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Xu X, Xu K, Chen F, Yu D, Wang X. Mfsd2a regulates the blood-labyrinth-barrier formation and function through tight junctions and transcytosis. Hear Res 2024; 450:109048. [PMID: 38852535 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The Blood-Labyrinth Barrier (BLB) is pivotal for the maintenance of lymphatic homeostasis within the inner ear, yet the intricacies of its development and function are inadequately understood. The present investigation delves into the contribution of the Mfsd2a molecule, integral to the structural and functional integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), to the ontogeny and sustenance of the BLB. Our empirical findings delineate that the maturation of the BLB in murine models is not realized until approximately two weeks post-birth, with preceding stages characterized by notable permeability. Transcriptomic analysis elucidates a marked augmentation in Mfsd2a expression within the lateral wall of the cochlea in specimens exhibiting an intact BLB. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo assays substantiate that a diminution in Mfsd2a expression detrimentally impacts BLB permeability and structural integrity, principally via the attenuation of tight junction protein expression and the enhancement of endothelial cell transcytosis. These insights underscore the indispensable role of Mfsd2a in ensuring BLB integrity and propose it as a viable target for therapeutic interventions aimed at the amelioration of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Xu
- Biobank of Clinical Research Center, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200100, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Biobank of Clinical Research Center, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200100, China
| | - Fengqiu Chen
- Biobank of Clinical Research Center, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200100, China
| | - Dehong Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Xueling Wang
- Biobank of Clinical Research Center, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200100, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Zheng W, Zhang Y, Xu P, Wang Z, Shao X, Chen C, Cai H, Wang Y, Sun MA, Deng W, Liu F, Lu J, Zhang X, Cheng D, Mysorekar IU, Wang H, Wang YL, Hu X, Cao B. TFEB safeguards trophoblast syncytialization in humans and mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404062121. [PMID: 38968109 PMCID: PMC11253012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404062121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrient sensing and adaptation in the placenta are essential for pregnancy viability and proper fetal growth. Our recent study demonstrated that the placenta adapts to nutrient insufficiency through mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition-mediated trophoblast differentiation toward syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs), a highly specialized multinucleated trophoblast subtype mediating extensive maternal-fetal interactions. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we unravel the indispensable role of the mTORC1 downstream transcriptional factor TFEB in STB formation both in vitro and in vivo. TFEB deficiency significantly impaired STB differentiation in human trophoblasts and placenta organoids. Consistently, systemic or trophoblast-specific deletion of Tfeb compromised STB formation and placental vascular construction, leading to severe embryonic lethality. Mechanistically, TFEB conferred direct transcriptional activation of the fusogen ERVFRD-1 in human trophoblasts and thereby promoted STB formation, independent of its canonical function as a master regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated that TFEB directed the trophoblast syncytialization response driven by mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. TFEB expression positively correlated with the reinforced trophoblast syncytialization in human fetal growth-restricted placentas exhibiting suppressed mTORC1 activity. Our findings substantiate that the TFEB-fusogen axis ensures proper STB formation during placenta development and under nutrient stress, shedding light on TFEB as a mechanistic link between nutrient-sensing machinery and trophoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Peiqun Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zexin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing100101, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Han Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Ming-an Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Dunjin Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou510140, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou510140, Guangdong, China
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston77030, TX
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston77030, TX
| | - Haibin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
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3
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Gruchot J, Reiche L, Werner L, Herrero F, Schira-Heinen J, Meyer U, Küry P. Molecular dissection of HERV-W dependent microglial- and astroglial cell polarization. Microbes Infect 2024:105382. [PMID: 38944109 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The endogenous retrovirus type W (HERV-W) is a human-specific entity, which was initially discovered in multiple sclerosis (MS) patient derived cells. We initially found that the HERV-W envelope (ENV) protein negatively affects oligodendrogenesis and controls microglial cell polarization towards a myelinated axon associated and damaging phenotype. Such first functional assessments were conducted ex vivo, given the human-specific origin of HERV-W. Recent experimental evidence gathered on a novel transgenic mouse model, mimicking activation and expression of the HERV-W ENV protein, revealed that all glial cell types are impacted and that cellular fates, differentiation, and functions were changed. In order to identify HERV-W-specific signatures in glial cells, the current study analyzed the transcriptome of ENV protein stimulated microglial- and astroglial cells and compared the transcriptomic signatures to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated cells, owing to the fact that both ligands can activate toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4). Additionally, a comparison between published disease associated glial signatures and the transcriptome of HERV-W ENV stimulated glial cells was conducted. We, therefore, provide here for the first time a detailed molecular description of specific HERV-W ENV evoked effects on those glial cell populations that are involved in smoldering neuroinflammatory processes relevant for progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Gruchot
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Department of Neurology, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Department of Neurology, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luisa Werner
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Department of Neurology, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felisa Herrero
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Department of Neurology, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Küry
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Department of Neurology, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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4
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Vasconcelos S, Moustakas I, Branco MR, Guimarães S, Caniçais C, van der Helm T, Ramalho C, Marques CJ, de Sousa Lopes SMC, Dória S. Syncytiotrophoblast Markers Are Downregulated in Placentas from Idiopathic Stillbirths. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5180. [PMID: 38791219 PMCID: PMC11121380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The trophoblast cells are responsible for the transfer of nutrients between the mother and the foetus and play a major role in placental endocrine function by producing and releasing large amounts of hormones and growth factors. Syncytiotrophoblast cells (STB), formed by the fusion of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts (CTB), constitute the interface between the foetus and the mother and are essential for all of these functions. We performed transcriptome analysis of human placental samples from two control groups-live births (LB), and stillbirths (SB) with a clinically recognised cause-and from our study group, idiopathic stillbirths (iSB). We identified 1172 DEGs in iSB, when comparing with the LB group; however, when we compared iSB with the SB group, only 15 and 12 genes were down- and upregulated in iSB, respectively. An assessment of these DEGs identified 15 commonly downregulated genes in iSB. Among these, several syncytiotrophoblast markers, like genes from the PSG and CSH families, as well as ALPP, KISS1, and CRH, were significantly downregulated in placental samples from iSB. The transcriptome analysis revealed underlying differences at a molecular level involving the syncytiotrophoblast. This suggests that defects in the syncytial layer may underlie unexplained stillbirths, therefore offering insights to improve clinical obstetrics practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vasconcelos
- Genetics Service, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal (C.J.M.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ioannis Moustakas
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands (T.v.d.H.); (S.M.C.d.S.L.)
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel R. Branco
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Susana Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Caniçais
- Genetics Service, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal (C.J.M.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Talia van der Helm
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands (T.v.d.H.); (S.M.C.d.S.L.)
| | - Carla Ramalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Joana Marques
- Genetics Service, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal (C.J.M.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands (T.v.d.H.); (S.M.C.d.S.L.)
| | - Sofia Dória
- Genetics Service, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal (C.J.M.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Gong X, He W, Jin W, Ma H, Wang G, Li J, Xiao Y, Zhao Y, Chen Q, Guo H, Yang J, Qi Y, Dong W, Fu M, Li X, Liu J, Liu X, Yin A, Zhang Y, Wei Y. Disruption of maternal vascular remodeling by a fetal endoretrovirus-derived gene in preeclampsia. Genome Biol 2024; 25:117. [PMID: 38715110 PMCID: PMC11075363 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia, one of the most lethal pregnancy-related diseases, is associated with the disruption of uterine spiral artery remodeling during placentation. However, the early molecular events leading to preeclampsia remain unknown. RESULTS By analyzing placentas from preeclampsia, non-preeclampsia, and twin pregnancies with selective intrauterine growth restriction, we show that the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is attributed to immature trophoblast and maldeveloped endothelial cells. Delayed epigenetic reprogramming during early extraembryonic tissue development leads to generation of excessive immature trophoblast cells. We find reduction of de novo DNA methylation in these trophoblast cells results in selective overexpression of maternally imprinted genes, including the endoretrovirus-derived gene PEG10 (paternally expressed gene 10). PEG10 forms virus-like particles, which are transferred from the trophoblast to the closely proximate endothelial cells. In normal pregnancy, only a low amount of PEG10 is transferred to maternal cells; however, in preeclampsia, excessive PEG10 disrupts maternal vascular development by inhibiting TGF-beta signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the intricate epigenetic mechanisms that regulate trans-generational genetic conflict and ultimately ensure proper maternal-fetal interface formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan Jin
- Euler Technology, Beijing, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Jiexia Yang
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Qi
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Maternity Ward, Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Euler Technology, Beijing, China
- Present Address: International Max Planck Research School for Genome Science, and University of Göttingen, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.
| | - Aihua Yin
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Euler Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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6
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Khare S, Villalba MI, Canul-Tec JC, Cajiao AB, Kumar A, Backovic M, Rey FA, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Perez C, Reyes N. Receptor-recognition and antiviral mechanisms of retrovirus-derived human proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01295-6. [PMID: 38671230 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Human syncytin-1 and suppressyn are cellular proteins of retroviral origin involved in cell-cell fusion events to establish the maternal-fetal interface in the placenta. In cell culture, they restrict infections from members of the largest interference group of vertebrate retroviruses, and are regarded as host immunity factors expressed during development. At the core of the syncytin-1 and suppressyn functions are poorly understood mechanisms to recognize a common cellular receptor, the membrane transporter ASCT2. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human ASCT2 in complexes with the receptor-binding domains of syncytin-1 and suppressyn. Despite their evolutionary divergence, the two placental proteins occupy similar positions in ASCT2, and are stabilized by the formation of a hybrid β-sheet or 'clamp' with the receptor. Structural predictions of the receptor-binding domains of extant retroviruses indicate overlapping binding interfaces and clamping sites with ASCT2, revealing a competition mechanism between the placental proteins and the retroviruses. Our work uncovers a common ASCT2 recognition mechanism by a large group of endogenous and disease-causing retroviruses, and provides high-resolution views on how placental human proteins exert morphological and immunological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Khare
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Miryam I Villalba
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Juan C Canul-Tec
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Anand Kumar
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marija Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camilo Perez
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Nicolas Reyes
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France.
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7
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Cherkasova EA, Chen L, Childs RW. Mechanistic regulation of HERV activation in tumors and implications for translational research in oncology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1358470. [PMID: 38379771 PMCID: PMC10877039 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1358470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription of distinct loci of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and in some cases, translation of these transcripts have been consistently observed in many types of cancer. It is still debated whether HERV activation serves as a trigger for carcinogenesis or rather occurs as a consequence of epigenetic alterations and other molecular sequelae that characterize cellular transformation. Here we review the known molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of HERV activation in cancer cells as well as its potential contribution to carcinogenesis. Further, we describe the use of HERV expression in cancer diagnostic and characterize the potential of HERV-derived antigens to serve as novel targets for cancer immunotherapy. We believe this review, which summarizes both what is known as well as unknown in this rapidly developing field, will boost interest in research on the therapeutic potential of targeting HERV elements in tumors and the impact of HERV activation in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard W. Childs
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Xie M. Virus-Induced Cell Fusion and Syncytia Formation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:283-318. [PMID: 37996683 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Most enveloped viruses encode viral fusion proteins to penetrate host cell by membrane fusion. Interestingly, many enveloped viruses can also use viral fusion proteins to induce cell-cell fusion, both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the formation of syncytia or multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). In addition, some non-enveloped viruses encode specialized viral proteins that induce cell-cell fusion to facilitate viral spread. Overall, viruses that can induce cell-cell fusion are nearly ubiquitous in mammals. Virus cell-to-cell spread by inducing cell-cell fusion may overcome entry and post-entry blocks in target cells and allow evasion of neutralizing antibodies. However, molecular mechanisms of virus-induced cell-cell fusion remain largely unknown. Here, I summarize the current understanding of virus-induced cell fusion and syncytia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Xie
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK.
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9
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Podinić T, MacAndrew A, Raha S. Trophoblast Syncytialization: A Metabolic Crossroads. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:101-125. [PMID: 37996675 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
During placentation, villous cytotrophoblast (CTB) stem cells proliferate and fuse, giving rise to the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (STB), which represents the terminally differentiated villous layer as well as the maternal-fetal interface. The syncytiotrophoblast is at the forefront of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange while also harboring essential endocrine functions to support pregnancy and fetal development. Considering that mitochondrial dynamics and respiration have been implicated in stem cell fate decisions of several cell types and that the placenta is a mitochondria-rich organ, we will highlight the role of mitochondria in facilitating trophoblast differentiation and maintaining trophoblast function. We discuss both the process of syncytialization and the distinct metabolic characteristics associated with CTB and STB sub-lineages prior to and during syncytialization. As mitochondrial respiration is tightly coupled to redox homeostasis, we emphasize the adaptations of mitochondrial respiration to the hypoxic placental environment. Furthermore, we highlight the critical role of mitochondria in conferring the steroidogenic potential of the STB following differentiation. Ultimately, mitochondrial function and morphological changes centrally regulate respiration and influence trophoblast fate decisions through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose levels modulate the transcriptional activation or suppression of pluripotency or commitment genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Podinić
- Department of Pediatrics and Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andie MacAndrew
- Department of Pediatrics and Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Pediatrics and Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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10
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Lea G, Hanna CW. Loss of DNA methylation disrupts syncytiotrophoblast development: Proposed consequences of aberrant germline gene activation. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300140. [PMID: 37994176 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a repressive epigenetic modification that is essential for development and its disruption is widely implicated in disease. Yet, remarkably, ablation of DNA methylation in transgenic mouse models has limited impact on transcriptional states. Across multiple tissues and developmental contexts, the predominant transcriptional signature upon loss of DNA methylation is the de-repression of a subset of germline genes, normally expressed in gametogenesis. We recently reported loss of de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B resulted in up-regulation of germline genes and impaired syncytiotrophoblast formation in the murine placenta. This defect led to embryonic lethality. We hypothesize that de-repression of germline genes in the Dnmt3b knockout underpins aspects of the placental phenotype by interfering with normal developmental processes. Specifically, we discuss molecular mechanisms by which aberrant expression of the piRNA pathway, meiotic proteins or germline transcriptional regulators may disrupt syncytiotrophoblast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Lea
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Courtney W Hanna
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Toudic C, Maurer M, St-Pierre G, Xiao Y, Bannert N, Lafond J, Rassart É, Sato S, Barbeau B. Galectin-1 Modulates the Fusogenic Activity of Placental Endogenous Retroviral Envelopes. Viruses 2023; 15:2441. [PMID: 38140682 PMCID: PMC10747188 DOI: 10.3390/v15122441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytin-1 and -2 are glycoproteins encoded by human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) that, through their fusogenic properties, are needed for the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Previous studies suggested that these proteins, in addition to the EnvP(b) envelope protein, are also involved in other cell fusion events. Since galectin-1 is a β-galactoside-binding protein associated with cytotrophoblast fusion during placental development, we previously tested its effect on Syncytin-mediated cell fusion and showed that this protein differently modulates the fusogenic potential of Syncytin-1 and -2. Herein, we were interested in comparing the impact of galectin-1 on hERV envelope proteins in different cellular contexts. Using a syncytium assay, we first demonstrated that galectin-1 increased the fusion of Syncytin-2- and EnvP(b)-expressing cells. We then tested the infectivity of Syncytin-1 and -2 vs. VSV-G-pseudotyped viruses toward Cos-7 and various human cell lines. In the presence of galectin-1, infection of Syncytin-2-pseudotyped viruses augmented for all cell lines. In contrast, the impact of galectin-1 on the infectivity of Syncytin-1-pseudotyped viruses varied, being cell- and dose-dependent. In this study, we report the functional associations between three hERV envelope proteins and galectin-1, which should provide information on the fusogenic activity of these proteins in the placenta and other biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Toudic
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Maike Maurer
- Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Guillaume St-Pierre
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases and Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.S.-P.); (S.S.)
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Julie Lafond
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Éric Rassart
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases and Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.S.-P.); (S.S.)
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec, Montréal, QC H2X 1E3, Canada
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12
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Priščáková P, Svoboda M, Feketová Z, Hutník J, Repiská V, Gbelcová H, Gergely L. Syncytin-1, syncytin-2 and suppressyn in human health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1527-1542. [PMID: 37855856 PMCID: PMC10697888 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarized the results of experimental and clinical studies about three human endogenous retroviruses and their products-syncytin-1, syncytin-2, and suppressyn in human physiology and pathophysiology. We summed up the described connection with various pathological processes and diseases, mainly with pregnancy-induced hypertensive diseases such as preeclampsia, oncogenesis, gestational trophoblastic disease, and multiple sclerosis. Supposed mechanisms of action and the potential of clinical applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Priščáková
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Svoboda
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Feketová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Hutník
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovak Republic
| | - Vanda Repiská
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovak Republic
| | - Helena Gbelcová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovak Republic
| | - Lajos Gergely
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovak Republic.
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13
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Sakurai T, Kusama K, Imakawa K. Progressive Exaptation of Endogenous Retroviruses in Placental Evolution in Cattle. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1680. [PMID: 38136553 PMCID: PMC10741562 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viviparity is made possible by the placenta, a structure acquired relatively recently in the evolutionary history of eutherian mammals. Compared to oviparity, it increases the survival rate of the fetus, owing to the eutherian placenta. Questions such as "How was the placenta acquired?" and "Why is there diversity in placental morphology among mammalian species?" remain largely unsolved. Our present understanding of the molecules regulating placental development remains unclear, owing in no small part to the persistent obscurity surrounding the molecular mechanisms underlying placental acquisition. Numerous genes associated with the development of eutherian placental morphology likely evolved to function at the fetal-maternal interface in conjunction with those participating in embryogenesis. Therefore, identifying these genes, how they were acquired, and how they came to be expressed specifically at the fetal-maternal interface will shed light on some crucial molecular mechanisms underlying placental evolution. Exhaustive studies support the hypothesis that endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) could be evolutional driving forces for trophoblast cell fusion and placental structure in mammalian placentas including those of the bovine species. This review focuses on bovine ERVs (BERVs) and their expression and function in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sakurai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Koriyama 963-8611, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji 192-0392, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-Ku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan;
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14
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Shimode S. Acquisition and Exaptation of Endogenous Retroviruses in Mammalian Placenta. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1482. [PMID: 37892164 PMCID: PMC10604696 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retrovirus-like sequences that were previously integrated into the host genome. Although most ERVs are inactivated by mutations, deletions, or epigenetic regulation, some remain transcriptionally active and impact host physiology. Several ERV-encoded proteins, such as Syncytins and Suppressyn, contribute to placenta acquisition, a crucial adaptation in mammals that protects the fetus from external threats and other risks while enabling the maternal supply of oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies. In primates, Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2 facilitate cell-cell fusion for placental formation. Suppressyn is the first ERV-derived protein that inhibits cell fusion by binding to ASCT2, the receptor for Syncytin-1. Furthermore, Syncytin-2 likely inserted into the genome of the common ancestor of Anthropoidea, whereas Syncytin-1 and Suppressyn likely inserted into the ancestor of catarrhines; however, they were inactivated in some lineages, suggesting that multiple exaptation events had occurred. This review discusses the role of ERV-encoded proteins, particularly Syncytins and Suppressyn, in placental development and function, focusing on the integration of ERVs into the host genome and their contribution to the genetic mechanisms underlying placentogenesis. This review provides valuable insights into the molecular and genetic aspects of placentation, potentially shedding light on broader evolutionary and physiological processes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Shimode
- Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan;
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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15
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Ohyama N, Furugen A, Sawada R, Aoyagi R, Nishimura A, Umazume T, Narumi K, Kobayashi M. Effects of valproic acid on syncytialization in human placental trophoblast cell lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 474:116611. [PMID: 37385477 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a critical organ for fetal development and a healthy pregnancy, and has multifaceted functions (e.g., substance exchange and hormone secretion). Syncytialization of trophoblasts is important for maintaining placental functions. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the influence of antiepileptic drugs, including valproic acid (VPA), carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, levetiracetam, topiramate, lacosamide, and clobazam, at clinically relevant concentrations on syncytialization using in vitro models of trophoblasts. To induce differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast-like cells, BeWo cells were treated with forskolin. Exposure to VPA was found to dose-dependently influence syncytialization-associated genes (ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1, GJA1, CGB, CSH, SLC1A5, and ABCC4) in differentiated BeWo cells. Herein, the biomarkers between differentiated BeWo cells and the human trophoblast stem model (TSCT) were compared. In particular, MFSD2A levels were low in BeWo cells but abundant in TSCT cells. VPA exposure affected the expression of ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1, GJA1, CSH, MFSD2A, and ABCC4 in differentiated cells (ST-TSCT). Furthermore, VPA exposure attenuated BeWo and TSCT cell fusion. Finally, the relationships between neonatal/placental parameters and the expression of syncytialization markers in human term placentas were analyzed. MFSD2A expression was positively correlated with neonatal body weight, head circumference, chest circumference, and placental weight. Our findings have important implications for better understanding the mechanisms of toxicity of antiepileptic drugs and predicting the risks to placental and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Ohyama
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Riko Sawada
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Aoyagi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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16
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Gholami Barzoki M, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Heydarifard Z, Mahmodi MJ, Soltanghoraee H. The important biological roles of Syncytin-1 of human endogenous retrovirus W (HERV-W) and Syncytin-2 of HERV-FRD in the human placenta development. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7901-7907. [PMID: 37421503 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) entered the germ line by retroviral infection from a distant ancestor over 30 million years ago and constitute 8% of the human genome. The majorities of HERVs are non-protein coding and lack function because of the accumulation of mutations, insertions, deletions, and/or truncations. However, a small number of HERV genes carried ORFs with beneficial functions for the host. METHODS & RESULTS In this review, we summarize the structural and important biological roles of two HERV gene products termed Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2 in human placenta development. Indeed, two retroviral gene products that have important roles in mammalian development, Syncytin-1 (HERV-W) and Syncytin-2 (HERV-FRD), are prime examples encoded by env genes and expressed in the placental trophoblasts. Several pivotal studies revealed that Syncytins are fundamental genes implicated in regulating trophoblast fusion and placenta morphogenesis. CONCLUSION Interestingly, it has been suggested that syncytins may also be implicated in non-fusogenic activities leading to apoptosis, proliferation, and immunosuppressive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Gholami Barzoki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Heydarifard
- Hepatitis Research Center, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Javad Mahmodi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Soltanghoraee
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Wang Q, Shi Y, Bian Q, Zhang N, Wang M, Wang J, Li X, Lai L, Zhao Z, Yu H. Molecular mechanisms of syncytin-1 in tumors and placental development related diseases. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:104. [PMID: 37326913 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have evolved from exogenous retroviruses and account for approximately 8% of the human genome. A growing number of findings suggest that the abnormal expression of HERV genes is associated with schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, endometriosis, breast cancer, bladder cancer and other diseases. HERV-W env (syncytin-1) is a membrane glycoprotein which plays an important role in placental development. It includes embryo implantation, fusion of syncytiotrophoblasts and of fertilized eggs, and immune response. The abnormal expression of syncytin-1 is related to placental development-related diseases such as preeclampsia, infertility, and intrauterine growth restriction, as well as tumors such as neuroblastoma, endometrial cancer, and endometriosis. This review mainly focused on the molecular interactions of syncytin-1 in placental development-related diseases and tumors, to explore whether syncytin-1 can be an emerging biological marker and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Bian
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Naibin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Luhao Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhankui Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272029, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Honglian Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Rabussier G, Bünter I, Bouwhuis J, Soragni C, van Zijp T, Ng CP, Domansky K, de Windt LJ, Vulto P, Murdoch CE, Bircsak KM, Lanz HL. Healthy and diseased placental barrier on-a-chip models suitable for standardized studies. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:363-376. [PMID: 37116636 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies associated with uteroplacental hypoxia, such as preeclampsia are among the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity in the world. Its fundamental mechanisms are yet poorly understood due to a lack of good experimental models. Here we report an in vitro model of the placental barrier, based on co-culture of trophoblasts and endothelial cells against a collagen extracellular matrix in a microfluidic platform. The model yields a functional syncytium with barrier properties, polarization, secretion of relevant extracellular membrane components, thinning of the materno-fetal space, hormone secretion, and transporter function. The model is exposed to low oxygen conditions and perfusion flow is modulated to induce a pathological environment. This results in reduced barrier function, hormone secretion, and microvilli as well as an increased nuclei count, characteristics of preeclamptic placentas. The model is implemented in a titer plate-based microfluidic platform fully amenable to high-throughput screening. We thus believe this model could aid mechanistic understanding of preeclampsia and other placental pathologies associated with hypoxia/ischemia, as well as support future development of effective therapies through target and compound screening campaigns. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : The human placenta is a unique organ sustaining fetus growth but is also the source of severe pathologies, such as Preeclampsia. Though leading cause of perinatal mortality in the world, preeclampsia remains untreatable due to a lack of relevant in vitro placenta models. To better understand the pathology, we have developed 3D placental barrier models in a microfluidic device. The platform allows parallel culture of 40 perfused physiological miniaturized placental barriers, comprising a differentiated syncytium and endothelium that have been validated for transporter functions. Exposure to a hypoxic and ischemic environment enabled the mimicking of preeclamptic characteristics in high-throughput, which we believe could lead to a better understanding of the pathology as well as support future effective therapies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Rabussier
- MIMETAS BV, Oegstgeest, 2342 DH, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6226 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Bünter
- MIMETAS BV, Oegstgeest, 2342 DH, The Netherlands
| | | | - Camilla Soragni
- MIMETAS BV, Oegstgeest, 2342 DH, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6226 ER, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chee Ping Ng
- MIMETAS BV, Oegstgeest, 2342 DH, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leon J de Windt
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6226 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Vulto
- MIMETAS BV, Oegstgeest, 2342 DH, The Netherlands
| | - Colin E Murdoch
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
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19
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Shoji H, Kitao K, Miyazawa T, Nakagawa S. Potentially reduced fusogenicity of syncytin-2 in New World monkeys. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:459-467. [PMID: 36647789 PMCID: PMC9989925 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytin-2 is a membrane fusion protein involved in placenta development that is derived from the endogenous retrovirus envelope gene acquired in the common ancestral lineage of New World and Old World monkeys (OWMs). It is known that syncytin-2 is conserved between apes and OWMs, suggesting its functional importance; however, syncytin-2 of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) exhibits lower fusogenic activity than those of humans and OWMs in human cell lines. To obtain insight into the functional diversity of syncytin-2 genes in primates, we examined the syncytin-2 gene in New World monkeys (NWMs). We experimentally evaluated the cell fusion ability of syncytin-2 in humans, C. jacchus, and tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella). We found that the cell fusion ability of S. apella was lower than that of human syncytin-2. Chimeric syncytin-2 constructs revealed that the amino acid differences in the surface unit of S. apella syncytin-2 were responsible for the weak cell fusion activity. In addition, genomic sequence analyses of syncytin-2 revealed that the open reading frames (ORFs) of syncytin-2 were highly conserved in seven apes and 22 OWMs; however, the syncytin-2 ORFs of three of 12 NWM species were truncated. Our results suggest that syncytin-2 in several NWMs may be of less importance than in OWMs and apes, and other syncytin-like genes may be required for placental development in various NWM species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiyori Shoji
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitao
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - So Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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20
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Hogan V, Johnson WE. Unique Structure and Distinctive Properties of the Ancient and Ubiquitous Gamma-Type Envelope Glycoprotein. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020274. [PMID: 36851488 PMCID: PMC9967133 DOI: 10.3390/v15020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
After the onset of the AIDS pandemic, HIV-1 (genus Lentivirus) became the predominant model for studying retrovirus Env glycoproteins and their role in entry. However, HIV Env is an inadequate model for understanding entry of viruses in the Alpharetrovirus, Gammaretrovirus and Deltaretrovirus genera. For example, oncogenic model system viruses such as Rous sarcoma virus (RSV, Alpharetrovirus), murine leukemia virus (MLV, Gammaretrovirus) and human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II, Deltaretrovirus) encode Envs that are structurally and functionally distinct from HIV Env. We refer to these as Gamma-type Envs. Gamma-type Envs are probably the most widespread retroviral Envs in nature. They are found in exogenous and endogenous retroviruses representing a broad spectrum of vertebrate hosts including amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals and fish. In endogenous form, gamma-type Envs have been evolutionarily coopted numerous times, most notably as placental syncytins (e.g., human SYNC1 and SYNC2). Remarkably, gamma-type Envs are also found outside of the Retroviridae. Gp2 proteins of filoviruses (e.g., Ebolavirus) and snake arenaviruses in the genus Reptarenavirus are gamma-type Env homologs, products of ancient recombination events involving viruses of different Baltimore classes. Distinctive hallmarks of gamma-type Envs include a labile disulfide bond linking the surface and transmembrane subunits, a multi-stage attachment and fusion mechanism, a highly conserved (but poorly understood) "immunosuppressive domain", and activation by the viral protease during virion maturation. Here, we synthesize work from diverse retrovirus model systems to illustrate these distinctive properties and to highlight avenues for further exploration of gamma-type Env structure and function.
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Winter SL, Chlanda P. The Art of Viral Membrane Fusion and Penetration. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:113-152. [PMID: 38159225 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As obligate pathogens, viruses have developed diverse mechanisms to deliver their genome across host cell membranes to sites of virus replication. While enveloped viruses utilize viral fusion proteins to accomplish fusion of their envelope with the cellular membrane, non-enveloped viruses rely on machinery that causes local membrane ruptures and creates an opening through which the capsid or viral genome is released. Both membrane fusion and membrane penetration take place at the plasma membrane or in intracellular compartments, often involving the engagement of the cellular machinery and antagonism of host restriction factors. Enveloped and non-enveloped viruses have evolved intricate mechanisms to enable virus uncoating and modulation of membrane fusion in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. This chapter summarizes and discusses the current state of understanding of the mechanisms of viral membrane fusion and penetration. The focus is on the role of lipids, viral scaffold uncoating, viral membrane fusion inhibitors, and host restriction factors as physicochemical modulators. In addition, recent advances in visualizing and detecting viral membrane fusion and penetration using cryo-electron microscopy methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Winter
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Chlanda
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Interplay between activation of endogenous retroviruses and inflammation as common pathogenic mechanism in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:242-252. [PMID: 36270439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are ancestorial retroviral elements that were integrated into our genome through germline infections and insertions during evolution. They have repeatedly been implicated in the aetiology and pathophysiology of numerous human disorders, particularly in those that affect the central nervous system. In addition to the known association of ERVs with multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a growing number of studies links the induction and expression of these retroviral elements with the onset and severity of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Although these disorders differ in terms of overall disease pathology and causalities, a certain degree of (subclinical) chronic inflammation can be identified in all of them. Based on these commonalities, we discuss the bidirectional relationship between ERV expression and inflammation and highlight that numerous entry points to this reciprocal sequence of events exist, including initial infections with ERV-activating pathogens, exposure to non-infectious inflammatory stimuli, and conditions in which epigenetic silencing of ERV elements is disrupted.
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23
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A comprehensive investigation of human endogenous retroviral syncytin proteins and their receptors in men with normozoospermia and impaired semen quality. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:97-111. [PMID: 36469256 PMCID: PMC9734899 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aims to investigate first the presence of Syncytin 2 and its receptor, MFSD2, in human sperm, and second whether the expressions of Syncytin 1, Syncytin 2, and their receptors, SLC1A5 and MFSD2, differ between normozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, oligozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic human sperm samples. METHODS The localization patterns and expression levels of syncytins and their receptors were evaluated in normozoospermic (concentration = 88.9 ± 5.5 × 106, motility = 79.2 ± 3.15%, n = 30), asthenozoospermic (concentration = 51.7 ± 7.18 × 106, motility = 24.0 ± 3.12%, n = 15), mild oligozoospermic (concentration = 13.5 ± 2.17 × 106, motility = 72.1 ± 6.5%, n = 15), moderate oligozoospermic (concentration = 8.4 ± 3.21 × 106, motility = 65.1 ± 8.9%, n = 15), severe oligozoospermic (concentration = 2.1 ± 1.01 × 106, motility = 67.5 ± 3.2%, n = 15), and oligoasthenozoospermic (concentration = 5.5 ± 3.21 × 106, motility = 18.5 ± 1.2%, n = 15) samples by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. RESULTS Syncytins and their receptors visualized by immunofluorescence showed similar staining patterns with slight staining of the tail in all spermatozoa regardless of normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, or oligoasthenozoospermia. The localization patterns were categorized as equatorial segment, midpiece region, acrosome, and post-acrosomal areas. The combined staining patterns were also detected as acrosomal cap plus post acrosomal region, the midpiece plus equatorial segment, and midpiece plus acrosomal region. However, some sperm cells were categorized as non-stained. Both syncytin proteins were most intensely localized in the midpiece region, while their receptors were predominantly present in the midpiece plus acrosomal region. Conspicuously, syncytins and their receptors showed decreased expression in asthenozospermic, oligozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic samples compared to normozoospermic samples. CONCLUSION The expression patterns of HERV-derived syncytins and their receptors were identical regardless of the spermatozoa in men with normozoospermia versus impaired semen quality. Further, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and oligoasthenozoospermia as male fertility issues are associated with decreased expression of both syncytins and their receptors.
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Li H, Peng H, Hong W, Wei Y, Tian H, Huang X, Jia L, Zheng J, Duan T, He Q, Wang K. Human Placental Endothelial Cell and Trophoblast Heterogeneity and Differentiation Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010087. [PMID: 36611882 PMCID: PMC9818681 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placenta is an important organ for fetal and maternal health during pregnancy and impacts offspring health late in life. Defects in placental vasculature and trophoblast have been identified in several pregnancy complications. Thus, the detailed molecular profile and heterogeneity of endothelial cells and trophoblasts in placentas will aid us in better understanding placental behaviors and improving pregnancy outcomes. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to profile the transcriptomics of human placental villous tissues from eleven patients with normal pregnancies in the first and second trimesters (6-16 weeks of gestation). RESULTS The transcriptomic landscape of 52,179 single cells was obtained, and the cells were classified as trophoblasts, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, erythroid cells, Hofbauer cells, and macrophages. Our analysis further revealed the three subtypes of placental endothelial cells, with distinct metabolic signatures and transcription factor regulatory networks. We also determined the transcriptomic features of the trophoblast subpopulations and characterized two distinct populations of progenitor cells in cytotrophoblasts, which were capable of differentiating to extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided a high-resolution molecular profile of the human placenta between 6 and 16 weeks of gestation. Our data revealed the placental cell complexity and demonstrated the transcriptional networks and signaling involved in placental endothelial and trophoblast differentiation during early pregnancy, which will be a resource for future studies of the human placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Haojun Tian
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Linyan Jia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Tao Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Qizhi He
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (K.W.)
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Xu L, Sun S. Reconstitution of Fusion-Competent Human Placental Fusogen Syncytin-2. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:723-732. [PMID: 35596004 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian placenta formation requires continuous fusion of trophoblasts. Human endogenous retrovirus-derived proteins syncytin-1 and syncytin-2 mediate cell-cell fusion of placental cytotrophoblasts to form syncytiotrophoblasts in primates, which is required for normal placenta function and fetal development. Syncytins are post-translationally cleaved by the endoprotease furin into surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) subunits for activation. Little is currently known about the molecular mechanisms of syncytin-mediated cell-cell fusion, and their functions have not been well studied in vitro. Here, we express tagged syncytin-2 in mammalian HEK293T cells and demonstrate that the tagging greatly influences the cleavage and fusogenic activity of syncytin-2. By detecting the N-terminal tagged SU, we find that it is released into the extracellular space during the fusion process. Furthermore, when N-linked glycosylation and disulfide bond formation are blocked, the cleavage and fusogenic activity of syncytin-2 are inhibited. Finally, we were able to purify functional syncytin-2 from HEK293T cells and incorporate it into proteoliposomes. These findings lay a solid foundation for interogating the molecular mechanisms of syncytin-2-mediated cell-cell fusion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Sha Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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26
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Brukman NG, Nakajima KP, Valansi C, Flyak K, Li X, Higashiyama T, Podbilewicz B. A novel function for the sperm adhesion protein IZUMO1 in cell-cell fusion. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213693. [PMID: 36394541 PMCID: PMC9671554 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sperm-egg adhesion depends on the trans-interaction between the sperm-specific type I glycoprotein IZUMO1 and its oocyte-specific GPI-anchored receptor JUNO. However, the mechanisms and proteins (fusogens) that mediate the following step of gamete fusion remain unknown. Using live imaging and content mixing assays in a heterologous system and structure-guided mutagenesis, we unveil an unexpected function for IZUMO1 in cell-to-cell fusion. We show that IZUMO1 alone is sufficient to induce fusion, and that this ability is retained in a mutant unable to bind JUNO. On the other hand, a triple mutation in exposed aromatic residues prevents this fusogenic activity without impairing JUNO interaction. Our findings suggest a second function for IZUMO1 as a unilateral mouse gamete fusogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G. Brukman
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kohdai P. Nakajima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Clari Valansi
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kateryna Flyak
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Imakawa K, Kusama K, Kaneko-Ishino T, Nakagawa S, Kitao K, Miyazawa T, Ishino F. Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152458. [PMID: 35954303 PMCID: PMC9367772 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main roles of placentas include physical protection, nutrient and oxygen import, export of gasses and fetal waste products, and endocrinological regulation. In addition to physical protection of the fetus, the placentas must provide immune protection throughout gestation. These basic functions are well-conserved; however, placentas are undoubtedly recent evolving organs with structural and cellular diversities. These differences have been explained for the last two decades through co-opting genes and gene control elements derived from transposable elements, including endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). However, the differences in placental structures have not been explained or characterized. This manuscript addresses the sorting of ERVs and their integration into the mammalian genomes and provides new ways to explain why placental structures have diverged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-96-386-2652
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | - So Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Nakagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitao
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ishino
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Kojima J, Ono M, Kuji N, Nishi H. Human Chorionic Villous Differentiation and Placental Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148003. [PMID: 35887349 PMCID: PMC9325306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the placenta provides the only fetomaternal connection and is essential for establishing a pregnancy as well as fetal well-being. Additionally, it allows maternal physiological adaptation and embryonic immunological acceptance, support, and nutrition. The placenta is derived from extra-embryonic tissues that develop rapidly and dynamically in the first weeks of pregnancy. It is primarily composed of trophoblasts that differentiate into villi, stromal cells, macrophages, and fetal endothelial cells (FEC). Placental differentiation may be closely related to perinatal diseases, including fetal growth retardation (FGR) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and miscarriage. There are limited findings regarding human chorionic villous differentiation and placental development because conducting in vivo studies is extremely difficult. Placental tissue varies widely among species. Thus, experimental animal findings are difficult to apply to humans. Early villous differentiation is difficult to study due to the small tissue size; however, a detailed analysis can potentially elucidate perinatal disease causes or help develop novel therapies. Artificial induction of early villous differentiation using human embryonic stem (ES) cells/induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells was attempted, producing normally differentiated villi that can be used for interventional/invasive research. Here, we summarized and correlated early villous differentiation findings and discussed clinical diseases.
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Renaud SJ, Jeyarajah MJ. How trophoblasts fuse: an in-depth look into placental syncytiotrophoblast formation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:433. [PMID: 35859055 PMCID: PMC11072895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, cell fusion is restricted to only a few cell types under normal conditions. In the placenta, cell fusion is a critical process for generating syncytiotrophoblast: the giant multinucleated trophoblast lineage containing billions of nuclei within an interconnected cytoplasm that forms the primary interface separating maternal blood from fetal tissue. The unique morphology of syncytiotrophoblast ensures that nutrients and gases can be efficiently transferred between maternal and fetal tissue while simultaneously restricting entry of potentially damaging substances and maternal immune cells through intercellular junctions. To maintain integrity of the syncytiotrophoblast layer, underlying cytotrophoblast progenitor cells terminate their capability for self-renewal, upregulate expression of genes needed for differentiation, and then fuse into the overlying syncytium. These processes are disrupted in a variety of obstetric complications, underscoring the importance of proper syncytiotrophoblast formation for pregnancy health. Herein, an overview of key mechanisms underlying human trophoblast fusion and syncytiotrophoblast development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada.
| | - Mariyan J Jeyarajah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
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Walter JD, Remm S, Seeger MA. Fatty acid transporter MFSD2A is a multifunctional gatekeeper in brain and placenta. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:504-506. [PMID: 35710837 PMCID: PMC7615496 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MFSD2A mediates uptake of the essential fatty acid DHA across the blood–brain barrier. Separately, via interactions with syncytin-2, MFSD2A contributes to the formation of the mother–fetus placental boundary. Cryo-EM analysis of a human MFSD2A–syncytin-2 complex provides new insights into how MFSD2A performs these dual roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Walter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sille Remm
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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Structural insights into the lysophospholipid brain uptake mechanism and its inhibition by syncytin-2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:604-612. [PMID: 35710838 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain development and function require uptake of essential omega-3 fatty acids in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine via major-facilitator superfamily transporter MFSD2A, a potential pharmaceutical target to modulate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. MFSD2A is also the receptor of endogenous retroviral envelope syncytin-2 (SYNC2) in human placenta, where it mediates cell-cell fusion and formation of the maternal-fetal interface. Here, we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human MFSD2A-SYNC2 complex that reveals a large hydrophobic cavity in the transporter C-terminal domain to occlude long aliphatic chains. The transporter architecture suggests an alternating-access transport mechanism for lipid substrates in mammalian MFS transporters. SYNC2 establishes an extensive binding interface with MFSD2A, and a SYNC2-soluble fragment acts as a long-sought-after inhibitor of MFSD2A transport. Our work uncovers molecular mechanisms important to brain and placenta development and function, and SYNC2-mediated inhibition of MFSD2A transport suggests strategies to aid delivery of therapeutic macromolecules across the BBB.
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32
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Wang YN, Ye Y, Zhou D, Guo ZW, Xiong Z, Gong XX, Jiang SW, Chen H. The Role of Syncytin in Placental Angiogenesis and Fetal Growth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852561. [PMID: 35493107 PMCID: PMC9039138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Syncytin, a retroviral envelope protein, is specifically expressed on trophoblast cells and mediates formation of the syncytiotrophoblast through fusogenic activity. Decreased expression of Syncytin was found in fetal growth restriction placentas. Results: By generating an inducible knockout of the syncytin-a gene in mice, we show a specific disruption of placental angiogenesis with abnormal formation of two syncytiotrophoblast layers. Consistent with the defects observed in vivo, conditioned medium collected from trophoblast cells, following Syncytin-1 knockdown, contains lower expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor, and higher levels of soluble fms-like protein kinase-1 in BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo cells which related with suppressed PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and is reduced in ability to induce tube formation by HUVECs. Conclusion: Syncytin participates in angiogenesis during placental development was first identified both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we give a new sight on understanding syncytin and pathophysiology of placenta related disease such as fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yixin Ye
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ze-Wen Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Zhelei Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xing-Xing Gong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Kitsou K, Iliopoulou M, Spoulou V, Lagiou P, Magiorkinis G. Viral Causality of Human Cancer and Potential Roles of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Multi-Omics Era: An Evolutionary Epidemiology Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:687631. [PMID: 34778024 PMCID: PMC8586426 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.687631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Being responsible for almost 12% of cancers worldwide, viruses are among the oldest known and most prevalent oncogenic agents. The quality of the evidence for the in vivo tumorigenic potential of microorganisms varies, thus accordingly, viruses were classified in 4 evidence-based categories by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2009. Since then, our understanding of the role of viruses in cancer has significantly improved, firstly due to the emergence of high throughput sequencing technologies that allowed the “brute-force” recovery of unknown viral genomes. At the same time, multi-omics approaches unravelled novel virus-host interactions in stem-cell biology. We now know that viral elements, either exogenous or endogenous, have multiple sometimes conflicting roles in human pathophysiology and the development of cancer. Here we integrate emerging evidence on viral causality in human cancer from basic mechanisms to clinical studies. We analyze viral tumorigenesis under the scope of deep-in-time human-virus evolutionary relationships and critically comment on the evidence through the eyes of clinical epidemiology, firstly by reviewing recognized oncoviruses and their mechanisms of inducing tumorigenesis, and then by examining the potential role of integrated viruses in our genome in the process of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kitsou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, First Department of Peadiatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Iliopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vana Spoulou
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, First Department of Peadiatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gkikas Magiorkinis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113043. [PMID: 34831268 PMCID: PMC8622164 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of precision medicine critically depends on the robustness and specificity of the carriers used for the targeted delivery of effector molecules in the human body. Numerous nanocarriers have been explored in vivo, to ensure the precise delivery of molecular cargos via tissue-specific targeting, including the endocrine part of the pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands. However, even after reaching the target organ, the cargo-carrying vehicle needs to enter the cell and then escape lysosomal destruction. Most artificial nanocarriers suffer from intrinsic limitations that prevent them from completing the specific delivery of the cargo. In this respect, extracellular vesicles (EVs) seem to be the natural tool for payload delivery due to their versatility and low toxicity. However, EV-mediated delivery is not selective and is usually short-ranged. By inserting the viral membrane fusion proteins into exosomes, it is possible to increase the efficiency of membrane recognition and also ease the process of membrane fusion. This review describes the molecular details of the viral-assisted interaction between the target cell and EVs. We also discuss the question of the usability of viral fusion proteins in developing extracellular vesicle-based nanocarriers with a higher efficacy of payload delivery. Finally, this review specifically highlights the role of Gag and RNA binding proteins in RNA sorting into EVs.
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Marston JL, Greenig M, Singh M, Bendall ML, Duarte RR, Feschotte C, Iñiguez LP, Nixon DF. SARS-CoV-2 infection mediates differential expression of human endogenous retroviruses and long interspersed nuclear elements. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147170. [PMID: 34731091 PMCID: PMC8783694 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 promotes an imbalanced host response that underlies the development and severity of COVID-19. Infections with viruses are known to modulate transposable elements (TEs), which can exert downstream effects by modulating host gene expression, innate immune sensing, or activities encoded by their protein products. We investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on TE expression using RNA-Seq data from cell lines and from primary patient samples. Using a bioinformatics tool, Telescope, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection led to upregulation or downregulation of TE transcripts, a subset of which differed from cells infected with SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV or MERS), influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). Differential expression of key retroelements specifically identified distinct virus families, such as Coronaviridae, with unique retroelement expression subdividing viral species. Analysis of ChIP-Seq data showed that TEs differentially expressed in SARS-CoV-2 infection were enriched for binding sites for transcription factors involved in immune responses and for pioneer transcription factors. In samples from patients with COVID-19, there was significant TE overexpression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and downregulation in PBMCs. Thus, although the host gene transcriptome is altered by infection with SARS-CoV-2, the retrotranscriptome may contain the most distinctive features of the cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jez L Marston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew Greenig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
| | - Matthew L Bendall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Rr Duarte
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
| | - Luis P Iñiguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
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Could the Human Endogenous Retrovirus-Derived Syncytialization Inhibitor, Suppressyn, Limit Heterotypic Cell Fusion Events in the Decidua? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910259. [PMID: 34638599 PMCID: PMC8508417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper placental development relies on tightly regulated trophoblast differentiation and interaction with maternal cells. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) play an integral role in modulating cell fusion events in the trophoblast cells of the developing placenta. Syncytin-1 (ERVW-1) and its receptor, solute-linked carrier family A member 5 (SLC1A5/ASCT2), promote fusion of cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells to generate the multi-nucleated syncytiotrophoblast (STB) layer which is in direct contact with maternal blood. Another HERV-derived protein known as Suppressyn (ERVH48-1/SUPYN) is implicated in anti-fusogenic events as it shares the common receptor with ERVW-1. Here, we explore primary tissue and publicly available datasets to determine the distribution of ERVW-1, ERVH48-1 and SLC1A5 expression at the maternal-fetal interface. While SLC1A5 is broadly expressed in placental and decidual cell types, ERVW-1 and ERVH48-1 are confined to trophoblast cell types. ERVH48-1 displays higher expression levels in CTB and extravillous trophoblast, than in STB, while ERVW-1 is generally highest in STB. We have demonstrated through gene targeting studies that suppressyn has the ability to prevent ERVW-1-induced fusion events in co-culture models of trophoblast cell/maternal endometrial cell interactions. These findings suggest that differential HERV expression is vital to control fusion and anti-fusogenic events in the placenta and consequently, any imbalance or dysregulation in HERV expression may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Oxidative stress-induced impairment of trophoblast function causes preeclampsia through the unfolded protein response pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18415. [PMID: 34531444 PMCID: PMC8446002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder, characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. In PE, trophoblasts mediated inadequate remodeling of uterine spiral arteries seem to interrupt uteroplacental blood flow, one of the hallmarks in the early onset of PE (EO-PE). This, in turn, results in placental ischemia–reperfusion injury during hypoxia and reoxygenation episodes, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS). But still it is debatable if OS is a cause or consequence of PE. In this present study, we have investigated the effects of OS on PE placentae and trophoblast cell functions using BeWo and HTR8/SVneo cell lines. PE placental tissues showed abnormal ultrastructure, high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with altered unfolded protein responses (UPR) in compare with term placental tissues. Similar to PE placentae, during OS induction, the trophoblast cells showed altered invasion and migration properties with significantly variable expression of differentiation and invasion markers, e.g., syncytin and MMPs. The effect was rescued by antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, thereby implying a ROS-specific effect and in the trophoblast cells, OS triggers UPR pathway through IRE1α-XBP1 axis. Taken together, these findings highlight the harmful effect of unfolded protein response, which was induced due to OS on trophoblast cells and deformed invasion and differentiation programme and can be extended further to clinical settings to identify clinically approved antioxidants during pregnancy as a therapeutic measure to reduce the onset of PE.
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Zhou M, Shi SX, Liu N, Jiang Y, Karim MS, Vodovoz SJ, Wang X, Zhang B, Dumont AS. Caveolae-Mediated Endothelial Transcytosis across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173795. [PMID: 34501242 PMCID: PMC8432094 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption following ischemic stroke (IS) contributes to hemorrhagic transformation, brain edema, increased neural dysfunction, secondary injury, and mortality. Brain endothelial cells form a para and transcellular barrier to most blood-borne solutes via tight junctions (TJs) and rare transcytotic vesicles. The prevailing view attributes the destruction of TJs to the resulting BBB damage following IS. Recent studies define a stepwise impairment of the transcellular barrier followed by the paracellular barrier which accounts for the BBB leakage in IS. The increased endothelial transcytosis that has been proven to be caveolae-mediated, precedes and is independent of TJs disintegration. Thus, our understanding of post stroke BBB deficits needs to be revised. These recent findings could provide a conceptual basis for the development of alternative treatment strategies. Presently, our concept of how BBB endothelial transcytosis develops is incomplete, and treatment options remain limited. This review summarizes the cellular structure and biological classification of endothelial transcytosis at the BBB and reviews related molecular mechanisms. Meanwhile, relevant transcytosis-targeted therapeutic strategies for IS and research entry points are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (S.X.S.); Tel.: +86-22-6036-2762 (M.Z.); +60-2323-7432 (S.X.S.)
| | - Samuel X. Shi
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.L.); (Y.J.); (M.S.K.); (S.J.V.); (X.W.); (A.S.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (S.X.S.); Tel.: +86-22-6036-2762 (M.Z.); +60-2323-7432 (S.X.S.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.L.); (Y.J.); (M.S.K.); (S.J.V.); (X.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.L.); (Y.J.); (M.S.K.); (S.J.V.); (X.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Mardeen S. Karim
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.L.); (Y.J.); (M.S.K.); (S.J.V.); (X.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Samuel J. Vodovoz
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.L.); (Y.J.); (M.S.K.); (S.J.V.); (X.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.L.); (Y.J.); (M.S.K.); (S.J.V.); (X.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Boli Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
| | - Aaron S. Dumont
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.L.); (Y.J.); (M.S.K.); (S.J.V.); (X.W.); (A.S.D.)
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Khuller K, Yigit G, Martínez Grijalva C, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Elcioglu NH, Yeter B, Hehr U, Stein A, Della Marina A, Köninger A, Depienne C, Kaiser FJ, Wollnik B, Kuechler A. MFSD2A-associated primary microcephaly - Expanding the clinical and mutational spectrum of this ultra-rare disease. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104310. [PMID: 34400370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MFSD2A, a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), is a transmembrane transporter responsible for the uptake of specific essential fatty acids through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the brain. The transporter is crucial for early embryonic brain development and a major factor in the formation and maintenance of the BBB. Mfsd2a-knockout mice show a leakage of the BBB in early embryonic stages and develop a phenotype characterized by microcephaly, cognitive impairment, and anxiety. So far, homozygous or compound heterozygous MFSD2A mutations in humans have only been reported in 13 different families with a total of 28 affected individuals. The phenotypical spectrum of patients with MFSD2A variants is rather broad but all patients present with microcephaly and severe intellectual disability, absent or limited speech, and walking difficulties. Severely affected patients develop seizures and show brain malformations and have, above all, a profound developmental delay hardly reaching any developmental motor milestones. Here, we report on two unrelated individuals with novel homozygous variants in the MFSD2A gene, presenting with severe primary microcephaly, brain malformations, profound developmental delay, and epilepsy, including hypsarrhythmia. Our findings extend the mutational spectrum of the bi-allelic MFSD2A variants causing autosomal recessive primary microcephaly type 15 and broaden the phenotypic spectrum associated with these pathogenic variants emphasizing the role of MFSD2A in early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey; Eastern Mediterranean University School of Medicine, Cyprus, Mersin, 10, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Yeter
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for Human Genetics, and Department of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Anja Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, Germany.
| | - Adela Della Marina
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, University of Essen, Germany, University Hospital Essen, Germany.
| | - Angela Köninger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Frank J Kaiser
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, Germany.
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Chang X, Chen X, Wang S, Zhao H, Yao L, Fang M, Wang X, Xiang Y, Zhou L. Imatinib reduces the fertility of male mice by penetrating the blood-testis barrier and inducing spermatogonia apoptosis. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100527. [PMID: 34147007 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib, the first generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used to treat and improve the prognosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Clinical data suggest that imatinib could cross the blood-testis barrier and reduces the fertility of patients with CML-chronic phase. However, its exact molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, adult male Kunming mice were treated with different doses of imatinib for 8 weeks. The fertility was evaluated, and the sex hormone levels in the blood were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histological changes were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The concentration of imatinib in semen and blood was detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ultrastructure of blood-testis barrier and apoptotic bodies were observed by transmission electron microscope. The expression of blood-testis barrier function-regulating protein, Mfsd2a, and apoptosis-associated proteins in testis tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results indicated that the fertility of male mice was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner after imatinib treatment. Certain hormones in the serum were increased in imatinib treatment groups. Sperm morphology and testicular tissue showed various changes after imatinib treatment. The blood-testis barrier was destroyed and the concentration of imatinib in semen was similar to that in blood after imatinib treatment. Apoptosis was significantly increased in testis tissue after imatinib treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that imatinib can alter blood-testis barrier function, induce apoptosis of spermatogonia, and adversely affect fertility by reducing the number of spermatozoa, decreasing sperm motility and increasing the deformity rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chang
- Department of Hematology, The 967th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Liaoning, China
| | - He Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Liaoning, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Liaoning, China
| | - Meiyun Fang
- Department of Hematology, The Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Hematology, The 967th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The 967th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Liaoning, China.
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Wang HF, Xiang W, Xue BZ, Wang YH, Yi DY, Jiang XB, Zhao HY, Fu P. Cell fusion in cancer hallmarks: Current research status and future indications. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:530. [PMID: 34055095 PMCID: PMC8138896 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fusion is involved in several physiological processes, such as reproduction, development and immunity. Although cell fusion in tumors was reported 130 years ago, it has recently attracted great interest, with recent progress in tumorigenesis research. However, the role of cell fusion in tumor progression remains unclear. The pattern of cell fusion and its role under physiological conditions are the basis for our understanding of the pathological role of cell fusion. However, the role of cell fusion in tumors and its functions are complicated. Cell fusion can directly increase tumor heterogeneity by forming polyploids or aneuploidies. Several studies have reported that cell fusion is associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence, drug resistance and the formation of cancer stem cells. Given the diverse roles cell fusion plays in different tumor phenotypes, methods based on targeted cell fusion have been designed to treat tumors. Research on cell fusion in tumors may provide novel ideas for further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Zhou Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Ye Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030238. [PMID: 33808658 PMCID: PMC8003504 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The anti-vaccination movement claims an alleged danger of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the presupposed similarity between syncytin, which plays a role in human placentation and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We argue that because of very low sequence similarity between human syncytin-1 and the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, it is unlikely that any S protein-specific SARS-CoV-2 vaccine would generate an immune response which would affect fertility and pregnancy. However, further evaluation of potential impacts of COVID-19 vaccines on fertility, placentation, pregnancy and general health of mother and newborn is required. Abstract Human placenta formation relies on the interaction between fused trophoblast cells of the embryo with uterine endometrium. The fusion between trophoblast cells, first into cytotrophoblast and then into syncytiotrophoblast, is facilitated by the fusogenic protein syncytin. Syncytin derives from an envelope glycoprotein (ENV) of retroviral origin. In exogenous retroviruses, the envelope glycoproteins coded by env genes allow fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane and entry of the virus into a host cell. During mammalian evolution, the env genes have been repeatedly, and independently, captured by various mammalian species to facilitate the formation of the placenta. Such a shift in the function of a gene, or a trait, for a different purpose during evolution is called an exaptation (co-option). We discuss the structure and origin of the placenta, the fusogenic and non-fusogenic functions of syncytin, and the mechanism of cell fusion. We also comment on an alleged danger of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the presupposed similarity between syncytin and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Molecular and immunological developments in placentas. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:317-324. [PMID: 33581928 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytotrophoblasts differentiate in two directions during early placentation: syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) and extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). STBs face maternal immune cells in placentas, and EVTs, which invade the decidua and uterine myometrium, face the cells in the uterus. This situation, in which trophoblasts come into contact with maternal immune cells, is known as the maternal-fetal interface. Despite fetuses and fetus-derived trophoblast cells being of the semi-allogeneic conceptus, fetuses and placentas are not rejected by the maternal immune system because of maternal-fetal tolerance. The acquired tolerance develops during normal placentation, resulting in normal fetal development in humans. In this review, we introduce placental development from the viewpoint of molecular biology. In addition, we discuss how the disruption of placental development could lead to complications in pregnancy, such as hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, or miscarriage.
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Schust DJ, Bonney EA, Sugimoto J, Ezashi T, Roberts RM, Choi S, Zhou J. The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041767. [PMID: 33578919 PMCID: PMC7916661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multinucleate syncytialized trophoblast is found in three forms in the human placenta. In the earliest stages of pregnancy, it is seen at the invasive leading edge of the implanting embryo and has been called primitive trophoblast. In later pregnancy, it is represented by the immense, multinucleated layer covering the surface of placental villi and by the trophoblast giant cells found deep within the uterine decidua and myometrium. These syncytia interact with local and/or systemic maternal immune effector cells in a fine balance that allows for invasion and persistence of allogeneic cells in a mother who must retain immunocompetence for 40 weeks of pregnancy. Maternal immune interactions with syncytialized trophoblast require tightly regulated mechanisms that may differ depending on the location of fetal cells and their invasiveness, the nature of the surrounding immune effector cells and the gestational age of the pregnancy. Some specifically reflect the unique mechanisms involved in trophoblast cell–cell fusion (aka syncytialization). Here we will review and summarize several of the mechanisms that support healthy maternal–fetal immune interactions specifically at syncytiotrophoblast interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny J. Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USA; (T.E.); (R.M.R.); (S.C.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizabeth A. Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Jun Sugimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Toshi Ezashi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USA; (T.E.); (R.M.R.); (S.C.); (J.Z.)
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R. Michael Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USA; (T.E.); (R.M.R.); (S.C.); (J.Z.)
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sehee Choi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USA; (T.E.); (R.M.R.); (S.C.); (J.Z.)
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USA; (T.E.); (R.M.R.); (S.C.); (J.Z.)
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract
Three versions of syncytiotrophoblast exist in the human placenta: an invasive type associated with the implanting conceptus, non-invasive villous type of definitive placenta, and placental bed giant cells. Syncytins are encoded by modified env genes of endogenous retroviruses (ERV), but how they contribute functionally to placental syncytial structures is unclear. A minimum of eight genes (ERVW1, ERVFRD-1, ERVV-1, ERVV-2, ERVH48-1, ERVMER34-1, ERV3-1, & ERVK13-1) encoding syncytin family members are expressed in human trophoblast, the majority from implantation to term. ERVW1 (Syncytin 1) and ERVFRD-1 (Syncytin 2) are considered the major fusogens, but, when the expression of their genes is analyzed by single cell RNAseq in first trimester placenta, their transcripts are distinctly patterned and also differ from those of their proposed binding partners, SLC1A5 and MFSD2A, respectively. ERVRH48-1 (suppressyn or SUPYN) and ERVMER34-1 are probable negative regulators of fusion and co-expressed, primarily in cytotrophoblast. The remaining genes and their products have been little studied. Syncytin expression is a feature of placental development in almost all eutherian mammals studied, in at least one marsupial, and in viviparous lizards, which lack the trophoblast lineage. Their expression has been inferred to be essential for pregnancy success in the mouse. All the main human ERV genes arose following independent retroviral insertion events, none of which trace back to the divergence of eutherians and metatherians (marsupials). While syncytins may be crucial for placental development, it seems unlikely that they helped orchestrate the divergence of eutherians and marsupials.
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Altered Tumor Plasticity after Different Cancer Cell Fusions with MSC. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218347. [PMID: 33172211 PMCID: PMC7664391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While cell fusion demonstrates an important pathway during tissue development and regeneration of distinct organs, this process can also contribute to pathophysiological phenotypes during tumor progression. Hybrid cell formation after heterofusion between cancer cells and various other cell types within the tumor microenvironment is observed in vitro and in vivo. In particular, mesenchymal stroma/stem-like cells (MSC) perform diverse levels of communication with cancer cells by exhibiting anti- and pro-tumorigenic effects. During these cellular interactions, MSC can eventually fuse with cancer cells. Thereby, the newly generated disparate hybrid populations display aneuploidy associated with chromosomal instability. Based upon a subsequent post-hybrid selection process (PHSP), fused cancer cells can undergo apoptosis/necroptosis, senescence, dormancy, or a proliferative state by acquisition of new properties. Consequently, PHSP-surviving hybrid cancer cells demonstrate altered functionalities within the tumor tissue. This is accompanied by changes in therapeutic responsiveness and a different metastatic behavior. Accordingly, enhanced tumor plasticity interferes with successful therapeutic interventions and aggravates patient prognoses. The present review article focusses on fusion of MSC with different human cancer cells, in particular breast cancer populations and resulting characteristics of various cancer hybrid cells. Moreover, some mechanisms of cancer cell fusion are discussed together with multiple PHSP pathways.
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Kiyokawa E, Shoji H, Daikoku T. The supression of DOCK family members by their specific inhibitors induces the cell fusion of human trophoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1173-1179. [PMID: 32819582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Among the members of the DOCK family, DOCK1-5 function as guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for small GTPase Rac1, which regulates the actin cytoskeleton. It has been reported that in model organisms the Dock-Rac axis is required for myoblast fusion. We examined the role of DOCK1-5 in trophoblast fusion herein. METHODS We used a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to examine the mRNA expressions of DOCK1-5 and differentiation-related genes, i.e., fusogenic genes, in human trophoblastic cell lines, BeWo and JEG-3. We treated BeWo cells with TBOPP and C21 to inhibit DOCK1 and DOCK5. Cell dynamics and cell fusion were assessed by live imaging and immunostaining. The signaling pathways induced by DOCK1/5 inhibition were examined by western blotting. RESULTS DOCK1 and DOCK5 were expressed in BeWo cells. The inhibition of DOCK1 or DOCK5 did not prevent the cell fusion induced by forskolin (a common reagent for cell fusion); it induced cell fusion. DOCK1 inhibition induced cell death, as did forskolin. DOCK1 and DOCK5 inhibition for 24 and 48 h increased the expression of the genes ASCT2 and SYNCYTIN2, which code responsive proteins of trophoblast cell fusion, respectively. CONCLUSION DOCK1 and DOCK5 inhibition participates in BeWo cell fusion, probably via pathways independent from forskolin-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
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Sánchez-Campillo M, Ruiz-Palacios M, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Prieto-Sánchez MT, Blanco-Carnero JE, Zornoza M, Ruiz-Pastor MJ, Demmelmair H, Sánchez-Solís M, Koletzko B, Larqué E. Child Head Circumference and Placental MFSD2a Expression Are Associated to the Level of MFSD2a in Maternal Blood During Pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:38. [PMID: 32117064 PMCID: PMC7012934 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a world-wide health challenge, which prevalence is expected to increase in parallel to the epidemic of obesity. Children born from GDM mothers have lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cord blood, which might influence their neurodevelopment. Recently, the membrane transporter Major Family Super Domain 2a (MFSD2a) was associated with the selective transportation of DHA as lysophospholipids. The expression of the DHA membrane transporter MFSD2a is lower in GDM placentas, which could affect materno-fetal DHA transport. Humans with homozygous inactivating mutations in the MFSD2a gene present severe microcephaly and intellectual impairments. Herein, we intended to identify early blood biomarkers that may be of use during pregnancy to monitor the offspring development and the adequate nutritional interventions, such as nutritional supplementation, that may be selected to improve it. We evaluated MFSD2a expression in maternal blood at the third trimester of pregnancy, and its potential relationship with the expression of placental MFSD2a at delivery and child outcomes. Three groups of pregnant women were recruited: 25 controls, 23 GDM with dietary treatment, and 20 GDM with insulin treatment. Maternal and neonatal anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated. MFSD2a was analyzed in placenta, blood and serum. MFSD2a protein expression in maternal blood was significantly lower in GDM groups and correlated with placental MFSD2a and Z-score neonatal head circumference during the first 6 months of life. The cord/maternal serum ratio of DHA, a solid indicator of materno-fetal DHA transport, was reduced in GDM groups and correlated with MFSD2a in maternal blood at the third trimester and in placenta at delivery. This indicates that altered MFSD2a levels in maternal blood during pregnancy might influence placental nutrient transport and fetal neurodevelopment. Furthermore, MFSD2a levels in maternal blood on the third trimester were inversely correlated to DHA in maternal serum lyso-PL. Thus, the level of MFSD2a in maternal blood could be used as a potential biomarker for the early detection of disturbances of MFSD2a expression during pregnancy and the subsequent consequences for the neurodevelopment of the child, as well as it may help to choose the optimal treatment approach for the affected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez-Campillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Palacios
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Ruiz-Alcaraz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Matilde Zornoza
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-Pastor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, München, Germany
| | | | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, München, Germany
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Elvira Larqué
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Abstract
The placenta is essential for normal in utero development in mammals. In humans, defective placental formation underpins common pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. The great variation in placental types across mammals means that animal models have been of limited use in understanding human placental development. However, new tools for studying human placental development, including 3D organoids, stem cell culture systems and single cell RNA sequencing, have brought new insights into this field. Here, we review the morphological, molecular and functional aspects of human placental formation, with a focus on the defining cell of the placenta - the trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Y Turco
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Development, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Xing S, Kan J, Su A, Liu QD, Wang K, Cai X, Dong J. The prognostic value of major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2A in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8474-8483. [PMID: 31584009 PMCID: PMC6814593 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to characterize the expression of major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2A (MFSD2A) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and analyze its prognostic value. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed that low expression of MFSD2A was present in 37 of 79 cases (46.84%), which was significantly correlated with poor histological differentiation (P = 0.012). The plasma MFSD2A level in HCC patients was significantly lower than in healthy controls (P = 0.0079) and controls with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (P = 0.0430). Moreover, patients with lower MFSD2A expression had shorter survival than higher expression (P = 0.021). Multivariate analysis revealed that MFSD2A was an independent prognostic predictor for HCC patients (P = 0.027). CONCLUSION The current study indicate MFSD2A may be an optimal diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC. METHODS First, we examined MFSD2A expression in 24 paired HCC and nontumorous tissues by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Second, the protein levels of MFSD2A in 11 paired HCC and nontumorous tissues were investigated by western blotting (WB). Moreover, MFSD2A protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 79 HCC patients. In addition, we detected the plasma level of MFSD2A in HCC patients and healthy individuals and investigated the relationship between MFSD2A expression and clinicopathological parameters or prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xing
- Department of Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jun Kan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Aishan Su
- Department of GCP Center, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kailin Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510062, China
| | - Xiuyu Cai
- Department of Integrated Therapy in Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Integrated Therapy in Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
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