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Papi RM, Tasioulis KS, Kechagioglou PV, Papaioannou MA, Andriotis EG, Kyriakidis DA. Carbon Nanotube-Mediated Delivery of PTEN Variants: In Vitro Antitumor Activity in Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:2785. [PMID: 38930850 PMCID: PMC11206347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a crucial tumor suppressor protein with frequent mutations and alterations. Although protein therapeutics are already integral to numerous medical fields, their potential remains nascent. This study aimed to investigate the impact of stable, unphosphorylated recombinant human full-length PTEN and its truncated variants, regarding their tumor suppression activity with multiwalled-carbon nanotubes (MW-CNTs) as vehicles for their delivery in breast cancer cells (T-47D, ZR-75-1, and MCF-7). The cloning, overexpression, and purification of PTEN variants were achieved from E. coli, followed by successful binding to CNTs. Cell incubation with protein-functionalized CNTs revealed that the full-length PTEN-CNTs significantly inhibited cancer cell growth and stimulated apoptosis in ZR-75-1 and MCF-7 cells, while truncated PTEN fragments on CNTs had a lesser effect. The N-terminal fragment, despite possessing the active site, did not have the same effect as the full length PTEN, emphasizing the necessity of interaction with the C2 domain in the C-terminal tail. Our findings highlight the efficacy of full-length PTEN in inhibiting cancer growth and inducing apoptosis through the alteration of the expression levels of key apoptotic markers. In addition, the utilization of carbon nanotubes as a potent PTEN protein delivery system provides valuable insights for future applications in in vivo models and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigini M. Papi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Konstantinos S. Tasioulis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Petros V. Kechagioglou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Maria A. Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleftherios G. Andriotis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios A. Kyriakidis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
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2
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Ma Z, Ma Y, Feng J, Xu Z, Cheng C, Qin J, Li S, Jiang J, Kong R. NDRG2 acts as a negative regulator of the progression of small-cell lung cancer through the modulation of the PTEN-AKT-mTOR signalling cascade. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116915. [PMID: 38537875 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) has been recognised as a negative regulator of the progression of numerous tumours, yet its specific role in small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is not fully understood. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the biological role and mechanism of NDRG2 in SCLC. Initial investigation using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset revealed marked downregulation of NDRG2 transcripts in SCLC. The decreased abundance of NDRG2 in SCLC was verified by examining clinical specimens. Increasing NDRG2 expression in SCLC cell lines caused significant changes in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, colony formation, and chemosensitivity. NDRG2 overexpression decreased the levels of phosphorylated PTEN, AKT and mTOR. In PTEN-depleted SCLC cells, the upregulation of NDRG2 did not result in any noticeable impact on AKT or mTOR activation. Additionally, the reactivation of AKT reversed the antitumour effects of NDRG2 in SCLC cells. Notably, increasing NDRG2 expression retarded the growth of SCLC cell-derived xenografts in vivo. In conclusion, NDRG2 serves as an inhibitor of SCLC, and its cancer-inhibiting effects are achieved through the suppression of AKT/mTOR via the activation of PTEN. This work suggests that NDRG2 is a potential druggable target for SCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yuefeng Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhengshui Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Chuantao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
| | - Ranran Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
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3
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Giri H, Biswas I, Rezaie AR. Thrombomodulin Regulates PTEN/AKT Signaling Axis in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:352-365. [PMID: 38059351 PMCID: PMC10841639 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated that deletion of thrombomodulin gene from endothelial cells results in upregulation of proinflammatory phenotype. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis for the altered phenotype in thrombomodulin-deficient (TM-/-) cells. METHODS Different constructs containing deletions or mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of thrombomodulin were prepared and introduced to TM-/- cells. The phenotype of cells expressing different derivatives of thrombomodulin and tissue samples of thrombomodulin-knockout mice were analyzed for expression of distinct regulatory genes in established signaling assays. RESULTS The phosphatase and tensin homolog were phosphorylated and its recruitment to the plasma membrane was impaired in TM-/- cells, leading to hyperactivation of AKT (protein kinase B) and phosphorylation-dependent nuclear exclusion of the transcription factor, forkhead box O1. The proliferative/migratory properties of TM-/- cells were enhanced, and cells exhibited hypersensitivity to stimulation by angiopoietin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Reexpression of wild-type thrombomodulin in TM-/- cells normalized the cellular phenotype; however, thrombomodulin lacking its cytoplasmic domain failed to restore the normal phenotype in TM-/- cells. Increased basal permeability and loss of VE-cadherin were restored to normal levels by reexpression of wild-type thrombomodulin but not by a thrombomodulin construct lacking its cytoplasmic domain. A thrombomodulin cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant containing 3-membrane-proximal Arg-Lys-Lys residues restored the barrier-permeability function of TM-/- cells. Enhanced phosphatase and tensin homolog phosphorylation and activation of AKT and mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) were also observed in the liver of thrombomodulin-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of thrombomodulin interacts with the actin cytoskeleton and plays a crucial role in regulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT signaling in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Giri
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Indranil Biswas
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Alireza R. Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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4
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Ricci MMC, Orenberg A, Ohayon L, Gau D, Wills RC, Bae Y, Das T, Koes D, Hammond GRV, Roy P. Actin-binding protein profilin1 is an important determinant of cellular phosphoinositide control. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105583. [PMID: 38141770 PMCID: PMC10826164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane polyphosphoinositides (PPIs) are lipid-signaling molecules that undergo metabolic turnover and influence a diverse range of cellular functions. PPIs regulate the activity and/or spatial localization of a number of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) through direct interactions; however, it is much less clear whether ABPs could also be an integral part in regulating PPI signaling. In this study, we show that ABP profilin1 (Pfn1) is an important molecular determinant of the cellular content of PI(4,5)P2 (the most abundant PPI in cells). In growth factor (EGF) stimulation setting, Pfn1 depletion does not impact PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis but enhances plasma membrane (PM) enrichment of PPIs that are produced downstream of activated PI3-kinase, including PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2, the latter consistent with increased PM recruitment of SH2-containing inositol 5' phosphatase (SHIP2) (a key enzyme for PI(3,4)P2 biosynthesis). Although Pfn1 binds to PPIs in vitro, our data suggest that Pfn1's affinity to PPIs and PM presence in actual cells, if at all, is negligible, suggesting that Pfn1 is unlikely to directly compete with SHIP2 for binding to PM PPIs. Additionally, we provide evidence for Pfn1's interaction with SHIP2 in cells and modulation of this interaction upon EGF stimulation, raising an alternative possibility of Pfn1 binding as a potential restrictive mechanism for PM recruitment of SHIP2. In conclusion, our findings challenge the dogma of Pfn1's binding to PM by PPI interaction, uncover a previously unrecognized role of Pfn1 in PI(4,5)P2 homeostasis and provide a new mechanistic avenue of how an ABP could potentially impact PI3K signaling byproducts in cells through lipid phosphatase control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M C Ricci
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew Orenberg
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lee Ohayon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Gau
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel C Wills
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yongho Bae
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tuhin Das
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Koes
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerald R V Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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5
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De D, Ghosh G, Karmakar P. Sumoylation and phosphorylation of PTEN boosts and curtails autophagy respectively by influencing cell membrane localisation. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113872. [PMID: 38072303 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in the entirety of cellular survival, homeostasis and death which becomes more self-evident when its dysregulation is implicated in several pathological conditions. PTEN positively regulates autophagy and like other proteins undergo post-translational modifications. It is crucial to investigate the relationship between PTEN and autophagy as it is generally observed to be negligible in PTEN deficient cancer cells. Here, we have shown that such modifications of PTEN namely sumoylation and phosphorylation upregulates and downregulates autophagy respectively. Transfection of plasmid containing full length PTEN in PTEN-negative prostate cancer cell line PC3, induced autophagy on further starvation. When a sumoylation-deficient mutant of PTEN was transfected and cells were put under similar starvation, a decline in autophagy was observed. On the other hand, cells transfected with phosphorylation-deficient mutant of PTEN showed elevated expression of autophagy. Contrarily, transfection with phosphorylation-mimicking mutant caused reduced expression of autophagy. On further analysis, it was detected that PTEN's association with the plasma membrane was under positive and negative influence from its sumoylation and phosphorylation respectively. This association is integral as it is the foremost site for PTEN to oppose PI3K/AKT pathway and consequently upregulate autophagy. Thus, this study indicates that sumoylation and phosphorylation of PTEN can control autophagy via its cell membrane association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti De
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ginia Ghosh
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India.
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6
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Jang H, Chen J, Iakoucheva LM, Nussinov R. Cancer and Autism: How PTEN Mutations Degrade Function at the Membrane and Isoform Expression in the Human Brain. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168354. [PMID: 37935253 PMCID: PMC10842829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations causing loss of PTEN lipid phosphatase activity can promote cancer, benign tumors (PHTS), and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Exactly how they preferentially trigger distinct phenotypic outcomes has been puzzling. Here, we demonstrate that PTEN mutations differentially allosterically bias P loop dynamics and its connection to the catalytic site, affecting catalytic activity. NDD-related mutations are likely to sample conformations of the functional wild-type state, while sampled conformations for the strong, cancer-related driver mutation hotspots favor catalysis-primed conformations, suggesting that NDD mutations are likely to be weaker, and our large-scale simulations show why. Prenatal PTEN isoform expression data suggest exons 5 and 7, which harbor NDD mutations, as cancer-risk carriers. Since cancer requires more than a single mutation, our conformational and genomic analysis helps discover how same protein mutations can foster different clinical manifestations, articulates a role for co-occurring background latent driver mutations, and uncovers relationships of splicing isoform expression to life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lilia M Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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7
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Yu J, Boehr DD. Regulatory mechanisms triggered by enzyme interactions with lipid membrane surfaces. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1306483. [PMID: 38099197 PMCID: PMC10720463 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1306483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of enzymes to intracellular membranes often modulates their catalytic activity, which can be important in cell signaling and membrane trafficking. Thus, re-localization is not only important for these enzymes to gain access to their substrates, but membrane interactions often allosterically regulate enzyme function by inducing conformational changes across different time and amplitude scales. Recent structural, biophysical and computational studies have revealed how key enzymes interact with lipid membrane surfaces, and how this membrane binding regulates protein structure and function. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding regulatory mechanisms involved in enzyme-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D. Boehr
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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8
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Peris I, Romero-Murillo S, Vicente C, Narla G, Odero MD. Regulation and role of the PP2A-B56 holoenzyme family in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188953. [PMID: 37437699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inactivation is common in cancer, leading to sustained activation of pro-survival and growth-promoting pathways. PP2A consists of a scaffolding A-subunit, a catalytic C-subunit, and a regulatory B-subunit. The functional complexity of PP2A holoenzymes arises mainly through the vast repertoire of regulatory B-subunits, which determine both their substrate specificity and their subcellular localization. Therefore, a major challenge for developing more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer is to identify the specific PP2A complexes to be targeted. Of note, the development of small molecules specifically directed at PP2A-B56α has opened new therapeutic avenues in both solid and hematological tumors. Here, we focus on the B56/PR61 family of PP2A regulatory subunits, which have a central role in directing PP2A tumor suppressor activity. We provide an overview of the mechanisms controlling the formation and regulation of these complexes, the pathways they control, and the mechanisms underlying their deregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Peris
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Romero-Murillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Vicente
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria D Odero
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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van Ree JH, Jeganathan KB, Fierro Velasco RO, Zhang C, Can I, Hamada M, Li H, Baker DJ, van Deursen JM. Hyperphosphorylated PTEN exerts oncogenic properties. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2983. [PMID: 37225693 PMCID: PMC10209192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a multifaceted tumor suppressor that is highly sensitive to alterations in expression or function. The PTEN C-tail domain, which is rich in phosphorylation sites, has been implicated in PTEN stability, localization, catalytic activity, and protein interactions, but its role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. To address this, we utilized several mouse strains with nonlethal C-tail mutations. Mice homozygous for a deletion that includes S370, S380, T382 and T383 contain low PTEN levels and hyperactive AKT but are not tumor prone. Analysis of mice containing nonphosphorylatable or phosphomimetic versions of S380, a residue hyperphosphorylated in human gastric cancers, reveal that PTEN stability and ability to inhibit PI3K-AKT depends on dynamic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of this residue. While phosphomimetic S380 drives neoplastic growth in prostate by promoting nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, nonphosphorylatable S380 is not tumorigenic. These data suggest that C-tail hyperphosphorylation creates oncogenic PTEN and is a potential target for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine H van Ree
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karthik B Jeganathan
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ismail Can
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Masakazu Hamada
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darren J Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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10
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Ege B, Bozgeyik E, Bayazıt S, Bozgeyik I, Erdogmus Z, Koparal M. Expression pattern of hypoxia-related genes in odontogenic cysts. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 148:105639. [PMID: 36796289 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to reveal the effects of hypoxia-associated signaling in odontogenic cysts. DESIGN The expression levels of genes involved in the hypoxia-associated signaling pathway were determined by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS As a result, it was found that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression was low (p = 0.037), and the expression levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) (p = 0.0127), hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1A) (p < 0.001), and HIF1A antisense RNA 1 (HIF1A-AS1) (p = 0.0218) were higher in cyst tissue compared to normal tissue. HIF1A gene expression was found to be significantly altered according to the pathologic subtypes of odontogenic keratocyst, dentigerous cyst, and radicular cyst. CONCLUSIONS Odontogenic cysts were found to have higher expression of HIF1A and HIF1A-AS1, which may be related to the increased hypoxia in these lesions. In addition, PI3K/Akt signaling may be stimulated by increased PIK3CA and decreased PTEN expression, which promote cell survival and support the mechanism of cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ege
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey.
| | - Esra Bozgeyik
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey.
| | - Seyma Bayazıt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Bozgeyik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey.
| | - Zozan Erdogmus
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic, Diyarbakır Oral and Dental Health Center, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Koparal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey.
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11
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Iwase R, Dempsey DR, Whedon SD, Jiang H, Palanski BA, Deng B, Cole PA. Semisynthetic Approach to the Analysis of Tumor Suppressor PTEN Ubiquitination. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6039-6044. [PMID: 36897111 PMCID: PMC10071500 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) tumor suppressor protein is a PIP3 lipid phosphatase that is subject to multifaceted post-translational modifications. One such modification is the monoubiquitination of Lys13 that may alter its cellular localization but is also positioned in a manner that could influence several of its cellular functions. To explore the regulatory influence of ubiquitin on PTEN's biochemical properties and its interaction with ubiquitin ligases and a deubiquitinase, the generation of a site-specifically and stoichiometrically ubiquitinated protein could be beneficial. Here, we describe a semisynthetic method that relies upon sequential expressed protein ligation steps to install ubiquitin at a Lys13 mimic in near full-length PTEN. This approach permits the concurrent installation of C-terminal modifications in PTEN, thereby facilitating an analysis of the interplay between N-terminal ubiquitination and C-terminal phosphorylation. We find that the N-terminal ubiquitination of PTEN inhibits its enzymatic function, reduces its binding to lipid vesicles, modulates its processing by NEDD4-1 E3 ligase, and is efficiently cleaved by the deubiquitinase, USP7. Our ligation approach should motivate related efforts for uncovering the effects of ubiquitination of complex proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Iwase
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniel R. Dempsey
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Dermatology and Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Samuel D. Whedon
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brad A. Palanski
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bedphiny Deng
- Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Jang H, Chen J, Iakoucheva LM, Nussinov R. How PTEN mutations degrade function at the membrane and life expectancy of carriers of mutations in the human brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525746. [PMID: 36747841 PMCID: PMC9900933 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PTEN dysfunction, caused by loss of lipid phosphatase activity or deletion, promotes pathologies, cancer, benign tumors, and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Despite efforts, exactly how the mutations trigger distinct phenotypic outcomes, cancer or NDD, has been puzzling. It has also been unclear how to distinguish between mutations harbored by isoforms, are they cancer or NDDs-related. Here we address both. We demonstrate that PTEN mutations differentially allosterically bias P-loop dynamics and its connection to the catalytic site, affecting catalytic activity. NDD-related mutations are likely to sample conformations present in the wild-type, while sampled conformations sheltering cancer-related hotspots favor catalysis-prone conformations, suggesting that NDD mutations are weaker. Analysis of isoform expression data indicates that if the transcript has NDD-related mutations, alone or in combination with cancer hotspots, there is high prenatal expression. If no mutations within the measured days, low expression levels. Cancer mutations promote stronger signaling and cell proliferation; NDDs' are weaker, influencing brain cell differentiation. Further, exon 5 is impacted by NDD or non-NDD mutations, while exon 7 is exclusively impacted by NDD mutations. Our comprehensive conformational and genomic analysis helps discover how same allele mutations can foster different clinical manifestations and uncovers correlations of splicing isoform expression to life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Lilia M Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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13
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Viennet T, Rodriguez Ospina S, Lu Y, Cui A, Arthanari H, Dempsey DR. Chemical and structural approaches to investigate PTEN function and regulation. Methods Enzymol 2022; 682:289-318. [PMID: 36948705 PMCID: PMC10037535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog is a lipid phosphatase that serves as the major negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway. It catalyzes the 3'-specific dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) to generate PIP2. PTEN's lipid phosphatase function depends on several domains, including an N-terminal segment spanning the first 24 amino acids, which results in a catalytically impaired enzyme when mutated. Furthermore, PTEN is regulated by a cluster of phosphorylation sites located on its C-terminal tail at Ser380, Thr382, Thr383, and Ser385, which drives its conformation from an open to a closed autoinhibited but stable state. Herein, we discuss the protein chemical strategies we used to reveal the structure and mechanism of how PTEN's terminal regions govern its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Viennet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Santiago Rodriguez Ospina
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yunqi Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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14
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Barbernitz X, Raben DM. Phosphorylation of DGK. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 88:100941. [PMID: 36508895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) play important roles in a variety of signaling cascades (Carrasco and Merida, 2007; Stace and Ktistakis, 2006). Therefore, the physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms controlling the levels of these lipids are important. One class of enzymes capable of coordinating the levels of these two lipids are the diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). DGKs catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to the hydroxyl group of DAG which generates PtdOH(Merida et al., 2008; Sakane et al., 2007). As DGKs reciprocally modulate the relative levels of these two signaling lipids, it is not surprising that there is increasing interest in understanding the mechanism underlying the catalysis and regulation of these kinases. While post-translational modifications (PTMs) are often involved in enzyme regulation, there is surprisingly little information regarding the PTMs on these enzymes and their roles in modulating their activity and function. In this review, we will summarize what is known about one PTM on DGKs, phosphorylation, and the possible functions of this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Barbernitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M Raben
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Targeting PTEN Regulation by Post Translational Modifications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225613. [PMID: 36428706 PMCID: PMC9688753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) is a lipidic second messenger present at very low concentrations in resting normal cells. PIP3 levels, though, increase quickly and transiently after growth factor addition, upon activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). PIP3 is required for the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that induce cell proliferation, cell migration, and survival. Given the critical role of this second messenger for cellular responses, PIP3 levels must be tightly regulated. The lipid phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin-homolog in chromosome 10) is the phosphatase responsible for PIP3 dephosphorylation to PIP2. PTEN tumor suppressor is frequently inactivated in endometrium and prostate carcinomas, and also in glioblastoma, illustrating the contribution of elevated PIP3 levels for cancer development. PTEN biological activity can be modulated by heterozygous gene loss, gene mutation, and epigenetic or transcriptional alterations. In addition, PTEN can also be regulated by post-translational modifications. Acetylation, oxidation, phosphorylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitination can alter PTEN stability, cellular localization, or activity, highlighting the complexity of PTEN regulation. While current strategies to treat tumors exhibiting a deregulated PI3-kinase/PTEN axis have focused on PI3-kinase inhibition, a better understanding of PTEN post-translational modifications could provide new therapeutic strategies to restore PTEN action in PIP3-dependent tumors.
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16
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Kotzampasi DM, Premeti K, Papafotika A, Syropoulou V, Christoforidis S, Cournia Z, Leondaritis G. The orchestrated signaling by PI3Kα and PTEN at the membrane interface. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5607-5621. [PMID: 36284707 PMCID: PMC9578963 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene PI3Kα and the tumor suppressor PTEN represent two antagonistic enzymatic activities that regulate the interconversion of the phosphoinositide lipids PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 in membranes. As such, they are defining components of phosphoinositide-based cellular signaling and membrane trafficking pathways that regulate cell survival, growth, and proliferation, and are often deregulated in cancer. In this review, we highlight aspects of PI3Kα and PTEN interplay at the intersection of signaling and membrane trafficking. We also discuss the mechanisms of PI3Kα- and PTEN- membrane interaction and catalytic activation, which are fundamental for our understanding of the structural and allosteric implications on signaling at the membrane interface and may aid current efforts in pharmacological targeting of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Maria Kotzampasi
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71500, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Premeti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Alexandra Papafotika
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Syropoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Savvas Christoforidis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Leondaritis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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17
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Smith IN, Dawson JE, Krieger J, Thacker S, Bahar I, Eng C. Structural and Dynamic Effects of PTEN C-Terminal Tail Phosphorylation. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4175-4190. [PMID: 36001481 PMCID: PMC9472802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene encodes a tightly regulated dual-specificity phosphatase that serves as the master regulator of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. The carboxy-terminal tail (CTT) is key to regulation and harbors multiple phosphorylation sites (Ser/Thr residues 380-385). CTT phosphorylation suppresses the phosphatase activity by inducing a stable, closed conformation. However, little is known about the mechanisms of phosphorylation-induced CTT-deactivation dynamics. Using explicit solvent microsecond molecular dynamics simulations, we show that CTT phosphorylation leads to a partially collapsed conformation, which alters the secondary structure of PTEN and induces long-range conformational rearrangements that encompass the active site. The active site rearrangements prevent localization of PTEN to the membrane, precluding lipid phosphatase activity. Notably, we have identified phosphorylation-induced allosteric coupling between the interdomain region and a hydrophobic site neighboring the active site in the phosphatase domain. Collectively, the results provide a mechanistic understanding of CTT phosphorylation dynamics and reveal potential druggable allosteric sites in a previously believed clinically undruggable protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N. Smith
- Genomic
Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Dawson
- Genomic
Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - James Krieger
- Department
of Computational and Systems Biology, University
of Pittsburgh, 800 Murdoch Building, 3420 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stetson Thacker
- Genomic
Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
- Cleveland
Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case
Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United
States
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department
of Computational and Systems Biology, University
of Pittsburgh, 800 Murdoch Building, 3420 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic
Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
- Cleveland
Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case
Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United
States
- Case
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western
Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Taussig
Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
- Department
of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western
Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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18
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Detering NT, Schüning T, Hensel N, Claus P. The phospho-landscape of the survival of motoneuron protein (SMN) protein: relevance for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:497. [PMID: 36006469 PMCID: PMC11071818 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by low levels of the survival of motoneuron (SMN) Protein leading to preferential degeneration of lower motoneurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and brain stem. However, the SMN protein is ubiquitously expressed and there is growing evidence of a multisystem phenotype in SMA. Since a loss of SMN function is critical, it is important to decipher the regulatory mechanisms of SMN function starting on the level of the SMN protein itself. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins regulate multiple functions and processes, including activity, cellular trafficking, and stability. Several PTM sites have been identified within the SMN sequence. Here, we map the identified SMN PTMs highlighting phosphorylation as a key regulator affecting localization, stability and functions of SMN. Furthermore, we propose SMN phosphorylation as a crucial factor for intracellular interaction and cellular distribution of SMN. We outline the relevance of phosphorylation of the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) gene product SMN with regard to basic housekeeping functions of SMN impaired in this neurodegenerative disease. Finally, we compare SMA patient mutations with putative and verified phosphorylation sites. Thus, we emphasize the importance of phosphorylation as a cellular modulator in a clinical perspective as a potential additional target for combinatorial SMA treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Tula Detering
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Schüning
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Niko Hensel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Mizutani N, Kawanabe A, Jinno Y, Narita H, Yonezawa T, Nakagawa A, Okamura Y. Interaction between S4 and the phosphatase domain mediates electrochemical coupling in voltage-sensing phosphatase (VSP). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200364119. [PMID: 35733115 PMCID: PMC9245683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200364119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-sensing phosphatase (VSP) consists of a voltage sensor domain (VSD) and a cytoplasmic catalytic region (CCR), which is similar to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). How the VSD regulates the innate enzyme component of VSP remains unclear. Here, we took a combined approach that entailed the use of electrophysiology, fluorometry, and structural modeling to study the electrochemical coupling in Ciona intestinalis VSP. We found that two hydrophobic residues at the lowest part of S4 play an essential role in the later transition of VSD-CCR coupling. Voltage clamp fluorometry and disulfide bond locking indicated that S4 and its neighboring linker move as one helix (S4-linker helix) and approach the hydrophobic spine in the CCR, a structure located near the cell membrane and also conserved in PTEN. We propose that the hydrophobic spine operates as a hub for translating an electrical signal into a chemical one in VSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Mizutani
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Kawanabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Jinno
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Narita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yonezawa
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okamura
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Conciatori F, Salvati E, Ciuffreda L, Shirasawa S, Falcone I, Cognetti F, Ferretti G, Zeuli M, Del Bufalo D, Bazzichetto C, Milella M. Fibroblast-Induced Paradoxical PI3K Pathway Activation in PTEN-Competent Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Therapeutic PI3K/mTOR Inhibition. Front Oncol 2022; 12:862806. [PMID: 35719951 PMCID: PMC9203999 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.862806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor-microenvironment interactions are important determinants of drug resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). We, therefore, set out to understand how interactions between genetically characterized CRC cells and stromal fibroblasts might influence response to molecularly targeted inhibitors. Techniques Sensitivity to PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors of CRC cell lines, with known genetic background, was investigated under different culture conditions [serum-free medium, fibroblasts’ conditioned medium (CM), direct co-culture]. Molecular pathway activation was monitored using Western Blot analysis. Immunoprecipitation was used to detect specific mTOR complex activation. Immunofluorescence was used to analyze cellular PTEN distribution, while different mutant PTEN plasmids were used to map the observed function to specific PTEN protein domains. Results Exposure to fibroblast-CM resulted in increased growth-inhibitory response to double PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in PTEN-competent CRC cell lines harboring KRAS and PI3K mutations. Such functional effect was attributable to fibroblast-CM induced paradoxical PI3K/mTORC1 pathway activation, occurring in the presence of a functional PTEN protein. At a molecular level, fibroblast-CM induced C-tail phosphorylation and cytoplasmic redistribution of the PTEN protein, thereby impairing its lipid phosphatase function and favored the formation of active, RAPTOR-containing, mTORC1 complexes. However, PTEN’s lipid phosphatase function appeared to be dispensable, while complex protein-protein interactions, also involving PTEN/mTOR co-localization and subcellular distribution, were crucial for both mTORC1 activation and sensitivity to double PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Data Interpretation Microenvironmental cues, in particular soluble factors produced by stromal fibroblasts, profoundly influence PI3K pathway signaling and functional response to specific inhibitors in CRC cells, depending on their mutational background and PTEN status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Conciatori
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Salvati
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology -National Research Council (BPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Ciuffreda
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation (SAFU), Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Italia Falcone
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation (SAFU), Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cognetti
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Ferretti
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeuli
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzichetto
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
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21
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Walpole GFW, Pacheco J, Chauhan N, Clark J, Anderson KE, Abbas YM, Brabant-Kirwan D, Montaño-Rendón F, Liu Z, Zhu H, Brumell JH, Deiters A, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT, Hammond GRV, Grinstein S, Fairn GD. Kinase-independent synthesis of 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides by a phosphotransferase. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:708-722. [PMID: 35484249 PMCID: PMC9107517 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite their low abundance, phosphoinositides play a central role in membrane traffic and signalling. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 are uniquely important, as they promote cell growth, survival and migration. Pathogenic organisms have developed means to subvert phosphoinositide metabolism to promote successful infection and their survival in host organisms. We demonstrate that PtdIns(3,4)P2 is a major product generated in host cells by the effectors of the enteropathogenic bacteria Salmonella and Shigella. Pharmacological, gene silencing and heterologous expression experiments revealed that, remarkably, the biosynthesis of PtdIns(3,4)P2 occurs independently of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Instead, we found that the Salmonella effector SopB, heretofore believed to be a phosphatase, generates PtdIns(3,4)P2 de novo via a phosphotransferase/phosphoisomerase mechanism. Recombinant SopB is capable of generating PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 from PtdIns(4,5)P2 in a cell-free system. Through a remarkable instance of convergent evolution, bacterial effectors acquired the ability to synthesize 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides by an ATP- and kinase-independent mechanism, thereby subverting host signalling to gain entry and even provoke oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F W Walpole
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Pacheco
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neha Chauhan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Yazan M Abbas
- Molecular Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fernando Montaño-Rendón
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zetao Liu
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongxian Zhu
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Gerald R V Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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22
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Bondos SE, Dunker AK, Uversky VN. Intrinsically disordered proteins play diverse roles in cell signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:20. [PMID: 35177069 PMCID: PMC8851865 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways allow cells to detect and respond to a wide variety of chemical (e.g. Ca2+ or chemokine proteins) and physical stimuli (e.g., sheer stress, light). Together, these pathways form an extensive communication network that regulates basic cell activities and coordinates the function of multiple cells or tissues. The process of cell signaling imposes many demands on the proteins that comprise these pathways, including the abilities to form active and inactive states, and to engage in multiple protein interactions. Furthermore, successful signaling often requires amplifying the signal, regulating or tuning the response to the signal, combining information sourced from multiple pathways, all while ensuring fidelity of the process. This sensitivity, adaptability, and tunability are possible, in part, due to the inclusion of intrinsically disordered regions in many proteins involved in cell signaling. The goal of this collection is to highlight the many roles of intrinsic disorder in cell signaling. Following an overview of resources that can be used to study intrinsically disordered proteins, this review highlights the critical role of intrinsically disordered proteins for signaling in widely diverse organisms (animals, plants, bacteria, fungi), in every category of cell signaling pathway (autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, and endocrine) and at each stage (ligand, receptor, transducer, effector, terminator) in the cell signaling process. Thus, a cell signaling pathway cannot be fully described without understanding how intrinsically disordered protein regions contribute to its function. The ubiquitous presence of intrinsic disorder in different stages of diverse cell signaling pathways suggest that more mechanisms by which disorder modulates intra- and inter-cell signals remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Bondos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - A. Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia 142290
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23
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Lestari B, Naito S, Endo A, Nishihara H, Kato A, Watanabe E, Denda K, Komada M, Fukushima T. Placental mammals acquired functional sequences in NRK for regulating the CK2-PTEN-AKT pathway and placental cell proliferation. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6499274. [PMID: 34999820 PMCID: PMC8857918 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular evolution processes underlying the acquisition of the placenta in eutherian ancestors are not fully understood. Mouse NCK-interacting kinase (NIK)-related kinase (NRK) is expressed highly in the placenta and plays a role in preventing placental hyperplasia. Here, we show the molecular evolution of NRK, which confers its function for inhibiting placental cell proliferation. Comparative genome analysis identified NRK orthologs across vertebrates, which share the kinase and citron homology (CNH) domains. Evolutionary analysis revealed that NRK underwent extensive amino acid substitutions in the ancestor of placental mammals and has been since conserved. Biochemical analysis of mouse NRK revealed that the CNH domain binds to phospholipids, and a region in NRK binds to and inhibits casein kinase-2 (CK2), which we named the CK2-inhibitory region (CIR). Cell culture experiments suggest the following: 1) Mouse NRK is localized at the plasma membrane via the CNH domain, where the CIR inhibits CK2. 2) This mitigates CK2-dependent phosphorylation and inhibition of PTEN and 3) leads to the inhibition of AKT signaling and cell proliferation. Nrk deficiency increased phosphorylation levels of PTEN and AKT in mouse placenta, supporting our hypothesis. Unlike mouse NRK, chicken NRK did not bind to phospholipids and CK2, decrease phosphorylation of AKT, or inhibit cell proliferation. Both the CNH domain and CIR have evolved under purifying selection in placental mammals. Taken together, our study suggests that placental mammals acquired the phospholipid-binding CNH domain and CIR in NRK for regulating the CK2–PTEN–AKT pathway and placental cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beni Lestari
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Satomi Naito
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Akinori Endo
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nishihara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Akira Kato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Erika Watanabe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Denda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Masayuki Komada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
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24
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Chen M, Sun T, Zhong Y, Zhou X, Zhang J. A Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Akt Biosensor Reveals Lysosome-Selective Regulation of Lipid Second Messengers and Kinase Activity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:2009-2020. [PMID: 34963894 PMCID: PMC8704034 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt regulates a wide range of cellular functions via phosphorylation of various substrates distributed throughout the cell, including at the plasma membrane and endomembrane compartments. Disruption of compartmentalized Akt signaling underlies the pathology of many diseases such as cancer and diabetes. However, the specific spatial organization of Akt activity and the underlying regulatory mechanisms, particularly the mechanism controlling its activity at the lysosome, are not clearly understood. We developed a highly sensitive excitation-ratiometric Akt activity reporter (ExRai-AktAR2), enabling the capture of minute changes in Akt activity dynamics at subcellular compartments. In conjunction with super-resolution expansion microscopy, we found that growth factor stimulation leads to increased colocalization of Akt with lysosomes and accumulation of lysosomal Akt activity. We further showed that 3-phosphoinositides (3-PIs) accumulate on the lysosomal surface, in a manner dependent on dynamin-mediated endocytosis. Importantly, lysosomal 3-PIs are needed for growth-factor-induced activities of Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on the lysosomal surface, as targeted depletion of 3-PIs has detrimental effects. Thus, 3-PIs, a class of critical lipid second messengers that are typically found in the plasma membrane, unexpectedly accumulate on the lysosomal membrane in response to growth factor stimulation, to direct the multifaceted kinase Akt to organize lysosome-specific signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tengqian Sun
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yanghao Zhong
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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25
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The PTEN and ATM axis controls the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and tumorigenesis in HER2-positive breast cancer. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3036-3051. [PMID: 34059798 PMCID: PMC8564521 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN is disrupted in a large proportion of cancers, including in HER2-positive breast cancer, where its loss is associated with resistance to therapy. Upon genotoxic stress, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is activated and phosphorylates PTEN on residue 398. To elucidate the physiological role of this molecular event, we generated and analyzed knock-in mice expressing a mutant form of PTEN that cannot be phosphorylated by ATM (PTEN-398A). This mutation accelerated tumorigenesis in a model of HER2-positive breast cancer. Mammary tumors in bi-transgenic mice carrying MMTV-neu and Pten398A were characterized by DNA damage accumulation but reduced apoptosis. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of PTEN at position 398 is essential for the proper activation of the S phase checkpoint controlled by the PI3K-p27Kip1-CDK2 axis. Moreover, we linked these defects to the impaired ability of the PTEN-398A protein to relocalize to the plasma membrane in response to genotoxic stress. Altogether, our results uncover a novel role for ATM-dependent PTEN phosphorylation in the control of genomic stability, cell cycle progression, and tumorigenesis.
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26
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Fluctuations in AKT and PTEN Activity Are Linked by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase cCBL. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112803. [PMID: 34831026 PMCID: PMC8616390 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Poly-phosphoinositides (PIP3) regulate cell survival, division, and migration. Both PI3-kinase (phosphoinositide-3-kinase) and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin-homolog in chromosome 10) control PIP3 levels, but the mechanisms connecting PI3-kinase and PTEN are unknown. Using non-transformed cells, the activation kinetics of PTEN and of the PIP3-effector AKT were examined after the addition of growth factors. Both epidermal growth factor and serum induced the early activation of AKT and the simultaneous inactivation of PTEN (at ~5 min). This PIP3/AKT peak was followed by a general reduction in AKT activity coincident with the recovery of PTEN phosphatase activity (at ~10–15 min). Subsequent AKT peaks and troughs followed. The fluctuation in AKT activity was linked to that of PTEN; PTEN reconstitution in PTEN-null cells restored AKT fluctuations, while PTEN depletion in control cells abrogated them. The analysis of PTEN activity fluctuations after the addition of growth factors showed its inactivation at ~5 min to be simultaneous with its transient ubiquitination, which was regulated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase cCBL (casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene). Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed cCBL to be brought into the proximity of PTEN in a PI3-kinase-dependent manner. These results reveal a mechanism for PI3-kinase/PTEN crosstalk and suggest that cCBL could be new target in strategies designed to modulate PTEN activity in cancer.
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27
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Hasebe K, Yamaguchi J, Kokuryo T, Yokoyama Y, Ochiai Y, Nagino M, Ebata T. Trefoil factor family 2 inhibits cholangiocarcinogenesis by regulating the PTEN pathway in mice. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1496-1505. [PMID: 34644378 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is one of three trefoil factor family proteins and is expressed abundantly in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Recent studies have shown that TFF2 acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric and pancreatic carcinogenesis; however, little is known about its function in cholangiocarcinogenesis. To investigate the function of TFF2 in cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), immunohistochemistry of surgically resected human CCC samples was performed. TFF2 expression was upregulated in the early stage and lost in the late stage of cholangiocarcinogenesis, suggesting the association of TFF2 and CCC. A TFF2 expression vector was then transfected into a CCC cell line (HuCCT1) in vitro, revealing that TFF2 functions as a tumor suppressor not only by inhibiting proliferation and invasion but also by promoting the apoptosis of cancer cells. In addition, PTEN signaling activity was downregulated by TFF2, suggesting an association between TFF2 and PTEN. Next, hepatic carcinogenesis model mice (KC; albumin-Cre/Lox-Stop-Lox KRAS G12D) were bred with TFF2-knockout mice to generate a TFF2-deficient mouse model (KC/TFF2 -/-). Although the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was not different between KC/TFF2 -/- mice and control mice, biliary intraepithelial neoplasm (BilIN), the precursor of CCC, was frequently found in the biliary epithelium of KC/TFF2 -/- mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that BilIN samples from these mice did not express PTEN. In addition, two KC/TFF2 -/- mice developed CCC adjacent to BilIN, suggesting that TFF2 functions to inhibit the development of CCC in vivo. These results indicate that TFF2 acts as a tumor suppressor to inhibit the development of CCC by regulating PTEN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hasebe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamaguchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshio Kokuryo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ochiai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Nagino
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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28
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The structural basis of PTEN regulation by multi-site phosphorylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:858-868. [PMID: 34625746 PMCID: PMC8549118 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phospholipid phosphatase that is commonly mutated or silenced in cancer. PTEN's catalytic activity, cellular membrane localization and stability are orchestrated by a cluster of C-terminal phosphorylation (phospho-C-tail) events on Ser380, Thr382, Thr383 and Ser385, but the molecular details of this multi-faceted regulation have remained uncertain. Here we use a combination of protein semisynthesis, biochemical analysis, NMR, X-ray crystallography and computational simulations on human PTEN and its sea squirt homolog, VSP, to obtain a detailed picture of how the phospho-C-tail forms a belt around the C2 and phosphatase domains of PTEN. We also visualize a previously proposed dynamic N-terminal α-helix and show that it is key for PTEN catalysis but disordered upon phospho-C-tail interaction. This structural model provides a comprehensive framework for how C-tail phosphorylation can impact PTEN's cellular functions.
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29
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Ben Dhaou C, Mandi K, Frye M, Acheampong A, Radi A, De Becker B, Antoine M, Baeyens N, Wittamer V, Parmentier M. Chemerin regulates normal angiogenesis and hypoxia-driven neovascularization. Angiogenesis 2021; 25:159-179. [PMID: 34524600 PMCID: PMC9054887 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin is a multifunctional protein initially characterized in our laboratory as a chemoattractant factor for leukocyte populations. Its main functional receptor is CMKLR1. We identified previously chemerin as an anti-tumoral factor inhibiting the vascularization of tumor grafts. We show here that overexpression of bioactive chemerin in mice results in a reduction of the density of the retinal vascular network during its development and in adults. Chemerin did not affect vascular sprouting during the post-natal development of the network, but rather promoted endothelial cell apoptosis and vessel pruning. This phenotype was reversed to normal in CMKLR1-deficient mice, demonstrating the role of this receptor. Chemerin inhibited also neoangiogenesis in a model of pathological proliferative retinopathy, and in response to hind-limb ischemia. Mechanistically, PTEN and FOXO1 antagonists could almost completely restore the density of the retinal vasculature, suggesting the involvement of the PI3-kinase/AKT pathway in the chemerin-induced vessel regression process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ben Dhaou
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.,Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, University of Tours, INRA Val-de-Loire UMR-85, CNRS UMR-1247, Tours, France
| | - Kamel Mandi
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Frye
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Angela Acheampong
- Cardiology Department, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ayoub Radi
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin De Becker
- Cardiology Department, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Antoine
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Baeyens
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Pharmacologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Parmentier
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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30
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Kinome-wide analysis of the effect of statins in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1978-1987. [PMID: 33742146 PMCID: PMC8184819 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies and meta-analyses show an association between statin use and a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). We have shown that statins act on CRC through bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling, but the exact cellular targets and underlying mechanism of statin action remain elusive. In this study, we set out to assess the influence of statins on global cancer cell signalling by performing an array-based kinase assay using immobilised kinase substrates spanning the entire human kinome. METHODS CRC cells with or without Lovastatin treatment were used for kinome analysis. Findings on kinome arrays were further confirmed by immunoblotting with activity-specific antibodies. Experiments in different CRC cell lines using immunoblotting, siRNA-mediated knockdown and treatment with specific BMP inhibitor Noggin were performed. The relevance of in vitro findings was confirmed in xenografts and in CRC patients treated with Simvastatin. RESULTS Kinome analysis can distinguish between non-specific, toxic effects caused by 10 µM of Lovastatin and specific effects on cell signalling caused by 2 µM Lovastatin. Statins induce upregulation of PTEN activity leading to downregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling. Treatment of cells with the specific BMP inhibitor Noggin as well as PTEN knockdown and transfection of cells with a constitutively active form of AKT abolishes the effect of Lovastatin on mTOR phosphorylation. Experiments in xenografts and in patients treated with Simvastatin confirm statin-mediated BMP pathway activation, activation of PTEN and downregulation of mTOR signalling. CONCLUSIONS Statins induce BMP-specific activation of PTEN and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling in CRC.
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31
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Jang H, Smith IN, Eng C, Nussinov R. The mechanism of full activation of tumor suppressor PTEN at the phosphoinositide-enriched membrane. iScience 2021; 24:102438. [PMID: 34113810 PMCID: PMC8169795 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor PTEN, the second most highly mutated protein in cancer, dephosphorylates signaling lipid PIP3 produced by PI3Ks. Excess PIP3 promotes cell proliferation. The mechanism at the membrane of this pivotal phosphatase is unknown hindering drug discovery. Exploiting explicit solvent simulations, we tracked full-length PTEN trafficking from the cytosol to the membrane. We observed its interaction with membranes composed of zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine, anionic phosphatidylserine, and phosphoinositides, including signaling lipids PIP2 and PIP3. We tracked its moving away from the zwitterionic and getting absorbed onto anionic membrane that harbors PIP3. We followed it localizing on microdomains enriched in signaling lipids, as PI3K does, and observed PIP3 allosterically unfolding the N-terminal PIP2 binding domain, positioning it favorably for the polybasic motif interaction with PIP2. Finally, we determined PTEN catalytic action at the membrane, all in line with experimental observations, deciphering the mechanisms of how PTEN anchors to the membrane and restrains cancer. PTEN localizes on membrane microdomains enriched in phosphoinositides, as PI3K does Full PTEN activation requires both signaling lipids, PIP2 and PIP3 Strong salt bridge interactions sustain stable PTEN membrane localization Substrate-induced P loop conformational change implicates PTEN catalytic activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Iris Nira Smith
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic Community Care and Population Health, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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32
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Kumagai H, Coelho AR, Wan J, Mehta HH, Yen K, Huang A, Zempo H, Fuku N, Maeda S, Oliveira PJ, Cohen P, Kim SJ. MOTS-c reduces myostatin and muscle atrophy signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E680-E690. [PMID: 33554779 PMCID: PMC8238132 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00275.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are metabolic diseases, often associated with sarcopenia and muscle dysfunction. MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, acts as a systemic hormone and has been implicated in metabolic homeostasis. Although MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, whether MOTS-c impacts muscle atrophy is not known. Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and also one of the possible mediators of insulin resistance-induced skeletal muscle wasting. Interestingly, we found that plasma MOTS-c levels are inversely correlated with myostatin levels in human subjects. We further demonstrated that MOTS-c prevents palmitic acid-induced atrophy in differentiated C2C12 myotubes, whereas MOTS-c administration decreased myostatin levels in plasma in diet-induced obese mice. By elevating AKT phosphorylation, MOTS-c inhibits the activity of an upstream transcription factor for myostatin and other muscle wasting genes, FOXO1. MOTS-c increases mTORC2 and inhibits PTEN activity, which modulates AKT phosphorylation. Further upstream, MOTS-c increases CK2 activity, which leads to PTEN inhibition. These results suggest that through inhibition of myostatin, MOTS-c could be a potential therapy for insulin resistance-induced skeletal muscle atrophy as well as other muscle wasting phenotypes including sarcopenia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide reduces high-fat-diet-induced muscle atrophy signaling by reducing myostatin expression. The CK2-PTEN-mTORC2-AKT-FOXO1 pathways play key roles in MOTS-c action on myostatin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kumagai
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ana Raquel Coelho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Junxiang Wan
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hemal H Mehta
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin Yen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy Huang
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hirofumi Zempo
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Administrative Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo Seiei College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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33
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Montaño-Rendón F, Grinstein S, Walpole GFW. Monitoring Phosphoinositide Fluxes and Effectors During Leukocyte Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626136. [PMID: 33614656 PMCID: PMC7890364 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic re-organization of cellular membranes in response to extracellular stimuli is fundamental to the cell physiology of myeloid and lymphoid cells of the immune system. In addition to maintaining cellular homeostatic functions, remodeling of the plasmalemma and endomembranes endow leukocytes with the potential to relay extracellular signals across their biological membranes to promote rolling adhesion and diapedesis, migration into the tissue parenchyma, and to ingest foreign particles and effete cells. Phosphoinositides, signaling lipids that control the interface of biological membranes with the external environment, are pivotal to this wealth of functions. Here, we highlight the complex metabolic transitions that occur to phosphoinositides during several stages of the leukocyte lifecycle, namely diapedesis, migration, and phagocytosis. We describe classical and recently developed tools that have aided our understanding of these complex lipids. Finally, major downstream effectors of inositides are highlighted including the cytoskeleton, emphasizing the importance of these rare lipids in immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Montaño-Rendón
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Glenn F W Walpole
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Morishita K, Nakahata S, Ichikawa T. Pathophysiological significance of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 in cancer development through protein phosphatase 2A phosphorylation regulation. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:22-30. [PMID: 33128318 PMCID: PMC7780046 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a candidate tumor suppressor in various cancers, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). NDRG2, as a stress-responsive protein, is induced by several stress-related signaling pathways and NDRG2 negatively regulates various signal transduction pathways. Although it has not been found to function alone, NDRG2 binds serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), generating a complex that is involved in the regulation of various target proteins. The main function of NDRG2 is to maintain cell homeostasis by suppressing stress-induced signal transduction; however, in cancer, genomic deletions and/or promoter methylation may inhibit the expression of NDRG2, resulting in enhanced tumor development through overactivated signal transduction pathways. A wide variety of tumors develop in Ndrg2-deficient mice, including T-cell lymphoma, liver, lung and other tumors, the characteristics of which are similar to those in Pten-deficient mice. In particular, PTEN is a target molecule of the NDRG2/PP2A complex, which enhances PTEN phosphatase activity by dephosphorylating residues in the PTEN C-terminal region. In ATLL cells, loss of NDRG2 expression leads to the failed recruitment of PP2A to PTEN, resulting in the inactivation of PTEN phosphatase with phosphorylation, ultimately leading to the activation of PI3K/AKT. Thus, NDRG2, as a PP2A adaptor, regulates the global phosphorylation of important signaling molecules. Moreover, the downregulation of NDRG2 expression by long-term stress-induced methylation is directly correlated with the development of ATLL and other cancers. Thus, NDRG2 might be important for the development of stress-induced leukemia and other cancers and has become an important target for novel molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MiyazakiMiyazakiJapan
| | - Tomonaga Ichikawa
- Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MiyazakiMiyazakiJapan
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Activation of PAR2 by tissue factor induces the release of the PTEN from MAGI proteins and regulates PTEN and Akt activities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20908. [PMID: 33262514 PMCID: PMC7708427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) signalling has been associated with alterations in Akt activity influencing cellular survival and proliferation. TF is also shown to induce signalling through activation of the protease activated receptor (PAR)2. Seven cell lines were exposed to recombinant-TF (rec-TF), or activated using a PAR2-agonist peptide and the phosphorylation state of PTEN, and the activities of PTEN and Akt measured. Furthermore, by measuring the association of PTEN with MAGI proteins a mechanism for the induction of signalling by TF was proposed. Short term treatment of cells resulted in de-phosphorylation of PTEN, increased lipid-phosphatase activity and reduced Akt kinase activity in most of the cell lines examined. In contrast, continuous exposure to rec-TF up to 14 days, resulted in lower PTEN antigen levels, enhanced Akt activity and increased rate of cell proliferation. To explore the mechanism of activation of PTEN by TF, the association of "membrane-associated guanylate kinase-with inverted configuration" (MAGI)1–3 proteins with PTEN was assessed using the proximity ligation assay and by co-immunoprecipitation. The interaction of PTEN with all three MAGI proteins was transiently reduced following PAR2 activation and explains the changes in PTEN activity. Our data is first to show that PAR2 activation directly, or through exposure of cells to TF releases PTEN from MAGI proteins and is concurrent with increases in PTEN phosphatase activity. However, prolonged exposure to TF results in the reduction in PTEN antigen with concurrent increase in Akt activity which may explain the aberrant cell survival, proliferation and invasion associated with TF during chronic diseases.
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Rademacher S, Detering NT, Schüning T, Lindner R, Santonicola P, Wefel IM, Dehus J, Walter LM, Brinkmann H, Niewienda A, Janek K, Varela MA, Bowerman M, Di Schiavi E, Claus P. A Single Amino Acid Residue Regulates PTEN-Binding and Stability of the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Protein SMN. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112405. [PMID: 33153033 PMCID: PMC7692393 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by decreased levels of the survival of motoneuron (SMN) protein. Post-translational mechanisms for regulation of its stability are still elusive. Thus, we aimed to identify regulatory phosphorylation sites that modulate function and stability. Our results show that SMN residues S290 and S292 are phosphorylated, of which SMN pS290 has a detrimental effect on protein stability and nuclear localization. Furthermore, we propose that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a novel phosphatase for SMN, counteracts this effect. In light of recent advancements in SMA therapies, a significant need for additional approaches has become apparent. Our study demonstrates S290 as a novel molecular target site to increase the stability of SMN. Characterization of relevant kinases and phosphatases provides not only a new understanding of SMN function, but also constitutes a novel strategy for combinatorial therapeutic approaches to increase the level of SMN in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rademacher
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Nora T. Detering
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Schüning
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Lindner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Pamela Santonicola
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.S.); (E.D.S.)
| | - Inga-Maria Wefel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Janina Dehus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Lisa M. Walter
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hella Brinkmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Agathe Niewienda
- Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.N.); (K.J.)
| | - Katharina Janek
- Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.N.); (K.J.)
| | - Miguel A. Varela
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; (M.A.V.); (M.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; (M.A.V.); (M.B.)
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.S.); (E.D.S.)
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (N.T.D.); (T.S.); (R.L.); (I.-M.W.); (J.D.); (L.M.W.); (H.B.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Kato T, Yamada T, Nakamura H, Igarashi A, Anders RA, Sesaki H, Iijima M. The Loss of Nuclear PTEN Increases Tumorigenesis in a Preclinical Mouse Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. iScience 2020; 23:101548. [PMID: 33083717 PMCID: PMC7516300 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN gene is highly mutated in many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The PTEN protein is located at different subcellular regions-PTEN at the plasma membrane suppresses PI3-kinase signaling in cell growth, whereas PTEN in the nucleus maintains genome integrity. Here, using nuclear PTEN-deficient mice, we analyzed the role of PTEN in the nucleus in hepatocellular carcinoma that is induced by carcinogen and oxidative stress-producing hepatotoxin. Upon oxidative stress, PTEN was accumulated in the nucleus of the liver, and this accumulation promoted repair of DNA damage in wild-type mice. In contrast, nuclear PTEN-deficient mice had increased DNA damage and accelerated hepatocellular carcinoma formation. Both basal and oxidative stress-induced localization of PTEN in the nucleus require ubiquitination of lysine 13 in PTEN. Taken together, these data suggest the critical role of nuclear PTEN in the protection from DNA damage and tumorigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tatsuya Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atsushi Igarashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A. Anders
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author
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38
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Xia Q, Ali S, Liu L, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Dong L. Role of Ubiquitination in PTEN Cellular Homeostasis and Its Implications in GB Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1569. [PMID: 32984016 PMCID: PMC7492558 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive brain malignancy, characterized by heterogeneity and drug resistance. PTEN, a crucial tumor suppressor, exhibits phosphatase-dependent (PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway)/independent (nucleus stability) activities to maintain the homeostatic regulation of numerous physiological processes. Premature and absolute loss of PTEN activity usually tends to cellular senescence. However, monoallelic loss of PTEN is frequently observed at tumor inception, and absolute loss of PTEN activity also occurs at the late stage of gliomagenesis. Consequently, aberrant PTEN homeostasis, mainly regulated at the post-translational level, renders cells susceptible to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Ubiquitination-mediated degradation or deregulated intracellular localization of PTEN hijacks cell growth rheostat control for neoplastic remodeling. Functional inactivation of PTEN mediated by the overexpression of ubiquitin ligases (E3s) renders GB cells adaptive to PTEN loss, which confers resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss how glioma cells develop oncogenic addiction to the E3s-PTEN axis, promoting their growth and proliferation. Antitumor strategies involving PTEN-targeting E3 ligase inhibitors can restore the tumor-suppressive environment. E3 inhibitors collectively reactivate PTEN and may represent next-generation treatment against deadly malignancies such as GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Sakhawat Ali
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Strunk BS, Steinfeld N, Lee S, Jin N, Muñoz-Rivera C, Meeks G, Thomas A, Akemann C, Mapp AK, MacGurn JA, Weisman LS. Roles for a lipid phosphatase in the activation of its opposing lipid kinase. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1835-1845. [PMID: 32583743 PMCID: PMC7525815 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-09-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fig4 is a phosphoinositide phosphatase that converts PI3,5P2 to PI3P. Paradoxically, mutation of Fig4 results in lower PI3,5P2, indicating that Fig4 is also required for PI3,5P2 production. Fig4 promotes elevation of PI3,5P2, in part, through stabilization of a protein complex that includes its opposing lipid kinase, Fab1, and the scaffold protein Vac14. Here we show that multiple regions of Fig4 contribute to its roles in the elevation of PI3,5P2: its catalytic site, an N-terminal disease-related surface, and a C-terminal region. We show that mutation of the Fig4 catalytic site enhances the formation of the Fab1-Vac14-Fig4 complex, and reduces the ability to elevate PI3,5P2. This suggests that independent of its lipid phosphatase function, the active site plays a role in the Fab1-Vac14-Fig4 complex. We also show that the N-terminal disease-related surface contributes to the elevation of PI3,5P2 and promotes Fig4 association with Vac14 in a manner that requires the Fig4 C-terminus. We find that the Fig4 C-terminus alone interacts with Vac14 in vivo and retains some functions of full-length Fig4. Thus, a subset of Fig4 functions are independent of its phosphatase domain and at least three regions of Fig4 play roles in the function of the Fab1-Vac14-Fig4 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany S Strunk
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212
| | - Noah Steinfeld
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sora Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Natsuko Jin
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Garrison Meeks
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212
| | - Asha Thomas
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212
| | - Camille Akemann
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anna K Mapp
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jason A MacGurn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Posttranslational Regulation and Conformational Plasticity of PTEN. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036095. [PMID: 31932468 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor that is frequently down-modulated in human cancer. PTEN inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway through its lipid phosphatase activity. Multiple PI3K/AKT-independent actions of PTEN, protein-phosphatase activities and functions within the nucleus have also been described. PTEN, therefore, regulates many cellular processes including cell proliferation, survival, genomic integrity, polarity, migration, and invasion. Even a modest decrease in the functional dose of PTEN may promote cancer development. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate PTEN protein levels and function, and how these may go awry in cancer contexts, is, therefore, key to fully understanding the role of PTEN in tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss current knowledge on posttranslational control and conformational plasticity of PTEN, as well as therapeutic possibilities toward reestablishment of PTEN tumor-suppressor activity in cancer.
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Sun J, Feng D, Xi H, Luo J, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Chen Y, Shao Q. CD24 blunts the sensitivity of retinoblastoma to vincristine by modulating autophagy. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1740-1759. [PMID: 32394616 PMCID: PMC7400807 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common childhood malignant intraocular tumor. The clinical efficacy of vincristine (VCR) in the treatment of RB is severely limited by drug resistance. Here, we found that CD24, a GPI-anchored protein, was overexpressed in human RB tissues and RB cell lines, and was associated with the sensitivity of RB cells in response to VCR therapy. We demonstrated that CD24 plays a critical role in impairing RB sensitivity to VCR via regulating autophagy. Mechanistically, CD24 recruits PTEN to the lipid raft domain and regulates the PTEN/AKT/mTORC1 pathway to activate autophagy. Lipid raft localization was essential for CD24 recruitment function. Collectively, our findings revealed a novel role of CD24 in regulating RB sensitivity to VCR and showed that CD24 is a potential target for improving chemotherapeutic sensitivity and RB patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongju Feng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyu Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xuzhou First People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Eye Research Institute, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Luo
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chen L, Liu S, Tao Y. Regulating tumor suppressor genes: post-translational modifications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:90. [PMID: 32532965 PMCID: PMC7293209 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes cooperate with each other in tumors. Three important tumor suppressor proteins, retinoblastoma (Rb), p53, phosphatase, and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) are functionally associated and they regulated by post-translational modification (PTMs) as well. PTMs include phosphorylation, SUMOylation, acetylation, and other novel modifications becoming growing appreciated. Because most of PTMs are reversible, normal cells use them as a switch to control the state of cells being the resting or proliferating, and PTMs also involve in cell survival and cell cycle, which may lead to abnormal proliferation and tumorigenesis. Although a lot of studies focus on the importance of each kind of PTM, further discoveries shows that tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) form a complex "network" by the interaction of modification. Recently, there are several promising strategies for TSGs for they change more frequently than carcinogenic genes in cancers. We here review the necessity, characteristics, and mechanisms of each kind of post-translational modification on Rb, p53, PTEN, and its influence on the precise and selective function. We also discuss the current antitumoral therapies of Rb, p53 and PTEN as predictive, prognostic, and therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China.
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Cheng Y, Felix B, Othmer HG. The Roles of Signaling in Cytoskeletal Changes, Random Movement, Direction-Sensing and Polarization of Eukaryotic Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1437. [PMID: 32531876 PMCID: PMC7348768 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of cells and tissues is essential at various stages during the lifetime of an organism, including morphogenesis in early development, in the immune response to pathogens, and during wound-healing and tissue regeneration. Individual cells are able to move in a variety of microenvironments (MEs) (A glossary of the acronyms used herein is given at the end) by suitably adapting both their shape and how they transmit force to the ME, but how cells translate environmental signals into the forces that shape them and enable them to move is poorly understood. While many of the networks involved in signal detection, transduction and movement have been characterized, how intracellular signals control re-building of the cyctoskeleton to enable movement is not understood. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of signal transduction networks related to direction-sensing and movement, and some of the problems that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougan Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA;
| | - Bryan Felix
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA;
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA;
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44
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Treece BW, Heinrich F, Ramanathan A, Lösche M. Steering Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Membrane-Associated Proteins with Neutron Reflection Results. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:3408-3419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W. Treece
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Frank Heinrich
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- The NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Data Science and Learning, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mathias Lösche
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- The NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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45
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Skelton PD, Stan RV, Luikart BW. The Role of PTEN in Neurodevelopment. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 5:60-71. [PMID: 32399470 PMCID: PMC7206585 DOI: 10.1159/000504782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is a lipid and protein phosphatase that regulates cell growth and survival. Mutations to PTEN are highly penetrant for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we briefly review the evidence linking PTEN mutations to ASD and the mouse models that have been used to study the role of PTEN in neurodevelopment. We then focus on the cellular phenotypes associated with PTEN loss in neurons, highlighting the role PTEN plays in neuronal proliferation, migration, survival, morphology, and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Skelton
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Radu V. Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Bryan W. Luikart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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46
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tightly regulated enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating the progrowth lipid messenger molecule phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) on the plasma membrane. The carboxy-terminal tail (CTT) of PTEN is key for regulation of the enzyme. When phosphorylated, the unstructured CTT interacts with the phosphatase-C2 superdomain to inactivate the enzyme by preventing membrane association. PTEN mutations associated with cancer also inactivate the enzyme. Alternate translation-initiation sites generate extended isoforms of PTEN, such as PTEN-L that has multiple roles in cells. The extended amino-terminal region bears a signal sequence and a polyarginine sequence to facilitate exit from and entry into cells, respectively, and a membrane-binding helix that activates the enzyme. This amino-terminal region also facilitates mitochondrial and nucleolar localization. This review explores PTEN structure and its impact on localization and regulation.
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47
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Pulido R, Mingo J, Gaafar A, Nunes-Xavier CE, Luna S, Torices L, Angulo JC, López JI. Precise Immunodetection of PTEN Protein in Human Neoplasia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036293. [PMID: 31501265 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PTEN is a major tumor-suppressor protein whose expression and biological activity are frequently diminished in sporadic or inherited cancers. PTEN gene deletion or loss-of-function mutations favor tumor cell growth and are commonly found in clinical practice. In addition, diminished PTEN protein expression is also frequently observed in tumor samples from cancer patients in the absence of PTEN gene alterations. This makes PTEN protein levels a potential biomarker parameter in clinical oncology, which can guide therapeutic decisions. The specific detection of PTEN protein can be achieved by using highly defined anti-PTEN monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), characterized with precision in terms of sensitivity for the detection technique, specificity for PTEN binding, and constraints of epitope recognition. This is especially relevant taking into consideration that PTEN is highly targeted by mutations and posttranslational modifications, and different PTEN protein isoforms exist. The precise characterization of anti-PTEN mAb reactivity is an important step in the validation of these reagents as diagnostic and prognostic tools in clinical oncology, including their routine use in analytical immunohistochemistry (IHC). Here, we review the current status on the use of well-defined anti-PTEN mAbs for PTEN immunodetection in the clinical context and discuss their potential usefulness and limitations for a more precise cancer diagnosis and patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Ayman Gaafar
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo N-0310, Norway
| | - Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Leire Torices
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Javier C Angulo
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Getafe, Getafe, Madrid 28904, Spain.,Clinical Department, European University of Madrid, Laureate Universities, Madrid 28904, Spain
| | - José I López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
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48
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Fernández-Acero T, Bertalmio E, Luna S, Mingo J, Bravo-Plaza I, Rodríguez-Escudero I, Molina M, Pulido R, Cid VJ. Expression of Human PTEN-L in a Yeast Heterologous Model Unveils Specific N-Terminal Motifs Controlling PTEN-L Subcellular Localization and Function. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121512. [PMID: 31779149 PMCID: PMC6952770 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor PTEN is frequently downregulated, mutated or lost in several types of tumours and congenital disorders including PHTS (PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome) and ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder). PTEN is a lipid phosphatase whose activity over the lipid messenger PIP3 counteracts the stimulation of the oncogenic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Recently, several extended versions of PTEN produced in the cell by alternative translation initiation have been described, among which, PTEN-L and PTEN-M represent the longest isoforms. We previously developed a humanized yeast model in which the expression of PI3K in Saccharomyces cerevisiae led to growth inhibition that could be suppressed by co-expression of PTEN. Here, we show that the expression of PTEN-L and PTEN-M in yeast results in robust counteracting of PI3K-dependent growth inhibition. N-terminally tagged GFP-PTEN-L was sharply localized at the yeast plasma membrane. Point mutations of a putative membrane-binding helix located at the PTEN-L extension or its deletion shifted localization to nuclear. Also, a shift from plasma membrane to nucleus was observed in mutants at basic amino acid clusters at the PIP2-binding motif, and at the Cα2 and CBR3 loops at the C2 domain. In contrast, C-terminally tagged PTEN-L-GFP displayed mitochondrial localization in yeast, which was shifted to plasma membrane by removing the first 22 PTEN-L residues. Our results suggest an important role of the N-terminal extension of alternative PTEN isoforms on their spatial and functional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fernández-Acero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Eleonora Bertalmio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Sandra Luna
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces Bizkaia, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (S.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Janire Mingo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces Bizkaia, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (S.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces Bizkaia, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (S.L.); (J.M.)
- IKERBASQUE, Fundación Vasca para la Ciencia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (V.J.C.)
| | - Víctor J. Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS). Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (E.B.); (I.B.-P.); (I.R.-E.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (V.J.C.)
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49
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Chang H, Cai Z, Roberts TM. The Mechanisms Underlying PTEN Loss in Human Tumors Suggest Potential Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110713. [PMID: 31703360 PMCID: PMC6921025 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will first briefly describe the diverse molecular mechanisms associated with PTEN loss of function in cancer. We will then proceed to discuss the molecular mechanisms linking PTEN loss to PI3K activation and demonstrate how these mechanisms suggest possible therapeutic approaches for patients with PTEN-null tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoun Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (H.C.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- KIST-DFCI On-Site Lab, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhenying Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (H.C.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas M. Roberts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (H.C.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-632-3049
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50
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Hasle N, Matreyek KA, Fowler DM. The Impact of Genetic Variants on PTEN Molecular Functions and Cellular Phenotypes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036228. [PMID: 31451538 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor that directly regulates a diverse array of cellular phenotypes, including growth, migration, morphology, and genome stability. How a single protein impacts so many important cellular processes remains a fascinating question. This question has been partially resolved by the characterization of a slew of missense variants that alter or eliminate PTEN's various molecular functions, including its enzymatic activity, subcellular localization, and posttranslational modifications. Here, we review what is known about how PTEN variants impact molecular function and, consequently, cellular phenotype. In particular, we highlight eight informative "sentinel variants" that abrogate distinct molecular functions of PTEN. We consider two published massively parallel assays of variant effect that measured the effect of thousands of PTEN variants on protein abundance and enzymatic activity. Finally, we discuss how characterization of clinically ascertained variants, establishment of clinical sequencing databases, and massively parallel assays of variant effect yield complementary datasets for dissecting PTEN's role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hasle
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kenneth A Matreyek
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Douglas M Fowler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Genetic Networks Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
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