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Deng X, Ye Z, Duan J, Chen F, Zhi Y, Huang M, Huang M, Cheng W, Dou Y, Kuang Z, Huang Y, Bian G, Deng Z, Liu T, Lu L. Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of (+)-nootkatone biosynthesis from Alpinia oxyphylla. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:779-792. [PMID: 37933426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
(+)-Nootkatone is a natural sesquiterpene ketone widely used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. It is also regarded as one of the most valuable terpenes used commercially. However, plants contain trace amounts of (+)-nootkatone, and extraction from plants is insufficient to meet market demand. Alpinia oxyphylla is a well-known medicinal plant in China, and (+)-nootkatone is one of the main components within the fruits. By transcriptome mining and functional screening using a precursor-providing yeast chassis, the complete (+)-nootkatone biosynthetic pathway in Alpinia oxyphylla was identified. A (+)-valencene synthase (AoVS) was identified as a novel monocot-derived valencene synthase; three (+)-valencene oxidases AoCYP6 (CYP71BB2), AoCYP9 (CYP71CX8), and AoCYP18 (CYP701A170) were identified by constructing a valencene-providing yeast strain. With further characterisation of a cytochrome P450 reductase (AoCPR1) and three dehydrogenases (AoSDR1/2/3), we successfully reconstructed the (+)-nootkatone biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, representing a basis for its biotechnological production. Identifying the biosynthetic pathway of (+)-nootkatone in A. oxyphylla unravelled the molecular mechanism underlying its formation in planta and also supported the bioengineering production of (+)-nootkatone. The highly efficient yeast chassis screening method could be used to elucidate the complete biosynthetic pathway of other valuable plant natural products in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding/Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Ziling Ye
- Wuhan Hesheng Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Man Huang
- Wuhan Hesheng Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Minjian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Weijia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yujie Dou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaolin Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yanglei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Guangkai Bian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Hesheng Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Wuhan University of Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
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Olmedo P, Vidal J, Ponce E, Defilippi BG, Pérez-Donoso AG, Meneses C, Carpentier S, Pedreschi R, Campos-Vargas R. Proteomic and Low-Polar Metabolite Profiling Reveal Unique Dynamics in Fatty Acid Metabolism during Flower and Berry Development of Table Grapes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15360. [PMID: 37895040 PMCID: PMC10607693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Grapevine development and ripening are complex processes that involve several biochemical pathways, including fatty acid and lipid metabolism. Fatty acids are essential components of lipids, which play crucial roles in fruit maturation and flavor development. However, the dynamics of fatty acid metabolism in grape flowers and berries are poorly understood. In this study, we present those dynamics and investigate the mechanisms of fatty acid homeostasis on 'Thompson Seedless' berries using metabolomic and proteomic analyses. Low-polar metabolite profiling indicated a higher abundance of fatty acids at the pre-flowering and pre-veraison stages. Proteomic analyses revealed that grape flowers and berries display unique profiles of proteins involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, triacylglycerol assembly, fatty acid β-oxidation, and lipid signaling. These findings show, for the first time, that fatty acid metabolism also plays an important role in the development of non-oil-rich tissues, opening new perspectives about lipid function and its relation to berry quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Olmedo
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (P.O.); (J.V.); (E.P.)
| | - Juan Vidal
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (P.O.); (J.V.); (E.P.)
| | - Excequel Ponce
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (P.O.); (J.V.); (E.P.)
| | - Bruno G. Defilippi
- Unidad de Postcosecha, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) La Platina, Santiago 8831314, Chile;
| | - Alonso G. Pérez-Donoso
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (A.G.P.-D.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (A.G.P.-D.); (C.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Facility for Systems Biology Based Mass Spectrometry SYBIOMA, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Bioversity International, Biodiversity for Food & Agriculture, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (P.O.); (J.V.); (E.P.)
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile;
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Bosman RN, Lashbrooke JG. Grapevine mono- and sesquiterpenes: Genetics, metabolism, and ecophysiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1111392. [PMID: 36818850 PMCID: PMC9936147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and sesquiterpenes are volatile organic compounds which play crucial roles in human perception of table grape and wine flavour and aroma, and as such their biosynthesis has received significant attention. Here, the biosynthesis of mono- and sesquiterpenes in grapevine is reviewed, with a specific focus on the metabolic pathways which lead to formation of these compounds, and the characterised genetic variation underlying modulation of this metabolism. The bottlenecks for terpene precursor formation in the cytosol and plastid are understood to be the HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) and 1-deoxy-D-xylylose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) enzymes, respectively, and lead to the formation of prenyldiphosphate precursors. The functional plasticity of the terpene synthase enzymes which act on the prenyldiphosphate precursors allows for the massive variation in observed terpene product accumulation. This diversity is further enhanced in grapevine by significant duplication of genes coding for structurally diverse terpene synthases. Relatively minor nucleotide variations are sufficient to influence both product and substrate specificity of terpene synthase genes, with these variations impacting cultivar-specific aroma profiles. While the importance of these compounds in terms of grape quality is well documented, they also play several interesting roles in the grapevine's ecophysiological interaction with its environment. Mono- and sesquiterpenes are involved in attraction of pollinators, agents of seed dispersal and herbivores, defence against fungal infection, promotion of mutualistic rhizobacteria interaction, and are elevated in conditions of high light radiation. The ever-increasing grapevine genome sequence data will potentially allow for future breeders and biotechnologists to tailor the aroma profiles of novel grapevine cultivars through exploitation of the significant genetic variation observed in terpene synthase genes.
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Demurtas OC, Nicolia A, Diretto G. Terpenoid Transport in Plants: How Far from the Final Picture? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:634. [PMID: 36771716 PMCID: PMC9919377 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the biosynthetic pathways of many terpenoids, which are well characterized and elucidated, their transport inside subcellular compartments and the secretion of reaction intermediates and final products at the short- (cell-to-cell), medium- (tissue-to-tissue), and long-distance (organ-to-organ) levels are still poorly understood, with some limited exceptions. In this review, we aim to describe the state of the art of the transport of several terpene classes that have important physiological and ecological roles or that represent high-value bioactive molecules. Among the tens of thousands of terpenoids identified in the plant kingdom, only less than 20 have been characterized from the point of view of their transport and localization. Most terpenoids are secreted in the apoplast or stored in the vacuoles by the action of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. However, little information is available regarding the movement of terpenoid biosynthetic intermediates from plastids and the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Through a description of the transport mechanisms of cytosol- or plastid-synthesized terpenes, we attempt to provide some hypotheses, suggestions, and general schemes about the trafficking of different substrates, intermediates, and final products, which might help develop novel strategies and approaches to allow for the future identification of terpenoid transporters that are still uncharacterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Costantina Demurtas
- Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, ENEA—Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nicolia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, ENEA—Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, 00123 Rome, Italy
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VanderWeide J, Harris C, Zandberg WF, Castellarin SD. Understanding the Sensitivity of Grape Terpenes to Jasmonates Using In Vitro Culture and In Vivo Vineyard Experiments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3141-3151. [PMID: 36602277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Terpene volatiles define the flavor of terpenic grape cultivars. However, grape terpene concentrations can vary 2- to 3-fold across seasons and vineyards, impacting vintage quality. The plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) stimulates grape terpene production but is expensive and can decrease berry weight and maturity. The synthetic jasmonate prohydrojasmon (PDJ) is cost-effective yet has not been evaluated on grape maturity and terpene production. Here, we performed in vitro (berry culture) and in vivo (vineyard) experiments using Gewürztraminer (Vitis vinifera L.) to evaluate the time- and concentration-dependent sensitivity of maturity parameters and terpene content to MeJA and PDJ. In vitro berry weight was reduced by high MeJA and PDJ concentration across timings. Terpenes were most sensitive to low MeJA concentration at veraison (increased 24-fold) in vitro. Moderate PDJ concentration applied at veraison doubled (increased twofold) terpene concentration in vivo without impacting berry weight or maturity. In conclusion, PDJ may provide a solution to mitigate seasonal variability in terpene production in terpenic grape cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua VanderWeide
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chelsea Harris
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- Wine Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BCV1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z4, Canada
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Yan Y, Li M, Zhang X, Kong W, Bendahmane M, Bao M, Fu X. Tissue-Specific Expression of the Terpene Synthase Family Genes in Rosa chinensis and Effect of Abiotic Stress Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030547. [PMID: 35328100 PMCID: PMC8950262 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rose (Rosa chinensis) is one of the most famous ornamental plants worldwide, with a variety of colors and fragrances. Terpene synthases (TPSs) play critical roles in the biosynthesis of terpenes. In this work, we report a comprehensive study on the genome-wide identification and characterization of the TPS family in R. chinensis. We identified 49 TPS genes in the R. chinensis genome, and they were grouped into five subfamilies (TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-g and TPS-e/f). Phylogenetics, gene structure and conserved motif analyses indicated that the RcTPS genes possessed relatively conserved gene structures and the RcTPS proteins contained relatively conserved motifs. Multiple putative cis-acting elements involved in the stress response were identified in the promoter region of RcTPS genes, suggesting that some could be regulated by stress. The expression profile of RcTPS genes showed that they were predominantly expressed in the petals of open flowers, pistils, leaves and roots. Under osmotic and heat stresses, the expression of most RcTPS genes was upregulated. These data provide a useful foundation for deciphering the functional roles of RcTPS genes during plant growth as well as addressing the link between terpene biosynthesis and abiotic stress responses in roses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Mouliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Xiaoni Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.Z.); (W.K.)
| | - Weilong Kong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.Z.); (W.K.)
| | - Mohammed Bendahmane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Development des Plantes, Ecole Normale Supérieure Lyon, 520074 Lyon, France;
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Xiaopeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-159-2625-8658; Fax: +86-027-8728-2010
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Lazazzara V, Avesani S, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M, Pertot I, Schuhmacher R, Perazzolli M. Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the grapevine response to pathogens, beneficial microorganisms, resistance inducers, and abiotic factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:529-554. [PMID: 34409450 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants is triggered in response to external stimuli, and these compounds can migrate to distal tissues and neighbouring receivers. Although grapevine VOCs responsible for wine aroma and plant-insect communications are well characterized, functional properties of VOCs produced in response to phytopathogens, beneficial microorganisms, resistance inducers, and abiotic factors have been less studied. In this review, we focused on the emission patterns and potential biological functions of VOCs produced by grapevines in response to stimuli. Specific grapevine VOCs are emitted in response to the exogenous stimulus, suggesting their precise involvement in plant defence response. VOCs with inhibitory activities against pathogens and responsible for plant resistance induction are reported, and some of them can also be used as biomarkers of grapevine resistance. Likewise, VOCs produced in response to beneficial microorganisms and environmental factors are possible mediators of grapevine-microbe communications and abiotic stress tolerance. Although further functional studies may improve our knowledge, the existing literature suggests that VOCs have an underestimated potential application as pathogen inhibitors, resistance inducers against biotic or abiotic stresses, signalling molecules, membrane stabilizers, and modulators of reactive oxygen species. VOC patterns could also be used to screen for resistant traits or to monitor the plant physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lazazzara
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Sara Avesani
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Volatilome and Bioaccessible Phenolics Profiles in Lab-Scale Fermented Bee Pollen. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020286. [PMID: 33572637 PMCID: PMC7911640 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bee-collected pollen (BCP) is currently receiving increasing attention as a dietary supplement for humans. In order to increase the accessibility of nutrients for intestinal absorption, several biotechnological solutions have been proposed for BCP processing, with fermentation as one of the most attractive. The present study used an integrated metabolomic approach to investigate how the use of starter cultures may affect the volatilome and the profile of bioaccessible phenolics of fermented BCP. BCP fermented with selected microbial starters (Started-BCP) was compared to spontaneously fermented BCP (Unstarted-BCP) and to unprocessed raw BCP (Raw-BCP). Fermentation significantly increased the amount of volatile compounds (VOC) in both Unstarted- and Started-BCP, as well as modifying the relative proportions among the chemical groups. Volatile free fatty acids were the predominant VOC in Unstarted-BCP. Started-BCP was differentiated by the highest levels of esters and alcohols, although volatile free fatty acids were always prevailing. The profile of the VOC was dependent on the type of fermentation, which was attributable to the selected Apilactobacillus kunkeei and Hanseniaspora uvarum strains used as starters, or to the variety of yeasts and bacteria naturally associated to the BCP. Started-BCP and, to a lesser extent, Unstarted-BCP resulted in increased bioaccessible phenolics, which included microbial derivatives of phenolic acids metabolism.
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Germacrene A-A Central Intermediate in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:17318-17341. [PMID: 32442350 PMCID: PMC7821278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises known sesquiterpenes whose biosyntheses proceed through the intermediate germacrene A. First, the occurrence and biosynthesis of germacrene A in Nature and its peculiar chemistry will be highlighted, followed by a discussion of 6-6 and 5-7 bicyclic compounds and their more complex derivatives. For each compound the absolute configuration, if it is known, and the reasoning for its assignment is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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10
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Booth JK, Yuen MMS, Jancsik S, Madilao LL, Page JE, Bohlmann J. Terpene Synthases and Terpene Variation in Cannabis sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:130-147. [PMID: 32591428 PMCID: PMC7479917 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) resin is the foundation of a multibillion dollar medicinal and recreational plant bioproducts industry. Major components of the cannabis resin are the cannabinoids and terpenes. Variations of cannabis terpene profiles contribute much to the different flavor and fragrance phenotypes that affect consumer preferences. A major problem in the cannabis industry is the lack of proper metabolic characterization of many of the existing cultivars, combined with sometimes incorrect cultivar labeling. We characterized foliar terpene profiles of plants grown from 32 seed sources and found large variation both within and between sets of plants labeled as the same cultivar. We selected five plants representing different cultivars with contrasting terpene profiles for clonal propagation, floral metabolite profiling, and trichome-specific transcriptome sequencing. Sequence analysis of these five cultivars and the reference genome of cv Purple Kush revealed a total of 33 different cannabis terpene synthase (CsTPS) genes, as well as variations of the CsTPS gene family and differential expression of terpenoid and cannabinoid pathway genes between cultivars. Our annotation of the cv Purple Kush reference genome identified 19 complete CsTPS gene models, and tandem arrays of isoprenoid and cannabinoid biosynthetic genes. An updated phylogeny of the CsTPS gene family showed three cannabis-specific clades, including a clade of sesquiterpene synthases within the TPS-b subfamily that typically contains mostly monoterpene synthases. The CsTPSs described and functionally characterized here include 13 that had not been previously characterized and that collectively explain a diverse range of cannabis terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Booth
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Macaire M S Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Sharon Jancsik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Lufiani L Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jonathan E Page
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Aurora Cannabis, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 3J5
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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11
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Duan Q, Bonn B, Kreuzwieser J. Terpenoids are transported in the xylem sap of Norway spruce. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1766-1778. [PMID: 32266975 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce is a conifer storing large amounts of terpenoids in resin ducts of various tissues. Parts of the terpenoids stored in needles can be emitted together with de novo synthesized terpenoids. Since previous studies provided hints on xylem transported terpenoids as a third emission source, we tested if terpenoids are transported in xylem sap of Norway spruce. We further aimed at understanding if they might contribute to terpenoid emission from needles. We determined terpenoid content and composition in xylem sap, needles, bark, wood and roots of field grown trees, as well as terpenoid emissions from needles. We found considerable amounts of terpenoids-mainly oxygenated compounds-in xylem sap. The terpenoid concentration in xylem sap was relatively low compared with the content in other tissues, where terpenoids are stored in resin ducts. Importantly, the terpenoid composition in the xylem sap greatly differed from the composition in wood, bark or roots, suggesting that an internal transport of terpenoids takes place at the sites of xylem loading. Four terpenoids were identified in xylem sap and emissions, but not within needle tissue, suggesting that these compounds are likely derived from xylem sap. Our work gives hints that plant internal transport of terpenoids exists within conifers; studies on their functions should be a focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiao Duan
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Boris Bonn
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Smit SJ, Vivier MA, Young PR. Comparative (Within Species) Genomics of the Vitis vinifera L. Terpene Synthase Family to Explore the Impact of Genotypic Variation Using Phased Diploid Genomes. Front Genet 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32431727 PMCID: PMC7216305 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vitis vinifera L. terpene synthase (VviTPS) family was comprehensively annotated on the phased diploid genomes of three closely related cultivars: Cabernet Sauvignon, Carménère and Chardonnay. VviTPS gene regions were grouped to chromosomes, with the haplotig assemblies used to identify allelic variants. Functional predictions of the VviTPS subfamilies were performed using enzyme active site phylogenies resulting in the putative identification of the initial substrate and cyclization mechanism of VviTPS enzymes. Subsequent groupings into conserved catalytic mechanisms was coupled with an analysis of cultivar-specific gene duplications, resulting in the identification of conserved and unique VviTPS clusters. These findings are presented as a collection of interactive networks where any VviTPS of interest can be queried through BLAST, allowing for a rapid identification of VviTPS-subfamily, enzyme mechanism and degree of connectivity (i.e., extent of duplication). The comparative genomic analyses presented expands our understanding of the VviTPS family and provides numerous new gene models from three diploid genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Richard Young
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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13
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Duhamel N, Larcher R, Guella G, Pilkington LI, Fedrizzi B, Barker D. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Spirocyclic Ring System of the Sesquiterpene Spirolepechinene. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Duhamel
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Roberto Larcher
- FEM-IASMA Fondazione Edmund MachIstituto Agrario di San Michele all'Adige via E. Mach 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Trento Via Sommarive, 14 38123 Povo, TN Italy
| | - Lisa I. Pilkington
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Bruno Fedrizzi
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wellington 6140 New Zealand
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14
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Minio A, Massonnet M, Figueroa-Balderas R, Vondras AM, Blanco-Ulate B, Cantu D. Iso-Seq Allows Genome-Independent Transcriptome Profiling of Grape Berry Development. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:755-767. [PMID: 30642874 PMCID: PMC6404599 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.201008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics has been widely applied to study grape berry development. With few exceptions, transcriptomic studies in grape are performed using the available genome sequence, PN40024, as reference. However, differences in gene content among grape accessions, which contribute to phenotypic differences among cultivars, suggest that a single reference genome does not represent the species' entire gene space. Though whole genome assembly and annotation can reveal the relatively unique or "private" gene space of any particular cultivar, transcriptome reconstruction is a more rapid, less costly, and less computationally intensive strategy to accomplish the same goal. In this study, we used single molecule-real time sequencing (SMRT) to sequence full-length cDNA (Iso-Seq) and reconstruct the transcriptome of Cabernet Sauvignon berries during berry ripening. In addition, short reads from ripening berries were used to error-correct low-expression isoforms and to profile isoform expression. By comparing the annotated gene space of Cabernet Sauvignon to other grape cultivars, we demonstrate that the transcriptome reference built with Iso-Seq data represents most of the expressed genes in the grape berries and includes 1,501 cultivar-specific genes. Iso-Seq produced transcriptome profiles similar to those obtained after mapping on a complete genome reference. Together, these results justify the application of Iso-Seq to identify cultivar-specific genes and build a comprehensive reference for transcriptional profiling that circumvents the necessity of a genome reference with its associated costs and computational weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Minio
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mélanie Massonnet
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Amanda M Vondras
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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15
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Smit SJ, Vivier MA, Young PR. Linking Terpene Synthases to Sesquiterpene Metabolism in Grapevine Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:177. [PMID: 30846994 PMCID: PMC6393351 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) terpene synthases (VviTPS) are responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenic volatiles. Volatile profiling of nine commercial wine cultivars showed unique cultivar-specific variation in volatile terpenes emitted from grapevine flowers. The flower chemotypes of three divergent cultivars, Muscat of Alexandria, Sauvignon Blanc and Shiraz were subsequently investigated at two flower developmental stages (EL-18 and -26). The cultivars displayed unique flower sesquiterpene compositions that changed during flower organogenesis and the profiles were dominated by either (E)-β-farnesene, (E,E)-α-farnesene or (+)-valencene. In silico remapping of microarray probes to VviTPS gene models allowed for a meta-analysis of VviTPS expression patterns in the grape gene atlas to identify genes that could regulate terpene biosynthesis in flowers. Selected sesquiterpene synthase genes were isolated and functionally characterized in three cultivars. Genotypic differences that could be linked to the function of a targeted gene model resulted in the isolation of a novel and cultivar-specific single product sesquiterpene synthase from Muscat of Alexandria flowers (VvivMATPS10), synthesizing (E)-β-farnesene as its major volatile. Furthermore, we identified structural variations (SNPs, InDels and splice variations) in the characterized VviTPS genes that potentially impact enzyme function and/or volatile sesquiterpene production in a cultivar-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Richard Young
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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16
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Dueholm B, Drew DP, Sweetman C, Simonsen HT. In planta and in silico characterization of five sesquiterpene synthases from Vitis vinifera (cv. Shiraz) berries. PLANTA 2019; 249:59-70. [PMID: 30136197 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Five Vitis vinifera sesquiterpene synthases were characterized, two was previously uncharacterized, one being a caryophyllene/cubebene synthase and the other a cadinene synthase. Residue differences with other Vitis sesquiterpene synthases are described. The biochemical composition of grape berries at harvest can have a profound effect on the varietal character of the wine produced. Sesquiterpenes are an important class of volatile compounds produced in grapes that contribute to the flavor and aroma of wine, making the elucidation of their biosynthetic origin an important field of research. Five cDNAs corresponding to sesquiterpene synthase genes (TPSs) were isolated from Shiraz berries and expressed in planta in Nicotiana benthamiana followed by chemical characterization by GC-MS. Three of the TPS cDNAs were isolated from immature berries and two were isolated from ripe Shiraz berries. Two of the investigated enzymes, TPS26 and TPS27, have been previously investigated by expression in E. coli, and the in planta products generally correspond to these previous studies. The enzyme TPS07 differed by eight amino acids (none of which are in the active site) from germacrene B and D synthase isolated from Gewürztraminer grapes and characterized in vitro. Here in planta characterization of VvShirazTPS07 yielded ylangene, germacrene D and several minor products. Two of the enzymes isolated from immature berries were previously uncharacterized enzymes. VvShirazTPS-Y1 produced cadinene as a major product and at least 17 minor sesquiterpenoid skeletons. The second, VvShirazTPS-Y2, was characterized as a caryophyllene/cubebene synthase, a combination of products not previously reported from a single enzyme. Using in silico methods, we identified residues that could play key roles regarding differences in product formation of these enzymes. The first ring closure that is either a 1,10- or 1,11-ring closure is likely controlled by three neighboring amino acids in helices G1, H2, and J. As for many other investigated TPS enzymes, we also observe that only a few residues can account for radical changes in product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Dueholm
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Damian P Drew
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
- Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Henrik T Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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Ilc T, Arista G, Tavares R, Navrot N, Duchêne E, Velt A, Choulet F, Paux E, Fischer M, Nelson DR, Hugueney P, Werck-Reichhart D, Rustenholz C. Annotation, classification, genomic organization and expression of the Vitis vinifera CYPome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199902. [PMID: 29953551 PMCID: PMC6023221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are enzymes that participate in a wide range of functions in plants, from hormonal signaling and biosynthesis of structural polymers, to defense or communication with other organisms. They represent one of the largest gene/protein families in the plant kingdom. The manual annotation of cytochrome P450 genes in the genome of Vitis vinifera PN40024 revealed 579 P450 sequences, including 279 complete genes. Most of the P450 sequences in grapevine genome are organized in physical clusters, resulting from tandem or segmental duplications. Although most of these clusters are small (2 to 35, median = 3), some P450 families, such as CYP76 and CYP82, underwent multiple duplications and form large clusters of homologous sequences. Analysis of gene expression revealed highly specific expression patterns, which are often the same within the genes in large physical clusters. Some of these genes are induced upon biotic stress, which points to their role in plant defense, whereas others are specifically activated during grape berry ripening and might be responsible for the production of berry-specific metabolites, such as aroma compounds. Our work provides an exhaustive and robust annotation including clear identification, structural organization, evolutionary dynamics and expression patterns for the grapevine cytochrome P450 families, paving the way to efficient functional characterization of genes involved in grapevine defense pathways and aroma biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ilc
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gautier Arista
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Colmar, France
| | - Raquel Tavares
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Navrot
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Duchêne
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Colmar, France
| | - Amandine Velt
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Colmar, France
| | - Frédéric Choulet
- Laboratoire Structure et Evolution du Génome du Blé, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Paux
- Laboratoire Structure et Evolution du Génome du Blé, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Fischer
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Colmar, France
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Rustenholz
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Colmar, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Duhamel N, Slaghenaufi D, Pilkington LI, Herbst-Johnstone M, Larcher R, Barker D, Fedrizzi B. Facile gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry stable isotope dilution method for the quantification of sesquiterpenes in grape. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1537:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Dalla Costa L, Emanuelli F, Trenti M, Moreno-Sanz P, Lorenzi S, Coller E, Moser S, Slaghenaufi D, Cestaro A, Larcher R, Gribaudo I, Costantini L, Malnoy M, Grando MS. Induction of Terpene Biosynthesis in Berries of Microvine Transformed with VvDXS1 Alleles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2244. [PMID: 29387072 PMCID: PMC5776104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, especially monoterpenes, are major aroma-impact compounds in grape and wine. Previous studies highlighted a key regulatory role for grapevine 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1 (VvDXS1), the first enzyme of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Here, the parallel analysis of VvDXS1 genotype and terpene concentration in a germplasm collection demonstrated that VvDXS1 sequence has a very high predictive value for the accumulation of monoterpenes and also has an influence on sesquiterpene levels. A metabolic engineering approach was applied by expressing distinct VvDXS1 alleles in the grapevine model system "microvine" and assessing the effects on downstream pathways at transcriptional and metabolic level in different organs and fruit developmental stages. The underlying goal was to investigate two potential perturbation mechanisms, the former based on a significant over-expression of the wild-type (neutral) VvDXS1 allele and the latter on the ex-novo expression of an enzyme with increased catalytic efficiency from the mutated (muscat) VvDXS1 allele. The integration of the two VvDXS1 alleles in distinct microvine lines was found to alter the expression of several terpenoid biosynthetic genes, as assayed through an ad hoc developed TaqMan array based on cDNA libraries of four aromatic cultivars. In particular, enhanced transcription of monoterpene, sesquiterpene and carotenoid pathway genes was observed. The accumulation of monoterpenes in ripe berries was higher in the transformed microvines compared to control plants. This effect is predominantly attributed to the improved activity of the VvDXS1 enzyme coded by the muscat allele, whereas the up-regulation of VvDXS1 plays a secondary role in the increase of monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Francesco Emanuelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Trenti
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paula Moreno-Sanz
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Silvia Lorenzi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Emanuela Coller
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Computational Biology Platform, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Sergio Moser
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Davide Slaghenaufi
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Computational Biology Platform, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ivana Gribaudo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection—CNR, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Laura Costantini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - M. Stella Grando
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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20
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Sahu KK, Chattopadhyay D. Genome-wide sequence variations between wild and cultivated tomato species revisited by whole genome sequence mapping. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:430. [PMID: 28576139 PMCID: PMC5455116 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second most important vegetable crop after potato and a member of thirteen interfertile species of Solanum genus. Domestication and continuous selection for desirable traits made cultivated tomato species susceptible to many stresses as compared to the wild species. In this study, we analyzed and compared the genomes of wild and cultivated tomato accessions to identify the genomic regions that encountered changes during domestication. Results Analysis was based on SNP and InDel mining of twentynine accessions of twelve wild tomato species and forty accessions of cultivated tomato. Percentage of common SNPs among the accessions within a species corresponded with the reproductive behavior of the species. SNP profiles of the wild tomato species within a phylogenetic subsection varied with their geographical distribution. Interestingly, the ratio of genic SNP to total SNPs increased with phylogenetic distance of the wild tomato species from the domesticated species, suggesting that variations in gene-coding region play a major role in speciation. We retrieved 2439 physical positions in 1594 genes including 32 resistance related genes where all the wild accessions possessed a common wild variant allele different from all the cultivated accessions studied. Tajima’s D analysis predicted a very strong purifying selection associated with domestication in nearly 1% of its genome, half of which is contributed by chromosome 11. This genomic region with a low Tajima’s D value hosts a variety of genes associated with important agronomic trait such as, fruit size, tiller number and wax deposition. Conclusion Our analysis revealed a broad-spectrum genetic base in wild tomato species and erosion of that in cultivated tomato due to recurrent selection for agronomically important traits. Identification of the common wild variant alleles and the genomic regions undergoing purifying selection during cultivation would facilitate future breeding program by introgression from wild species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3822-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Kumar Sahu
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Debasis Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Giacomuzzi V, Cappellin L, Nones S, Khomenko I, Biasioli F, Knight AL, Angeli S. Diel rhythms in the volatile emission of apple and grape foliage. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 138:104-115. [PMID: 28291597 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the diel emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from intact apple (Malus x domestica Borkh., cv. Golden Delicious) and grape (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Pinot Noir) foliage. Volatiles were monitored continuously for 48 h by proton transfer reaction - time of flight - mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). In addition, volatiles were collected by closed-loop-stripping-analysis (CLSA) and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after 1 h and again 24 and 48 h later. Fourteen and ten volatiles were characterized by GC-MS in apple and grape, respectively. The majority of these were terpenes, followed by green leaf volatiles, and aromatic compounds. The PTR-ToF-MS identified 10 additional compounds and established their diel emission rhythms. The most abundant volatiles displaying a diel rhythm included methanol and dimethyl sulfide in both plants, acetone in grape, and mono-, homo- and sesquiterpenes in apple. The majority of volatiles were released from both plants during the photophase; whereas methanol, CO2, methyl-butenol and benzeneacetaldehyde were released at significantly higher levels during the scotophase. Acetaldehyde, ethanol, and some green leaf volatiles showed distinct emission bursts in both plants following the daily light switch-off. These new results obtained with a combined analytical approach broaden our understanding of the rhythms of constitutive volatile release from two important horticultural crops. In particular, diel emission of sulfur and nitrogen-containing volatiles are reported here for the first time in these two crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Giacomuzzi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, 02138 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefano Nones
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alan L Knight
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, 98951 Wapato, Washington, USA
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
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Duhamel N, Martin D, Larcher R, Fedrizzi B, Barker D. Convenient synthesis of deuterium labelled sesquiterpenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Zito P, Scrima A, Sajeva M, Carimi F, Dötterl S. Dimorphism in inflorescence scent of dioecious wild grapevine. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Takase H, Sasaki K, Shinmori H, Shinohara A, Mochizuki C, Kobayashi H, Ikoma G, Saito H, Matsuo H, Suzuki S, Takata R. Cytochrome P450 CYP71BE5 in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) catalyzes the formation of the spicy aroma compound (-)-rotundone. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:787-98. [PMID: 26590863 PMCID: PMC4737078 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Rotundone is a potent odorant molecule with a characteristic spicy aroma existing in various plants including grapevines (Vitis vinifera). It is considered to be a significant compound in wines and grapes because of its low sensory threshold and aroma properties. (-)-Rotundone was first identified in red wine made from the grape cultivar Syrah and here we report the identification of VvSTO2 as a α-guaiene 2-oxidase which can transform α-guaiene to (-)-rotundone in the grape cultivar Syrah. It is a cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme belonging to the CYP 71BE subfamily, which overlaps with the very large CYP71D family and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first functional characterization of an enzyme from this family. VvSTO2 was expressed at a higher level in the Syrah grape exocarp (skin) in accord with the localization of (-)-rotundone accumulation in grape berries. α-Guaiene was also detected in the Syrah grape exocarp at an extremely high concentration. These findings suggest that (-)-rotundone accumulation is regulated by the VvSTO2 expression along with the availability of α-guaiene as a precursor. VvSTO2 expression during grape maturation was considerably higher in Syrah grape exocarp compared to Merlot grape exocarp, consistent with the patterns of α-guaiene and (-)-rotundone accumulation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that VvSTO2 may be a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of (-)-rotundone in grapevines by acting as a α-guaiene 2-oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takase
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kitashin, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Kanako Sasaki
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shinmori
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mochizuki
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Château Mercian, 1425-1 Shimoiwasaki, Katsunuma, Koshu, Yamanashi 409-1313, Japan
| | - Gen Ikoma
- The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kitashin, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Château Mercian, 1425-1 Shimoiwasaki, Katsunuma, Koshu, Yamanashi 409-1313, Japan
| | - Hironori Matsuo
- Château Mercian, 1425-1 Shimoiwasaki, Katsunuma, Koshu, Yamanashi 409-1313, Japan
| | - Shunji Suzuki
- The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kitashin, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Ryoji Takata
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan
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25
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Drew DP, Andersen TB, Sweetman C, Møller BL, Ford C, Simonsen HT. Two key polymorphisms in a newly discovered allele of the Vitis vinifera TPS24 gene are responsible for the production of the rotundone precursor α-guaiene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:799-808. [PMID: 26590310 PMCID: PMC4737073 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rotundone was initially identified as a grape-derived compound responsible for the peppery aroma of Shiraz wine varieties. It has subsequently been found in black and white pepper and several other spices. Because of its potent aroma, the molecular basis for rotundone formation is of particular relevance to grape and wine scientists and industry. We have identified and functionally characterized in planta a sesquiterpene synthase, VvGuaS, from developing grape berries, and have demonstrated that it produces the precursor of rotundone, α-guaiene, as its main product. The VvGuaS enzyme is a novel allele of the sesquiterpene synthase gene, VvTPS24, which has previously been reported to encode VvPNSeInt, an enzyme that produces a variety of selinene-type sesquiterpenes. This newly discovered VvTPS24 allele encodes an enzyme 99.5% identical to VvPNSeInt, with the differences comprising just 6 out of the 561 amino acid residues. Molecular modelling of the enzymes revealed that two of these residues, T414 and V530, are located in the active site of VvGuaS within 4 Å of the binding-site of the substrate, farnesyl pyrophosphate. Mutation of these two residues of VvGuaS into the corresponding polymorphisms in VvPNSeInt results in a complete functional conversion of one enzyme into the other, while mutation of each residue individually produces an intermediate change in the product profile. We have therefore demonstrated that VvGuaS, an enzyme responsible for production of the rotundone precursor, α-guaiene, is encoded by a novel allele of the previously characterized grapevine gene VvTPS24 and that two specific polymorphisms are responsible for functional differences between VvTPS24 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Paul Drew
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae SA 5064, Australia
| | - Trine Bundgaard Andersen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae SA 5064, Australia
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christopher Ford
- Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae SA 5064, Australia
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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26
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Schwab W, Wüst M. Understanding the Constitutive and Induced Biosynthesis of Mono- and Sesquiterpenes in Grapes (Vitis vinifera): A Key to Unlocking the Biochemical Secrets of Unique Grape Aroma Profiles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10591-603. [PMID: 26592256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The present review integrates current knowledge on mono- and sesquiterpenes in grapes with a special focus on biochemical and physiological aspects. Recent research has impressively shown the prominence of terpenoid metabolism in grapevine (Vitis sp). The 69 putatively functional mono- and sesquiterpene synthases that were identified by the analysis of the updated 12-fold sequencing and assembly of the grapevine genome deliver the scaffolds for structural diversity and display a surprising expansion of the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family in grapevine when compared to other plants like Arabidopsis thaliana (32 TPS). While monoterpenes occur as highly functionalized compounds and are stored as their corresponding glycoconjugates in berry tissues, sesquiterpenes are mainly present as unsaturated hydrocarbons and accumulate in the epicuticular wax layer of intact berries. Interestingly, both groups of terpenes appear to be involved as volatile organic compounds in plant defense and their biosynthesis is enhanced via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. These novel aspects will help to understand how environmental cues affect the genes and enzymes of various metabolic pathways of relevant wine aroma compounds with numerous links to enology and wine flavor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München , Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Chair of Bioanalytics/Food Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Endenicher Allee 11-13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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27
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Wedler HB, Pemberton RP, Tantillo DJ. Carbocations and the Complex Flavor and Bouquet of Wine: Mechanistic Aspects of Terpene Biosynthesis in Wine Grapes. Molecules 2015; 20:10781-92. [PMID: 26111168 PMCID: PMC6272345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational chemistry approaches for studying the formation of terpenes/terpenoids in wines are presented, using five particular terpenes/terpenoids (1,8-cineole, α-ylangene, botrydial, rotundone, and the wine lactone), volatile compounds (or their precursors) found in wine and/or wine grapes, as representative examples. Through these examples, we show how modern computational quantum chemistry can be employed as an effective tool for assessing the validity of proposed mechanisms for terpene/terpenoid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B Wedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ryan P Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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28
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May B, Lange BM, Wüst M. Biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes in grape berry exocarp of Vitis vinifera L.: evidence for a transport of farnesyl diphosphate precursors from plastids to the cytosol. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 95:135-44. [PMID: 23954075 PMCID: PMC3838315 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The participation of the mevalonic acid (MVA) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (DOXP/MEP) pathways in sesquiterpene biosynthesis of grape berries was investigated. There is an increasing interest in this class of terpenoids, since the oxygenated sesquiterpene rotundone was identified as the peppery aroma impact compound in Australian Shiraz wines. To investigate precursor supply pathway utilization, in vivo feeding experiments were performed with the deuterium labeled, pathway specific, precursors [5,5-(2)H2]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose and [5,5-(2)H2]-mevalonic acid lactone. Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) analysis of the generated volatile metabolites demonstrated that de novo sesquiterpene biosynthesis is mainly located in the grape berry exocarp (skin), with no detectable activity in the mesocarp (flesh) of the Lemberger variety. Interestingly, precursors from both the (primarily) cytosolic MVA and plastidial DOXP/MEP pathways were incorporated into grape sesquiterpenes in the varieties Lemberger, Gewürztraminer and Syrah. Our labeling data provide evidence for a homogenous, cytosolic pool of precursors for sesquiterpene biosynthesis, indicating that a transport of precursors occurs mostly from plastids to the cytosol. The labeling patterns of the sesquiterpene germacrene D were in agreement with a cyclization mechanism analogous to that of a previously cloned enantioselective (R)-germacrene D synthase from Solidago canadensis. This observation was subsequently confirmed by enantioselective GC-MS analysis demonstrating the exclusive presence of (R)-germacrene D, and not the (S)-enantiomer, in grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca May
- University of Bonn, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Matthias Wüst
- University of Bonn, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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29
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Nabity PD, Haus MJ, Berenbaum MR, DeLucia EH. Leaf-galling phylloxera on grapes reprograms host metabolism and morphology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16663-8. [PMID: 24067657 PMCID: PMC3799386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220219110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoparasitism by gall-forming insects dramatically alters the plant phenotype by altering growth patterns and modifying plant organs in ways that appear to directly benefit the gall former. Because these morphological and physiological changes are linked to the presence of the insect, the induced phenotype is said to function as an extension of the parasite, albeit by unknown mechanisms. Here we report the gall-forming aphid-like parasite phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, induces stomata on the adaxial surface of grape leaves where stomata typically do not occur. We characterized the function of the phylloxera-induced stomata by tracing transport of assimilated carbon. Because induction of stomata suggests a significant manipulation of primary metabolism, we also characterized the gall transcriptome to infer the level of global reconfiguration of primary metabolism and the subsequent changes in downstream secondary metabolism. Phylloxera feeding induced stomata formation in proximity to the insect and promoted the assimilation and importation of carbon into the gall. Gene expression related to water, nutrient, and mineral transport; glycolysis; and fermentation increased in leaf-gall tissues. This shift from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic profile occurred concurrently with decreased gene expression for nonmevalonate and terpenoid synthesis and increased gene expression in shikimate and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, secondary metabolite systems that alter defense status in grapes. These functional insect-induced stomata thus comprise part of an extended phenotype, whereby D. vitifoliae globally reprograms grape leaf development to alter patterns of primary metabolism, nutrient mobilization, and defense investment in favor of the galling habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Nabity
- Departments of Plant Biology and
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | | | - May R. Berenbaum
- Entomology, and
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Evan H. DeLucia
- Departments of Plant Biology and
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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30
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Matarese F, Scalabrelli G, D Onofrio C. Analysis of the expression of terpene synthase genes in relation to aroma content in two aromatic Vitis vinifera varieties. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:552-565. [PMID: 32481130 DOI: 10.1071/fp12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) flavour management in the vineyard requires knowledge of the derivation of individual flavour and aroma characteristics. Some of the most prevalent wine grape aroma constituents are terpenoids and this study represents a wide report about grape terpene synthase (TPS) gene transcript profiling in different tissues of two aromatic grapevine varieties, particularly flowers and developing berries, correlated with the accumulation patterns of free aroma compounds. All investigated genes belonging to the TPS-a and TPS-b subfamilies reached the highest expression in accordance with the peak of accumulation of the respective compounds. In the TPS-g subfamily, only one of the genes characterised for linalool synthases showed major transcript abundance in ripening berries, whereas the only geraniol synthase had a peak of expression in green berries and at the beginning of ripening, when geraniol concentration started to increase and overcome the linalool concentration. The genes identified in this study as being mainly responsible for linalool and geraniol synthesis during berry development, and the phenological phases in which they are mostly expressed, should be of interest to viticulturists and wine makers to improve decision making along the chain of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Matarese
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Scalabrelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio D Onofrio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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31
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Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Green SA, Chen X, Bailleul EJ, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Atkinson RG. Functional genomics reveals that a compact terpene synthase gene family can account for terpene volatile production in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:787-804. [PMID: 23256150 PMCID: PMC3561019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are specialized plant metabolites that act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, but they also play an important role in determining the quality of horticultural food products. We show that the genome of cultivated apple (Malus domestica) contains 55 putative terpene synthase (TPS) genes, of which only 10 are predicted to be functional. This low number of predicted functional TPS genes compared with other plant species was supported by the identification of only eight potentially functional TPS enzymes in apple 'Royal Gala' expressed sequence tag databases, including the previously characterized apple (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. In planta functional characterization of these TPS enzymes showed that they could account for the majority of terpene volatiles produced in cv Royal Gala, including the sesquiterpenes germacrene-D and (E)-β-caryophyllene, the monoterpenes linalool and α-pinene, and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Relative expression analysis of the TPS genes indicated that floral and vegetative tissues were the primary sites of terpene production in cv Royal Gala. However, production of cv Royal Gala floral-specific terpenes and TPS genes was observed in the fruit of some heritage apple cultivars. Our results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events. The relatively small number of functional enzymes suggests that the remaining terpenes produced in floral and vegetative and fruit tissues are maintained under a positive selective pressure, while the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiuyin Chen
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Estelle J.D. Bailleul
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Adam J. Matich
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Mindy Y. Wang
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
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32
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Martin DM, Chiang A, Lund ST, Bohlmann J. Biosynthesis of wine aroma: transcript profiles of hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate reductase, geranyl diphosphate synthase, and linalool/nerolidol synthase parallel monoterpenol glycoside accumulation in Gewürztraminer grapes. PLANTA 2012; 236:919-929. [PMID: 22824963 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In developing grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) berries, precursor volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) are largely stored as glycosides which may be hydrolyzed to release VOCs during fruit ripening, wine making, or aging. VOCs can be further transformed by yeast metabolism. Together, these processes contribute to complexity of wine aromas. Floral and citrus odors of many white wine varietals are attributed to monoterpenes and monoterpene alcohols, while phenolic compounds, norisoprenoids, and other volatiles also play important roles in determining aroma. We present an analysis of PVOCs stored as glycosides in developing Gewürztraminer berries during the growing season. We optimized a method for PVOC analysis suitable for small amounts of Muscat grapevine berries and showed that the amount of PVOCs dramatically increased during and after véraison. Transcript profiling of the same berry samples underscored the involvement of terpenoid pathway genes in the accumulation of PVOCs. The onset of monoterpenol PVOC accumulation in developing grapes was correlated with an increase of transcript abundances of early terpenoid pathway enzymes. Transcripts encoding the methylerythritol phosphate pathway gene 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, as well as geraniol diphosphate synthase, were up-regulated preceding and during the increase in monoterpenol PVOCs. Transcripts for linalool/nerolidol synthase increased in later véraison stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Martin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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33
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May B, Wüst M. Temporal development of sesquiterpene hydrocarbon profiles of different grape varieties during ripening. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca May
- University of Bonn; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics; Endenicher Allee 11-13; D-53115; Bonn; Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- University of Bonn; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics; Endenicher Allee 11-13; D-53115; Bonn; Germany
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34
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Abstract
MS has evolved as a critical component in metabolomics, which seeks to answer biological questions through large-scale qualitative and quantitative analyses of the metabolome. MS-based metabolomics techniques offer an excellent combination of sensitivity and selectivity, and they have become an indispensable platform in biology and metabolomics. In this minireview, various MS technologies used in metabolomics are briefly discussed, and future needs are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentian Lei
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
| | - David V. Huhman
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
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35
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Caputi L, Carlin S, Ghiglieno I, Stefanini M, Valenti L, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F. Relationship of changes in rotundone content during grape ripening and winemaking to manipulation of the 'peppery' character of wine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5565-5571. [PMID: 21510710 DOI: 10.1021/jf200786u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene rotundone in Vespolina grapes during berry ripening was investigated over two consecutive seasons, revealing that the compound accumulates from veraison to harvest and reaches relatively high concentrations (up to 5.44 μg/kg). Rotundone levels up to 1.91 μg/kg were also found in clones of Gruener Veltliner, a white grape variety known to give 'peppery' wines. These concentrations are higher than those reported for Syrah grapes and are similar to the levels found in some plants. Rotundone was shown to accumulate almost exclusively in berry exocarp, suggesting that skin contact during winemaking could be used to modulate the peppery character of red wine. However, rotundone yield after the winemaking process was relatively low. Indeed, only 10% of the rotundone present in grapes was extracted during fermentation, and only 6% was recovered in bottled wine. The results presented in this work provide key knowledge for manipulation of the peppery character of wine in order to optimize the intensity of this characteristic wine aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caputi
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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36
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Chen F, Tholl D, Bohlmann J, Pichersky E. The family of terpene synthases in plants: a mid-size family of genes for specialized metabolism that is highly diversified throughout the kingdom. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:212-29. [PMID: 21443633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some plant terpenes such as sterols and carotenes are part of primary metabolism and found essentially in all plants. However, the majority of the terpenes found in plants are classified as 'secondary' compounds, those chemicals whose synthesis has evolved in plants as a result of selection for increased fitness via better adaptation to the local ecological niche of each species. Thousands of such terpenes have been found in the plant kingdom, but each species is capable of synthesizing only a small fraction of this total. In plants, a family of terpene synthases (TPSs) is responsible for the synthesis of the various terpene molecules from two isomeric 5-carbon precursor 'building blocks', leading to 5-carbon isoprene, 10-carbon monoterpenes, 15-carbon sesquiterpenes and 20-carbon diterpenes. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has a single TPS gene, copalyl synthase/kaurene synthase (CPS/KS), encoding a bifunctional enzyme producing ent-kaurene, which is a precursor of gibberellins. The genome of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii contains 18 TPS genes, and the genomes of some model angiosperms and gymnosperms contain 40-152 TPS genes, not all of them functional and most of the functional ones having lost activity in either the CPS- or KS-type domains. TPS genes are generally divided into seven clades, with some plant lineages having a majority of their TPS genes in one or two clades, indicating lineage-specific expansion of specific types of genes. Evolutionary plasticity is evident in the TPS family, with closely related enzymes differing in their product profiles, subcellular localization, or the in planta substrates they use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Martin DM, Aubourg S, Schouwey MB, Daviet L, Schalk M, Toub O, Lund ST, Bohlmann J. Functional annotation, genome organization and phylogeny of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) terpene synthase gene family based on genome assembly, FLcDNA cloning, and enzyme assays. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:226. [PMID: 20964856 PMCID: PMC3017849 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terpenoids are among the most important constituents of grape flavour and wine bouquet, and serve as useful metabolite markers in viticulture and enology. Based on the initial 8-fold sequencing of a nearly homozygous Pinot noir inbred line, 89 putative terpenoid synthase genes (VvTPS) were predicted by in silico analysis of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) genome assembly 1. The finding of this very large VvTPS family, combined with the importance of terpenoid metabolism for the organoleptic properties of grapevine berries and finished wines, prompted a detailed examination of this gene family at the genomic level as well as an investigation into VvTPS biochemical functions. RESULTS We present findings from the analysis of the up-dated 12-fold sequencing and assembly of the grapevine genome that place the number of predicted VvTPS genes at 69 putatively functional VvTPS, 20 partial VvTPS, and 63 VvTPS probable pseudogenes. Gene discovery and annotation included information about gene architecture and chromosomal location. A dense cluster of 45 VvTPS is localized on chromosome 18. Extensive FLcDNA cloning, gene synthesis, and protein expression enabled functional characterization of 39 VvTPS; this is the largest number of functionally characterized TPS for any species reported to date. Of these enzymes, 23 have unique functions and/or phylogenetic locations within the plant TPS gene family. Phylogenetic analyses of the TPS gene family showed that while most VvTPS form species-specific gene clusters, there are several examples of gene orthology with TPS of other plant species, representing perhaps more ancient VvTPS, which have maintained functions independent of speciation. CONCLUSIONS The highly expanded VvTPS gene family underpins the prominence of terpenoid metabolism in grapevine. We provide a detailed experimental functional annotation of 39 members of this important gene family in grapevine and comprehensive information about gene structure and phylogeny for the entire currently known VvTPS gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Martin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV) UMR INRA 1165 - Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | | | - Laurent Daviet
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Michel Schalk
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Omid Toub
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven T Lund
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Huang M, Abel C, Sohrabi R, Petri J, Haupt I, Cosimano J, Gershenzon J, Tholl D. Variation of herbivore-induced volatile terpenes among Arabidopsis ecotypes depends on allelic differences and subcellular targeting of two terpene synthases, TPS02 and TPS03. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1293-310. [PMID: 20463089 PMCID: PMC2899926 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
When attacked by insects, plants release mixtures of volatile compounds that are beneficial for direct or indirect defense. Natural variation of volatile emissions frequently occurs between and within plant species, but knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms is limited. We investigated intraspecific differences of volatile emissions induced from rosette leaves of 27 accessions of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) upon treatment with coronalon, a jasmonate mimic eliciting responses similar to those caused by insect feeding. Quantitative variation was found for the emission of the monoterpene (E)-beta-ocimene, the sesquiterpene (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, the irregular homoterpene 4,8,12-trimethyltridecatetra-1,3,7,11-ene, and the benzenoid compound methyl salicylate. Differences in the relative emissions of (E)-beta-ocimene and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene from accession Wassilewskija (Ws), a high-(E)-beta-ocimene emitter, and accession Columbia (Col-0), a trace-(E)-beta-ocimene emitter, were attributed to allelic variation of two closely related, tandem-duplicated terpene synthase genes, TPS02 and TPS03. The Ws genome contains a functional allele of TPS02 but not of TPS03, while the opposite is the case for Col-0. Recombinant proteins of the functional Ws TPS02 and Col-0 TPS03 genes both showed (E)-beta-ocimene and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene synthase activities. However, differential subcellular compartmentalization of the two enzymes in plastids and the cytosol was found to be responsible for the ecotype-specific differences in (E)-beta-ocimene/(E,E)-alpha-farnesene emission. Expression of the functional TPS02 and TPS03 alleles is induced in leaves by elicitor and insect treatment and occurs constitutively in floral tissues. Our studies show that both pseudogenization in the TPS family and subcellular segregation of functional TPS enzymes control the variation and plasticity of induced volatile emissions in wild plant species.
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