synthesized from guanosine triphosphate and regenerated by quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR), which catalyzes the reduction of quinonoid dihydrobiopterin. We analyzed Qdpr-/- mice to elucidate the physiological significance of the regeneration of BH4. We found that the Qdpr-/- mice exhibited mild hyperphenylalaninemia and monoamine deficiency in the brain, despite the presence of substantial amounts of BH4 in the liver and brain. Hyperphenylalaninemia was ameliorated by exogenously administered BH4, and dietary phenylalanine restriction was effective for restoring the decreased monoamine contents in the brain of the Qdpr-/- mice, suggesting that monoamine deficiency was caused by the secondary effect of hyperphenylalaninemia. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that QDPR was primarily distributed in oligodendrocytes but hardly detectable in monoaminergic neurons in the brain. Finally, we performed a behavioral assessment using a test battery. The Qdpr-/- mice exhibited enhanced fear responses after electrical foot shock. Taken together, our data suggest that the perturbation of BH4 metabolism should affect brain monoamine levels through alterations in peripheral amino acid metabolism, and might contribute to the development of anxiety-related psychiatric disorders. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Miyajima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sudo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sho Sanechika
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mieko Horiguchi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Domestic Science, Otsuma Women's University Junior College Division, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Minori Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koichi Tanda
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayo Mori-Kojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Chiho Sumi-Ichinose
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazunao Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Ikezawa J, Yokochi F, Okiyama R, Kumada S, Tojima M, Kamiyama T, Hanakawa T, Matsuda H, Tanaka F, Nakata Y, Isozaki E. Is Generalized and Segmental Dystonia Accompanied by Impairments in the Dopaminergic System? Front Neurol 2021; 12:751434. [PMID: 34867735 PMCID: PMC8638468 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.751434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathogenesis of dystonia is remarkably diverse. Some types of dystonia, such as DYT5 (DYT-GCH1) and tardive dystonia, are related to dysfunction of the dopaminergic system. Furthermore, on pathological examination, cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients with dystonia has been reported, suggesting that impaired dopamine production may be involved in DYT5 and in other types of dystonia. Objectives: To investigate functional dopaminergic impairments, we compared patients with dystonia and those with Parkinson's disease (PD) with normal controls using neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI) and dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography (DAT SPECT). Methods: A total of 18, 18, and 27 patients with generalized or segmental dystonia, patients with PD, and healthy controls, respectively, were examined using NM-MRI. The mean area corresponding to NM in the SN (NM-SN) was blindly quantified. DAT SPECT was performed on 17 and eight patients with dystonia and PD, respectively. The imaging data of DAT SPECT were harmonized with the Japanese database using striatum phantom calibration. These imaging data were compared between patients with dystonia or PD and controls from the Japanese database in 256 healthy volunteers using the calibrated specific binding ratio (cSBR). The symptoms of dystonia were evaluated using the Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (FMDRS), and the correlation between the results of imaging data and FMDRS was examined. Results: The mean areas corresponding to NM in the SN (NM-SN) were 31 ± 4.2, 28 ± 3.8, and 43 ± 3.8 pixels in patients with dystonia, PD, and in healthy controls, respectively. The mean cSBRs were 5 ± 0.2, 2.8 ± 0.2, 9.2 (predictive) in patients with dystonia, PD, and in healthy controls, respectively. The NM-SN area (r = −0.49, p < 0.05) and the cSBR (r = −0.54, p < 0.05) were inversely correlated with the FMDRS. There was no significant difference between the dystonia and PD groups regarding NM-SN (p = 0.28). In contrast, the cSBR was lower in patients with PD than in those with dystonia (p < 0.5 × 10−6). Conclusions: Impairments of the dopaminergic system may be involved in developing generalized and segmental dystonia. SN abnormalities in patients with dystonia were supposed to be different from degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ikezawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fusako Yokochi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Okiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Kumada
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Tojima
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kamiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakata
- Department of Neuroradiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Isozaki
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Waugh JL, Hassan A, Kuster JK, Levenstein JM, Warfield SK, Makris N, Brüggemann N, Sharma N, Breiter HC, Blood AJ. An MRI method for parcellating the human striatum into matrix and striosome compartments in vivo. Neuroimage 2021; 246:118714. [PMID: 34800665 PMCID: PMC9142299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian striatum is comprised of intermingled tissue compartments, matrix and striosome. Though indistinguishable by routine histological techniques, matrix and striosome have distinct embryologic origins, afferent/efferent connections, surface protein expression, intra-striatal location, susceptibilities to injury, and functional roles in a range of animal behaviors. Distinguishing the compartments previously required post-mortem tissue and/or genetic manipulation; we aimed to identify matrix/striosome non-invasively in living humans. We used diffusion MRI (probabilistic tractography) to identify human striatal voxels with connectivity biased towards matrix-favoring or striosome-favoring regions (determined by prior animal tract-tracing studies). Segmented striatal compartments replicated the topological segregation and somatotopic organization identified in animal matrix/striosome studies. Of brain regions mapped in prior studies, our human brain data confirmed 93% of the compartment-selective structural connectivity demonstrated in animals. Test-retest assessment on repeat scans found a voxel classification error rate of 0.14%. Fractional anisotropy was significantly higher in matrix-like voxels, while mean diffusivity did not differ between the compartments. As mapped by the Talairach human brain atlas, 460 regions were significantly biased towards either matrix or striosome. Our method allows the study of striatal compartments in human health and disease, in vivo, for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Waugh
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; Division of Child Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - Aao Hassan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J K Kuster
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - J M Levenstein
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, United States; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - S K Warfield
- Department of Radiology, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - N Makris
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Morphometric Analysis, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - N Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - N Sharma
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - H C Breiter
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - A J Blood
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Charlestown, MA, United States.
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14
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Contemporary functional neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of dystonia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:499-508. [PMID: 33486625 PMCID: PMC8099808 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dystonia is a disabling movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures or patterned and repetitive movements due to co-contraction of muscles in proximity to muscles desired for a certain movement. Important and well-established pathophysiological concepts are the impairment of sensorimotor integration, a loss of inhibitory control on several levels of the central nervous system and changes in synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms collectively contribute to an impairment of the gating function of the basal ganglia which results in an insufficient suppression of noisy activity and an excessive activation of cortical areas. In addition to this traditional view, a plethora of animal, genetic, imaging and electrophysiological studies highlight the role of the (1) cerebellum, (2) the cerebello-thalamic connection and (3) the functional interplay between basal ganglia and the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of dystonia. Another emerging topic is the better understanding of the microarchitecture of the striatum and its implications for dystonia. The striosomes are of particular interest as they likely control the dopamine release via inhibitory striato-nigral projections. Striosomal dysfunction has been implicated in hyperkinetic movement disorders including dystonia. This review will provide a comprehensive overview about the current understanding of the functional neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of dystonia and aims to move the traditional view of a ‘basal ganglia disorder’ to a network perspective with a dynamic interplay between cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem and cerebellum.
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15
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Hanssen H, Prasuhn J, Heldmann M, Diesta CC, Domingo A, Göttlich M, Blood AJ, Rosales RL, Jamora RDG, Münte TF, Klein C, Brüggemann N. Imaging gradual neurodegeneration in a basal ganglia model disease. Ann Neurol 2019; 86:517-526. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Hanssen
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Lübeck Lübeck Germany
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Jannik Prasuhn
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Lübeck Lübeck Germany
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Cid C. Diesta
- Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Filinvest Corporate City, Alabang Muntinlupa City the Philippines
| | - Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General Hospital Boston MA
| | - Martin Göttlich
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Anne J. Blood
- Mood and Motor Control LaboratoryMassachusetts General Hospital Charlestown MA
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and GeneticsMassachusetts General Hospital Charlestown MA
- Department of Neurology and PsychiatryMassachusetts General Hospital Boston MA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital Charlestown MA
- Division of Child NeurologyBoston Children's Hospital Boston MA
| | - Raymond L. Rosales
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Santo Tomas Manila the Philippines
| | - Roland D. G. Jamora
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine–Philippine General HospitalUniversity of the Philippines Manila Manila the Philippines
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Lübeck Lübeck Germany
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
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16
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Miyamoto Y, Nagayoshi I, Nishi A, Fukuda T. Three divisions of the mouse caudal striatum differ in the proportions of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-expressing cells, distribution of dopaminergic axons, and composition of cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2703-2716. [PMID: 31375982 PMCID: PMC6778543 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The greater part of the striatum is composed of striosomes and matrix compartments, but we recently demonstrated the presence of a region that has a distinct structural organization in the ventral half of the mouse caudal striatum (Miyamoto et al. in Brain Struct Funct 223:4275-4291, 2018). This region, termed the tri-laminar part based upon its differential immunoreactivities for substance P and enkephalin, consists of medial, intermediate, and lateral divisions. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the distributions of both projection neurons and interneurons in each division using immunohistochemistry. Two types of projection neurons expressing either the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) or D2 receptor (D2R) showed complementary distributions throughout the tri-laminar part, but the proportions significantly differed among the three divisions. The proportion of D1R-expressing neurons in the medial, intermediate, and lateral divisions was 88.6 ± 8.2% (651 cells from 3 mice), 14.7 ± 3.8% (1025 cells), and 49.3 ± 4.5% (873 cells), respectively. The intermediate division was further characterized by poor innervation of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive axons. The numerical density of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive neurons differed among the three divisions following the order from the medial to lateral divisions. In contrast, PV-positive somata were distributed throughout all three divisions at a constant density. Two types of GABAergic interneurons labeled for nitric oxide synthase and calretinin showed the highest cell density in the medial division. The present results characterize the three divisions of the mouse caudal striatum as distinct structures, which will facilitate studies of novel functional loops in the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miyamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Issei Nagayoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takaichi Fukuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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17
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Shetty AS, Bhatia KP, Lang AE. Dystonia and Parkinson's disease: What is the relationship? Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104462. [PMID: 31078682 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia and Parkinson's disease are closely linked disorders sharing many pathophysiological overlaps. Dystonia can be seen in 30% or more of the patients suffering with PD and sometimes can precede the overt parkinsonism. The response of early dystonia to the introduction of dopamine replacement therapy (levodopa, dopamine agonists) is variable; dystonia commonly occurs in PD patients following levodopa initiation. Similarly, parkinsonism is commonly seen in patients with mutations in various DYT genes including those involved in the dopamine synthesis pathway. Pharmacological blockade of dopamine receptors can cause both tardive dystonia and parkinsonism and these movement disorders syndromes can occur in many other neurodegenerative, genetic, toxic and metabolic diseases. Pallidotomy in the past and currently deep brain stimulation largely involving the GPi are effective treatment options for both dystonia and parkinsonism. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the response of these two different movement disorder syndromes are poorly understood. Interestingly, DBS for PD can cause dystonia such as blepharospasm and bilateral pallidal DBS for dystonia can result in features of parkinsonism. Advances in our understanding of these responses may provide better explanations for the relationship between dystonia and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash S Shetty
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical Movement Disorders and Motor Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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18
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Kurosaki H, Yamaguchi K, Man-Yoshi K, Muramatsu SI, Hara S, Ichinose H. Administration of tetrahydrobiopterin restored the decline of dopamine in the striatum induced by an acute action of MPTP. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:16-24. [PMID: 30739038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second common neurodegenerative disorder. Deficit of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons causes the motor symptoms of PD. While the oxidative stress is thought to be deeply involved in the etiology of PD, molecular targets for the oxidative insults has not been fully elucidated. 6R-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for production of dopamine, and easily oxidized to its dihydro-form. In this study, we examined the alteration in the metabolism of BH4 caused by a parkinsonian neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP reduced the dopamine content and the in vivo activity of TH in the striatum prior to degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons. We found that administration of BH4 could restore the dopamine content and in vivo TH activity in the striatum of MPTP-treated mice. Unexpectedly, when BH4 was administered with MPTP, BH4 contents in the brain were far higher than those injected without MPTP even at 23 h after the last injection. Because MPTP has been shown to increase ROS production in the dopaminergic neurons, we assumed that the increased ROS oxidizes BH4 into its dihydro-form, excreted from the dopaminergic neurons, taken-up by the neighboring cells, reduced back to BH4, and then accumulated in the brain. We also investigated the action of MPTP in mice lacking quinonoid-dihydropteridine reductase (Qdpr), an enzyme catalyzing regeneration of BH4 from quinonoid dihydrobiopterin. The dopamine depletion induced by MPTP was severer in Qdpr-deficient mice than in wild-type mice. The present data suggest that perturbation of the BH4 metabolism would be the cause of early and persistent dopamine depletion in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kurosaki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamaguchi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohei Man-Yoshi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan; Center for Gene & Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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19
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Parallel Emergence of a Compartmentalized Striatum with the Phylogenetic Development of the Cerebral Cortex. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9040090. [PMID: 31010240 PMCID: PMC6523536 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate neuronal architecture of the striatum plays a pivotal role in the functioning of the basal ganglia circuits involved in the control of various aspects of motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. Unlike the cerebral cortex, which has a laminar structure, the striatum is primarily composed of two functional subdivisions (i.e., the striosome and matrix compartments) arranged in a mosaic fashion. This review addresses whether striatal compartmentalization is present in non-mammalian vertebrates, in which simple cognitive and behavioral functions are executed by primitive sensori-motor systems. Studies show that neuronal subpopulations that share neurochemical and connective properties with striosomal and matrix neurons are present in the striata of not only anamniotes (fishes and amphibians), but also amniotes (reptiles and birds). However, these neurons do not form clearly segregated compartments in these vertebrates, suggesting that such compartmentalization is unique to mammals. In the ontogeny of the mammalian forebrain, the later-born matrix neurons disperse the early-born striosome neurons into clusters to form the compartments in tandem with the development of striatal afferents from the cortex. We propose that striatal compartmentalization in mammals emerged in parallel with the evolution of the cortex and possibly enhanced complex processing of sensory information and behavioral flexibility phylogenetically.
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20
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Durst M, Könczöl K, Balázsa T, Eyre MD, Tóth ZE. Reward-representing D1-type neurons in the medial shell of the accumbens nucleus regulate palatable food intake. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:917-927. [PMID: 29907842 PMCID: PMC6484714 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Dysfunction in reward-related aspects of feeding, and consequent overeating in humans, is a major contributor to obesity. Intrauterine undernutrition and overnutrition are among the predisposing factors, but the exact mechanism of how overeating develops is still unclear. Consummatory behavior is regulated by the medial shell (mSh) of the accumbens nucleus (Nac) through direct connections with the rostral part of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Our aim was to investigate whether an altered Nac-LHA circuit may underlie hyperphagic behavior. SUBJECTS/METHODS Intrauterine protein-restricted (PR) male Wistar rats were used as models for hyperphagia. The experiments were performed using young adult control (normally nourished) and PR animals. Sweet condensed milk (SCM) served as a reward to test consumption and subsequent activation (Fos+) of Nac and LHA neurons. Expression levels of type 1 and 2 dopamine receptors (D1R, D2R) in the Nac, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels in the ventral tegmental area, were determined. The D1R agonist SKF82958 was injected into the mSh-Nac of control rats to test the effect of D1R signaling on SCM intake and neuronal cell activation in the LHA. RESULTS A group of food reward-representing D1R+ neurons was identified in the mSh-Nac. Activation (Fos+) of these neurons was highly proportional to the consumed palatable food. D1R agonist treatment attenuated SCM intake and diminished the number of SCM-activated cells in the LHA. Hyperphagic PR rats showed increased intake of SCM, reduced D1R expression, and an impaired response to SCM-evoked neuronal activation in the mSh-Nac, accompanied by an elevated number of Fos+ neurons in the LHA compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Sensitivity of food reward-representing neurons in the mSh-Nac determines the level of satisfaction that governs cessation of consumption, probably through connections with the LHA. D1R signaling is a key element in this function, and is impaired in obesity-prone rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Durst
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Könczöl
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Balázsa
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D Eyre
- Department of Physiology I, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 7, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna E Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Beste C, Moll CKE, Pötter-Nerger M, Münchau A. Striatal Microstructure and Its Relevance for Cognitive Control. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:747-751. [PMID: 30017252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of the striatum for cognitive control processes is increasingly appreciated. The striatum is not a homogenous structure but instead is compartmentalized into the 'matrix' and 'striosomes'. Here, we discuss experiments on a model disease of striosomal dysfunction and provide evidence for the importance of the striatal microstructure for cognitive control in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christian K E Moll
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Pötter-Nerger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Germany.
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22
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Kaji R, Bhatia K, Graybiel AM. Pathogenesis of dystonia: is it of cerebellar or basal ganglia origin? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:488-492. [PMID: 29089396 PMCID: PMC5909758 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a disorder of motor programmes controlling semiautomatic movements or postures, with clinical features such as sensory trick, which suggests sensorimotor mismatch as the basis. Dystonia was originally classified as a basal ganglia disease. It is now regarded as a 'network' disorder including the cerebellum, but the exact pathogenesis being unknown. Rare autopsy studies have found pathology both in the striatum and the cerebellum, and functional disorganisation was reported in the somatosensory cortex in patients. Recent animal studies showed physiologically tight disynaptic connections between the cerebellum and the striatum. We review clinical evidence in light of this new functional interaction between the cerebellum and basal ganglia, and put forward a hypothesis that dystonia is a basal ganglia disorder that can be induced by aberrant afferent inputs from the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Abstract
Dystonia can be seen in a number of different phenotypes that may arise from different etiologies. The pathophysiological substrate of dystonia is related to three lines of research. The first postulate a loss of inhibition which may account for the excess of movement and for the overflow phenomena. A second abnormality is sensory dysfunction which is related to the mild sensory complaints in patients with focal dystonias and may be responsible for some of the motor dysfunction. Finally, there are strong pieces of evidence from animal and human studies suggesting that alterations of synaptic plasticity characterized by a disruption of homeostatic plasticity, with a prevailing facilitation of synaptic potentiation may play a pivotal role in primary dystonia. These working hypotheses have been generalized in all form of dystonia. On the other hand, several pieces of evidence now suggest that the pathophysiology may be slightly different in the different types of dystonia. Therefore, in the present review, we would like to discuss the neural mechanisms underlying the different forms of dystonia to disentangle the different weight and role of environmental and predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Quartarone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Diane Ruge
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Bloem B, Huda R, Sur M, Graybiel AM. Two-photon imaging in mice shows striosomes and matrix have overlapping but differential reinforcement-related responses. eLife 2017; 6:32353. [PMID: 29251596 PMCID: PMC5764569 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Striosomes were discovered several decades ago as neurochemically identified zones in the striatum, yet technical hurdles have hampered the study of the functions of these striatal compartments. Here we used 2-photon calcium imaging in neuronal birthdate-labeled Mash1-CreER;Ai14 mice to image simultaneously the activity of striosomal and matrix neurons as mice performed an auditory conditioning task. With this method, we identified circumscribed zones of tdTomato-labeled neuropil that correspond to striosomes as verified immunohistochemically. Neurons in both striosomes and matrix responded to reward-predicting cues and were active during or after consummatory licking. However, we found quantitative differences in response strength: striosomal neurons fired more to reward-predicting cues and encoded more information about expected outcome as mice learned the task, whereas matrix neurons were more strongly modulated by recent reward history. These findings open the possibility of harnessing in vivo imaging to determine the contributions of striosomes and matrix to striatal circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bloem
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rafiq Huda
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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Morigaki R, Goto S. Striatal Vulnerability in Huntington's Disease: Neuroprotection Versus Neurotoxicity. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7060063. [PMID: 28590448 PMCID: PMC5483636 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding an abnormally long polyglutamine tract (PolyQ) in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. In HD, striking neuropathological changes occur in the striatum, including loss of medium spiny neurons and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons accompanied by neurodegeneration of the striosome and matrix compartments, leading to progressive impairment of reasoning, walking and speaking abilities. The precise cause of striatal pathology in HD is still unknown; however, accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests multiple plausible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying striatal neurodegeneration in HD. Here, we review and discuss the characteristic neurodegenerative patterns observed in the striatum of HD patients and consider the role of various huntingtin-related and striatum-enriched proteins in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Morigaki R, Okita S, Goto S. Dopamine-Induced Changes in Gα olf Protein Levels in Striatonigral and Striatopallidal Medium Spiny Neurons Underlie the Genesis of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinsonian Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:26. [PMID: 28239340 PMCID: PMC5300978 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine precursor, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), exerts powerful therapeutic effects but eventually generates l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). LID has a close link with deregulation of striatal dopamine/cAMP signaling, which is integrated by medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Olfactory type G-protein α subunit (Gαolf), a stimulatory GTP-binding protein encoded by the GNAL gene, is highly concentrated in the striatum, where it positively couples with dopamine D1 (D1R) receptor and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) to increase intracellular cAMP levels in MSNs. In the striatum, D1Rs are mainly expressed in the MSNs that form the striatonigral pathway, while D2Rs and A2ARs are expressed in the MSNs that form the striatopallidal pathway. Here, we examined the association between striatal Gαolf protein levels and the development of LID. We used a hemi-parkinsonian mouse model with nigrostriatal lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Using quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a dual-antigen recognition in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), we here found that in the dopamine-depleted striatum, there appeared increased and decreased levels of Gαolf protein in striatonigral and striatopallidal MSNs, respectively, after a daily pulsatile administration of l-DOPA. This leads to increased responsiveness to dopamine stimulation in both striatonigral and striatopallidal MSNs. Because Gαolf protein levels serve as a determinant of cAMP signal-dependent activity in striatal MSNs, we suggest that l-DOPA-induced changes in striatal Gαolf levels in the dopamine-depleted striatum could be a key event in generating LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University HospitalTokushima, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan
| | - Shinya Okita
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University HospitalTokushima, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University HospitalTokushima, Japan
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Morigaki R, Goto S. Putaminal Mosaic Visualized by Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunohistochemistry in the Human Neostriatum. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:34. [PMID: 27092059 PMCID: PMC4820446 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits, the putamen plays a critical role in the “motor” circuits that control voluntary movements and motor learning. The human neostriatum comprises two functional subdivisions known as the striosome (patch) and matrix compartments. Accumulating evidence suggests that compartment-specific dysregulations of dopamine activity might be involved in the disease-specific pathology and symptoms of human striatal diseases including movement disorders. This study was undertaken to examine whether or how striatal dopaminergic innervations are organized into the compartmentalized architecture found in the putamen of adult human brains. For this purpose, we used a highly sensitive immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique to identify tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC 1.14.16.2), a marker for striatal dopaminergic axons and terminals, in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues obtained from autopsied human brains. Herein, we report that discrete compartmentalization of TH-labeled innervations occurs in the putamen, as in the caudate nucleus (CN), with a higher density of TH labeling in the matrix compared to the striosomes. Our results provide anatomical evidence to support the hypothesis that compartment-specific dysfunction of the striosome-matrix dopaminergic systems might contribute to the genesis of movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima UniversityTokushima, Japan
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Kimura K, Nagao Y, Hachimori K, Hayashi M, Nomura Y, Segawa M. Pre-movement gating of somatosensory evoked potentials in Segawa disease. Brain Dev 2016; 38:68-75. [PMID: 26071901 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Segawa disease (SD), an autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation, can be clinically classified into the postural dystonia type (SD-P) and action dystonia type (SD-A). Compared to SD-A, SD-P has an earlier onset and is characterized by postural dystonia. In SD-A, along with postural dystonia, dystonic movements appear in late childhood. To evaluate the differences between these two types of SD, we studied the gating of SEPs, which is useful to investigate sensory-motor integration and might be one of the methods to detect the thalamo-cortical involvement. METHODS Fourteen patients with SD (11-63 years) and 18 age-matched normal subjects (11-51 years) were studied. Among the 14 patients with SD, 8 patients had SD-P and 6 had SD-A. Using median nerve stimulation at the wrist, the amplitude of the frontal N30 (FrN30) was compared between pre-movement and rest conditions. RESULTS We found that the amplitude of the contralateral FrN30 was attenuated before movement in normal controls and in the majority of both SD types. On the other hand, the pre-movement-rest amplitude ratio in patients with SD-A was significantly larger than in patients with SD-P (P=0.0025). No significant differences were observed in the pre-movement-rest ratio between SD-P and normal subjects. CONCLUSION The preservation or impairment of pre-movement gating shown here suggests a physiological difference between the two types of SD. More specifically, sensorimotor integration of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits may be intact in SD-P, but are affected in SD-A. We discuss the different pathophysiology seen in the different phenotype of SD based on the different developmental involvement in the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Nagao
- Segawa Neurological Clinic for Children, Japan
| | | | - Masaharu Hayashi
- Segawa Neurological Clinic for Children, Japan; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Japan
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Crittenden J, Graybiel A. Disease-Associated Changes in the Striosome and Matrix Compartments of the Dorsal Striatum. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Morigaki R, Goto S. Postsynaptic Density Protein 95 in the Striosome and Matrix Compartments of the Human Neostriatum. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:154. [PMID: 26648848 PMCID: PMC4663261 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neostriatum consists of two functional subdivisions referred to as the striosome (patch) and matrix compartments. The striosome-matrix dopamine systems play a central role in cortico-thalamo-basal ganglia circuits, and their involvement is thought to underlie the genesis of multiple movement and behavioral disorders, and of drug addiction. Human neuropathology also has shown that striosomes and matrix have differential vulnerability patterns in several striatal neurodegenerative diseases. Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), also known as disks large homolog 4, is a major scaffolding protein in the postsynaptic densities of dendritic spines. PSD-95 is now known to negatively regulate not only N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate signaling, but also dopamine D1 signals at sites of postsynaptic transmission. Accordingly, a neuroprotective role for PSD-95 against dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-mediated neurotoxicity in striatal neurodegeneration also has been suggested. Here, we used a highly sensitive immunohistochemistry technique to show that in the human neostriatum, PSD-95 is differentially concentrated in the striosome and matrix compartments, with a higher density of PSD-95 labeling in the matrix compartment than in the striosomes. This compartment-specific distribution of PSD-95 was strikingly complementary to that of D1R. In addition to the possible involvement of PSD-95-mediated synaptic function in compartment-specific dopamine signals, we suggest that the striosomes might be more susceptible to D1R-mediated neurotoxicity than the matrix compartment. This notion may provide new insight into the compartment-specific vulnerability of MSNs in striatal neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan ; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan ; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
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Korner G, Noain D, Ying M, Hole M, Flydal MI, Scherer T, Allegri G, Rassi A, Fingerhut R, Becu-Villalobos D, Pillai S, Wueest S, Konrad D, Lauber-Biason A, Baumann CR, Bindoff LA, Martinez A, Thöny B. Brain catecholamine depletion and motor impairment in a Th knock-in mouse with type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Brain 2015; 138:2948-63. [PMID: 26276013 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyses the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to l-DOPA, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines. Mutations in the TH gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase are associated with the autosomal recessive disorder tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, which manifests phenotypes varying from infantile parkinsonism and DOPA-responsive dystonia, also termed type A, to complex encephalopathy with perinatal onset, termed type B. We generated homozygous Th knock-in mice with the mutation Th-p.R203H, equivalent to the most recurrent human mutation associated with type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency (TH-p.R233H), often unresponsive to l-DOPA treatment. The Th knock-in mice showed normal survival and food intake, but hypotension, hypokinesia, reduced motor coordination, wide-based gate and catalepsy. This phenotype was associated with a gradual loss of central catecholamines and the serious manifestations of motor impairment presented diurnal fluctuation but did not improve with standard l-DOPA treatment. The mutant tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme was unstable and exhibited deficient stabilization by catecholamines, leading to decline of brain tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in the Th knock-in mice. In fact the substantia nigra presented an almost normal level of mutant tyrosine hydroxylase protein but distinct absence of the enzyme was observed in the striatum, indicating a mutation-associated mislocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the nigrostriatal pathway. This hypomorphic mouse model thus provides understanding on pathomechanisms in type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency and a platform for the evaluation of novel therapeutics for movement disorders with loss of dopaminergic input to the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Korner
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Noain
- 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ming Ying
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magnus Hole
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marte I Flydal
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tanja Scherer
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Allegri
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anahita Rassi
- 6 Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- 7 Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Samyuktha Pillai
- 9 Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland 10 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland 10 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lauber-Biason
- 11 Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Baumann
- 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurence A Bindoff
- 12 Department of Clinical Medicine K1, University of Bergen, Norway 13 Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Beat Thöny
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
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Goto S, Morigaki R, Okita S, Nagahiro S, Kaji R. Development of a highly sensitive immunohistochemical method to detect neurochemical molecules in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from autopsied human brains. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:22. [PMID: 25784860 PMCID: PMC4347496 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable method for identifying discrete neurochemical molecules by the interaction of target antigens with validated antibodies tagged with a visible label (e.g., peroxidase). We have developed an immunostaining method that is highly sensitive in detection of neurochemical antigens. Our IHC method, which we call the PBTA method, involves a hybrid protocol that implements aspects of both the polymer and avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) methods in combination with biotin-tyramide amplification. When using [Met]-enkephalin as a target antigen, the sensitivity of the PBTA method for IHC was more than 100-fold higher compared with the polymer and ABC methods. In addition, its sensitivity for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was about 1,000-fold higher compared with the ABC method. We examined the utility of our IHC method for both chromogenic and fluorescence detection systems used to visualize neurochemical peptides and proteins in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from autopsied human brains. The results convincingly demonstrate that under optimal conditions, our IHC method is highly sensitive without increasing non-specific background activities. Our IHC method could be a powerful tool for detection and visualization of neurochemical antigens that are present even in trace amounts in autopsied human brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Goto
- Department of Motor Neuroscience and Neurotherapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan ; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Motor Neuroscience and Neurotherapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan ; Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinya Okita
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagahiro
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
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Striatal cholinergic dysfunction as a unifying theme in the pathophysiology of dystonia. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 127-128:91-107. [PMID: 25697043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder of both genetic and non-genetic causes, which typically results in twisted posturing due to abnormal muscle contraction. Evidence from dystonia patients and animal models of dystonia indicate a crucial role for the striatal cholinergic system in the pathophysiology of dystonia. In this review, we focus on striatal circuitry and the centrality of the acetylcholine system in the function of the basal ganglia in the control of voluntary movement and ultimately clinical manifestation of movement disorders. We consider the impact of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) on dopamine-acetylcholine interactions and examine new evidence for impairment of ChIs in dysfunction of the motor systems producing dystonic movements, particularly in animal models. We have observed paradoxical excitation of ChIs in the presence of dopamine D2 receptor agonists and impairment of striatal synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia, which are improved by administration of recently developed M1 receptor antagonists. These findings have been confirmed across multiple animal models of DYT1 dystonia and may represent a common endophenotype by which to investigate dystonia induced by other types of genetic and non-genetic causes and to investigate the potential effectiveness of pharmacotherapeutics and other strategies to improve dystonia.
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Hess EJ, Jinnah H. Mouse Models of Dystonia. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Genetic animal models of dystonia: common features and diversities. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121:91-113. [PMID: 25034123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are pivotal for studies of pathogenesis and treatment of disorders of the central nervous system which in its complexity cannot yet be modeled in vitro or using computer simulations. The choice of a specific model to test novel therapeutic strategies for a human disease should be based on validity of the model for the approach: does the model reflect symptoms, pathogenesis and treatment response present in human patients? In the movement disorder dystonia, prior to the availability of genetically engineered mice, spontaneous mutants were chosen based on expression of dystonic features, including abnormal muscle contraction, movements and postures. Recent discovery of a number of genes and gene products involved in dystonia initiated research on pathogenesis of the disorder, and the creation of novel models based on gene mutations. Here we present a review of current models of dystonia, with a focus on genetic rodent models, which will likely be first choice in the future either for pathophysiological or for preclinical drug testing or both. In order to help selection of a model depending on expression of a specific feature of dystonia, this review is organized by symptoms and current knowledge of pathogenesis of dystonia. We conclude that albeit there is increasing need for research on pathogenesis of the disease and development of improved models, current models do replicate features of dystonia and are useful tools to develop urgently demanded treatment for this debilitating disorder.
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Lehéricy S, Tijssen MAJ, Vidailhet M, Kaji R, Meunier S. The anatomical basis of dystonia: current view using neuroimaging. Mov Disord 2014; 28:944-57. [PMID: 23893451 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will consider the knowledge that neuroimaging studies have provided to the understanding of the anatomy of dystonia. Major advances have occurred in the use of neuroimaging for dystonia in the past 2 decades. At present, the most developed imaging approaches include whole-brain or region-specific studies of structural or diffusion changes, functional imaging using fMRI or positron emission tomography (PET), and metabolic imaging using fluorodeoxyglucose PET. These techniques have provided evidence that regions other than the basal ganglia are involved in dystonia. In particular, there is increasing evidence that primary dystonia can be viewed as a circuit disorder, involving the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical and cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways. This suggests that a better understanding of the dysfunction in each region in the network and their interactions are important topics to address. Current views of interpretation of imaging data as cause or consequence of dystonia, and the postmortem correlates of imaging data are presented. The application of imaging as a tool to monitor therapy and its use as an outcome measure will be discussed. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Lehéricy
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM) epiniere, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France.
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Furuta N, Furuta M, Makioka K, Fujita Y, Okamoto K. Parkinson's disease presenting with oculogyric crisis in the off period. Intern Med 2014; 53:793-5. [PMID: 24694499 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report the case of a 67-year-old Japanese man diagnosed with sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) at 52 years of age who presented with oculogyric crisis (OGC) in the off period. Ordinarily, OGC is caused by postencephalitic parkinsonism or the chronic use of antidopaminergic medications. The OGC began at 65 years of age and was associated with the wearing-off of symptoms. The dominant OGC feature was tonic deviations in eye posture induced by looking upward with prominent retrocollis. The administration of control dopaminergic medications led to improvements in the wearing-off phenomenon and OGC. This observation confirms that sporadic PD can induce OGC in the off period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Furuta
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Homma D, Katoh S, Tokuoka H, Ichinose H. The role of tetrahydrobiopterin and catecholamines in the developmental regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase level in the brain. J Neurochem 2013; 126:70-81. [PMID: 23647001 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis and requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as an essential cofactor. BH4 deficiency leads to the loss of TH protein in the brain, although the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. To give insight into the role of BH4 in the developmental regulation of TH protein level, in this study, we investigated the effects of acute and subchronic administrations of BH4 or dopa on the TH protein content in BH4-deficient mice lacking sepiapterin reductase. We found that BH4 administration persistently elevated the BH4 and dopamine levels in the brain and fully restored the loss of TH protein caused by the BH4 deficiency in infants. On the other hand, dopa administration less persistently increased the dopamine content and only partially but significantly restored the TH protein level in infant BH4-deficient mice. We also found that the effects of BH4 or dopa administration on the TH protein content were attenuated in young adulthood. Our data demonstrate that BH4 and catecholamines are required for the post-natal augmentation of TH protein in the brain, and suggest that BH4 availability in early post-natal period is critical for the developmental regulation of TH protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Homma
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Babovic D, Jiang L, Goto S, Gantois I, Schütz G, Lawrence AJ, Waddington JL, Drago J. Behavioural and anatomical characterization of mutant mice with targeted deletion of D1 dopamine receptor-expressing cells: response to acute morphine. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 121:39-47. [PMID: 23337398 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12214fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable topographic overlap exists between brain opioidergic and dopaminergic neurons. Pharmacological blockade of the dopamine D(1) receptor (Drd1a) reverses several behavioural phenomena elicited by opioids. The present study examines the effects of morphine in adult mutant (MUT) mice expressing the attenuated diphtheria toxin-176 gene in Drd1a-expressing cells, a mutant line shown previously to undergo post-natal striatal atrophy and loss of Drd1a-expression. MUT and wild-type mice were assessed behaviourally following acute administration of 10 mg/kg morphine. Treatment with morphine reduced locomotion and rearing similarly in both genotypes but reduced total grooming only in MUT mice. Morphine-induced Straub tail and stillness were heightened in MUT mice. Chewing and sifting were decreased in MUT mice and these effects were not modified by morphine. Loss of striatal Drd1-positive cells and up-regulated D(2)-expression, as reflected in down-regulated D(1)-like and up-regulated D(2)-like binding, respectively, is not uniform along the cranio-caudal extent in this model but appears to be greater in the caudal striatum. Preferential caudal loss of µ-opioid-expression, a marker for the striosomal compartment, was seen. These data indicate that Drd1a-positive cell loss modifies the exploratory behavioural response elicited by morphine, unmasking novel morphine-induced MUT-specific behaviours and generating a hypersensitivity to morphine for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Babovic
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Koizumi H, Morigaki R, Okita S, Nagahiro S, Kaji R, Nakagawa M, Goto S. Response of striosomal opioid signaling to dopamine depletion in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease: a potential compensatory role. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:74. [PMID: 23730270 PMCID: PMC3656348 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid peptide receptors consist of three major subclasses, namely, μ, δ, and κ (MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively). They are involved in the regulation of striatal dopamine functions, and increased opioid transmissions are thought to play a compensatory role in altered functions of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we used an immunohistochemistry with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) protocols to determine the distributional patterns of opioid receptors in the striosome-matrix systems of the rat striatum. As a most striking feature of striatal opioid anatomy, MORs are highly enriched in the striosomes and subcallosal streak. We also found that DORs are localized in a mosaic pattern in the dorsal striatum (caudate-putamen), with heightened labeling for DOR in the striosomes relative to the matrix compartment. In the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of PD, lesions of the nigrostriatal pathways caused a significant reduction of striatal labeling for both the MOR and DOR in the striosomes, but not in the matrix compartment. Our results suggest that the activities of the striosome and matrix compartments are differentially regulated by the opioid signals involving the MORs and DORs, and that the striosomes may be more responsive to opioid peptides (e.g., enkephalin) than the matrix compartment. Based on a model in which the striosome compartment regulates the striatal activity, we propose a potent compensatory role of striosomal opioid signaling under the conditions of the striatal dopamine depletion that occurs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Koizumi
- Department of Motor Neuroscience and Neurotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
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Goto S, Kawarai T, Morigaki R, Okita S, Koizumi H, Nagahiro S, Munoz EL, Lee LV, Kaji R. Defects in the striatal neuropeptide Y system in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism. Brain 2013; 136:1555-67. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Nasser A, Bjerrum OJ, Heegaard AM, Møller AT, Larsen M, Dalbøge LS, Dupont E, Jensen TS, Møller LB. Impaired behavioural pain responses in hph-1 mice with inherited deficiency in GTP cyclohydrolase 1 in models of inflammatory pain. Mol Pain 2013; 9:5. [PMID: 23421753 PMCID: PMC3626862 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTP-CH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), encoded by the GCH1 gene, has been implicated in the development and maintenance of inflammatory pain in rats. In humans, homozygous carriers of a "pain-protective" (PP) haplotype of the GCH1 gene have been identified exhibiting lower pain sensitivity, but only following pain sensitisation. Ex vivo, the PP GCH1 haplotype is associated with decreased induction of GCH1 after stimulation, whereas the baseline BH4 production is not affected. Contrary, loss of function mutations in the GCH1 gene results in decreased basal GCH1 expression, and is associated with DOPA-responsive dystonia (DRD). So far it is unknown if such mutations affect acute and inflammatory pain. RESULTS In the current study, we examined the involvement of the GCH1 gene in pain models using the hyperphenylalaninemia 1 (hph-1) mouse, a genetic model for DRD, with only 10% basal GTP-CH1 activity compared to wild type mice. The study included assays for determination of acute nociception as well as models for pain after sensitisation. Pain behavioural analysis of the hph-1 mice showed reduced pain-like responses following intraplantar injection of CFA, formalin and capsaicin; whereas decreased basal level of GTP-CH1 activity had no influence in naïve hph-1 mice on acute mechanical and heat pain thresholds. Moreover, the hph-1 mice showed no signs of motor impairment or dystonia-like symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate novel evidence that genetic mutations in the GCH1 gene modulate pain-like hypersensitivity. Together, the present data suggest that BH4 is not important for basal heat and mechanical pain, but they support the hypothesis that BH4 plays a role in inflammation-induced hypersensitivity. Our studies suggest that the BH4 pathway could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory pain conditions. Moreover, the hph-1 mice provide a valid model to study the consequence of congenital deficiency of GCH1 in painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat Nasser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Ole J Bjerrum
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Heegaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette T Møller
- The Danish Pain Research Center, Århus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Majbritt Larsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise S Dalbøge
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Dupont
- Department of Neurology, Århus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Troels S Jensen
- The Danish Pain Research Center, Århus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth B Møller
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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Yamamura Y, Morigaki R, Kasahara J, Yokoyama H, Tanabe A, Okita S, Koizumi H, Nagahiro S, Kaji R, Goto S. Dopamine signaling negatively regulates striatal phosphorylation of Cdk5 at tyrosine 15 in mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:12. [PMID: 23420105 PMCID: PMC3572678 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal functions depend on the activity balance between the dopamine and glutamate neurotransmissions. Glutamate inputs activate cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), which inhibits postsynaptic dopamine signaling by phosphorylating DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa) at Thr75 in the striatum. c-Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) is known to phosphorylate Cdk5 at Tyr15 (Tyr15-Cdk5) and thereby facilitates the Cdk5 activity. We here report that Cdk5 with Tyr15 phosphorylation (Cdk5-pTyr15) is enriched in the mouse striatum, where dopaminergic stimulation inhibited phosphorylation of Tyr15-Cdk5 by acting through the D2 class dopamine receptors. Moreover, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model, dopamine deficiency caused increased phosphorylation of both Tyr15-Cdk5 and Thr75-DARPP-32 in the striatum, which could be attenuated by administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and imatinib (STI-571), a selective c-Abl inhibitor. Our results suggest a functional link of Cdk5-pTyr15 with postsynaptic dopamine and glutamate signals through the c-Abl kinase activity in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Yamamura
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Bioscience, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan
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Ichinose H, Homma D, Sumi-Ichinose C, Nomura T, Kondo K. GTP cyclohydrolase regulation: implications for brain development and function. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 68:23-35. [PMID: 24054139 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is essential for the biosynthesis of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin, which serve as cofactors for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase. GTP cyclohydrolase (GCH) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for BH4 biosynthesis. Genetic defects in an allele of the GCH gene can result in dopa-responsive dystonia due to partial BH4 deficiency. To explore the transcriptional control of the GCH gene, we analyzed the signaling pathway. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) greatly enhanced the expression of GCH in RAW264 cells, and the induction of GCH by LPS was suppressed by treatment with either a MEK1/2 inhibitor or an inhibitor for the NF-κB pathway. Next, we analyzed two types of biopterin-deficient transgenic mice. We found that both mice exhibited motor disorders with slight differences. Dopamine and TH protein levels were markedly and concurrently increased from birth (P0) to P21 in wild-type mice, and these increases were abolished in both types of biopterin-deficient mice. Our results suggest that the developmental manifestation of psychomotor symptoms in BH4 deficiency might be attributable at least partially to the high dependence of dopaminergic development on the availability of BH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ichinose
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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45
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Striatal microcircuitry and movement disorders. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:557-64. [PMID: 22858522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia network serves to integrate information about context, actions, and outcomes to shape the behavior of an animal based on its past experience. Clinically, the basal ganglia receive the most attention for their role in movement disorders. Recent advances in technology have opened new avenues of research into the structure and function of basal ganglia circuits. One emerging theme is the importance of GABAergic interneurons in coordinating and regulating network function. Here, we discuss evidence that changes in striatal GABAergic microcircuits contribute to basal ganglia dysfunction in several movement disorders. Because interneurons are genetically and neurochemically unique from striatal projection neurons, they may provide promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of striatal-based disorders.
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Okita S, Morigaki R, Koizumi H, Kaji R, Nagahiro S, Goto S. Cell type-specific localization of optineurin in the striatal neurons of mice: implications for neuronal vulnerability in Huntington's disease. Neuroscience 2011; 202:363-70. [PMID: 22155493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Striatal neuropathology of Huntington's disease (HD) involves primary and progressive degeneration of the medium-sized projection neurons, with relative sparing of the local circuit interneurons. The mechanism for such a patterned cell loss in the HD striatum continues to remain unclear. Optineurin (OPTN) is one of the proteins interacting with huntingtin and plays a protective role in several neurodegenerative disorders. To determine the cellular localization pattern of OPTN in the mouse striatum, we employed a highly sensitive immunohistochemistry with the tyramide signal amplification system. In this study, we show that OPTN appeared as a cytoplasmic protein within the subsets of the striatal neurons. Of particular interest was that OPTN was abundantly expressed in the interneurons, whereas low levels of OPTN were observed in the medium projection neurons. This cell type-specific distribution of OPTN in the striatum is strikingly complementary to the pattern of neuronal loss typically observed in the striatum of patients with HD. We suggest that OPTN abundance is an important cellular factor in considering the cell type-specific vulnerability of striatal neurons in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okita
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Abstract
BH4 (6R-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin) is an essential cofactor of a set of enzymes that are of central metabolic importance, including four aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, alkylglycerol mono-oxygenase and three NOS (NO synthase) isoenzymes. Consequently, BH4 is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher organisms and plays a key role in a number of biological processes and pathological states associated with monoamine neurotransmitter formation, cardiovascular and endothelial dysfunction, the immune response and pain sensitivity. BH4 is formed de novo from GTP via a sequence of three enzymatic steps carried out by GTP cyclohydrolase I, 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterin reductase. An alternative or salvage pathway involves dihydrofolate reductase and may play an essential role in peripheral tissues. Cofactor regeneration requires pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase and dihydropteridine reductase, except for NOSs, in which the BH4 cofactor undergoes a one-electron redox cycle without the need for additional regeneration enzymes. With regard to the regulation of cofactor biosynthesis, the major controlling point is GTP cyclohydrolase I. BH4 biosynthesis is controlled in mammals by hormones and cytokines. BH4 deficiency due to autosomal recessive mutations in all enzymes, except for sepiapterin reductase, has been described as a cause of hyperphenylalaninaemia. A major contributor to vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension, ischaemic reperfusion injury, diabetes and others, appears to be an effect of oxidized BH4, which leads to an increased formation of oxygen-derived radicals instead of NO by decoupled NOS. Furthermore, several neurological diseases have been suggested to be a consequence of restricted cofactor availability, and oral cofactor replacement therapy to stabilize mutant phenylalanine hydroxylase in the BH4-responsive type of hyperphenylalaninaemia has an advantageous effect on pathological phenylalanine levels in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst R Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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Crittenden JR, Graybiel AM. Basal Ganglia disorders associated with imbalances in the striatal striosome and matrix compartments. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:59. [PMID: 21941467 PMCID: PMC3171104 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is composed principally of GABAergic, medium spiny striatal projection neurons (MSNs) that can be categorized based on their gene expression, electrophysiological profiles, and input–output circuits. Major subdivisions of MSN populations include (1) those in ventromedial and dorsolateral striatal regions, (2) those giving rise to the direct and indirect pathways, and (3) those that lie in the striosome and matrix compartments. The first two classificatory schemes have enabled advances in understanding of how basal ganglia circuits contribute to disease. However, despite the large number of molecules that are differentially expressed in the striosomes or the extra-striosomal matrix, and the evidence that these compartments have different input–output connections, our understanding of how this compartmentalization contributes to striatal function is still not clear. A broad view is that the matrix contains the direct and indirect pathway MSNs that form parts of sensorimotor and associative circuits, whereas striosomes contain MSNs that receive input from parts of limbic cortex and project directly or indirectly to the dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta. Striosomes are widely distributed within the striatum and are thought to exert global, as well as local, influences on striatal processing by exchanging information with the surrounding matrix, including through interneurons that send processes into both compartments. It has been suggested that striosomes exert and maintain limbic control over behaviors driven by surrounding sensorimotor and associative parts of the striatal matrix. Consistent with this possibility, imbalances between striosome and matrix functions have been reported in relation to neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias, dystonia, and drug addiction. Here, we consider how signaling imbalances between the striosomes and matrix might relate to symptomatology in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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Unal B, Ibáñez-Sandoval O, Shah F, Abercrombie ED, Tepper JM. Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons with respect to anatomical organization of the neostriatum. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:41. [PMID: 21713112 PMCID: PMC3112318 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown in vitro that striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons identified in transgenic mice by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (TH-eGFP) display electrophysiological profiles that are distinct from those of other striatal interneurons. Furthermore, striatal TH-eGFP interneurons show marked diversity in their electrophysiological properties and have been divided into four distinct subtypes. One question that arises from these observations is whether striatal TH-eGFP interneurons are distributed randomly, or obey some sort of organizational plan as has been shown to be the case with other striatal interneurons. An understanding of the striatal TH-eGFP interneuronal patterning is a vital step in understanding the role of these neurons in striatal functioning. Therefore, in the present set of studies the location of electrophysiologically identified striatal TH-eGFP interneurons was mapped. In addition, the distribution of TH-eGFP interneurons with respect to the striatal striosome–matrix compartmental organization was determined using μ-opioid receptor (MOR) immunofluorescence or intrinsic TH-eGFP fluorescence to delineate striosome and matrix compartments. Overall, the distribution of the different TH-eGFP interneuronal subtypes did not differ in dorsal versus ventral striatum. However, striatal TH-eGFP interneurons were found to be mostly in the matrix in the dorsal striatum whereas a significantly higher proportion of these neurons was located in MOR-enriched domains of the ventral striatum. Further, the majority of striatal TH-eGFP interneurons was found to be located within 100 μm of a striosome–matrix boundary. Taken together, the current results suggest that TH-eGFP interneurons obey different organizational principles in dorsal versus ventral striatum, and may play a role in communication between striatal striosome and matrix compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengi Unal
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
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Morigaki R, Sako W, Okita S, Kasahara J, Yokoyama H, Nagahiro S, Kaji R, Goto S. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 with phosphorylation of tyrosine 15 residue is enriched in striatal matrix compartment in adult mice. Neuroscience 2011; 189:25-31. [PMID: 21640796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the striosome-matrix systems have a tight link with motor and behavioral brain functions and their disorders. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a versatile protein kinase that plays a role in synaptic functions and cell survival in adult brain, and its kinase activity is stimulated by phosphorylation at tyrosine 15 residue (pY15). In this study, we used an immunohistochemical method to show differential localization of Cdk5-pY15 in the striatal compartments of adult mice, with a heightened density of Cdk5-pY15 labeling in the matrix relative to the striosomes. Our findings indicate that Cdk5-pY15 can be a new marker for the striatal matrix compartment, and suggest a possible involvement of Cdk5-mediated signaling in compartment-specific neurotransmission and disease pathology in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morigaki
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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