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Rizos I, Frada MJ, Bittner L, Not F. Life cycle strategies in free-living unicellular eukaryotes: Diversity, evolution, and current molecular tools to unravel the private life of microorganisms. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13052. [PMID: 39085163 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
An astonishing range of morphologies and life strategies has arisen across the vast diversity of protists, allowing them to thrive in most environments. In model protists, like Tetrahymena, Dictyostelium, or Trypanosoma, life cycles involving multiple life stages with different morphologies have been well characterized. In contrast, knowledge of the life cycles of free-living protists, which primarily consist of uncultivated environmental lineages, remains largely fragmentary. Various life stages and lineage-specific cellular innovations have been observed in the field for uncultivated protists, but such innovations generally lack functional characterization and have unknown physiological and ecological roles. In the actual state of knowledge, evidence of sexual processes is confirmed for 20% of free-living protist lineages. Nevertheless, at the onset of eukaryotic diversification, common molecular trends emerged to promote genetic recombination, establishing sex as an inherent feature of protists. Here, we review protist life cycles from the viewpoint of life cycle transitions and genetics across major eukaryotic lineages. We focus on the scarcely observed sexual cycle of free-living protists, summarizing evidence for its existence and describing key genes governing its progression, as well as, current methods for studying the genetics of sexual cycles in both cultivable and uncultivated protist groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Rizos
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université Des Antilles, Paris, France
- CNRS, AD2M-UMR7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | - Miguel J Frada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
| | - Lucie Bittner
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université Des Antilles, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Not
- CNRS, AD2M-UMR7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
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2
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Rredhi A, Petersen J, Wagner V, Vuong T, Li W, Li W, Schrader L, Mittag M. The UV-A Receptor CRY-DASH1 Up- and Downregulates Proteins Involved in Different Plastidial Pathways. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168271. [PMID: 37699454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Algae encode up to five different types of cryptochrome photoreceptors. So far, relatively little is known about the biological functions of the DASH (Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis and Homo)-type cryptochromes. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii encodes two of them. CRY-DASH1 also called DCRY1 has its maximal absorption peak in the UV-A range. It is localized in the chloroplast and plays an important role in balancing the photosynthetic machinery. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of chloroplast proteins from wild type and a knockout mutant of CRY-DASH1 named cry-dash1mut, using label-free quantitative proteomics as well as immunoblotting. Our results show upregulation of enzymes involved in specific pathways in the mutant including key enzymes of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis consistent with increased levels of photosynthetic pigments in cry-dash1mut. There is also an increase in certain redox as well as photosystem I and II proteins, including D1. Strikingly, CRY-DASH1 is coregulated in a D1 deletion mutant, where its amount is increased. In contrast, key proteins of the central carbon metabolism, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, dark fermentation and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway are downregulated in cry-dash1mut. Similarly, enzymes of histidine biosynthesis are downregulated in cry-dash1mut leading to a reduction in the amount of free histidine. Yet, transcripts encoding for several of these proteins are at a similar level in the wild type and cry-dash1mut or even opposite. We show that CRY-DASH1 can bind to RNA, taking the psbA RNA encoding D1 as target. These data suggest that CRY-DASH1 regulates plastidial metabolic pathways at the posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxhela Rredhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Petersen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany. https://twitter.com/1anPetersen
| | - Volker Wagner
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Trang Vuong
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany. https://twitter.com/trangha593
| | - Wenshuang Li
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Schrader
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Pivato M, Grenzi M, Costa A, Ballottari M. Compartment-specific Ca 2+ imaging in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals high light-induced chloroplast Ca 2+ signatures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:258-271. [PMID: 37488718 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of intracellular Ca2+ signaling in the perception and response mechanisms to light in unicellular microalgae, the genetically encoded ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Yellow Cameleon (YC3.6) was expressed in the model organism for green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, targeted to cytosol, chloroplast, and mitochondria. Through in vivo single-cell confocal microscopy imaging, light-induced Ca2+ signaling was investigated in different conditions and different genotypes, including the photoreceptors mutants phot and acry. A genetically encoded H2 O2 sensor was also adopted to investigate the possible role of H2 O2 formation in light-dependent Ca2+ signaling. Light-dependent Ca2+ response was observed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells only in the chloroplast as an organelle-autonomous response, influenced by light intensity and photosynthetic electron transport. The absence of blue and red-light photoreceptor aCRY strongly reduced the light-dependent chloroplast Ca2+ response, while the absence of the blue photoreceptor PHOT had no significant effects. A correlation between high light-induced chloroplast H2 O2 gradients and Ca2+ transients was drawn, supported by H2 O2 -induced chloroplast Ca2+ transients in the dark. In conclusion, different triggers are involved in the light-induced chloroplast Ca2+ signaling as saturation of the photosynthetic electron transport, H2 O2 formation, and aCRY-dependent light perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pivato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
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4
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Lv Y, Han F, Liu M, Zhang T, Cui G, Wang J, Yang Y, Yang YG, Yang W. Characteristics of N 6-methyladenosine Modification During Sexual Reproduction of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:756-768. [PMID: 35550876 PMCID: PMC10787120 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (hereafter Chlamydomonas) possesses both plant and animal attributes, and it is an ideal model organism for studying fundamental processes such as photosynthesis, sexual reproduction, and life cycle. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent mRNA modification, and it plays important roles during sexual reproduction in animals and plants. However, the pattern and function of m6A modification during the sexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas remain unknown. Here, we performed transcriptome and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) analyses on six samples from different stages during sexual reproduction of the Chlamydomonas life cycle. The results show that m6A modification frequently occurs at the main motif of DRAC (D = G/A/U, R = A/G) in Chlamydomonas mRNAs. Moreover, m6A peaks in Chlamydomonas mRNAs are mainly enriched in the 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) and negatively correlated with the abundance of transcripts at each stage. In particular, there is a significant negative correlation between the expression levels and the m6A levels of genes involved in the microtubule-associated pathway, indicating that m6A modification influences the sexual reproduction and the life cycle of Chlamydomonas by regulating microtubule-based movement. In summary, our findings are the first to demonstrate the distribution and the functions of m6A modification in Chlamydomonas mRNAs and provide new evolutionary insights into m6A modification in the process of sexual reproduction in other plant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lv
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Han
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengxia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanshen Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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5
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Nelson G, Strain A, Isu A, Rahnama A, Wakabayashi KI, Melvin AT, Kato N. Cells collectively migrate during ammonium chemotaxis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10781. [PMID: 37402785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms governing chemotaxis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are largely unknown compared to those regulating phototaxis despite equal importance on the migratory response in the ciliated microalga. To study chemotaxis, we made a simple modification to a conventional Petri dish assay. Using the assay, a novel mechanism governing Chlamydomonas ammonium chemotaxis was revealed. First, we found that light exposure enhances the chemotactic response of wild-type Chlamydomonas strains, yet phototaxis-incompetent mutant strains, eye3-2 and ptx1, exhibit normal chemotaxis. This suggests that Chlamydomonas transduces the light signal pathway in chemotaxis differently from that in phototaxis. Second, we found that Chlamydomonas collectively migrate during chemotaxis but not phototaxis. Collective migration during chemotaxis is not clearly observed when the assay is conducted in the dark. Third, the Chlamydomonas strain CC-124 carrying agg1-, the AGGREGATE1 gene (AGG1) null mutation, exhibited a more robust collective migratory response than strains carrying the wild-type AGG1 gene. The expression of a recombinant AGG1 protein in the CC-124 strain suppressed this collective migration during chemotaxis. Altogether, these findings suggest a unique mechanism; ammonium chemotaxis in Chlamydomonas is mainly driven by collective cell migration. Furthermore, it is proposed that collective migration is enhanced by light and suppressed by the AGG1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabela Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Alexis Strain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Atsuko Isu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alireza Rahnama
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Naohiro Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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6
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Yamasaki T, Tokutsu R, Sawa H, Razali NN, Hayashi M, Minagawa J. Small RNA-mediated silencing of phototropin suppresses the induction of photoprotection in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302185120. [PMID: 37098057 PMCID: PMC10160981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302185120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) form complexes with Argonaute proteins and bind to transcripts with complementary sequences to repress gene expression. sRNA-mediated regulation is conserved in a diverse range of eukaryotes and is involved in the control of various physiological functions. sRNAs are present in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and genetic analyses revealed that the core sRNA biogenesis and action mechanisms are conserved with those of multicellular organisms. However, the roles of sRNAs in this organism remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Chlamydomonas sRNAs contribute to the induction of photoprotection. In this alga, photoprotection is mediated by LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEX STRESS-RELATED 3 (LHCSR3), whose expression is induced by light signals through the blue-light receptor phototropin (PHOT). We demonstrate here that sRNA-defective mutants showed increased PHOT abundance leading to greater LHCSR3 expression. Disruption of the precursor for two sRNAs predicted to bind to the PHOT transcript also increased PHOT accumulation and LHCSR3 expression. The induction of LHCSR3 in the mutants was enhanced by light containing blue wavelengths, but not by red light, indicating that the sRNAs regulate the degree of photoprotection via regulation of PHOT expression. Our results suggest that sRNAs are involved not only in the regulation of photoprotection but also in biological phenomena regulated by PHOT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Yamasaki
- Science and Technology Department, Natural Science Cluster, Kochi University, Kochi780-8520, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tokutsu
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki444-8585, Japan
| | - Haruhi Sawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi780-8520, Japan
| | - Nazifa Naziha Razali
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi780-8520, Japan
| | - Momoka Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi780-8520, Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki444-8585, Japan
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Sanyal SK, Sharma K, Bisht D, Sharma S, Kateriya S, Pandey GK. Role of calcium sensor protein module CBL-CIPK in abiotic stress and light signaling responses in green algae. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124163. [PMID: 36965564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling is an important biological process that enable to perceive and communicate information in the cell. Our current understanding of the signaling system suggests that plants and animals have certain differences in signal-sensing mechanisms. The Ca2+-mediated CBL-CIPK module has emerged as a major sensor responder network for Ca2+ signaling and has been speculated to be involved in plant terrestrial life adaptation. This module has previously been reported in Archaeplastids, Chromalveolates, and Excavates. In our experimental analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CBLs, we proved that the CrCBL1 protein interacts with Phototropin and Channelrhodopsin, and the expression of CrCBLs is modulated by light. Further analysis using chlorophyte and streptophyte algal sequences allowed us to identify the differences that have evolved in CBL and CIPK proteins since plants have progressed from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. Moreover, an investigation of Klebsormidium CBL and CIPK genes led us to know that they are abiotic stress stimuli-responsive, indicating that their role was defined very early during terrestrial adaptations. Structure-based prediction and Ca2+-binding assays indicated that the KnCBL1 protein in Klebsormidium showed a typical Ca2+-binding pocket. In summary, the results of this study suggest that these stress-responsive proteins enable crosstalk between Ca2+ and light signaling pathways very early during plant adaptation from aquatic to terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Komal Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Diksha Bisht
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Hemmer S, Schulte M, Knieps-Grünhagen E, Granzin J, Willbold D, Jaeger KE, Batra-Safferling R, Panwalkar V, Krauss U. Residue alterations within a conserved hydrophobic pocket influence light, oxygen, voltage photoreceptor dark recovery. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:713-727. [PMID: 36480084 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLight, oxygen, voltage (LOV) photoreceptors are widely distributed throughout all kingdoms of life, and have in recent years, due to their modular nature, been broadly used as sensor domains for the construction of optogenetic tools. For understanding photoreceptor function as well as for optogenetic tool design and fine-tuning, a detailed knowledge of the photophysics, photochemistry, and structural changes underlying the LOV signaling paradigm is instrumental. Mutations that alter the lifetime of the photo-adduct signaling state represent a convenient handle to tune LOV sensor on/off kinetics and, thus, steady-state on/off equilibria of the photoreceptor (or optogenetic switch). Such mutations, however, should ideally only influence sensor kinetics, while being benign with regard to the nature of the structural changes that are induced by illumination, i.e., they should not result in a disruption of signal transduction. In the present study, we identify a conserved hydrophobic pocket for which mutations have a strong impact on the adduct-state lifetime across different LOV photoreceptor families. Using the slow cycling bacterial short LOV photoreceptor PpSB1-LOV, we show that the I48T mutation within this pocket, which accelerates adduct rupture, is otherwise structurally and mechanistically benign, i.e., light-induced structural changes, as probed by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, are not altered in the variant. Additional mutations within the pocket of PpSB1-LOV and the introduction of homologous mutations in the LOV photoreceptor YtvA of Bacillus subtilis and the Avena sativa LOV2 domain result in similarly altered kinetics. Given the conserved nature of the corresponding structural region, the here identified mutations should find application in dark-recovery tuning of optogenetic tools and LOV photoreceptors, alike.
Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hemmer
- Institut Für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marianne Schulte
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut Für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Esther Knieps-Grünhagen
- Institut Für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joachim Granzin
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut Für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut Für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Renu Batra-Safferling
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Vineet Panwalkar
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut Für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Biozentrum University of Basel, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institut Für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- IBG-1: Biotechnology IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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9
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Łabuz J, Sztatelman O, Hermanowicz P. Molecular insights into the phototropin control of chloroplast movements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6034-6051. [PMID: 35781490 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast movements are controlled by ultraviolet/blue light through phototropins. In Arabidopsis thaliana, chloroplast accumulation at low light intensities and chloroplast avoidance at high light intensities are observed. These responses are controlled by two homologous photoreceptors, the phototropins phot1 and phot2. Whereas chloroplast accumulation is triggered by both phototropins in a partially redundant manner, sustained chloroplast avoidance is elicited only by phot2. Phot1 is able to trigger only a small, transient chloroplast avoidance, followed by the accumulation phase. The source of this functional difference is not fully understood at either the photoreceptor or the signalling pathway levels. In this article, we review current understanding of phototropin functioning and try to dissect the differences that result in signalling to elicit two distinct chloroplast responses. First, we focus on phototropin structure and photochemical and biochemical activity. Next, we analyse phototropin expression and localization patterns. We also summarize known photoreceptor systems controlling chloroplast movements. Finally, we focus on the role of environmental stimuli in controlling phototropin activity. All these aspects impact the signalling to trigger chloroplast movements and raise outstanding questions about the mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Łabuz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Sztatelman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Paweł Hermanowicz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
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10
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Seth K, Kumawat G, Vyas P, Harish. The structure and functional mechanism of eyespot in Chlamydomonas. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1169-1178. [PMID: 35778815 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Light plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, photoperiodism, and photomorphogenesis. Algae have a specialized visual system to perceive the light signal known as eyespot. A typical eyespot is an orange-colored, membranous structure packed with pigmented granules. In algae, the eyespot membrane bears a specialized type of photoreceptors, which shows similarity with animal rhodopsin photoreceptors. This light-sensing receptor is responsible for the photo-mobility response known as phototaxis. In this, light acts as a signal for onset and cascade of downstream signal transduction pathway leading to a conformational change in photoreceptor. This induces the continuous influx of calcium ions through the opening of calcium ion channels leading to membrane depolarization, and beating of flagella which is responsible for phototaxis. Mutational studies have assisted the discovery of eyespot genes, which are involved in eyespot development, assembly, size control, and functioning in Chlamydomonas. These genes belong to photoreceptors (cop1-12, acry, pcry, cry-dash1, cry-dash2, phot, uvr8), eyeless mutants (eye2, eye3), miniature-eyespot mutants (min1, min2), multiple eyespot mutants (mlt1, mlt2). This review discusses the structural biology of eyespots with special reference to Chlamydomonas, molecular insights, related genes, and proteins responsible for its proper functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Seth
- Department of Botany, Govt. Science College, Pardi Valsad, Gujarat, India
| | - Geetanjali Kumawat
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pallavi Vyas
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harish
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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11
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Redekop P, Sanz-Luque E, Yuan Y, Villain G, Petroutsos D, Grossman AR. Transcriptional regulation of photoprotection in dark-to-light transition-More than just a matter of excess light energy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1832. [PMID: 35658034 PMCID: PMC9166400 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In nature, photosynthetic organisms are exposed to different light spectra and intensities depending on the time of day and atmospheric and environmental conditions. When photosynthetic cells absorb excess light, they induce nonphotochemical quenching to avoid photodamage and trigger expression of "photoprotective" genes. In this work, we used the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to assess the impact of light intensity, light quality, photosynthetic electron transport, and carbon dioxide on induction of the photoprotective genes (LHCSR1, LHCSR3, and PSBS) during dark-to-light transitions. Induction (mRNA accumulation) occurred at very low light intensity and was independently modulated by blue and ultraviolet B radiation through specific photoreceptors; only LHCSR3 was strongly controlled by carbon dioxide levels through a putative enhancer function of CIA5, a transcription factor that controls genes of the carbon concentrating mechanism. We propose a model that integrates inputs of independent signaling pathways and how they may help the cells anticipate diel conditions and survive in a dynamic light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Redekop
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. (E.S.-L.); (P.R.)
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Corresponding author. (E.S.-L.); (P.R.)
| | - Yizhong Yuan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAe, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gaelle Villain
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAe, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAe, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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12
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Sakato-Antoku M, King SM. Developmental Changes in Ciliary Composition during Gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:br10. [PMID: 35389765 PMCID: PMC9561859 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-02-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transitions from mitotically dividing vegetative cells to sexually competent gametes of two distinct mating types following nutrient deprivation. Gametes of opposite mating type interact via their cilia, initiating an intraciliary signaling cascade and ultimately fuse forming diploid zygotes. The process of gametogenesis is genetically encode, and a previous study revealed numerous significant changes in mRNA abundance during this life-cycle transition. Here we describe a proteomic analysis of cilia derived from vegetative and gametic cells of both mating types in an effort to assess the global changes that occur within the organelle during this process. We identify numerous membrane- and/or matrix-associated proteins in gametic cilia that were not detected in cilia from vegetative cells. This includes the pro-protein from which the GATI-amide gametic chemotactic modulator derives, as well as receptors, a dynamin-related protein, ammonium transporters, two proteins potentially involved in the intraciliary signaling cascade-driven increase in cAMP, and multiple proteins with a variety of interaction domains. These changes in ciliary composition likely directly affect the functional properties of this organelle as the cell transitions between life-cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sakato-Antoku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3305, USA
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3305, USA
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13
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Jia M, Munz J, Lee J, Shelley N, Xiong Y, Joo S, Jin E, Lee JH. The bHLH family NITROGEN-REPLETION INSENSITIVE1 represses nitrogen starvation-induced responses in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:337-357. [PMID: 35043510 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moyan Jia
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jacob Munz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jenny Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nolan Shelley
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sunjoo Joo
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Pinello JF, Clark TG. HAP2-Mediated Gamete Fusion: Lessons From the World of Unicellular Eukaryotes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:807313. [PMID: 35071241 PMCID: PMC8777248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.807313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most, if not all the cellular requirements for fertilization and sexual reproduction arose early in evolution and are retained in extant lineages of single-celled organisms including a number of important model organism species. In recent years, work in two such species, the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the free-living ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila, have lent important new insights into the role of HAP2/GCS1 as a catalyst for gamete fusion in organisms ranging from protists to flowering plants and insects. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge around how mating types from these algal and ciliate systems recognize, adhere and fuse to one another, current gaps in our understanding of HAP2-mediated gamete fusion, and opportunities for applying what we know in practical terms, especially for the control of protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F. Pinello
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Theodore G. Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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15
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Fragkopoulos AA, Vachier J, Frey J, Le Menn FM, Mazza MG, Wilczek M, Zwicker D, Bäumchen O. Self-generated oxygen gradients control collective aggregation of photosynthetic microbes. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210553. [PMID: 34847792 PMCID: PMC8633776 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For billions of years, photosynthetic microbes have evolved under the variable exposure to sunlight in diverse ecosystems and microhabitats all over our planet. Their abilities to dynamically respond to alterations of the luminous intensity, including phototaxis, surface association and diurnal cell cycles, are pivotal for their survival. If these strategies fail in the absence of light, the microbes can still sustain essential metabolic functionalities and motility by switching their energy production from photosynthesis to oxygen respiration. For suspensions of motile C. reinhardtii cells above a critical density, we demonstrate that this switch reversibly controls collective microbial aggregation. Aerobic respiration dominates over photosynthesis in conditions of low light, which causes the microbial motility to sensitively depend on the local availability of oxygen. For dense microbial populations in self-generated oxygen gradients, microfluidic experiments and continuum theory based on a reaction–diffusion mechanism show that oxygen-regulated motility enables the collective emergence of highly localized regions of high and low cell densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros A Fragkopoulos
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jérémy Vachier
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Frey
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Flora-Maud Le Menn
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco G Mazza
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Michael Wilczek
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Zwicker
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Bäumchen
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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16
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Time-resolved detection of association/dissociation reactions and conformation changes in photosensor proteins for application in optogenetics. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1053-1059. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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17
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Petersen J, Rredhi A, Szyttenholm J, Oldemeyer S, Kottke T, Mittag M. The World of Algae Reveals a Broad Variety of Cryptochrome Properties and Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:766509. [PMID: 34790217 PMCID: PMC8591175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic (micro-)organisms, lacking roots, leaves, and other organs that are typical for land plants. They live in freshwater, marine, or terrestrial habitats. Together with the cyanobacteria they contribute to about half of global carbon fixation. As primary producers, they are at the basis of many food webs and they are involved in biogeochemical processes. Algae are evolutionarily distinct and are derived either by primary (e.g., green and red algae) or secondary endosymbiosis (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, and brown algae). Light is a key abiotic factor needed to maintain the fitness of algae as it delivers energy for photosynthesis, regulates algal cell- and life cycles, and entrains their biological clocks. However, excess light can also be harmful, especially in the ultraviolet range. Among the variety of receptors perceiving light information, the cryptochromes originally evolved as UV-A and blue-light receptors and have been found in all studied algal genomes so far. Yet, the classification, biophysical properties, wavelength range of absorbance, and biological functions of cryptochromes are remarkably diverse among algal species, especially when compared to cryptochromes from land plants or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Anxhela Rredhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Julie Szyttenholm
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Oldemeyer
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry and Diagnostics, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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18
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McLean JT, Benny A, Nolan MD, Swinand G, Scanlan EM. Cysteinyl radicals in chemical synthesis and in nature. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10857-10894. [PMID: 34397045 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00254f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nature harnesses the unique properties of cysteinyl radical intermediates for a diverse range of essential biological transformations including DNA biosynthesis and repair, metabolism, and biological photochemistry. In parallel, the synthetic accessibility and redox chemistry of cysteinyl radicals renders them versatile reactive intermediates for use in a vast array of synthetic applications such as lipidation, glycosylation and fluorescent labelling of proteins, peptide macrocyclization and stapling, desulfurisation of peptides and proteins, and development of novel therapeutics. This review provides the reader with an overview of the role of cysteinyl radical intermediates in both chemical synthesis and biological systems, with a critical focus on mechanistic details. Direct insights from biological systems, where applied to chemical synthesis, are highlighted and potential avenues from nature which are yet to be explored synthetically are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T McLean
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St., Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland.
| | - Alby Benny
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St., Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland.
| | - Mark D Nolan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St., Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland.
| | - Glenna Swinand
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St., Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland.
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St., Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland.
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19
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Tao M, Xiao K, Zheng Y, Li Z, Luo Q, Wang G, Hu Z. Identification and characterization of a novel Channelrhodopsin gene HpChR1 in Haematococcus pluvialis. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Sanchez-Tarre V, Kiparissides A. The effects of illumination and trophic strategy on gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Li X, Slavens S, Crunkleton DW, Johannes TW. Interactive effect of light quality and temperature on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth kinetics and lipid synthesis. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Li X, Manuel J, Slavens S, Crunkleton DW, Johannes TW. Interactive effects of light quality and culturing temperature on algal cell size, biomass doubling time, protein content, and carbohydrate content. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:587-597. [PMID: 33394159 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Light management strategy can be used to improve algal biomass and nutrient production. However, the response of algal metabolism to different light qualities, especially their interaction with other environmental factors, is not well understood. This study focuses on the interactive effects of light quality and culturing temperature on algal protein content and carbohydrate content of C. reinhardtii. Three LED light sources (blue light, red-orange light, and white-yellow light) were applied to grow algae in batch cultures with a light intensity of 105 μmol/m2s under the temperatures of 24 °C to 32 °C. The protein and carbohydrate content were measured in both the late exponential growth phase and the late stationary growth phase. The results revealed that there was an interactive effect of light quality and culturing temperature on the protein and carbohydrate content. The combined conditions of blue light and a temperature of 24 °C or 28 °C, which induced a larger algal cell size with a prolonged cell cycle and a low division rate, resulted in the highest protein content; the protein mass fraction and concentration were 32% and 52% higher than that under white-yellow light at 32 °C. The combined conditions of red-orange light and a temperature of 24 °C, which promoted both the cell division and size growth, enhanced the carbohydrate content; the carbohydrate mass fraction and concentration were 161% and 155% higher than that under white-yellow light at 24 °C. When there was temperature stress (32 °C) or nutrient stress, the effect of light quality reduced, and the difference of protein and carbohydrate content among the three light qualities decreased. KEY POINTS: • Studied light quality-temperature interactive effect on protein, carbohydrate synthesis. • Protein content was high under low cell division rate. • Carbohydrate content was high under high cell division and cell size growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Li
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Jacob Manuel
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Shelyn Slavens
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Daniel W Crunkleton
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Tyler W Johannes
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA.
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23
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Hart JE, Gardner KH. Lighting the way: Recent insights into the structure and regulation of phototropin blue light receptors. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100594. [PMID: 33781746 PMCID: PMC8086140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The phototropins (phots) are light-activated kinases that are critical for plant physiology and the many diverse optogenetic tools that they have inspired. Phototropins combine two blue-light-sensing Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) domains (LOV1 and LOV2) and a C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain, using the LOV domains to control the catalytic activity of the kinase. While much is known about the structure and photochemistry of the light-perceiving LOV domains, particularly in how activation of the LOV2 domain triggers the unfolding of alpha helices that communicate the light signal to the kinase domain, many questions about phot structure and mechanism remain. Recent studies have made progress addressing these questions by utilizing small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and other biophysical approaches to study multidomain phots from Chlamydomonas and Arabidopsis, leading to models where the domains have an extended linear arrangement, with the regulatory LOV2 domain contacting the kinase domain N-lobe. We discuss this and other advances that have improved structural and mechanistic understanding of phot regulation in this review, along with the challenges that will have to be overcome to obtain high-resolution structural information on these exciting photoreceptors. Such information will be essential to advancing fundamental understanding of plant physiology while enabling engineering efforts at both the whole plant and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaynee E Hart
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin H Gardner
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, USA; PhD Programs in Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, USA.
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24
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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Light- and hormone-mediated development in non-flowering plants: An overview. PLANTA 2020; 253:1. [PMID: 33245411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light, hormones and their interaction regulate different aspects of development in non-flowering plants. They might have played a role in the evolution of different plant groups by conferring specific adaptive evolutionary changes. Plants are sessile organisms. Unlike animals, they lack the opportunity to abandon their habitat in unfavorable conditions. They respond to different environmental cues and adapt accordingly to control their growth and developmental pattern. While phytohormones are known to be internal regulators of plant development, light is a major environmental signal that shapes plant processes. It is plausible that light-hormone crosstalk might have played an important role in plant evolution. But how the crosstalk between light and phytohormone signaling pathways might have shaped the plant evolution is unclear. One of the possible reasons is that flowering plants have been studied extensively in context of plant development, which cannot serve the purpose of evolutionary comparisons. In order to elucidate the role of light, hormone and their crosstalk in the evolutionary adaptation in plant kingdom, one needs to understand various light- and hormone-mediated processes in diverse non-flowering plants. This review is an attempt to outline major light- and phytohormone-mediated responses in non-flowering plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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25
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Henry L, Berntsson O, Panman MR, Cellini A, Hughes AJ, Kosheleva I, Henning R, Westenhoff S. New Light on the Mechanism of Phototransduction in Phototropin. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3206-3215. [PMID: 32786255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins are photoreceptor proteins that regulate blue light-dependent biological processes for efficient photosynthesis in plants and algae. The proteins consist of a photosensory domain that responds to the ambient light and an output module that triggers cellular responses. The photosensory domain of phototropin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains two conserved LOV (light-oxygen-voltage) domains with flavin chromophores. Blue light triggers the formation of a covalent cysteine-flavin adduct and upregulates the phototropin kinase activity. Little is known about the structural mechanism that leads to kinase activation and how the two LOV domains contribute to this. Here, we investigate the role of the LOV1 domain from C. reinhardtii phototropin by characterizing the structural changes occurring after blue light illumination with nano- to millisecond time-resolved X-ray solution scattering. By structurally fitting the data with atomic models generated by molecular dynamics simulations, we find that adduct formation induces a rearrangement of the hydrogen bond network from the buried chromophore to the protein surface. In particular, the change in conformation and the associated hydrogen bonding of the conserved glutamine 120 induce a global movement of the β-sheet, ultimately driving a change in the electrostatic potential on the protein surface. On the basis of the change in the electrostatics, we propose a structural model of how LOV1 and LOV2 domains interact and regulate the full-length phototropin from C. reinhardtii. This provides a rationale for how LOV photosensor proteins function and contributes to the optimal design of optogenetic tools based on LOV domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Henry
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - O Berntsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.,MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - M R Panman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Cellini
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A J Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Kosheleva
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - R Henning
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - S Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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26
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Zhao L, Hou Y, McNeill NA, Witman GB. The unity and diversity of the ciliary central apparatus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190164. [PMID: 31884923 PMCID: PMC7017334 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all motile cilia and flagella (terms here used interchangeably) have a '9+2' axoneme containing nine outer doublet microtubules and two central microtubules. The central pair of microtubules plus associated projections, termed the central apparatus (CA), is involved in the control of flagellar motility and is essential for the normal movement of '9+2' cilia. Research using the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, an important model system for studying cilia, has provided most of our knowledge of the protein composition of the CA, and recent work using this organism has expanded the number of known and candidate CA proteins nearly threefold. Here we take advantage of this enhanced proteome to examine the genomes of a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, representing all of the major phylogenetic groups, to identify predicted orthologues of the C. reinhardtii CA proteins and explore how widely the proteins are conserved and whether there are patterns to this conservation. We also discuss in detail two contrasting groups of CA proteins-the ASH-domain proteins, which are broadly conserved, and the PAS proteins, which are restricted primarily to the volvocalean algae. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - George B. Witman
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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27
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Nakasone Y, Ohshima M, Okajima K, Tokutomi S, Terazima M. Photoreaction Dynamics of Full-Length Phototropin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10939-10950. [PMID: 31790257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot) is a blue light sensor involved in the light responses of several species from green algae to higher plants. Phot consists of two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) and a Ser/Thr kinase domain. These domains are connected by a hinge and a linker domain. So far, studies on the photochemical reaction dynamics of phot have been limited to short fragments, and the reactions of intact phot have not been well elucidated. Here, the photoreactions of full-length phot and of several mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) were investigated by the transient grating and circular dichroism (CD) methods. Full-length Cr phot is in monomeric form in both dark and light states and shows conformational changes upon photoexcitation. When LOV1 is excited, the hinge helix unfolds with a time constant of 77 ms. Upon excitation of LOV2, the linker helix unfolds initially followed by a tertiary structural change of the kinase domain with a time constant of 91 ms. The quantum yield of conformational change after adduct formation of LOV2 is much smaller than that of LOV1, indicating that reactive and nonreactive forms exist. The conformational changes associated with the excitations of LOV1 and LOV2 occur independently and additively, even when they are excited simultaneously. Hence, the role of LOV1 is not to enhance the kinase activity in addition to LOV2 function; we suggest LOV1 has different functions such as regulation of intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakasone
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Masumi Ohshima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Koji Okajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Osaka 599-8531 , Japan
| | - Masahide Terazima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
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28
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Salomé PA, Merchant SS. A Series of Fortunate Events: Introducing Chlamydomonas as a Reference Organism. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1682-1707. [PMID: 31189738 PMCID: PMC6713297 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a classical reference organism for studying photosynthesis, chloroplast biology, cell cycle control, and cilia structure and function. It is also an emerging model for studying sensory cilia, the production of high-value bioproducts, and in situ structural determination. Much of the early appeal of Chlamydomonas was rooted in its promise as a genetic system, but like other classic model organisms, this rise to prominence predated the discovery of the structure of DNA, whole-genome sequences, and molecular techniques for gene manipulation. The haploid genome of C. reinhardtii facilitates genetic analyses and offers many of the advantages of microbial systems applied to a photosynthetic organism. C. reinhardtii has contributed to our understanding of chloroplast-based photosynthesis and cilia biology. Despite pervasive transgene silencing, technological advances have allowed researchers to address outstanding lines of inquiry in algal research. The most thoroughly studied unicellular alga, C. reinhardtii, is the current standard for algal research, and although genome editing is still far from efficient and routine, it nevertheless serves as a template for other algae. We present a historical retrospective of the rise of C. reinhardtii to illuminate its past and present. We also present resources for current and future scientists who may wish to expand their studies to the realm of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A Salomé
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- University of California, Berkeley, Departments of Plant and Microbial Biology and Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720
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29
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Structural changes within the bifunctional cryptochrome/photolyase CraCRY upon blue light excitation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9896. [PMID: 31289290 PMCID: PMC6616342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are an ubiquitously occurring class of photoreceptors, which are important for regulating the circadian rhythm of animals via a time-delayed transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL). Due to their protein architecture and common FAD chromophore, they belong to the same superfamily as photolyases (PHLs), an enzyme class that repairs UV-induced DNA lesions upon blue light absorption. Apart from their different functions the only prominent structural difference between CRY and PHL is the highly variable C-terminal extension (CTE) of the former. The nature of the CTE is still unclear and highly speculated. In this study, we show by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and subsequent mass-spectrometric analysis that the CTE of the animal-like cryptochrome from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CraCRY) binds to the surface of the photolyase homology region, which flanks the DNA binding site. We also compared the fully oxidized and fully reduced states of the flavoprotein and designed a tool, so called light chamber, for automated HDX-MS measurements of photoreceptors in defined photostates. We could observe some striking differences between the two photostates and propose a model for light-dependent switching of this bifunctional cryptochrome.
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30
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Franz S, Ignatz E, Wenzel S, Zielosko H, Putu E, Maestre-Reyna M, Tsai MD, Yamamoto J, Mittag M, Essen LO. Structure of the bifunctional cryptochrome aCRY from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:8010-8022. [PMID: 30032195 PMCID: PMC6125616 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photolyases and cryptochromes form an almost ubiquitous family of blue light photoreceptors involved in the repair and maintenance of DNA integrity or regulatory control. We found that one cryptochrome from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CraCRY) is capable of both, control of transcript levels and the sexual cycle of the alga in a positive (germination) and negative manner (mating ability), as well as catalyzing the repair of UV-DNA lesions. Its 1.6 Å crystal structure shows besides the FAD chromophore an aromatic tetrad that is indispensable in animal-like type I cryptochromes for light-driven change of their signaling-active redox state and formation of a stable radical pair. Given CraCRY’s catalytic activity as (6-4) photolyase in vivo and in vitro, we present the first co-crystal structure of a cryptochrome with duplex DNA comprising a (6-4) pyrimidine–pyrimidone lesion. This 2.9 Å structure reveals a distinct conformation for the catalytic histidine His1, H357, that challenges previous models of a single-photon driven (6-4) photolyase mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Franz
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ignatz
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Wenzel
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Planetarium 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hannah Zielosko
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Maestre-Reyna
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd. Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Daw Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd. Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Junpei Yamamoto
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1–3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Planetarium 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center of Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 6421/28 22032; Fax: +49 6421/28 22012;
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Bracker M, Dinkelbach F, Weingart O, Kleinschmidt M. Impact of fluorination on the photophysics of the flavin chromophore: a quantum chemical perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9912-9923. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00805e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
10-Methylisoalloxazine (MIA) and its fluorinated derivatives (6-9F-MIA) were investigated by means of quantum chemistry, looking into the influence of fluorination on fluorescence, absorption and inter-system crossing (ISC) in vacuum and in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bracker
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Fabian Dinkelbach
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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32
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Kamrani YY, Matsuo T, Mittag M, Minagawa J. ROC75 is an Attenuator for the Circadian Clock that Controls LHCSR3 Expression. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2602-2607. [PMID: 30184184 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Strong light intensity leads to harmful overexcitation of the photosystems in green algae. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, LHCSR3 is required for the rapid protective response known as energy-dependent quenching (qE). Because the majority of photoacclimation analysis has been conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, physiological responses to natural environmental changes such as light/dark cycles have not been examined in detail. Regarding fitness in higher plants and microalgae, light-dark cycles represent a major Zeitgeber for synchronizing the circadian clock to multiple physiological responses, yet there is little consensus with respect to the clock response to high-intensity light in photosynthetic organisms. In a previous study, 105 circadian rhythm insertional mutants were isolated as rhythm of chloroplast (roc) mutants. Here, we report our characterization of the roc75 mutant, which exhibited a significantly higher qE value and LHCSR3 protein accumulation when grown under red light. We performed transcript analysis of ROC75 in the pcry (plant-cryptochrome) and phot mutants and found that only the former accumulated lower levels of ROC75 mRNA, suggesting that the blue light photoreceptor pCRY positively regulates ROC75. However, the degradation of pCRY by high-light exposure contributes to prevent over-accumulation of ROC75, which in turn facilitates the PHOT mediated main activation pathway for LHCSR3. Furthermore, LHCSR3 mRNA exhibited a circadian rhythm, though its basal expression level in the roc75 mutant was higher than that in WT. We therefore conclude that ROC75 acts as an attenuator of the circadian clock to control LHCSR3 expression with blue and red light as stimuli for attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Yari Kamrani
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsuo
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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34
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Blue light enhances astaxanthin biosynthesis metabolism and extraction efficiency in Haematococcus pluvialis by inducing haematocyst germination. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Sasso S, Stibor H, Mittag M, Grossman AR. From molecular manipulation of domesticated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to survival in nature. eLife 2018; 7:39233. [PMID: 30382941 PMCID: PMC6211829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-20th century, the unicellular and genetically tractable green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was first developed as a model organism to elucidate fundamental cellular processes such as photosynthesis, light perception and the structure, function and biogenesis of cilia. Various studies of C. reinhardtii have profoundly advanced plant and cell biology, and have also impacted algal biotechnology and our understanding of human disease. However, the 'real' life of C. reinhardtii in the natural environment has largely been neglected. To extend our understanding of the biology of C. reinhardtii, it will be rewarding to explore its behavior in its natural habitats, learning more about its abundance and life cycle, its genetic and physiological diversity, and its biotic and abiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Sasso
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Herwig Stibor
- Department Biology II, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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36
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Heimerl N, Hommel E, Westermann M, Meichsner D, Lohr M, Hertweck C, Grossman AR, Mittag M, Sasso S. A giant type I polyketide synthase participates in zygospore maturation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:268-281. [PMID: 29729034 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) occur in many bacteria, fungi and plants. They are highly versatile enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of a large variety of compounds including antimicrobial agents, polymers associated with bacterial cell walls and plant pigments. While harmful algae are known to produce polyketide toxins, sequences of the genomes of non-toxic algae, including those of many green algal species, have surprisingly revealed the presence of genes encoding type I PKSs. The genome of the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyta) contains a single type I PKS gene, designated PKS1 (Cre10.g449750), which encodes a giant PKS with a predicted mass of 2.3 MDa. Here, we show that PKS1 is induced in 2-day-old zygotes and is required for their development into zygospores, the dormant stage of the zygote. Wild-type zygospores contain knob-like structures (~50 nm diameter) that form at the cell surface and develop a central cell wall layer; both of these structures are absent from homozygous pks1 mutants. Additionally, in contrast to wild-type zygotes, chlorophyll degradation is delayed in homozygous pks1 mutant zygotes, indicating a disruption in zygospore development. In agreement with the role of the PKS in the formation of the highly resistant zygospore wall, mutant zygotes have lost the formidable desiccation tolerance of wild-type zygotes. Together, our results represent functional analyses of a PKS mutant in a photosynthetic eukaryotic microorganism, revealing a central function for polyketides in the sexual cycle and survival under stressful environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Heimerl
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hommel
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Doreen Meichsner
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Plant Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Severin Sasso
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
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37
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Nakasone Y, Ohshima M, Okajima K, Tokutomi S, Terazima M. Photoreaction Dynamics of LOV1 and LOV2 of Phototropin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1801-1815. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakasone
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masumi Ohshima
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Koji Okajima
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masahide Terazima
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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38
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Christie JM, Suetsugu N, Sullivan S, Wada M. Shining Light on the Function of NPH3/RPT2-Like Proteins in Phototropin Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1015-1024. [PMID: 28720608 PMCID: PMC5813532 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
NRL proteins coordinate different aspects of phototropin signaling through signaling processes that are conserved in land plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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39
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Duanmu D, Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC. Algal light sensing and photoacclimation in aquatic environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2558-2570. [PMID: 28245058 PMCID: PMC5705019 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Anoxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes arose in ancient oceans ~3.5 billion years ago. The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria followed soon after, enabling eukaryogenesis and the evolution of complex life. The Archaeplastida lineage dates back ~1.5 billion years to the domestication of a cyanobacterium. Eukaryotic algae have subsequently radiated throughout oceanic/freshwater/terrestrial environments, adopting distinctive morphological and developmental strategies for adaptation to diverse light environments. Descendants of the ancestral photosynthetic alga remain challenged by a typical diurnally fluctuating light supply ranging from ~0 to ~2000 μE m-2 s-1 . Such extreme changes in light intensity and variations in light quality have driven the evolution of novel photoreceptors, light-harvesting complexes and photoprotective mechanisms in photosynthetic eukaryotes. This minireview focuses on algal light sensors, highlighting the unexpected roles for linear tetrapyrroles (bilins) in the maintenance of functional chloroplasts in chlorophytes, sister species to streptophyte algae and land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Corresponding authors: Deqiang Duanmu, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. Tel:+86-27-87282101; Fax:+86-27-87282469; ; J. Clark Lagarias, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616. Tel: 530-752-1865; Fax: 530-752-3085;
| | - Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- Corresponding authors: Deqiang Duanmu, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. Tel:+86-27-87282101; Fax:+86-27-87282469; ; J. Clark Lagarias, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616. Tel: 530-752-1865; Fax: 530-752-3085;
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40
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Essen LO, Franz S, Banerjee A. Structural and evolutionary aspects of algal blue light receptors of the cryptochrome and aureochrome type. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 217:27-37. [PMID: 28756992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Blue-light reception plays a pivotal role for algae to adapt to changing environmental conditions. In this review we summarize the current structural and mechanistic knowledge about flavin-dependent algal photoreceptors. We especially focus on the cryptochrome and aureochrome type photoreceptors in the context of their evolutionary divergence. Despite similar photochemical characteristics to orthologous photoreceptors from higher plants and animals the algal blue-light photoreceptors have developed a set of unique structural and mechanistic features that are summarized below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Oliver Essen
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sophie Franz
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ankan Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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41
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Kottke T, Oldemeyer S, Wenzel S, Zou Y, Mittag M. Cryptochrome photoreceptors in green algae: Unexpected versatility of mechanisms and functions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 217:4-14. [PMID: 28619534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Green algae have a highly complex and diverse set of cryptochrome photoreceptor candidates including members of the following subfamilies: plant, plant-like, animal-like, DASH and cryptochrome photolyase family 1 (CPF1). While some green algae encode most or all of them, others lack certain members. Here we present an overview about functional analyses of so far investigated cryptochrome photoreceptors from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (plant and animal-like cryptochromes) and Ostreococcus tauri (CPF1) with regard to their biological significance and spectroscopic properties. Cryptochromes of both algae have been demonstrated recently to be involved to various extents in circadian clock regulation and in Chlamydomonas additionally in life cycle control. Moreover, CPF1 even performs light-driven DNA repair. The plant cryptochrome and CPF1 are UVA/blue light receptors, whereas the animal-like cryptochrome responds to almost the whole visible spectrum including red light. Accordingly, plant cryptochrome, animal-like cryptochrome and CPF1 differ fundamentally in their structural response to light as revealed by their visible and infrared spectroscopic signatures, and in the role of the flavin neutral radical acting as dark form or signaling state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Sabine Oldemeyer
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sandra Wenzel
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yong Zou
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Greiner A, Kelterborn S, Evers H, Kreimer G, Sizova I, Hegemann P. Targeting of Photoreceptor Genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii via Zinc-Finger Nucleases and CRISPR/Cas9. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2498-2518. [PMID: 28978758 PMCID: PMC5774583 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fast-growing biflagellated single-celled chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the most widely used alga in basic research. The physiological functions of the 18 sensory photoreceptors are of particular interest with respect to Chlamydomonas development and behavior. Despite the demonstration of gene editing in Chlamydomonas in 1995, the isolation of mutants lacking easily ascertained newly acquired phenotypes remains problematic due to low DNA recombination efficiency. We optimized gene-editing protocols for several Chlamydomonas strains (including wild-type CC-125) using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), genetically encoded CRISPR/associated protein 9 (Cas9) from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, and recombinant Cas9 and developed protocols for rapidly isolating nonselectable gene mutants. Using this technique, we disrupted the photoreceptor genes COP1/2, COP3 (encoding channelrhodopsin 1 [ChR1]), COP4 (encoding ChR2), COP5, PHOT, UVR8, VGCC, MAT3, and aCRY and created the chr1 chr2 and uvr8 phot double mutants. Characterization of the chr1, chr2, and mat3 mutants confirmed the value of photoreceptor mutants for physiological studies. Genes of interest were disrupted in 5 to 15% of preselected clones (∼1 out of 4000 initial cells). Using ZFNs, genes were edited in a reliable, predictable manner via homologous recombination, whereas Cas9 primarily caused gene disruption via the insertion of cotransformed DNA. These methods should be widely applicable to research involving green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Greiner
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heide Evers
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Kreimer
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irina Sizova
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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Zou Y, Wenzel S, Müller N, Prager K, Jung EM, Kothe E, Kottke T, Mittag M. An Animal-Like Cryptochrome Controls the Chlamydomonas Sexual Cycle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1334-1347. [PMID: 28468769 PMCID: PMC5490917 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are known as flavin-binding blue light receptors in bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects. The animal-like cryptochrome (aCRY) of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has extended our view on cryptochromes, because it responds also to other wavelengths of the visible spectrum, including red light. Here, we have investigated if aCRY is involved in the regulation of the sexual life cycle of C. reinhardtii, which is controlled by blue and red light at the steps of gametogenesis along with its restoration and germination. We show that aCRY is differentially expressed not only during the life cycle but also within the cell as part of the soluble and/or membrane-associated protein fraction. Moreover, localization of aCRY within the algal cell body varies between vegetative cells and the different cell types of gametogenesis. aCRY is significantly (early day) or to a small extent (late night) enriched in the nucleus in vegetative cells. In pregametes, gametes and dark-inactivated gametes, aCRY is localized over the cell body. aCRY plays an important role in the sexual life cycle of C. reinhardtii: It controls the germination of the alga, under which the zygote undergoes meiosis, in a positive manner, similar to the regulation by the blue light receptors phototropin and plant cryptochrome (pCRY). However, aCRY acts in combination with pCRY as a negative regulator for mating ability as well as for mating maintenance, opposite to the function of phototropin in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Wenzel
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Müller
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Prager
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elke-Martina Jung
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Müller N, Wenzel S, Zou Y, Künzel S, Sasso S, Weiß D, Prager K, Grossman A, Kottke T, Mittag M. A Plant Cryptochrome Controls Key Features of the Chlamydomonas Circadian Clock and Its Life Cycle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:185-201. [PMID: 28360233 PMCID: PMC5411161 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are flavin-binding proteins that act as blue light receptors in bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects and are components of the circadian oscillator in mammals. Animal and plant cryptochromes are evolutionarily divergent, although the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas throughout) has both an animal-like cryptochrome and a plant cryptochrome (pCRY; formerly designated CPH1). Here, we show that the pCRY protein accumulates at night as part of a complex. Functional characterization of pCRY was performed based on an insertional mutant that expresses only 11% of the wild-type pCRY level. The pcry mutant is defective for central properties of the circadian clock. In the mutant, the period is lengthened significantly, ultimately resulting in arrhythmicity, while blue light-based phase shifts show large deviations from what is observed in wild-type cells. We also show that pCRY is involved in gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas pCRY is down-regulated in pregametes and gametes, and in the pcry mutant, there is altered transcript accumulation under blue light of the strictly light-dependent, gamete-specific gene GAS28 pCRY acts as a negative regulator for the induction of mating ability in the light and for the loss of mating ability in the dark. Moreover, pCRY is necessary for light-dependent germination, during which the zygote undergoes meiosis that gives rise to four vegetative cells. In sum, our data demonstrate that pCRY is a key blue light receptor in Chlamydomonas that is involved in both circadian timing and life cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Müller
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Wenzel
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Yong Zou
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Künzel
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Severin Sasso
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Daniel Weiß
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Katja Prager
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Arthur Grossman
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.)
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany (N.M., S.W., Y.Z., S.K., S.S., D.W., K.P., M.M.);
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (A.G.);
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.K.); and
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany (S.S.)
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Kinoshita A, Niwa Y, Onai K, Yamano T, Fukuzawa H, Ishiura M, Matsuo T. CSL encodes a leucine-rich-repeat protein implicated in red/violet light signaling to the circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006645. [PMID: 28333924 PMCID: PMC5363811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows various light responses in behavior and physiology. One such photoresponse is the circadian clock, which can be reset by external light signals to entrain its oscillation to daily environmental cycles. In a previous report, we suggested that a light-induced degradation of the clock protein ROC15 is a trigger to reset the circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. However, light signaling pathways of this process remained unclear. Here, we screened for mutants that show abnormal ROC15 diurnal rhythms, including the light-induced protein degradation at dawn, using a luciferase fusion reporter. In one mutant, ROC15 degradation and phase resetting of the circadian clock by light were impaired. Interestingly, the impairments were observed in response to red and violet light, but not to blue light. We revealed that an uncharacterized gene encoding a protein similar to RAS-signaling-related leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins is responsible for the mutant phenotypes. Our results indicate that a previously uncharacterized red/violet light signaling pathway is involved in the phase resetting of circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is used as a model system in many biological researches. Although blue light responses of this alga (e.g., phototaxis) are well known and well characterized, far less is understood about responses to other wavelengths. One such photoresponse is the circadian clock, which can be reset by various wavelengths of light, ranging from violet to red, to entrain its oscillation to daily environmental cycles. In this study, we identified a gene responsible for red and violet light responses of the circadian clock by a forward genetic screen. Our results shed light on a previously unrecognized red/violet light signaling pathway in green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kinoshita
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Niwa
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Onai
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishiura
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsuo
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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46
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Seed CE, Tomkins JL. Flow Cytometric Methods for Indirect Analysis and Quantification of Gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161453. [PMID: 27676075 PMCID: PMC5038954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of sexual reproduction in the facultatively sexual Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is cued by depletion of nitrogen. We explore the capacity for indirect monitoring of population variation in the gametogenic process using flow cytometry. We describe a high-throughput method capable of identifying fluorescence, ploidy and scatter profiles that track vegetative cells entering and undergoing gametogenesis. We demonstrate for the first time, that very early and late growth phases reduce the capacity to distinguish putative gametes from vegetative cells based on scatter and fluorescence profiles, and that early/mid-logarithmic cultures show the optimal distinction between vegetative cells and gamete scatter profiles. We argue that early/mid logarithmic cultures are valuable in such high throughput comparative approaches when investigating optimisation or quantification of gametogenesis based on scatter and fluorescence profiles. This approach provides new insights into the impact of culture conditions on gametogenesis, while documenting novel scatter and fluorescence profile shifts which typify the process. This method has potential applications to; enabling quick high-throughput monitoring, uses in increasing efficiency in the quantification of gametogenesis, as a method of comparing the switch between vegetative and gametic states across treatments, and as criteria for enrichment of gametic phenotypes in cell sorting assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Seed
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph L. Tomkins
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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47
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A blue-light photoreceptor mediates the feedback regulation of photosynthesis. Nature 2016; 537:563-566. [PMID: 27626383 DOI: 10.1038/nature19358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In plants and algae, light serves both as the energy source for photosynthesis and a biological signal that triggers cellular responses via specific sensory photoreceptors. Red light is perceived by bilin-containing phytochromes and blue light by the flavin-containing cryptochromes and/or phototropins (PHOTs), the latter containing two photosensory light, oxygen, or voltage (LOV) domains. Photoperception spans several orders of light intensity, ranging from far below the threshold for photosynthesis to values beyond the capacity of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. Excess light may cause oxidative damage and cell death, processes prevented by enhanced thermal dissipation via high-energy quenching (qE), a key photoprotective response. Here we show the existence of a molecular link between photoreception, photosynthesis, and photoprotection in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We show that PHOT controls qE by inducing the expression of the qE effector protein LHCSR3 (light-harvesting complex stress-related protein 3) in high light intensities. This control requires blue-light perception by LOV domains on PHOT, LHCSR3 induction through PHOT kinase, and light dissipation in photosystem II via LHCSR3. Mutants deficient in the PHOT gene display severely reduced fitness under excessive light conditions, indicating that the sensing, utilization, and dissipation of light is a concerted process that plays a vital role in microalgal acclimation to environments of variable light intensities.
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48
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Reck J, Schauer AM, VanderWaal Mills K, Bower R, Tritschler D, Perrone CA, Porter ME. The role of the dynein light intermediate chain in retrograde IFT and flagellar function in Chlamydomonas. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2404-22. [PMID: 27251063 PMCID: PMC4966982 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of cilia and flagella depends on the activity of two microtubule motor complexes, kinesin-2 and dynein-2/1b, but the specific functions of the different subunits are poorly defined. Here we analyze Chlamydomonas strains expressing different amounts of the dynein 1b light intermediate chain (D1bLIC). Disruption of D1bLIC alters the stability of the dynein 1b complex and reduces both the frequency and velocity of retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), but it does not eliminate retrograde IFT. Flagellar assembly, motility, gliding, and mating are altered in a dose-dependent manner. iTRAQ-based proteomics identifies a small subset of proteins that are significantly reduced or elevated in d1blic flagella. Transformation with D1bLIC-GFP rescues the mutant phenotypes, and D1bLIC-GFP assembles into the dynein 1b complex at wild-type levels. D1bLIC-GFP is transported with anterograde IFT particles to the flagellar tip, dissociates into smaller particles, and begins processive retrograde IFT in <2 s. These studies demonstrate the role of D1bLIC in facilitating the recycling of IFT subunits and other proteins, identify new components potentially involved in the regulation of IFT, flagellar assembly, and flagellar signaling, and provide insight into the role of D1bLIC and retrograde IFT in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee Reck
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN 55413
| | - Alexandria M Schauer
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kristyn VanderWaal Mills
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Anoka Technical College, Anoka, MN 55303
| | - Raqual Bower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Douglas Tritschler
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Catherine A Perrone
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN 55432
| | - Mary E Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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49
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Wagner I, Steinweg C, Posten C. Mono- and dichromatic LED illumination leads to enhanced growth and energy conversion for high-efficiency cultivation of microalgae for application in space. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1060-71. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wagner
- Dept. of Bioprocess Engineering; KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christian Steinweg
- Dept. of Bioprocess Engineering; KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Clemens Posten
- Dept. of Bioprocess Engineering; KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
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50
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Tilbrook K, Dubois M, Crocco CD, Yin R, Chappuis R, Allorent G, Schmid-Siegert E, Goldschmidt-Clermont M, Ulm R. UV-B Perception and Acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:966-83. [PMID: 27020958 PMCID: PMC4863380 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive UV-B, an intrinsic component of sunlight, via a signaling pathway that is mediated by the photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) and induces UV-B acclimation. To test whether similar UV-B perception mechanisms exist in the evolutionarily distant green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we identified Chlamydomonas orthologs of UVR8 and the key signaling factor CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1). Cr-UVR8 shares sequence and structural similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana UVR8, has conserved tryptophan residues for UV-B photoreception, monomerizes upon UV-B exposure, and interacts with Cr-COP1 in a UV-B-dependent manner. Moreover, Cr-UVR8 can interact with At-COP1 and complement the Arabidopsis uvr8 mutant, demonstrating that it is a functional UV-B photoreceptor. Chlamydomonas shows apparent UV-B acclimation in colony survival and photosynthetic efficiency assays. UV-B exposure, at low levels that induce acclimation, led to broad changes in the Chlamydomonas transcriptome, including in genes related to photosynthesis. Impaired UV-B-induced activation in the Cr-COP1 mutant hit1 indicates that UVR8-COP1 signaling induces transcriptome changes in response to UV-B. Also, hit1 mutants are impaired in UV-B acclimation. Chlamydomonas UV-B acclimation preserved the photosystem II core proteins D1 and D2 under UV-B stress, which mitigated UV-B-induced photoinhibition. These findings highlight the early evolution of UVR8 photoreceptor signaling in the green lineage to induce UV-B acclimation and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Tilbrook
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Marine Dubois
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Carlos D Crocco
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ruohe Yin
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Richard Chappuis
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Allorent
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Schmid-Siegert
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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