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Qi M, Chen TT, Li L, Gao PP, Li N, Zhang SH, Wei W, Sun WY. Insight into the regulatory mechanism of β-arrestin2 and its emerging role in diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3019-3038. [PMID: 38961617 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
β-arrestin2, a member of the arrestin family, mediates the desensitization and internalization of most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and functions as a scaffold protein in signalling pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that β-arrestin2 expression is dysregulated in malignant tumours, fibrotic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases, suggesting its pathological roles. Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications can affect the expression of β-arrestin2. Furthermore, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and S-nitrosylation affect the cellular localization of β-arrestin2 and its interaction with downstream signalling molecules, which further regulate the activity of β-arrestin2. This review summarizes the structure and function of β-arrestin2 and reveals the mechanisms involved in the regulation of β-arrestin2 at multiple levels. Additionally, recent studies on the role of β-arrestin2 in some major diseases and its therapeutic prospects have been discussed to provide a reference for the development of drugs targeting β-arrestin2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ping-Ping Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
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Weiss GL, Harrison LM, Jiang Z, Nielsen AM, Feygin MS, Nguyen S, Tirrell PS, Tasker J. Glucocorticoids desensitize hypothalamic CRH neurons to norepinephrine and somatic stress activation via rapid nitrosylation-dependent regulation of α1 adrenoreceptor trafficking. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.29.605704. [PMID: 39211088 PMCID: PMC11360941 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.29.605704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Noradrenergic afferents to hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons provide a major excitatory drive for somatic stress activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We showed that glucocorticoids rapidly desensitize CRH neurons to norepinephrine and suppress inflammation-induced HPA activation via a glucocorticoid receptor- and endocytosis-dependent mechanism. Here, we show that α1 adrenoreceptor (ARα1) trafficking is regulated by convergent glucocorticoid and nitric oxide synthase signaling mechanisms. Live-cell imaging of ARα1b-eGFP-expressing hypothalamic cells revealed rapid corticosterone-stimulated redistribution of internalized ARα1 from rapid recycling endosomes to late endosomes and lysosomes via a nitrosylation-regulated mechanism. Proximity assay demonstrated interaction of glucocorticoid receptors with ARα1b and β-arrestin, and showed corticosterone blockade of norepinephrine-stimulated ARα1b/β-arrestin interaction, which may prevent ARα1b from entering the rapid recycling endosomal pathway. These findings demonstrate a rapid glucocorticoid regulation of G protein-coupled receptor trafficking and provide a molecular mechanism for rapid glucocorticoid desensitization of noradrenergic signaling in CRH neurons.
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Gurevich VV. Arrestins: A Small Family of Multi-Functional Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6284. [PMID: 38892473 PMCID: PMC11173308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The first member of the arrestin family, visual arrestin-1, was discovered in the late 1970s. Later, the other three mammalian subtypes were identified and cloned. The first described function was regulation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling: arrestins bind active phosphorylated GPCRs, blocking their coupling to G proteins. It was later discovered that receptor-bound and free arrestins interact with numerous proteins, regulating GPCR trafficking and various signaling pathways, including those that determine cell fate. Arrestins have no enzymatic activity; they function by organizing multi-protein complexes and localizing their interaction partners to particular cellular compartments. Today we understand the molecular mechanism of arrestin interactions with GPCRs better than the mechanisms underlying other functions. However, even limited knowledge enabled the construction of signaling-biased arrestin mutants and extraction of biologically active monofunctional peptides from these multifunctional proteins. Manipulation of cellular signaling with arrestin-based tools has research and likely therapeutic potential: re-engineered proteins and their parts can produce effects that conventional small-molecule drugs cannot.
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Flores-Espinoza E, Thomsen ARB. Beneath the surface: endosomal GPCR signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:520-531. [PMID: 38643023 PMCID: PMC11162320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) located at the cell surface bind extracellular ligands and convey intracellular signals via activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Traditionally, G protein signaling was viewed to occur exclusively at this subcellular region followed by rapid desensitization facilitated by β-arrestin (βarr)-mediated G protein uncoupling and receptor internalization. However, emerging evidence over the past 15 years suggests that these βarr-mediated events do not necessarily terminate receptor signaling and that some GPCRs continue to activate G proteins after having been internalized into endosomes. Here, we review the recently elucidated mechanistic basis underlying endosomal GPCR signaling and discuss physiological implications and pharmacological targeting of this newly appreciated signaling mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Flores-Espinoza
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; NYU Pain Research Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Alex R B Thomsen
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; NYU Pain Research Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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5
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Kellett DO, Aziz Q, Humphries JD, Korsak A, Braga A, Gutierrez Del Arroyo A, Crescente M, Tinker A, Ackland GL, Gourine AV. Transcriptional response of the heart to vagus nerve stimulation. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:167-178. [PMID: 38047311 PMCID: PMC11281814 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a major clinical problem, with treatments involving medication, devices, and emerging neuromodulation therapies such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Considering the ongoing interest in using VNS to treat cardiovascular disease, it is important to understand the genetic and molecular changes developing in the heart in response to this form of autonomic neuromodulation. This experimental animal (rat) study investigated the immediate transcriptional response of the ventricular myocardium to selective stimulation of vagal efferent activity using an optogenetic approach. Vagal preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve were genetically targeted to express light-sensitive chimeric channelrhodopsin variant ChIEF and stimulated using light. RNA sequencing of the left ventricular myocardium identified 294 differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate < 0.05). Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) highlighted 118 canonical pathways that were significantly modulated by vagal activity, of which 14 had a z score of ≥2/≤-2, including EIF-2, IL-2, integrin, and NFAT-regulated cardiac hypertrophy. IPA revealed the effect of efferent vagus stimulation on protein synthesis, autophagy, fibrosis, autonomic signaling, inflammation, and hypertrophy. IPA further predicted that the identified differentially expressed genes were the targets of 50 upstream regulators, including transcription factors (e.g., MYC and NRF1) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-335-3p and miR-338-3p). These data demonstrate that the vagus nerve has a major impact on the myocardial expression of genes involved in the regulation of key biological pathways. The transcriptional response of the ventricular myocardium induced by stimulation of vagal efferents is consistent with the beneficial effect of maintained/increased vagal activity on the heart.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This experimental animal study investigated the immediate transcriptional response of the ventricular myocardium to selective stimulation of vagal efferent activity. Vagal stimulation induced significant transcriptional changes in the heart involving the pathways controlling autonomic signaling, inflammation, fibrosis, and hypertrophy. This study provides the first direct evidence that myocardial gene expression is modulated by the activity of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Kellett
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qadeer Aziz
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Humphries
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alla Korsak
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Braga
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Gutierrez Del Arroyo
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Crescente
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tinker
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kellett DO, Aziz Q, Humphries JD, Korsak A, Braga A, Del Arroyo AG, Crescente M, Tinker A, Ackland GL, Gourine AV. Transcriptional response of the heart to vagus nerve stimulation. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:167-178. [PMID: 39071113 PMCID: PMC7616044 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.24449590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a major clinical problem, with treatments involving medication, devices, and emerging neuromodulation therapies such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Considering the ongoing interest in using VNS to treat cardiovascular disease it is important to understand the genetic and molecular changes developing in the heart in response to this form of autonomic neuromodulation. This experimental animal (rat) study investigated the immediate transcriptional response of the ventricular myocardium to selective stimulation of vagal efferent activity using an optogenetic approach. Vagal preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve were genetically targeted to express light-sensitive chimeric channelrhodopsin variant ChIEF, and stimulated using light. RNA sequencing of left ventricular myocardium identified 294 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, false discovery rate <0.05). Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) highlighted 118 canonical pathways that were significantly modulated by vagal activity, of which 14 had a z-score of ≥2/≤-2, including EIF-2, IL-2, Integrin, and NFAT-regulated cardiac hypertrophy. IPA revealed the effect of efferent vagus stimulation on protein synthesis, autophagy, fibrosis, autonomic signalling, inflammation, and hypertrophy. IPA further predicted that the identified DEGs were the targets of 50 upstream regulators, including transcription factors (e.g., MYC, NRF1) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-335-3p, miR-338-3p). These data demonstrate that the vagus nerve has a major impact on myocardial expression of genes involved in regulation of key biological pathways. The transcriptional response of the ventricular myocardium induced by stimulation of vagal efferents is consistent with the beneficial effect of maintained/increased vagal activity on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Kellett
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qadeer Aziz
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Alla Korsak
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Braga
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Gutierrez Del Arroyo
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marilena Crescente
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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Cheng N, Trejo J. An siRNA library screen identifies CYLD and USP34 as deubiquitinases that regulate GPCR-p38 MAPK signaling and distinct inflammatory responses. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105370. [PMID: 37865315 PMCID: PMC10694601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly druggable and implicated in numerous diseases, including vascular inflammation. GPCR signals are transduced from the plasma membrane as well as from endosomes and controlled by posttranslational modifications. The thrombin-activated GPCR protease-activated receptor-1 is modified by ubiquitin. Ubiquitination of protease-activated receptor-1 drives recruitment of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1-binding protein 2 (TAB2) and coassociation of TAB1 on endosomes, which triggers p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. Other endothelial GPCRs also induce p38 activation via a noncanonical TAB1-TAB2-dependent pathway. However, the regulatory processes that control GPCR ubiquitin-driven p38 inflammatory signaling remains poorly understood. We discovered mechanisms that turn on GPCR ubiquitin-dependent p38 signaling, however, the mechanisms that turn off the pathway are not known. We hypothesize that deubiquitination is an important step in regulating ubiquitin-driven p38 signaling. To identify specific deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) that control GPCR-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, we conducted a siRNA library screen targeting 96 DUBs in endothelial cells and HeLa cells. We identified nine DUBs and validated the function two DUBs including cylindromatosis and ubiquitin-specific protease-34 that specifically regulate thrombin-induced p38 phosphorylation. Depletion of cylindromatosis expression by siRNA enhanced thrombin-stimulated p38 signaling, endothelial barrier permeability, and increased interleukin-6 cytokine expression. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of ubiquitin-specific protease-34 expression decreased thrombin-promoted interleukin-6 expression and had no effect on thrombin-induced endothelial barrier permeability. These studies suggest that specific DUBs distinctly regulate GPCR-induced p38-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norton Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Zhang L, Wu JH, Jean-Charles PY, Murali P, Zhang W, Jazic A, Kaur S, Nepliouev I, Stiber JA, Snow K, Freedman NJ, Shenoy SK. Phosphorylation of USP20 on Ser334 by IRAK1 promotes IL-1β-evoked signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular inflammation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104911. [PMID: 37311534 PMCID: PMC10362797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible lysine-63 (K63) polyubiquitination regulates proinflammatory signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and plays an integral role in atherosclerosis. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 20 (USP20) reduces NFκB activation triggered by proinflammatory stimuli, and USP20 activity attenuates atherosclerosis in mice. The association of USP20 with its substrates triggers deubiquitinase activity; this association is regulated by phosphorylation of USP20 on Ser334 (mouse) or Ser333 (human). USP20 Ser333 phosphorylation was greater in SMCs of atherosclerotic segments of human arteries as compared with nonatherosclerotic segments. To determine whether USP20 Ser334 phosphorylation regulates proinflammatory signaling, we created USP20-S334A mice using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. USP20-S334A mice developed ∼50% less neointimal hyperplasia than congenic WT mice after carotid endothelial denudation. WT carotid SMCs showed substantial phosphorylation of USP20 Ser334, and WT carotids demonstrated greater NFκB activation, VCAM-1 expression, and SMC proliferation than USP20-S334A carotids. Concordantly, USP20-S334A primary SMCs in vitro proliferated and migrated less than WT SMCs in response to IL-1β. An active site ubiquitin probe bound to USP20-S334A and USP20-WT equivalently, but USP20-S334A associated more avidly with TRAF6 than USP20-WT. IL-1β induced less K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF6 and less downstream NFκB activity in USP20-S334A than in WT SMCs. Using in vitro phosphorylation with purified IRAK1 and siRNA-mediated gene silencing of IRAK1 in SMCs, we identified IRAK1 as a novel kinase for IL-1β-induced USP20 Ser334 phosphorylation. Our findings reveal novel mechanisms regulating IL-1β-induced proinflammatory signaling: by phosphorylating USP20 Ser334, IRAK1 diminishes the association of USP20 with TRAF6 and thus augments NFκB activation, SMC inflammation, and neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiao-Hui Wu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Jean-Charles
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pavitra Murali
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aeva Jazic
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suneet Kaur
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Igor Nepliouev
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan A Stiber
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kamie Snow
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neil J Freedman
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Tian X, Huang Z, Wang Y, Qi X, Wang D, Liu Z, Cheng Y. Xinbao Pill attenuated chronic heart failure by suppressing the ubiquitination of β-adrenergic receptors. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 115:154830. [PMID: 37149964 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Xinbao Pill (XBP) is extensively used in the adjuvant treatment of chronic heart failure in China. However, the pharmacological effect and underlying mechanism on CHF remains unclear. PURPOSE Our research was performed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of XBP against CHF and uncover the potential mechanism. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to the left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation for 8 weeks and were treated with different doses of XBP (from the 4th week to the end). Cardiac function and morphology assessment were performed by using M-mode echocardiography, H&E and Masson staining. Western blotting analysis, co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assays, siRNA transfection were used to evaluate the mechanism of XBP. RESULTS XBP improved cardiac function and alleviated cardiac fibrosis in LAD-induced chronic heart failure rats. Meanwhile, XBP protected cardiomyocytes against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury in AC16 cells and H9c2 cells. Additionally, XBP could increase the expression of β1-AR and β2-AR and inhibit their ubiquitanation. Further mechanism study showed that XBP upregulated USP18 expression, while silence of USP18 attenuated the cardioprotective effect of XBP and the increase of β1-AR by XBP. Moreover, XBP increased MDM2 and β-arrestin2, and disrupted the interaction between Nedd4 and β2-AR. After using the inhibitor of MDM2, SP141, the cardioprotective effect of XBP and the inhibitory effect on the ubiquitanation of β2-AR were also blocked. CONCLUSION Our study firstly revealed that XBP improved cardiac function against CHF through suppressing USP18 and MDM2/β-arrestin2/Nedd4-mediated the ubiquitination of β1-AR and β2-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yuanping Wang
- Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, 528333, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, 528333, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou Univ Chinese Med, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou Univ Chinese Med, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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10
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Zhuo Y, Robleto VL, Marchese A. Proximity Labeling to Identify β-Arrestin1 Binding Partners Downstream of Ligand-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3285. [PMID: 36834700 PMCID: PMC9967311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins are multifaceted adaptor proteins that regulate various aspects of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. β-arrestins are recruited to agonist-activated and phosphorylated GPCRs at the plasma membrane, thereby preventing G protein coupling, while also targeting GPCRs for internalization via clathrin-coated pits. In addition, β-arrestins can activate various effector molecules to prosecute their role in GPCR signaling; however, the full extent of their interacting partners remains unknown. To discover potentially novel β-arrestin interacting partners, we used APEX-based proximity labeling coupled with affinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry. We appended APEX in-frame to the C-terminus of β-arrestin1 (βarr1-APEX), which we show does not impact its ability to support agonist-stimulated internalization of GPCRs. By using coimmunoprecipitation, we show that βarr1-APEX interacts with known interacting proteins. Furthermore, following agonist stimulation βarr1-APEX labeled known βarr1-interacting partners as assessed by streptavidin affinity purification and immunoblotting. Aliquots were prepared in a similar manner and analyzed by tandem mass tag labeling and high-content quantitative mass spectrometry. Several proteins were found to be increased in abundance following GPCR stimulation. Biochemical experiments confirmed two novel proteins that interact with β-arrestin1, which we predict are novel ligand-stimulated βarr1 interacting partners. Our study highlights that βarr1-APEX-based proximity labeling represents a valuable approach to identifying novel players involved in GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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11
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Min X, Sun N, Wang S, Zhang X, Kim KM. Sequestration of Gβγ by deubiquitinated arrestins into the nucleus as a novel desensitization mechanism of G protein-coupled receptors. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:11. [PMID: 36658650 PMCID: PMC9854190 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) refers to a rapid attenuation of responsiveness that occurs with repeated or continuous exposure to agonists. GRK-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent binding with arrestins in the activated receptor cytoplasmic cavity in competition with G proteins has been suggested as the conventional mechanism of desensitization. Along with widely accepted conventional mechanism of desensitization, studies of various GPCRs including dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, D4R) have suggested the existence of another desensitization mechanism. In this study, loss-of-function approaches and D2-like receptor mutants that display different desensitization properties were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for desensitization. RESULTS Desensitization development entailed the signaling cascade composed of Src, PDK1, and Akt, the latter of which in turn interacted with USP33, an arrestin deubiquitinase, to promote arrestin deubiquitination. The deubiquitinated arrestin subsequently formed a complex with Gβγ and translocated to the nucleus via an importin complex, wherein it sequestered Gβγ from the receptor and Gα, thereby attenuating receptor signaling. As in D2-like receptors, both USP33 and importin β1 were involved in the desensitization of the β2 adrenoceptor. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the conventional mechanism of desensitization, which occurs on the plasma membrane and in the cytosol, this study provides a new insight that another desensitization pathway in which nuclear trafficking plays a critical role is operating. It is plausible that multiple, complementary desensitization measures are in place to properly induce desensitization depending on receptor characteristics or the surrounding environment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Ningning Sun
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Shujie Wang
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea ,grid.443382.a0000 0004 1804 268XCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
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12
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Jean-Charles PY, Rajiv V, Sarker S, Han S, Bai Y, Masoudi A, Shenoy SK. A single phenylalanine residue in β-arrestin2 critically regulates its binding to G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101837. [PMID: 35307348 PMCID: PMC9052155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins and their yeast homologs, arrestin-related trafficking adaptors (ARTs), share a stretch of 29 amino acids called the ART motif. However, the functionality of that motif is unknown. We now report that deleting this motif prevents agonist-induced ubiquitination of β-arrestin2 (β-arr2) and blocks its association with activated G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). Within the ART motif, we have identified a conserved phenylalanine residue, Phe116, that is critical for the formation of β-arr2–GPCR complexes. β-arr2 Phe116Ala mutant has negligible effect on blunting β2-adrenergic receptor–induced cAMP generation unlike β-arr2, which promotes rapid desensitization. Furthermore, available structures for inactive and inositol hexakisphosphate 6–activated forms of bovine β-arr2 revealed that Phe116 is ensconced in a hydrophobic pocket, whereas the adjacent Phe117 and Phe118 residues are not. Mutagenesis of Phe117 and Phe118, but not Phe116, preserves GPCR interaction of β-arr2. Surprisingly, Phe116 is dispensable for the association of β-arr2 with its non-GPCR partners. β-arr2 Phe116Ala mutant presents a significantly reduced protein half-life compared with β-arr2 and undergoes constitutive Lys-48-linked polyubiquitination, which tags proteins for proteasomal degradation. We also found that Phe116 is critical for agonist-dependent β-arr2 ubiquitination with Lys-63-polyubiquitin linkages that are known mediators of protein scaffolding and signal transduction. Finally, we have shown that β-arr2 Phe116Ala interaction with activated β2-adrenergic receptor can be rescued with an in-frame fusion of ubiquitin. Taken together, we conclude that Phe116 preserves structural stability of β-arr2, regulates the formation of β-arr2–GPCR complexes that inhibit G protein signaling, and promotes subsequent ubiquitin-dependent β-arr2 localization and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Jean-Charles
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vishwaesh Rajiv
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Subhodeep Sarker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sangoh Han
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ali Masoudi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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13
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Li Y, Heng J, Sun D, Zhang B, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Shi WW, Wang TY, Li JY, Sun X, Liu X, Zheng JS, Kobilka BK, Liu L. Chemical Synthesis of a Full-Length G-Protein-Coupled Receptor β 2-Adrenergic Receptor with Defined Modification Patterns at the C-Terminus. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17566-17576. [PMID: 34663067 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that responds to the hormone adrenaline and is an important drug target in the context of respiratory diseases, including asthma. β2AR function can be regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination at the C-terminus, but access to the full-length β2AR with well-defined and homogeneous modification patterns critical for biochemical and biophysical studies remains challenging. Here, we report a practical synthesis of differentially modified, full-length β2AR based on a combined native chemical ligation (NCL) and sortase ligation strategy. An array of homogeneous samples of full-length β2ARs with distinct modification patterns, including a full-length β2AR bearing both monoubiquitination and octaphosphorylation modifications, were successfully prepared for the first time. Using these homogeneously modified full-length β2AR receptors, we found that different phosphorylation patterns mediate different interactions with β-arrestin1 as reflected in different agonist binding affinities. Our experiments also indicated that ubiquitination can further modulate interactions between β2AR and β-arrestin1. Access to full-length β2AR with well-defined and homogeneous modification patterns at the C-terminus opens a door to further in-depth mechanistic studies into the structure and dynamics of β2AR complexes with downstream transducer proteins, including G proteins, arrestins, and GPCR kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Heng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Demeng Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Baochang Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yupeng Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tong-Yue Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiu-Yi Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Zeigerer A, Sekar R, Kleinert M, Nason S, Habegger KM, Müller TD. Glucagon's Metabolic Action in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1759-1783. [PMID: 33792899 PMCID: PMC8513137 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Discovered almost simultaneously with insulin, glucagon is a pleiotropic hormone with metabolic action that goes far beyond its classical role to increase blood glucose. Albeit best known for its ability to directly act on the liver to increase de novo glucose production and to inhibit glycogen breakdown, glucagon lowers body weight by decreasing food intake and by increasing metabolic rate. Glucagon further promotes lipolysis and lipid oxidation and has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart. Interestingly, recent decades have witnessed a remarkable renaissance of glucagon's biology with the acknowledgment that glucagon has pharmacological value beyond its classical use as rescue medication to treat severe hypoglycemia. In this article, we summarize the multifaceted nature of glucagon with a special focus on its hepatic action and discuss the pharmacological potential of either agonizing or antagonizing the glucagon receptor for health and disease. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1759-1783, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Revathi Sekar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timo D. Müller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Mechanistic diversity involved in the desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:342-353. [PMID: 33761113 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which involves rapid loss of responsiveness due to repeated or chronic exposure to agonists, can occur through various mechanisms at different levels of signaling pathways. In this review, the mechanisms of GPCR desensitization are classified according to their occurrence at the receptor level and downstream to the receptor. The desensitization at the receptor level occurs in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, wherein the activated receptors are phosphorylated by GPCR kinases (GRKs), thereby increasing their affinities for arrestins. Arrestins bind to receptors through the cavity on the cytoplasmic region of heptahelical domains and interfere with the binding and activation of G-protein. Diverse mechanisms are involved in the desensitization that occurs downstream of the receptor. Some of these include the sequestration of G proteins, such as Gq and Gi/o by GRK2/3 and deubiquitinated arrestins, respectively. Mechanistically, GRK2/3 attenuates GPCR signaling by sequestering the Gα subunits of the Gq family and Gβγ via regulators of G protein signaling and pleckstrin homology domains, respectively. Moreover, studies on Gi/o-coupled D2-like receptors have reported that arrestins are deubiquitinated under desensitization condition and form a stable complex with Gβγ, thereby preventing them from coupling with Gα and the receptor, eventually leading to receptor signaling inhibition. Notably, the desensitization mechanism that involves arrestin deubiquitination is interesting; however, this is a new mechanism and needs to be explored further.
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16
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Adaptors as the regulators of HECT ubiquitin ligases. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:455-472. [PMID: 33402750 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HECT (homologous to E6AP C-terminus) ubiquitin ligases (E3s) are a small family of highly conserved enzymes involved in diverse cellular functions and pathological conditions. Characterised by a C-terminal HECT domain that accepts ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, these E3s regulate key signalling pathways. The activity and functional regulation of HECT E3s are controlled by several factors including post-translational modifications, inter- and intramolecular interactions and binding of co-activators and adaptor proteins. In this review, we focus on the regulation of HECT E3s by accessory proteins or adaptors and discuss various ways by which adaptors mediate their regulatory roles to affect physiological outcomes. We discuss common features that are conserved from yeast to mammals, regardless of the type of E3s as well as shed light on recent discoveries explaining some existing enigmas in the field.
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17
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Patwardhan A, Cheng N, Trejo J. Post-Translational Modifications of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Control Cellular Signaling Dynamics in Space and Time. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:120-151. [PMID: 33268549 PMCID: PMC7736832 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family comprising >800 signaling receptors that regulate numerous cellular and physiologic responses. GPCRs have been implicated in numerous diseases and represent the largest class of drug targets. Although advances in GPCR structure and pharmacology have improved drug discovery, the regulation of GPCR function by diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) has received minimal attention. Over 200 PTMs are known to exist in mammalian cells, yet only a few have been reported for GPCRs. Early studies revealed phosphorylation as a major regulator of GPCR signaling, whereas later reports implicated a function for ubiquitination, glycosylation, and palmitoylation in GPCR biology. Although our knowledge of GPCR phosphorylation is extensive, our knowledge of the modifying enzymes, regulation, and function of other GPCR PTMs is limited. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of GPCR post-translational modifications with a greater focus on new discoveries. We discuss the subcellular location and regulatory mechanisms that control post-translational modifications of GPCRs. The functional implications of newly discovered GPCR PTMs on receptor folding, biosynthesis, endocytic trafficking, dimerization, compartmentalized signaling, and biased signaling are also provided. Methods to detect and study GPCR PTMs as well as PTM crosstalk are further highlighted. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the implications of GPCR PTMs in human disease and their importance for drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Post-translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls all aspects of receptor function; however, the detection and study of diverse types of GPCR modifications are limited. A thorough understanding of the role and mechanisms by which diverse post-translational modifications regulate GPCR signaling and trafficking is essential for understanding dysregulated mechanisms in disease and for improving and refining drug development for GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Norton Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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18
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Kaur S, Chen Y, Shenoy SK. Agonist-activated glucagon receptors are deubiquitinated at early endosomes by two distinct deubiquitinases to facilitate Rab4a-dependent recycling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16630-16642. [PMID: 32967969 PMCID: PMC7864061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucagon receptor (GCGR) activated by the peptide hormone glucagon is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates blood glucose levels. Ubiquitination influences trafficking and signaling of many GPCRs, but its characterization for the GCGR is lacking. Using endocytic colocalization and ubiquitination assays, we have identified a correlation between the ubiquitination profile and recycling of the GCGR. Our experiments revealed that GCGRs are constitutively ubiquitinated at the cell surface. Glucagon stimulation not only promoted GCGR endocytic trafficking through Rab5a early endosomes and Rab4a recycling endosomes, but also induced rapid deubiquitination of GCGRs. Inhibiting GCGR internalization or disrupting endocytic trafficking prevented agonist-induced deubiquitination of the GCGR. Furthermore, a Rab4a dominant negative (DN) that blocks trafficking at recycling endosomes enabled GCGR deubiquitination, whereas a Rab5a DN that blocks trafficking at early endosomes eliminated agonist-induced GCGR deubiquitination. By down-regulating candidate deubiquitinases that are either linked with GPCR trafficking or localized on endosomes, we identified signal-transducing adaptor molecule-binding protein (STAMBP) and ubiquitin-specific protease 33 (USP33) as cognate deubiquitinases for the GCGR. Our data suggest that USP33 constitutively deubiquitinates the GCGR, whereas both STAMBP and USP33 deubiquitinate agonist-activated GCGRs at early endosomes. A mutant GCGR with all five intracellular lysines altered to arginines remains deubiquitinated and shows augmented trafficking to Rab4a recycling endosomes compared with the WT, thus affirming the role of deubiquitination in GCGR recycling. We conclude that the GCGRs are rapidly deubiquitinated after agonist-activation to facilitate Rab4a-dependent recycling and that USP33 and STAMBP activities are critical for the endocytic recycling of the GCGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneet Kaur
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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19
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β-arrestin 2 as an activator of cGAS-STING signaling and target of viral immune evasion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6000. [PMID: 33243993 PMCID: PMC7691508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection may induce excessive interferon (IFN) responses that can lead to host tissue injury or even death. β-arrestin 2 regulates multiple cellular events through the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways. Here we demonstrate that β-arrestin 2 also promotes virus-induced production of IFN-β and clearance of viruses in macrophages. β-arrestin 2 interacts with cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and increases the binding of dsDNA to cGAS to enhance cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) production and the downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and innate immune responses. Mechanistically, deacetylation of β-arrestin 2 at Lys171 facilitates the activation of the cGAS–STING signaling and the production of IFN-β. In vitro, viral infection induces the degradation of β-arrestin 2 to facilitate immune evasion, while a β-blocker, carvedilol, rescues β-arrestin 2 expression to maintain the antiviral immune response. Our results thus identify a viral immune-evasion pathway via the degradation of β-arrestin 2, and also hint that carvedilol, approved for treating heart failure, can potentially be repurposed as an antiviral drug candidate. Excessive interferon (IFN) responses often follow viral infection to induce pathology or even death. Here the authors show that a signaling adaptor, β-arrestin 2, enhances the cGAS/STING innate immunity signaling pathway to promote IFN-β production, but may be degraded in infected cells to serve as a target of viral immune evasion.
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20
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Zhang X, Min X, Wang S, Sun N, Kim KM. Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of β-arrestin2 in the nucleus occurs in a Gβγ- and clathrin-dependent manner. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114049. [PMID: 32450252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The fate and activity of β-arrestin2, a key player in the regulation of desensitization and endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are regulated by mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2)-mediated ubiquitination. However, details of the molecular mechanisms of β-arrestin2 ubiquitination remain unclear. Studies on β-arrestin2 and Mdm2 mutants with modified nucleocytoplasmic shuttling properties have revealed that β-arrestin2 ubiquitination occurs in the nucleus in a Gβγ- and clathrin-dependent manner. The nuclear entry of both β-arrestin2 and Mdm2 commonly relies on the presence of importin complex but can occur independently of each other. Gβγ and clathrin regulated the nuclear entry of β-arrestin2 by mediating the interaction between β-arrestin2 and importin β1. In contrast, Akt-mediated phosphorylation of two serine residues of Mdm2 partly regulated the nuclear entry of Mdm2. Ubiquitinated β-arrestin2 along with Mdm2 translocated to the cytoplasm where they play various functional roles including receptor endocytosis and ubiquitination of other cytoplasmic proteins. The nuclear export of Mdm2 required nuclear entry and interaction of β-arrestin2 with Mdm2. Ubiquitination was required for the translocation of β-arrestin2 toward activated receptors on the plasma membrane and for its endocytic activity. The current study revealed the cellular components and processes involved in the ubiquitination of β-arrestin2, and these findings could be quintessential for providing directions and detailed strategies for the manipulation of GPCR functions and development of GPCR-related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ningning Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Kook S, Zhan X, Thibeault K, Ahmed MR, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Mdm2 enhances ligase activity of parkin and facilitates mitophagy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5028. [PMID: 32193420 PMCID: PMC7081349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin have been implicated in the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the root cause of dopamine deficit in the striatum in Parkinson's disease. Parkin ubiquitinates proteins on mitochondria that lost membrane potential, promoting the elimination of damaged mitochondria. Neuroprotective activity of parkin has been linked to its critical role in the mitochondria maintenance. Here we report a novel regulatory mechanism: another E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 directly binds parkin and enhances its enzymatic activity in vitro and in intact cells. Mdm2 translocates to damaged mitochondria independently of parkin, enhances parkin-dependent ubiquitination of the outer mitochondria membrane protein mitofusin1. Mdm2 facilitates and its knockdown reduces parkin-dependent mitophagy. Thus, ubiquitously expressed Mdm2 might enhance cytoprotective parkin activity. The data suggest that parkin activation by Mdm2 could be targeted to increase its neuroprotective functions, which has implications for anti-parkinsonian therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyi Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Xuanzhi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA
| | - Kimberly Thibeault
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mohamed R Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratories, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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22
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Rambacher KM, Moniri NH. Cysteine redox state regulates human β2-adrenergic receptor binding and function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2934. [PMID: 32076070 PMCID: PMC7031529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchoconstrictive airway disorders such as asthma are characterized by inflammation and increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which produce a highly oxidative environment. β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonists are a mainstay of clinical therapy for asthma and provide bronchorelaxation upon inhalation. We have previously shown that β2AR agonism generates intracellular ROS, an effect that is required for receptor function, and which post-translationally oxidizes β2AR cysteine thiols to Cys-S-sulfenic acids (Cys-S-OH). Furthermore, highly oxidative environments can irreversibly oxidize Cys-S-OH to Cys-S-sulfinic (Cys-SO2H) or S-sulfonic (Cys-SO3H) acids, which are incapable of further participating in homeostatic redox reactions (i.e., redox-deficient). The aim of this study was to examine the vitality of β2AR-ROS interplay and the resultant functional consequences of β2AR Cys-redox in the receptors native, oxidized, and redox-deficient states. Here, we show for the first time that β2AR can be oxidized to Cys-S-OH in situ, moreover, using both clonal cells and a human airway epithelial cell line endogenously expressing β2AR, we show that receptor redox state profoundly influences β2AR orthosteric ligand binding and downstream function. Specifically, homeostatic β2AR redox states are vital toward agonist-induced cAMP formation and subsequent CREB and G-protein-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation, in addition to β-arrestin-2 recruitment and downstream arrestin-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation and internalization. On the contrary, redox-deficient β2AR states exhibit decreased ability to signal via either Gαs or β-arrestin. Together, our results demonstrate a β2AR-ROS redox axis, which if disturbed, interferes with proper receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyn M Rambacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA30341, United States
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA30341, United States.
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23
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Lam B, Roudier E. Considering the Role of Murine Double Minute 2 in the Cardiovascular System? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:320. [PMID: 31921839 PMCID: PMC6916148 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is the main negative regulator of the tumor protein p53 (TP53). Extensive studies over more than two decades have confirmed MDM2 oncogenic role through mechanisms both TP53-dependent and TP53-independent oncogenic function. These studies have contributed to designate MDM2 as a therapeutic target of choice for cancer treatment and the number of patents for MDM2 antagonists has increased immensely over the last years. However, the question of the physiological functions of MDM2 has not been fully resolved yet, particularly when expressed and regulated physiologically in healthy tissue. Cardiovascular complications are almost an inescapable side-effect of anti-cancer therapies. While several MDM2 antagonists are entering phase I, II and even III of clinical trials, this review proposes to bring awareness on the physiological role of MDM2 in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lam
- Angiogenesis Research Group, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Muscle Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emilie Roudier
- Angiogenesis Research Group, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Muscle Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Zenko D, Thompson D, Hislop JN. Endocytic sorting and downregulation of the M2 acetylcholine receptor is regulated by ubiquitin and the ESCRT complex. Neuropharmacology 2020; 162:107828. [PMID: 31654703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction plays a critical role in a number of disease states, and the loss of functional muscarinic acetylcholine receptors plays a key role in disease pathogenesis. Therefore, preventing receptor downregulation would maintain functional receptor number, and be predicted to alleviate symptoms. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying muscarinic receptor downregulation are currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that the M2 muscarinic receptor undergoes rapid lysosomal proteolysis, and this lysosomal trafficking is facilitated by ubiquitination of the receptor. Importantly, we show that this trafficking is driven specifically by ESCRT mediated involution. Critically, we provide evidence that disruption of this process leads to a re-routing of the trafficking of the M2 receptor away from the lysosome and into recycling pathway, and eventually back to the plasma membrane. This study is the first to identify the process by which the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor undergoes endocytic sorting, and critically reveals a regulatory checkpoint that represents a target to pharmacologically increase the number of functional muscarinic receptors within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Zenko
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Dawn Thompson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - James N Hislop
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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25
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Crudden C, Song D, Cismas S, Trocmé E, Pasca S, Calin GA, Girnita A, Girnita L. Below the Surface: IGF-1R Therapeutic Targeting and Its Endocytic Journey. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101223. [PMID: 31600876 PMCID: PMC6829878 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-activated plasma membrane receptors follow pathways of endocytosis through the endosomal sorting apparatus. Receptors cluster in clathrin-coated pits that bud inwards and enter the cell as clathrin-coated vesicles. These vesicles travel through the acidic endosome whereby receptors and ligands are sorted to be either recycled or degraded. The traditional paradigm postulated that the endocytosis role lay in signal termination through the removal of the receptor from the cell surface. It is now becoming clear that the internalization process governs more than receptor signal cessation and instead reigns over the entire spatial and temporal wiring of receptor signaling. Governing the localization, the post-translational modifications, and the scaffolding of receptors and downstream signal components established the endosomal platform as the master regulator of receptor function. Confinement of components within or between distinct organelles means that the endosome instructs the cell on how to interpret and translate the signal emanating from any given receptor complex into biological effects. This review explores this emerging paradigm with respect to the cancer-relevant insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and discusses how this perspective could inform future targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin Crudden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dawei Song
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sonia Cismas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eric Trocmé
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sylvya Pasca
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ada Girnita
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Luessen DJ, Sun H, McGinnis MM, Hagstrom M, Marrs G, McCool BA, Chen R. Acute ethanol exposure reduces serotonin receptor 1A internalization by increasing ubiquitination and degradation of β-arrestin2. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14068-14080. [PMID: 31366729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute alcohol exposure alters the trafficking and function of many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are associated with aberrant behavioral responses to alcohol. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced changes in GPCR function remain unclear. β-Arrestin is a key player involved in the regulation of GPCR internalization and thus controls the magnitude and duration of GPCR signaling. Although β-arrestin levels are influenced by various drugs of abuse, the effect of alcohol exposure on β-arrestin expression and β-arrestin-mediated GPCR trafficking is poorly understood. Here, we found that acute ethanol exposure increases β-arrestin2 degradation via its increased ubiquitination in neuroblastoma-2a (N2A) cells and rat prefrontal cortex (PFC). β-Arrestin2 ubiquitination was likely mediated by the E3 ligase MDM2 homolog (MDM2), indicated by an increased coupling between β-arrestin2 and MDM2 in response to acute ethanol exposure in both N2A cells and rat PFC homogenates. Importantly, ethanol-induced β-arrestin2 reduction was reversed by siRNA-mediated MDM2 knockdown or proteasome inhibition in N2A cells, suggesting β-arrestin2 degradation is mediated by MDM2 through the proteasomal pathway. Using serotonin 5-HT1A receptors (5-HT1ARs) as a model receptor system, we found that ethanol dose-dependently inhibits 5-HT1AR internalization and that MDM2 knockdown reverses this effect. Moreover, ethanol both reduced β-arrestin2 levels and delayed agonist-induced β-arrestin2 recruitment to the membrane. We conclude that β-arrestin2 dysregulation by ethanol impairs 5-HT1AR trafficking. Our findings reveal a critical molecular mechanism underlying ethanol-induced alterations in GPCR internalization and implicate β-arrestin as a potential player mediating behavioral responses to acute alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Luessen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Haiguo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Molly M McGinnis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Michael Hagstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Glen Marrs
- Center for Molecular Signaling, Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27106
| | - Brian A McCool
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157 .,Center for Molecular Signaling, Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27106.,Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
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27
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Minervini G, Quaglia F, Tabaro F, Tosatto SCE. Insights into the molecular features of the von Hippel-Lindau-like protein. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1461-1474. [PMID: 31485743 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present an in silico characterization of the von Hippel-Lindau-like protein (VLP), the only known human paralog of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL). Phylogenetic investigation showed VLP to be mostly conserved in upper mammals and specifically expressed in brain and testis. Structural analysis and molecular dynamics simulations show VLP to be very similar to pVHL three-dimensional organization and binding dynamics. In particular, conservation of elements at the protein interfaces suggests VLP to be a functional pVHL homolog potentially possessing multiple functions beyond HIF-1α-dependent binding activity. Our findings show that VLP may share at least seven interactors with pVHL, suggesting novel functional roles for this understudied human protein. These may occur at precise hypoxia levels where functional overlap with pVHL may permit a finer modulation of pVHL functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Minervini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Quaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Tabaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padua, Italy. .,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy.
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28
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Niu K, Fang H, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Tan Q, Wei D, Li Y, Balajee AS, Zhao Y. USP33 deubiquitinates PRKN/parkin and antagonizes its role in mitophagy. Autophagy 2019; 16:724-734. [PMID: 31432739 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1656957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PRKN/parkin activation through phosphorylation of its ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like domain by PINK1 is critical in mitophagy induction for eliminating the damaged mitochondria. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) functionally reversing PRKN ubiquitination are critical in controlling the magnitude of PRKN-mediated mitophagy process. However, potential DUBs that directly target PRKN and antagonize its pro-mitophagy effect remains to be identified and characterized. Here, we demonstrated that USP33/VDU1 is localized at the outer membrane of mitochondria and serves as a PRKN DUB through their interaction. Cellular and in vitro assays illustrated that USP33 deubiquitinates PRKN in a DUB activity-dependent manner. USP33 prefers to remove K6, K11, K48 and K63-linked ubiquitin conjugates from PRKN, and deubiquitinates PRKN mainly at Lys435. Mutation of this site leads to a significantly decreased level of K63-, but not K48-linked PRKN ubiquitination. USP33 deficiency enhanced both K48- and K63-linked PRKN ubiquitination, but only K63-linked PRKN ubiquitination was significantly increased under mitochondrial depolarization. Further, USP33 knockdown increased both PRKN protein stabilization and its translocation to depolarized mitochondria leading to the enhancement of mitophagy. Moreover, USP33 silencing protects SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells from the neurotoxin MPTP-induced apoptotic cell death. Our findings convincingly demonstrate that USP33 is a novel PRKN deubiquitinase antagonizing its regulatory roles in mitophagy and SH-SY5Y neuron-like cell survival. Thus, USP33 inhibition may represents an attractive new therapeutic strategy for PD patients.Abbreviations: CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; DUB: deubiquitinating enzymes; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; PD: Parkinson disease; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TM: transmembrane; Ub: ubiquitin; UBA1: ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 1; UBE2L3/UbcH7: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 L3; USP33: ubiquitin specific peptidase 33; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qunsong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wei
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Adayabalam S Balajee
- REAC/TS, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Jean-Charles PY, Wu JH, Zhang L, Kaur S, Nepliouev I, Stiber JA, Brian L, Qi R, Wertman V, Shenoy SK, Freedman NJ. USP20 (Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 20) Inhibits TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-Triggered Smooth Muscle Cell Inflammation and Attenuates Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2295-2305. [PMID: 30354204 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Signaling that activates NFκB (nuclear factor κB) in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is integral to atherosclerosis and involves reversible ubiquitination that activates proteins downstream of proatherogenic receptors. Deubiquitination of these proteins is mediated by USP20 (ubiquitin-specific protease 20), among other deubiquitinases. We sought to determine whether USP20 activity in SMCs decreases atherosclerosis. Approach and Results- To address this question, we used male Ldlr-/- mice without (control) or with SMC-specific expression of murine USP20 (SMC-USP20-transgenic) or its dominant-negative (DN; C154S/H643Q) mutant (SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic). Before the appearance of intimal macrophages, NFκB activation in aortic medial SMCs was greater in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic than in control mice. After 16 weeks on a Western diet, SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice had 46% greater brachiocephalic artery atheroma area than control mice. Congruently, aortic atherosclerosis assessed en face was 21% greater than control in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice and 13% less than control in SMC-USP20-transgenic mice. In response to TNF (tumor necrosis factor), SMCs from SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice showed ≈3-fold greater NFκB activation than control SMCs. Silencing USP20 in SMCs with siRNA (small interfering RNA) augmented NFκB activation by ≈50% in response to either TNF or IL-1β (interleukin-1β). Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that USP20 associates with several components of the TNFR1 (TNF receptor-1) signaling pathway, including RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1), a critical checkpoint in TNF-induced NFκB activation and inflammation. TNF evoked ≈2-fold more RIPK1 ubiquitination in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic than in control SMCs, and RIPK1 was deubiquitinated by purified USP20 in vitro. Conclusions- USP20 attenuates TNF- and IL-1β-evoked atherogenic signaling in SMCs, by deubiquitinating RIPK1, among other signaling intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Jean-Charles
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jiao-Hui Wu
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Suneet Kaur
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Igor Nepliouev
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan A Stiber
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Leigh Brian
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Rui Qi
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Virginia Wertman
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Cell Biology (S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Neil J Freedman
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Cell Biology (S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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30
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Young MJ, Hsu KC, Lin TE, Chang WC, Hung JJ. The role of ubiquitin-specific peptidases in cancer progression. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:42. [PMID: 31133011 PMCID: PMC6537419 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is an important mechanism for regulating the activity and levels of proteins under physiological conditions. Loss of regulation by protein ubiquitination leads to various diseases, such as cancer. Two types of enzymes, namely, E1/E2/E3 ligases and deubiquitinases, are responsible for controlling protein ubiquitination. The ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) are the main members of the deubiquitinase family. Many studies have addressed the roles of USPs in various diseases. An increasing number of studies have indicated that USPs are critical for cancer progression, and some USPs have been used as targets to develop inhibitors for cancer prevention. Herein we collect and organize most of the recent studies on the roles of USPs in cancer progression and discuss the development of USP inhibitors for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jer Young
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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31
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Xia Y, Wang L, Xu Z, Kong R, Wang F, Yin K, Xu J, Li B, He Z, Wang L, Xu H, Zhang D, Yang L, Wu JY, Xu Z. Reduced USP33 expression in gastric cancer decreases inhibitory effects of Slit2-Robo1 signalling on cell migration and EMT. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12606. [PMID: 30896071 PMCID: PMC6536419 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, causing a large number of deaths every year. The Slit-Robo signalling pathway, initially discovered for its critical role in neuronal guidance, has recently been shown to modulate tumour invasion and metastasis in several human cancers. However, the role of Slit-Robo signalling and the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Slit2, Robo1 and USP33 expressions were analysed in datasets obtained from the Oncomine database and measured in human gastric cancer specimens. The function of Slit2-Robo1-USP33 signalling on gastric cancer cells migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of the interaction between Robo1 and USP33 was explored by co-IP and ubiquitination protein analysis. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of Slit2 and Robo1 are lower in GC tissues relative to those in adjacent healthy tissues. Importantly, Slit2 inhibits GC cell migration and suppresses EMT process in a Robo-dependent manner. The inhibitory function of Slit2-Robo1 is mediated by ubiquitin-specific protease 33 (USP33) via deubiquitinating and stabilizing Robo1. USP33 expression is decreased in GC tissues, and reduced USP33 level is correlated with poor patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the inhibitory function of Slit-Robo signalling in GC and uncovers a role of USP33 in suppressing cancer cell migration and EMT by enhancing Slit2-Robo1 signalling. USP33 represents a feasible choice as a prognostic biomarker for GC.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Down-Regulation
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein Stability
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/metabolism
- Ubiquitination
- Roundabout Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xia
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ruirui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
| | - Jianghao Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhongyuan He
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jane Y. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinois
- Department of NeurologyCenter for Genetic MedicineLurie Cancer CenterChicagoIllinois
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineSchool of Publich HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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32
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Burton JC, Grimsey NJ. Ubiquitination as a Key Regulator of Endosomal Signaling by GPCRs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:43. [PMID: 30984758 PMCID: PMC6449645 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of therapeutic targets for FDA approved drugs. Therefore, understanding the molecular regulation of their signaling pathways is of paramount importance. Similarly, the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 is a critical mediator of proinflammatory disease. Yet despite decades of intense investigation, therapeutically viable inhibitors have struggled to make it into the clinic. New studies describing the regulation and activation of a GPCR dependent atypical p38 signaling pathway represents a novel therapeutic avenue to the treatment of many proinflammatory disorders. These recent studies have defined how thrombin and ADP can induce Src dependent activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4-2. Src dependent phosphorylation of a 2,3-linker peptide releases NEDD4-2 auto-inhibition and triggers the induction of proinflammatory atypical p38 signaling from the endosome. Activation of the atypical p38 pathway requires the direct interaction between an adaptor protein TAB1 and p38, that bypasses the requirement for the classical MKK3/6 dependent activation of p38. Therefore, providing a mechanism to specifically block proinflammatory GPCR atypical p38 activation while leaving basic p38 activity intact. Critically, new studies demonstrated that disruption of the TAB1-p38 interface is a druggable target, that would enable the selective inhibition of proinflammatory p38 signaling and ischemic injury. Atypical p38 signaling is linked to multiple clinically relevant pathologies including inflammation, cardiotoxicity, myocardial ischemia and ischemia reperfusion injury. Therefore, GPCR induced endosomal p38 signaling represents a novel understudied branch of proinflammatory p38 signaling and an ideal potential therapeutic target that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Burton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Neil J Grimsey
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Laporte SA, Scott MGH. β-Arrestins: Multitask Scaffolds Orchestrating the Where and When in Cell Signalling. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1957:9-55. [PMID: 30919345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9158-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The β-arrestins (β-arrs) were initially appreciated for the roles they play in the desensitization and endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are now also known to act as multifunctional adaptor proteins binding many non-receptor protein partners to control multiple signalling pathways. β-arrs therefore act as key regulatory hubs at the crossroads of external cell inputs and functional outputs in cellular processes ranging from gene transcription to cell growth, survival, cytoskeletal regulation, polarity, and migration. An increasing number of studies have also highlighted the scaffolding roles β-arrs play in vivo in both physiological and pathological conditions, which opens up therapeutic avenues to explore. In this introductory review chapter, we discuss the functional roles that β-arrs exert to control GPCR function, their dynamic scaffolding roles and how this impacts signal transduction events, compartmentalization of β-arrs, how β-arrs are regulated themselves, and how the combination of these events culminates in cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane A Laporte
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,RI-MUHC/Glen Site, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mark G H Scott
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France. .,Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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34
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Yu SMW, Jean-Charles PY, Abraham DM, Kaur S, Gareri C, Mao L, Rockman HA, Shenoy SK. The deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 20 is a positive modulator of myocardial β 1-adrenergic receptor expression and signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2500-2518. [PMID: 30538132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible ubiquitination of G protein-coupled receptors regulates their trafficking and signaling; whether deubiquitinases regulate myocardial β1-adrenergic receptors (β1ARs) is unknown. We report that ubiquitin-specific protease 20 (USP20) deubiquitinates and attenuates lysosomal trafficking of the β1AR. β1AR-induced phosphorylation of USP20 Ser-333 by protein kinase A-α (PKAα) was required for optimal USP20-mediated regulation of β1AR lysosomal trafficking. Both phosphomimetic (S333D) and phosphorylation-impaired (S333A) USP20 possess intrinsic deubiquitinase activity equivalent to WT activity. However, unlike USP20 WT and S333D, the S333A mutant associated poorly with the β1AR and failed to deubiquitinate the β1AR. USP20-KO mice showed normal baseline systolic function but impaired β1AR-induced contractility and relaxation. Dobutamine stimulation did not increase cAMP in USP20-KO left ventricles (LVs), whereas NKH477-induced adenylyl cyclase activity was equivalent to WT. The USP20 homolog USP33, which shares redundant roles with USP20, had no effect on β1AR ubiquitination, but USP33 was up-regulated in USP20-KO hearts suggesting compensatory regulation. Myocardial β1AR expression in USP20-KO was drastically reduced, whereas β2AR expression was maintained as determined by radioligand binding in LV sarcolemmal membranes. Phospho-USP20 was significantly increased in LVs of wildtype (WT) mice after a 1-week catecholamine infusion and a 2-week chronic pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Phospho-USP20 was undetectable in β1AR KO mice subjected to TAC, suggesting a role for USP20 phosphorylation in cardiac response to pressure overload. We conclude that USP20 regulates β1AR signaling in vitro and in vivo Additionally, β1AR-induced USP20 phosphorylation may serve as a feed-forward mechanism to stabilize β1AR expression and signaling during pathological insults to the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mon-Wei Yu
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Pierre-Yves Jean-Charles
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Dennis M Abraham
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Suneet Kaur
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Clarice Gareri
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lan Mao
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Howard A Rockman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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35
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Dores MR, Trejo J. Endo-lysosomal sorting of G-protein-coupled receptors by ubiquitin: Diverse pathways for G-protein-coupled receptor destruction and beyond. Traffic 2018; 20:101-109. [PMID: 30353650 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is covalently attached to substrate proteins in the form of a single ubiquitin moiety or polyubiquitin chains and has been generally linked to protein degradation, however, distinct types of ubiquitin linkages are also used to control other critical cellular processes like cell signaling. Over forty mammalian G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been reported to be ubiquitinated, but despite the diverse and rich complexity of GPCR signaling, ubiquitin has been largely ascribed to receptor degradation. Indeed, GPCR ubiquitination targets the receptors for degradation by lysosome, which is mediated by the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery, and the proteasome. This has led to the view that ubiquitin and ESCRTs primarily function as the signal to target GPCRs for destruction. Contrary to this conventional view, studies indicate that ubiquitination of certain GPCRs and canonical ubiquitin-binding ESCRTs are not required for receptor degradation and revealed that diverse and complex pathways exist to regulate endo-lysosomal sorting of GPCRs. In other studies, GPCR ubiquitination has been shown to drive signaling and not receptor degradation and further revealed novel insight into the mechanisms by which GPCRs trigger the activity of the ubiquitination machinery. Here, we discuss the diverse pathways by which ubiquitin controls GPCR endo-lysosomal sorting and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Dores
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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36
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Gorzkiewicz A, Szemraj J. Brain endocannabinoid signaling exhibits remarkable complexity. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:33-46. [PMID: 29953913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system is one of the most extensive of the mammalian brain. Despite the involvement of only few specific ligands and receptors, the system encompasses a vast diversity of triggered mechanisms and driven effects. It mediates a wide range of phenomena, including the regulation of transmitter release, neural excitability, synaptic plasticity, impulse spread, long-term neuronal potentiation, neurogenesis, cell death, lineage segregation, cell migration, inflammation, oxidative stress, nociception and the sleep cycle. It is also known to be involved in the processes of learning and memory formation. This extensive scope of action is attained by combining numerous variables. In a properly functioning brain, the correlations of these variables are kept in a strictly controlled balance; however, this balance is disrupted in many pathological conditions. However, while this balance is known to be disrupted by drugs in the case of addicts, the stimuli and mechanisms influencing the neurodegenerating brain remain elusive. This review examines the multiple factors and phenomena affecting the eCB signaling system in the brain. It evaluates techniques of controlling the eCB system to identify the obstacles in their applications and highlights the crucial interdependent variables that may influence biomedical research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorzkiewicz
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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37
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Chen Y, Pang X, Ji L, Sun Y, Ji Y. Reduced Expression of Deubiquitinase USP33 Is Associated with Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3496-3505. [PMID: 29802710 PMCID: PMC5996837 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 33 (USP33) is a deubiquitinase that balances the ubiquitin status of proteins. It has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer and lung cancer. However, the expression pattern and clinical significance of USP33 have not been investigated in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Material/Methods We explored the USP33 protein and RNA levels by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot analysis, and qRT-PCR. The Pearson chi-square test was performed to evaluate the statistical associations between USP33 level and patient characteristics. Additionally, the relationship between USP33 expression and patient survival was investigated. Cellular studies, including proliferation assay, migration assay, and invasion assay, were conducted to demonstrate the underlying mechanisms of USP33 in GAC progression. Results This study included 121 patients with GAC. USP33 showed a decreased expression in GAC tissues compared to adjacent normal gastric tissues. Low expression of USP33 was correlated with invasion depth and advanced TNM stage. According to survival analysis, upper location of tumor (P=0.003), invasion depth (P=0.048), advanced TNM stage (P=0.001), and low USP33 level (P=0.001) were all associated with poor overall survival of GAC patients. Cox analysis confirmed the independent role of USP33 in predicting patient survival. Cell experiments showed that USP33 overexpression significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GAC cells. Conclusions USP33 was downregulated in GAC, and was an independent prognostic factor. In vitro results demonstrated the role of USP33 in suppressing tumor progression, suggesting that the developing an agonist of USP33 may be a novel direction for chemotherapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xumei Pang
- Department of Oncology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Lijuan Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yingchun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yongjing Ji
- Jinan Second People's Hospital (The Ophthalmologic Hospital of Jinan), Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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38
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Abstract
β-arrestin1 (or arrestin2) and β-arrestin2 (or arrestin3) are ubiquitously expressed cytosolic adaptor proteins that were originally discovered for their inhibitory role in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins. However, further biochemical characterization revealed that β-arrestins do not just "block" the activated GPCRs, but trigger endocytosis and kinase activation leading to specific signaling pathways that can be localized on endosomes. The signaling pathways initiated by β-arrestins were also found to be independent of G protein activation by GPCRs. The discovery of ligands that blocked G protein activation but promoted β-arrestin binding, or vice-versa, suggested the exciting possibility of selectively activating intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, it is becoming increasingly evident that β-arrestin-dependent signaling is extremely diverse and provokes distinct cellular responses through different GPCRs even when the same effector kinase is involved. In this review, we summarize various signaling pathways mediated by β-arrestins and highlight the physiologic effects of β-arrestin-dependent signaling.
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39
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Gupta MK, Mohan ML, Naga Prasad SV. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Resensitization Paradigms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:63-91. [PMID: 29776605 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses to extracellular milieu/environment are driven by cell surface receptors that transmit the signal into the cells resulting in a synchronized and measured response. The ability to provide such exquisite responses to changes in external environment is mediated by the tight and yet, deliberate regulation of cell surface receptor function. In this regard, the seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors that regulate responses like cardiac contractility, vision, and olfaction including platelet activation. GPCRs regulate these plethora of events through GPCR-activation, -desensitization, and -resensitization. External stimuli (ligands or agonists) activate GPCR initiating downstream signals. The activated GPCR undergoes inactivation or desensitization by phosphorylation and binding of β-arrestin resulting in diminution of downstream signals. The desensitized GPCRs are internalized into endosomes, wherein they undergo dephosphorylation or resensitization by protein phosphatase to be recycled back to the cell membrane as naïve GPCR ready for the next wave of stimuli. Despite the knowledge that activation, desensitization, and resensitization shoulder an equal role in maintaining GPCR function, major advances have been made in understanding activation and desensitization compared to resensitization. However, increasing evidence shows that resensitization is exquisitely regulated process, thereby contributing to the dynamic regulation of GPCR function. In recognition of these observations, in this chapter we discuss the key advances on the mechanistic underpinning that drive and regulate GPCR function with a focus on resensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Gupta
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Maradumane L Mohan
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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40
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Hanyaloglu AC. Advances in Membrane Trafficking and Endosomal Signaling of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:93-131. [PMID: 29776606 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integration of GPCR signaling with membrane trafficking, as a single orchestrated system, is a theme increasingly evident with the growing reports of GPCR endosomal signaling. Once viewed as a mechanism to regulate cell surface heterotrimeric G protein signaling, the endocytic trafficking system is complex, highly compartmentalized, yet deeply interconnected with cell signaling. The organization of receptors into distinct plasma membrane signalosomes, biochemically distinct endosomal populations, endosomal microdomains, and its communication with distinct subcellular organelles such as the Golgi provides multiple unique signaling platforms that are critical for specifying receptor function physiologically and pathophysiologically. In this chapter I discuss our emerging understanding in the endocytic trafficking systems employed by GPCRs and their novel roles in spatial control of signaling. Given the extensive roles that GPCRs play in vivo, these evolving models are starting to provide mechanistic understanding of distinct diseases and provide novel therapeutic avenues that are proving to be viable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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41
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Liu H, Zhang Q, Li K, Gong Z, Liu Z, Xu Y, Swaney MH, Xiao K, Chen Y. Prognostic significance of USP33 in advanced colorectal cancer patients: new insights into β-arrestin-dependent ERK signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81223-81240. [PMID: 27835898 PMCID: PMC5348388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with liver metastases of colorectal cancer (CRCLM) have a poorer prognosis compared to colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in local stage. Evaluating the recurrence and overall survival of advanced patients is critical in improving disease treatment and clinical outcome. Here we investigated the expression pattern of USP33, a deubiquitinating enzyme, in both primary CRC tissues and liver metastases tissues. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified that low expression of USP33 in CRCLM tissues indicated high recurrence risk and poor overall prognosis. Overexpression of USP33 can significantly inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. On the other hand, USP33 knock-down promoted cell proliferation and invasion under SDF-1 stimulation; whereas dynasore (an internalization inhibitor) pretreatment in USP33 silencing cells showed a distinct antipromoting effect, revealing the participation of CXCR4 internalization in regulating tumor progress. Further results verified that USP33 can deubiquitinate β-arrestin2, subsequently block the internalization of SDF-1-stimulated CXCR4, and disrupt β-arrestin-dependent ERK activation. The existence and functions of β-arrestin-dependent signaling have been previously determined in several Gs-coupled receptors, such as β2-adrenergic receptor and angiotensin receptor subtype 1a; however, little is known about this in Gi-coupled receptors. Our study not only established USP33 as a novel prognosis biomarker in advanced CRCLM patients, but also highlighted the significance of β-arrestin-dependent ERK signaling in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhaochen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Mary Hannah Swaney
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Kunhong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Unique Roles of β-Arrestin in GPCR Trafficking Revealed by Photoinducible Dimerizers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:677. [PMID: 29330504 PMCID: PMC5766490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls their localization and degradation, which affects a cell's ability to adapt to extracellular stimuli. Although the perturbation of trafficking induces important diseases, these trafficking mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate an optogenetic method using an optical dimerizer, cryptochrome (CRY) and its partner protein (CIB), to analyze the trafficking mechanisms of GPCRs and their regulatory proteins. Temporally controlling the interaction between β-arrestin and β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) reveals that the duration of the β-arrestin-ADRB2 interaction determines the trafficking pathway of ADRB2. Remarkably, the phosphorylation of ADRB2 by G protein-coupled receptor kinases is unnecessary to trigger clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and β-arrestin interacting with unphosphorylated ADRB2 fails to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, in contrast to the ADRB2 agonist isoproterenol. Temporal control of β-arrestin-GPCR interactions will enable the investigation of the unique roles of β-arrestin and the mechanism by which it regulates β-arrestin-specific trafficking pathways of different GPCRs.
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Evolving View of Membrane Trafficking and Signaling Systems for G Protein-Coupled Receptors. ENDOCYTOSIS AND SIGNALING 2018; 57:273-299. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Human melanocortin 1 receptor-mediated ubiquitination of nonvisual arrestins. Role of Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 E3 ligase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:76-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Peterson YK, Luttrell LM. The Diverse Roles of Arrestin Scaffolds in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28626043 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have emerged as key regulators of multiple signaling pathways. Evolutionarily related to a larger group of regulatory scaffolds that share a common arrestin fold, the visual/β-arrestins acquired the capacity to detect and bind activated GPCRs on the plasma membrane, which enables them to control GPCR desensitization, internalization, and intracellular trafficking. By acting as scaffolds that bind key pathway intermediates, visual/β-arrestins both influence the tonic level of pathway activity in cells and, in some cases, serve as ligand-regulated scaffolds for GPCR-mediated signaling. Growing evidence supports the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of arrestins and underscores their potential as therapeutic targets. Circumventing arrestin-dependent GPCR desensitization may alleviate the problem of tachyphylaxis to drugs that target GPCRs, and find application in the management of chronic pain, asthma, and psychiatric illness. As signaling scaffolds, arrestins are also central regulators of pathways controlling cell growth, migration, and survival, suggesting that manipulating their scaffolding functions may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. In this review we examine the structure-function relationships that enable arrestins to perform their diverse roles, addressing arrestin structure at the molecular level, the relationship between arrestin conformation and function, and sites of interaction between arrestins, GPCRs, and nonreceptor-binding partners. We conclude with a discussion of arrestins as therapeutic targets and the settings in which manipulating arrestin function might be of clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Y.K.P.), and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.M.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Y.K.P.), and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.M.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)
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46
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Downregulation of a GPCR by β-Arrestin2-Mediated Switch from an Endosomal to a TGN Recycling Pathway. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2966-2978. [PMID: 27974210 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone involved in nutrient homeostasis. GIP receptor (GIPR) is constitutively internalized and returned to the plasma membrane, atypical behavior for a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). GIP promotes GIPR downregulation from the plasma membrane by inhibiting recycling without affecting internalization. This transient desensitization is achieved by altered intracellular trafficking of activated GIPR. GIP stimulation induces a switch in GIPR recycling from a rapid endosomal to a slow trans-Golgi network (TGN) pathway. GPCR kinases and β-arrestin2 are required for this switch in recycling. A coding sequence variant of GIPR, which has been associated with metabolic alterations, has altered post-activation trafficking characterized by enhanced downregulation and prolonged desensitization. Downregulation of the variant requires β-arrestin2 targeting to the TGN but is independent of GPCR kinases. The single amino acid substitution in the variant biases the receptor to promote GIP-stimulated β-arrestin2 recruitment without receptor phosphorylation, thereby enhancing downregulation.
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47
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Jean-Charles PY, Yu SMW, Abraham D, Kommaddi RP, Mao L, Strachan RT, Zhang ZS, Bowles DE, Brian L, Stiber JA, Jones SN, Koch WJ, Rockman HA, Shenoy SK. Mdm2 regulates cardiac contractility by inhibiting GRK2-mediated desensitization of β-adrenergic receptor signaling. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95998. [PMID: 28878120 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncoprotein Mdm2 is a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and β-arrestin2, thereby regulating β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling and endocytosis. Previous studies showed that cardiac Mdm2 expression is critical for controlling p53-dependent apoptosis during early embryonic development, but the role of Mdm2 in the developed adult heart is unknown. We aimed to identify if Mdm2 affects βAR signaling and cardiac function in adult mice. Using Mdm2/p53-KO mice, which survive for 9-12 months, we identified a critical and potentially novel role for Mdm2 in the adult mouse heart through its regulation of cardiac β1AR signaling. While baseline cardiac function was mostly similar in both Mdm2/p53-KO and wild-type (WT) mice, isoproterenol-induced cardiac contractility in Mdm2/p53-KO was significantly blunted compared with WT mice. Isoproterenol increased cAMP in left ventricles of WT but not of Mdm2/p53-KO mice. Additionally, while basal and forskolin-induced calcium handling in isolated Mdm2/p53-KO and WT cardiomyocytes were equivalent, isoproterenol-induced calcium handling in Mdm2/p53-KO was impaired. Mdm2/p53-KO hearts expressed 2-fold more GRK2 than WT. GRK2 polyubiquitination via lysine-48 linkages was significantly reduced in Mdm2/p53-KO hearts. Tamoxifen-inducible cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Mdm2 in adult mice also led to a significant increase in GRK2, and resulted in severely impaired cardiac function, high mortality, and no detectable βAR responsiveness. Gene delivery of either Mdm2 or GRK2-CT in vivo using adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) effectively rescued β1AR-induced cardiac contractility in Mdm2/p53-KO. These findings reveal a critical p53-independent physiological role of Mdm2 in adult hearts, namely, regulation of GRK2-mediated desensitization of βAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lan Mao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
| | | | | | - Dawn E Bowles
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Brian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
| | | | - Stephen N Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Department of Cell Biology, and.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Department of Cell Biology, and
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48
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Deubiquitylating enzymes in receptor endocytosis and trafficking. Biochem J 2017; 473:4507-4525. [PMID: 27941029 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, our knowledge of the roles ubiquitin plays in multiple cellular processes has expanded exponentially, with one example being the role of ubiquitin in receptor endocytosis and trafficking. This has prompted a multitude of studies examining how the different machinery involved in the addition and removal of ubiquitin can influence this process. Multiple deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) have been implicated either in facilitating receptor endocytosis and lysosomal degradation or in rescuing receptor levels by preventing endocytosis and/or promoting recycling to the plasma membrane. In this review, we will discuss in detail what is currently known about the role of DUBs in regulating the endocytosis of various transmembrane receptors and ion channels. We will also expand upon the role DUBs play in receptor sorting at the multivesicular body to determine whether a receptor is recycled or trafficked to the lysosome for degradation. Finally, we will briefly discuss how the DUBs implicated in these processes may contribute to the pathogenesis of a range of diseases, and thus the potential these have as therapeutic targets.
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49
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Scheerer P, Sommer ME. Structural mechanism of arrestin activation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 45:160-169. [PMID: 28600951 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The large and multifunctional family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by a small family of structurally conserved arrestin proteins. In order to bind an active GPCR, arrestin must first be activated by interaction with the phosphorylated receptor C-terminus. Recent years have witnessed major developments in high-resolution crystal structures of pre-active arrestins and arrestin or arrestin-derived peptides in complex with an active GPCR. Although each structure individually offers only a limited snapshot, taken together and interpreted in light of recent complementary functional data, they offer valuable insight into how arrestin is activated by and couples to a phosphorylated active GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scheerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Group Protein X-ray Crystallography & Signal Transduction, Germany.
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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50
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Yamane A, Kohno H, Ikeda T, Kaneko K, Ugajin A, Fujita T, Kunieda T, Kubo T. Gene expression and immunohistochemical analyses of mKast suggest its late pupal and adult-specific functions in the honeybee brain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176809. [PMID: 28472083 PMCID: PMC5417555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In insect brains, the mushroom bodies (MBs, a higher center) comprise intrinsic neurons, termed Kenyon cells (KCs). We previously showed that the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) MBs comprise four types of KCs, in addition to the previously known three types of KCs: class I large-type KCs (lKCs), class I small-type KCs (sKCs) and class II KCs, novel class I 'middle-type' KCs (mKCs), which are characterized by the preferential expression of a gene, termed mKast. Although mKast was originally discovered during the search for genes whose expression is enriched in the optic lobes (OLs) in the worker brain, subsequent analysis revealed that the gene is expressed in an mKC-preferential manner in the MBs. To gain more insights into the function of mKast in the honeybee brain, we here performed expression analysis of mKast and immunohistochemistry of the mKast protein. Prominent mKast expression was first detected in the brain after the P7 pupal stage. In addition, mKast was expressed almost selectively in the brain, suggesting its late pupal and adult specific functions in the brain. Immunohistochemistry revealed that mKast-like immunoreactivity is detected in several regions in the worker brain: inside and around the MB calyces, at the outer edges of the OL lobula, at the outer surface of and posterior to the antennal lobes (ALs), along the dorsal midline of the anterior brain and at the outer surface of the subesophageal ganglions (SOG). mKast-like immunoreactivities in the MBs, OLs, ALs and SOG were due to the corresponding neurons, while mKast-like immunoreactivities beneath/between the MB calyces were assumed to most likely correspond to the lateral/medial neurosecretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Yamane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kohno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubomi Ikeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Kaneko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ugajin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kubo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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