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Florke Gee RR, Huber AD, Chen T. Regulation of PXR in drug metabolism: chemical and structural perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:9-23. [PMID: 38251638 PMCID: PMC10939797 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2309212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a master xenobiotic sensor that transcriptionally controls drug metabolism and disposition pathways. PXR activation by pharmaceutical drugs, natural products, environmental toxins, etc. may decrease drug efficacy and increase drug-drug interactions and drug toxicity, indicating a therapeutic value for PXR antagonists. However, PXR's functions in physiological events, such as intestinal inflammation, indicate that PXR activators may be useful in certain disease contexts. AREAS COVERED We review the reported roles of PXR in various physiological and pathological processes including drug metabolism, cancer, inflammation, energy metabolism, and endobiotic homeostasis. We then highlight specific cellular and chemical routes that modulate PXR activity and discuss the functional consequences. Databases searched and inclusive dates: PubMed, 1 January 1980 to 10 January 2024. EXPERT OPINION Knowledge of PXR's drug metabolism function has helped drug developers produce small molecules without PXR-mediated metabolic liabilities, and further understanding of PXR's cellular functions may offer drug development opportunities in multiple disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew D. Huber
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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2
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Suen TC, DeBruyne JP. Lysine-independent ubiquitination and degradation of REV-ERBα involves a bi-functional degradation control sequence at its N-terminus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538963. [PMID: 37205588 PMCID: PMC10187254 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ proteins play crucial roles in linking the circadian system to overt daily rhythms in mammalian physiology and behavior. In most tissues, REV-ERBα protein robustly cycles such that it is detected only within a tight interval of 4-6 hours each day, suggesting both its synthesis and degradation are tightly controlled. Several ubiquitin ligases are known to drive REV-ERBα degradation, but how they interact with REV-ERBα and which lysine residues they ubiquitinate to promote degradation are unknown. In this study, we attempted to identify both ubiquitin-ligase-binding and ubiquitination sites within REV-ERBα required for its degradation. Surprisingly, mutating all lysine residues, the common sites for ubiquitin conjugation, in REV-ERBα to arginines (K20R), did very little to impair its degradation in cells. K20R were degraded much faster by co-expression of two E3 ligases, SIAH2 or SPSB4, suggesting possible N-terminal ubiquitination. To explore this, we examined if small deletions at the N-terminus of REV-ERBα would alter its degradation. Interestingly, deletion of amino acid (AA) residues 2 to 9 (delAA2-9) clearly resulted in a less stable REV-ERBα. We found that it was the length (i.e. 8 AA), and not the specific sequence, that confers stability in this region. Simultaneously, we also mapped the interaction site of the E3 ligase SPSB4 to this same region, specifically requiring AA4-9 of REV-ERBα. Thus, the first 9 AA of REV-ERBα has two opposing roles in regulating REV-ERBα turnover. Further, deleting eight additional AAs (delAA2-17) from the N-terminus strongly prevents REV-ERBα degradation. Combined, these results suggest that complex interactions within the first 25AAs potentially act as an endogenous 'switch' that allows REV-ERBα to exist in a stabilized conformation in order to accumulate at one time of day, but then rapidly shifts to a destabilized form, to enhance its removal at the end of its daily cycle.
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3
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Jiang H, Wang X, Ma J, Xu G. The fine-tuned crosstalk between lysine acetylation and the circadian rhythm. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194958. [PMID: 37453648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-h wake and sleep cycle that almost all of the organisms on the earth follow when they execute their biological functions and physiological activities. The circadian clock is mainly regulated by the transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL), consisting of the core clock proteins, including BMAL1, CLOCK, PERs, CRYs, and a series of accessory factors. The circadian clock and the downstream gene expression are not only controlled at the transcriptional and translational levels but also precisely regulated at the post-translational modification level. Recently, it has been discovered that CLOCK exhibits lysine acetyltransferase activities and could acetylate protein substrates. Core clock proteins are also acetylated, thereby altering their biological functions in the regulation of the expression of downstream genes. Studies have revealed that many protein acetylation events exhibit oscillation behavior. However, the biological function of acetylation on circadian rhythm has only begun to explore. This review will briefly introduce the acetylation and deacetylation of the core clock proteins and summarize the proteins whose acetylation is regulated by CLOCK and circadian rhythm. Then, we will also discuss the crosstalk between lysine acetylation and the circadian clock or other post-translational modifications. Finally, we will briefly describe the possible future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglv Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Center of Soochow University, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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4
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Vinod M, Berthier A, Maréchal X, Gheeraert C, Boutry R, Delhaye S, Annicotte JS, Duez H, Hovasse A, Cianférani S, Montaigne D, Eeckhoute J, Staels B, Lefebvre P. Timed use of digoxin prevents heart ischemia-reperfusion injury through a REV-ERBα-UPS signaling pathway. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:990-1005. [PMID: 38229609 PMCID: PMC7615528 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) induces life-threatening damages to the cardiac tissue and pharmacological means to achieve cardioprotection are sorely needed. MIRI severity varies along the day-night cycle and is molecularly linked to components of the cellular clock including the nuclear receptor REV-ERBα, a transcriptional repressor. Here we show that digoxin administration in mice is cardioprotective when timed to trigger REV-ERBα protein degradation. In cardiomyocytes, digoxin increases REV-ERBα ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation, which depend on REV-ERBα ability to bind its natural ligand, heme. Inhibition of the membrane-bound Src tyrosine-kinase partially alleviated digoxin-induced REV-ERBα degradation. In untreated cardiomyocytes, REV-ERBα proteolysis is controlled by known (HUWE1, FBXW7, SIAH2) or novel (CBL, UBE4B) E3 ubiquitin ligases and the proteasome subunit PSMB5. Only SIAH2 and PSMB5 contributed to digoxin-induced degradation of REV-ERBα. Thus, controlling REV-ERBα proteostasis through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is an appealing cardioprotective strategy. Our data support the timed use of clinically-approved cardiotonic steroids in prophylactic cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Vinod
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Berthier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Maréchal
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Gheeraert
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Raphaёl Boutry
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 – RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Delhaye
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Annicotte
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 – RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hélène Duez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Agnès Hovasse
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - David Montaigne
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Eeckhoute
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
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5
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Mood phenotypes in rodent models with circadian disturbances. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2022; 13:100083. [PMID: 36345502 PMCID: PMC9636574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2022.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological functions with approximately 24-h rhythmicity (circadian rhythms) are generated by an internal time-measuring system of the circadian clock. While sleep/wake cycles, feeding patterns, and body temperature are the most widely known physiological functions under the regulation of the circadian clock, physiological regulation by the circadian clock extends to higher brain functions. Accumulating evidence suggests strong associations between the circadian clock and mood disorders such as depression, but the underlying mechanisms of the functional relationship between them are obscure. This review overviews rodent models with disrupted circadian rhythms on depression-related responses. The animal models with circadian disturbances (by clock gene mutations and artifactual interventions) will help understand the causal link between the circadian clock and depression. The molecular mechanisms of the mammalian circadian rhythm are systematically overviewed. We overview how genetic and pharmacological manipulations of clock (related) genes are linked to mood phenotypes. We overview how artificial perturbations, such as SCN lesions and aberrant light, affect circadian rhythm and mood.
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6
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Abdalla OHMH, Mascarenhas B, Cheng HYM. Death of a Protein: The Role of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Circadian Rhythms of Mice and Flies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810569. [PMID: 36142478 PMCID: PMC9502492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks evolved to enable organisms to anticipate and prepare for periodic environmental changes driven by the day–night cycle. This internal timekeeping mechanism is built on autoregulatory transcription–translation feedback loops that control the rhythmic expression of core clock genes and their protein products. The levels of clock proteins rise and ebb throughout a 24-h period through their rhythmic synthesis and destruction. In the ubiquitin–proteasome system, the process of polyubiquitination, or the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin chain, marks a protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The process is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, which recognize specific substrates for ubiquitination. In this review, we summarize the roles that known E3 ubiquitin ligases play in the circadian clocks of two popular model organisms: mice and fruit flies. We also discuss emerging evidence that implicates the N-degron pathway, an alternative proteolytic system, in the regulation of circadian rhythms. We conclude the review with our perspectives on the potential for the proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases within the circadian clock system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Hasan Mustafa Hasan Abdalla
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Brittany Mascarenhas
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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7
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Zadeh-Haghighi H, Simon C. Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220325. [PMID: 35919980 PMCID: PMC9346374 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain elusive. Remarkably, the magnetic energies implicated in these effects are much smaller than thermal energies. Here, we review these observations, and we suggest an explanation based on the radical pair mechanism, which involves the quantum dynamics of the electron and nuclear spins of transient radical molecules. While the radical pair mechanism has been studied in detail in the context of avian magnetoreception, the studies reviewed here show that magnetosensitivity is widespread throughout biology. We review magnetic field effects on various physiological functions, discussing static, hypomagnetic and oscillating magnetic fields, as well as isotope effects. We then review the radical pair mechanism as a potential unifying model for the described magnetic field effects, and we discuss plausible candidate molecules for the radical pairs. We review recent studies proposing that the radical pair mechanism provides explanations for isotope effects in xenon anaesthesia and lithium treatment of hyperactivity, magnetic field effects on the circadian clock, and hypomagnetic field effects on neurogenesis and microtubule assembly. We conclude by discussing future lines of investigation in this exciting new area of quantum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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8
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Mekbib T, Suen TC, Rollins-Hairston A, Smith K, Armstrong A, Gray C, Owino S, Baba K, Baggs JE, Ehlen JC, Tosini G, DeBruyne JP. "The ubiquitin ligase SIAH2 is a female-specific regulator of circadian rhythms and metabolism". PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010305. [PMID: 35789210 PMCID: PMC9286287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks enable organisms to predict and align their behaviors and physiologies to constant daily day-night environmental cycle. Because the ubiquitin ligase Siah2 has been identified as a potential regulator of circadian clock function in cultured cells, we have used SIAH2-deficient mice to examine its function in vivo. Our experiments demonstrate a striking and unexpected sexually dimorphic effect of SIAH2-deficiency on the regulation of rhythmically expressed genes in the liver. The absence of SIAH2 in females, but not in males, altered the expression of core circadian clock genes and drastically remodeled the rhythmic transcriptome in the liver by increasing the number of day-time expressed genes, and flipping the rhythmic expression from nighttime expressed genes to the daytime. These effects are not readily explained by effects on known sexually dimorphic pathways in females. Moreover, loss of SIAH2 in females, not males, preferentially altered the expression of transcription factors and genes involved in regulating lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Consequently, SIAH2-deficient females, but not males, displayed disrupted daily lipid and lipoprotein patterns, increased adiposity and impaired metabolic homeostasis. Overall, these data suggest that SIAH2 may be a key component of a female-specific circadian transcriptional output circuit that directs the circadian timing of gene expression to regulate physiological rhythms, at least in the liver. In turn, our findings imply that sex-specific transcriptional mechanisms may closely interact with the circadian clock to tailor overt rhythms for sex-specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsedey Mekbib
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ting-Chung Suen
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aisha Rollins-Hairston
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kiandra Smith
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ariel Armstrong
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cloe Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sharon Owino
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kenkichi Baba
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julie E. Baggs
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Ehlen
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gianluca Tosini
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason P. DeBruyne
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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9
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Song S, Tien CL, Cui H, Basil P, Zhu N, Gong Y, Li W, Li H, Fan Q, Choi JM, Luo W, Xue Y, Cao R, Zhou W, Ortiz AR, Stork B, Mundra V, Putluri N, York B, Chu M, Chang J, Jung SY, Xie L, Song J, Zhang L, Sun Z. Myocardial Rev-erb-Mediated Diurnal Metabolic Rhythm and Obesity Paradox. Circulation 2022; 145:448-464. [PMID: 35034472 PMCID: PMC8812427 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. The nuclear receptor Rev-erbα/β, a key component of the circadian clock, emerges as a drug target for heart diseases, but the function of cardiac Rev-erb has not been studied in vivo. Circadian disruption is implicated in heart diseases, but it is unknown whether cardiac molecular clock dysfunction is associated with the progression of any naturally occurring human heart diseases. Obesity paradox refers to the seemingly protective role of obesity for heart failure, but the mechanism is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chih-Liang Tien
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Paul Basil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Critical Care, Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ningxia Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yingyun Gong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qiying Fan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), Houston, TX
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Weijia Luo
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M University, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX
| | - Yanfeng Xue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrea R Ortiz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brittany Stork
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Vatsala Mundra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brian York
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Maoping Chu
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M University, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), Houston, TX
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Lilei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), Houston, TX
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10
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Morris EL, Patton AP, Chesham JE, Crisp A, Adamson A, Hastings MH. Single-cell transcriptomics of suprachiasmatic nuclei reveal a Prokineticin-driven circadian network. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108614. [PMID: 34487375 PMCID: PMC8521297 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in mammals are governed by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in which 20,000 clock cells are connected together into a powerful time‐keeping network. In the absence of network‐level cellular interactions, the SCN fails as a clock. The topology and specific roles of its distinct cell populations (nodes) that direct network functions are, however, not understood. To characterise its component cells and network structure, we conducted single‐cell sequencing of SCN organotypic slices and identified eleven distinct neuronal sub‐populations across circadian day and night. We defined neuropeptidergic signalling axes between these nodes, and built neuropeptide‐specific network topologies. This revealed their temporal plasticity, being up‐regulated in circadian day. Through intersectional genetics and real‐time imaging, we interrogated the contribution of the Prok2‐ProkR2 neuropeptidergic axis to network‐wide time‐keeping. We showed that Prok2‐ProkR2 signalling acts as a key regulator of SCN period and rhythmicity and contributes to defining the network‐level properties that underpin robust circadian co‐ordination. These results highlight the diverse and distinct contributions of neuropeptide‐modulated communication of temporal information across the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Morris
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew P Patton
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johanna E Chesham
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair Crisp
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antony Adamson
- The Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael H Hastings
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Khayachi A, Schorova L, Alda M, Rouleau GA, Milnerwood AJ. Posttranslational modifications & lithium's therapeutic effect-Potential biomarkers for clinical responses in psychiatric & neurodegenerative disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:424-445. [PMID: 33971223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders display aberrant posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of one, or many, proteins. Lithium treatment has been used for mood stabilization for many decades, and is highly effective for large subsets of patients with diverse neurological conditions. However, the differential effectiveness and mode of action are not fully understood. In recent years, studies have shown that lithium alters several protein PTMs, altering their function, and consequently neuronal physiology. The impetus for this review is to outline the links between lithium's therapeutic mode of action and PTM homeostasis. We first provide an overview of the principal PTMs affected by lithium. We then describe several neuropsychiatric disorders in which PTMs have been implicated as pathogenic. For each of these conditions, we discuss lithium's clinical use and explore the putative mechanism of how it restores PTM homeostasis, and thereby cellular physiology. Evidence suggests that determining specific PTM patterns could be a promising strategy to develop biomarkers for disease and lithium responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khayachi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - L Schorova
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - G A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - A J Milnerwood
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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12
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Phosphorylation of GAPVD1 Is Regulated by the PER Complex and Linked to GAPVD1 Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073787. [PMID: 33917494 PMCID: PMC8038846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor protein period (PER) complexes play a central role in the molecular oscillator mechanism of the mammalian circadian clock. While the main role of nuclear PER complexes is transcriptional repression, much less is known about the functions of cytoplasmic PER complexes. We found with a biochemical screen for PER2-interacting proteins that the small GTPase regulator GTPase-activating protein and VPS9 domain-containing protein 1 (GAPVD1), which has been identified previously as a component of cytoplasmic PER complexes in mice, is also a bona fide component of human PER complexes. We show that in situ GAPVD1 is closely associated with casein kinase 1 delta (CSNK1D), a kinase that regulates PER2 levels through a phosphoswitch mechanism, and that CSNK1D regulates the phosphorylation of GAPVD1. Moreover, phosphorylation determines the kinetics of GAPVD1 degradation and is controlled by PER2 and a C-terminal autoinhibitory domain in CSNK1D, indicating that the regulation of GAPVD1 phosphorylation is a novel function of cytoplasmic PER complexes and might be part of the oscillator mechanism or an output function of the circadian clock.
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13
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Lee SB, Park J, Kwak Y, Park YU, Nhung TTM, Suh BK, Woo Y, Suh Y, Cho E, Cho S, Park SK. Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 enhances the quality of circadian rhythm by stabilizing BMAL1. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:110. [PMID: 33542182 PMCID: PMC7862247 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a scaffold protein that has been implicated in multiple mental disorders. DISC1 is known to regulate neuronal proliferation, signaling, and intracellular calcium homeostasis, as well as neurodevelopment. Although DISC1 was linked to sleep-associated behaviors, whether DISC1 functions in the circadian rhythm has not been determined yet. In this work, we revealed that Disc1 expression exhibits daily oscillating pattern and is regulated by binding of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) heterodimer to E-box sequences in its promoter. Interestingly, Disc1 deficiency increases the ubiquitination of BMAL1 and de-stabilizes it, thereby reducing its protein levels. DISC1 inhibits the activity of GSK3β, which promotes BMAL1 ubiquitination, suggesting that DISC1 regulates BMAL1 stability by inhibiting its ubiquitination. Moreover, Disc1-deficient cells and mice show reduced expression of other circadian genes. Finally, Disc1-LI (Disc1 knockout) mice exhibit damped circadian physiology and behaviors. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the oscillation of DISC1 expression is under the control of CLOCK and BMAL1, and that DISC1 contributes to the core circadian system by regulating BMAL1 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Been Lee
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdo Kwak
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea ,grid.507563.2Present Address: SK biopharmaceuticals Ltd, Seongnam-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Un Park
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea ,grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Present Address: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Truong Thi My Nhung
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyoung Suh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Woo
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Suh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbyul Cho
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyung Cho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Cox KH, Takahashi JS. Introduction to the Clock System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:3-20. [PMID: 34773223 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Circadian (24-h) rhythms dictate almost everything we do, setting our clocks for specific times of sleeping and eating, as well as optimal times for many other basic functions. The physiological systems that coordinate circadian rhythms are intricate, but at their core, they all can be distilled down to cell-autonomous rhythms that are then synchronized within and among tissues. At first glance, these cell-autonomous rhythms may seem rather straight-forward, but years of research in the field has shown that they are strikingly complex, responding to many different external signals, often with remarkable tissue-specificity. To understand the cellular clock system, it is important to be familiar with the major players, which consist of pairs of proteins in a triad of transcriptional/translational feedback loops. In this chapter, we will go through each of the core protein pairs one-by-one, summarizing the literature as to their regulation and their broader impacts on circadian gene expression. We will conclude by briefly examining the human genetics literature, as well as providing perspectives on the future of the study of the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly H Cox
- Department of Neuroscience and Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience and Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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15
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Hepatitis B Core Protein Is Post-Translationally Modified through K29-Linked Ubiquitination. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122547. [PMID: 33256078 PMCID: PMC7760836 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) plays many roles in the HBV life cycle, such as regulation of transcription, RNA encapsidation, reverse transcription, and viral release. To accomplish these functions, HBc interacts with many host proteins and undergoes different post-translational modifications (PTMs). One of the most common PTMs is ubiquitination, which was shown to change the function, stability, and intracellular localization of different viral proteins, but the role of HBc ubiquitination in the HBV life cycle remains unknown. Here, we found that HBc protein is post-translationally modified through K29-linked ubiquitination. We performed a series of co-immunoprecipitation experiments with wild-type HBc, lysine to arginine HBc mutants and wild-type ubiquitin, single lysine to arginine ubiquitin mutants, or single ubiquitin-accepting lysine constructs. We observed that HBc protein could be modified by ubiquitination in transfected as well as infected hepatoma cells. In addition, ubiquitination predominantly occurred on HBc lysine 7 and the preferred ubiquitin chain linkage was through ubiquitin-K29. Mass spectrometry (MS) analyses detected ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 5 (UBR5) as a potential E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in K29-linked ubiquitination. These findings emphasize that ubiquitination of HBc may play an important role in HBV life cycle.
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16
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Srikanta SB, Cermakian N. To Ub or not to Ub: Regulation of circadian clocks by ubiquitination and deubiquitination. J Neurochem 2020; 157:11-30. [PMID: 32717140 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks are internal timing systems that enable organisms to adjust their behavioral and physiological rhythms to the daily changes of their environment. These clocks generate self-sustained oscillations at the cellular, tissue, and behavioral level. The rhythm-generating mechanism is based on a gene expression network with a delayed negative feedback loop that causes the transcripts to oscillate with a period of approximately 24 hr. This oscillatory nature of the proteins involved in this network necessitates that they are intrinsically unstable, with a short half-life. Hence, post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important to precisely time the presence, absence, and interactions of these proteins at appropriate times of the day. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are counter-balancing PTMs which play a key role in this regulatory process. In this review, we take a comprehensive look at the roles played by the processes of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in the clock machinery of the most commonly studied eukaryotic models of the circadian clock: plants, fungi, fruit flies, and mammals. We present the effects exerted by ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes on the stability, but also the activity, localization, and interactions of clock proteins. Overall, these PTMs have key roles in regulating not only the pace of the circadian clocks but also their response to external cues and their control of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Bangalore Srikanta
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Guo D, Zhu Y, Wang H, Wang G, Wang C, Ren H. E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD1 modulates the circadian clock through regulation of BMAL1 stability. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2639-2648. [PMID: 32765757 PMCID: PMC7401958 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm serves an essential role in numerous physiological functions. Circadian oscillations are organized by circadian clock components at the molecular level. The precision of the circadian clock is controlled by transcriptional-translational negative feedback loops, as well as post-translational modifications of clock proteins, including ubiquitination; however, the influence of E3 ligases on clock protein ubiquitination requires further investigation. The results of co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent localization, indicated that the endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD1, encoded by the synoviolin 1 gene, interacted with brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) and enhanced BMAL1 protein ubiquitination. In addition, the results of western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR suggested that HRD1 promoted K48-associated polyubiquitination of BMAL1 and thus mediated its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Furthermore, gene knockdown and gene overexpression assays revealed that HRD1-dependent degradation of BMAL1 protein regulated the expression of BMAL1 target genes and the amplitude of circadian oscillations in mammalian cells. The findings of the current study indicate that HRD1 may influence the regulation of circadian rhythm via modulation of BMAL1 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkai Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China
| | - Haigang Ren
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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18
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Sharma A, Lee S, Kim H, Yoon H, Ha S, Kang SU. Molecular Crosstalk Between Circadian Rhythmicity and the Development of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:844. [PMID: 32848588 PMCID: PMC7424028 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have been shown to exhibit substantial interconnectedness with circadian rhythmicity. Alzheimer's patients exhibit high degradation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the central endogenous circadian timekeeper, and Parkinson's patients have highly disrupted peripheral clock gene expression. Disrupted sleep patterns are highly evident in patients with neurodegenerative diseases; fragmented sleep has been shown to affect tau-protein accumulation in Alzheimer's patients, and rapid eye movement (REM) behavioral disorder is observed in a significant amount of Parkinson's patients. Although numerous studies exist analyzing the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and circadian rhythm function independently, molecular mechanisms establishing specific links between the two must be explored further. Thus, in this review, we explore the possible intersecting molecular mechanisms between circadian rhythm and neurodegeneration, with a particular focus on Parkinson's disease. We provide evidence for potential influences of E3 ligase and poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity on neurodegenerative pathology. The cellular stress and subsequent DNA damage signaling imposed by hyperactivity of these multiple molecular systems in addition to aberrant circadian rhythmicity lead to extensive protein aggregation such as α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils (α-Syn PFFs), suggesting a specific molecular pathway linking circadian rhythmicity, PARP1/E3 ligase activity, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arastu Sharma
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sehyun Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hoonseo Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hargsoon Yoon
- Neural Engineering and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Shinwon Ha
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sung Ung Kang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Giles AC, Grill B. Roles of the HUWE1 ubiquitin ligase in nervous system development, function and disease. Neural Dev 2020; 15:6. [PMID: 32336296 PMCID: PMC7184716 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Huwe1 is a highly conserved member of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase family. Here, we explore the growing importance of Huwe1 in nervous system development, function and disease. We discuss extensive progress made in deciphering how Huwe1 regulates neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation, cell migration, and axon development. We highlight recent evidence indicating that Huwe1 regulates inhibitory neurotransmission. In covering these topics, we focus on findings made using both vertebrate and invertebrate in vivo model systems. Finally, we discuss extensive human genetic studies that strongly implicate HUWE1 in intellectual disability, and heighten the importance of continuing to unravel how Huwe1 affects the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Giles
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Brock Grill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
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20
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Molecular mechanisms and physiological importance of circadian rhythms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 21:67-84. [PMID: 31768006 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To accommodate daily recurring environmental changes, animals show cyclic variations in behaviour and physiology, which include prominent behavioural states such as sleep-wake cycles but also a host of less conspicuous oscillations in neurological, metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular and immune functions. Circadian rhythmicity is created endogenously by genetically encoded molecular clocks, whose components cooperate to generate cyclic changes in their own abundance and activity, with a periodicity of about a day. Throughout the body, such molecular clocks convey temporal control to the function of organs and tissues by regulating pertinent downstream programmes. Synchrony between the different circadian oscillators and resonance with the solar day is largely enabled by a neural pacemaker, which is directly responsive to certain environmental cues and able to transmit internal time-of-day representations to the entire body. In this Review, we discuss aspects of the circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals, including the components of these molecular oscillators, the function and mechanisms of action of central and peripheral clocks, their synchronization and their relevance to human health.
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21
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Mekbib T, Suen TC, Rollins-Hairston A, DeBruyne JP. The E3 Ligases Spsb1 and Spsb4 Regulate RevErbα Degradation and Circadian Period. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 34:610-621. [PMID: 31607207 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419878036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The time-dependent degradation of core circadian clock proteins is essential for the proper functioning of circadian timekeeping mechanisms that drive daily rhythms in gene expression and, ultimately, an organism's physiology. The ubiquitin proteasome system plays a critical role in regulating the stability of most proteins, including the core clock components. Our laboratory developed a cell-based functional screen to identify ubiquitin ligases that degrade any protein of interest and have started screening for those ligases that degrade circadian clock proteins. This screen identified Spsb4 as a putative novel E3 ligase for RevErbα. In this article, we further investigate the role of Spsb4 and its paralogs in RevErbα stability and circadian rhythmicity. Our results indicate that the paralogs Spsb1 and Spsb4, but not Spsb2 and Spsb3, can interact with and facilitate RevErbα ubiquitination and degradation and regulate circadian clock periodicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsedey Mekbib
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ting-Chung Suen
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aisha Rollins-Hairston
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jason P DeBruyne
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Giles AC, Desbois M, Opperman KJ, Tavora R, Maroni MJ, Grill B. A complex containing the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 and the ubiquitin ligase EEL-1 regulates GABA neuron function. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6843-6856. [PMID: 30858176 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory GABAergic transmission is required for proper circuit function in the nervous system. However, our understanding of molecular mechanisms that preferentially influence GABAergic transmission, particularly presynaptic mechanisms, remains limited. We previously reported that the ubiquitin ligase EEL-1 preferentially regulates GABAergic presynaptic transmission. To further explore how EEL-1 functions, here we performed affinity purification proteomics using Caenorhabditis elegans and identified the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 as an EEL-1 binding protein. This observation was intriguing, as we know little about how OGT-1 affects neuron function. Using C. elegans biochemistry, we confirmed that the OGT-1/EEL-1 complex forms in neurons in vivo and showed that the human orthologs, OGT and HUWE1, also bind in cell culture. We observed that, like EEL-1, OGT-1 is expressed in GABAergic motor neurons, localizes to GABAergic presynaptic terminals, and functions cell-autonomously to regulate GABA neuron function. Results with catalytically inactive point mutants indicated that OGT-1 glycosyltransferase activity is dispensable for GABA neuron function. Consistent with OGT-1 and EEL-1 forming a complex, genetic results using automated, behavioral pharmacology assays showed that ogt-1 and eel-1 act in parallel to regulate GABA neuron function. These findings demonstrate that OGT-1 and EEL-1 form a conserved signaling complex and function together to affect GABA neuron function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Giles
- From the Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458 and
| | - Muriel Desbois
- From the Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458 and
| | - Karla J Opperman
- From the Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458 and
| | - Rubens Tavora
- the Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Marissa J Maroni
- From the Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458 and
| | - Brock Grill
- From the Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458 and
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23
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Fleischhacker AS, Carter EL, Ragsdale SW. Redox Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-2 and the Transcription Factor, Rev-Erb, Through Heme Regulatory Motifs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1841-1857. [PMID: 28990415 PMCID: PMC6217750 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme binds to and serves as a cofactor for a myriad of proteins that are involved in diverse biological processes. Hemoproteins also exhibit varying modes of heme binding, suggesting that the protein environment contributes to the functional versatility of this prosthetic group. The subject of this review is a subset of hemoproteins that contain at least one heme regulatory motif (HRM), which is a short sequence containing a Cys-Pro core that, in many cases, binds heme with the Cys acting as an axial ligand. Recent Advances: As more details about HRM-containing proteins are uncovered, some underlying commonalities are emerging, including a role in regulating protein stability. Further, the cysteines of some HRMs have been shown to form disulfide bonds. Because the cysteines must be in the reduced, dithiol form to act as a heme axial ligand, heme binds at these sites in a redox-regulated manner, as demonstrated for heme oxygenase-2 (HO2) and Rev-erbβ. CRITICAL ISSUES HRM-containing proteins have wide variations in heme affinity, utilize different axial ligand schemes, and exhibit differences in the ability to act as a redox sensor-all while having a wide variety of biological functions. Here, we highlight HO2 and Rev-erbβ to illustrate the similarities and differences between two hemoproteins that contain HRMs acting as redox sensors. FUTURE DIRECTIONS HRMs acting as redox sensors may be applicable to other HRM-containing proteins as many contain multiple HRMs and/or other cysteine residues, which may become more evident as the functional significance of HRMs is probed in additional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric L Carter
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen W Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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24
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Geoffroy PA, Curis E, Courtin C, Moreira J, Morvillers T, Etain B, Laplanche JL, Bellivier F, Marie-Claire C. Lithium response in bipolar disorders and core clock genes expression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:619-632. [PMID: 28095742 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1282174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examine whether the lithium response is associated with changes in the expression of core clock genes. METHODS The effect of a therapeutic concentration of lithium (1 mM) on the expression levels of 17 circadian genes was examined in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from two well-characterized groups of bipolar disorder patients, defined as lithium non-responders (NR, n = 20) or excellent responders (ER, n = 16). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted at 2, 4 and 8 days (d2, d4 and d8) with and without lithium exposure. RESULTS At d2, in ER only, BHLHE41, RORA, PER1, ARNTL, CRY2, BHLHE40 and CSNK1D were upregulated, whereas NR1D1 was downregulated. At d4, in ER only, CRY1 was downregulated. At d8, in NR only, GSK3β was upregulated and DBP, TIMELESS and CRY1 were downregulated. Significant Group × Lithium interactions existed for NR1D1 at d2 (P = 0.02), and CRY1 at d4 (P = 0.02). Longitudinal analyses showed differential temporal evolutions between NR and ER (significant Time × Group interaction) for PER3, NR1D1, DBP, RORA, CSNK1D and TIMELESS; and a significant Time × Lithium interaction for NR1D1. Coexpression data analyses suggested distinct groups of circadian genes concurrently modulated by lithium. CONCLUSIONS In LCLs, lithium influences expression of circadian genes with differences in amplitude and kinetics according to the patient's lithium response status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Geoffroy
- a Inserm U1144 , Paris , France.,b Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France.,c AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal , Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique , Paris , France.,d Fondation FondaMental , Créteil , France
| | - Emmanuel Curis
- a Inserm U1144 , Paris , France.,e Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France.,f Laboratoire de biomathématiques, Faculté de pharmacie de Paris Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France.,g Département de biostatistiques et d'informatique médicales , Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP , Paris , France
| | - Cindie Courtin
- a Inserm U1144 , Paris , France.,e Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France
| | - Jeverson Moreira
- a Inserm U1144 , Paris , France.,e Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France
| | | | - Bruno Etain
- a Inserm U1144 , Paris , France.,b Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France.,c AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal , Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique , Paris , France.,d Fondation FondaMental , Créteil , France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- a Inserm U1144 , Paris , France.,b Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France.,e Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- a Inserm U1144 , Paris , France.,b Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France.,c AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal , Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique , Paris , France.,d Fondation FondaMental , Créteil , France
| | - Cynthia Marie-Claire
- a Inserm U1144 , Paris , France.,b Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France.,e Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris , France
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25
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Saran AR, Kalinowska D, Oh S, Janknecht R, DiTacchio L. JMJD5 links CRY1 function and proteasomal degradation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006145. [PMID: 30500822 PMCID: PMC6291157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian oscillator is a molecular feedback circuit whose orchestration involves posttranslational control of the activity and protein levels of its components. Although controlled proteolysis of circadian proteins is critical for oscillator function, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains incomplete. Here, we report that JmjC domain-containing protein 5 (JMJD5) interacts with CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1) in an F-box/leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (FBXL3)-dependent manner and facilitates targeting of CRY1 to the proteasome. Genetic deletion of JMJD5 results in greater CRY1 stability, reduced CRY1 association with the proteasome, and disruption of circadian gene expression. We also report that in the absence of JMJD5, AMP-regulated protein kinase (AMPK)-induced CRY1 degradation is impaired, establishing JMJD5 as a key player in this mechanism. JMJD5 cooperates with CRY1 to repress circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput (CLOCK)-brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1), thus linking CRY1 destabilization to repressive function. Finally, we find that ablation of JMJD5 impacts FBXL3- and CRY1-related functions beyond the oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand R. Saran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Diana Kalinowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Luciano DiTacchio
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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26
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Chen S, Yang J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Liu Q, Duan C, Mieres CA, Zhou G, Xu G. Ubiquitin ligase
TRAF
2 attenuates the transcriptional activity of the core clock protein
BMAL
1 and affects the maximal
Per1
mRNA
level of the circadian clock in cells. FEBS J 2018; 285:2987-3001. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Lu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Crystal A. Mieres
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland
| | - Guanghai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Taishan Medical University Tai'an Shandong China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
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27
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Camera DM. Anabolic Heterogeneity Following Resistance Training: A Role for Circadian Rhythm? Front Physiol 2018; 9:569. [PMID: 29875682 PMCID: PMC5974096 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis and promotes gains in muscle mass and strength. However, considerable variability exists following standardized resistance training programs in the magnitude of muscle cross-sectional area and strength responses from one individual to another. Several studies have recently posited that alterations in satellite cell population, myogenic gene expression and microRNAs may contribute to individual variability in anabolic adaptation. One emerging factor that may also explain the variability in responses to resistance exercise is circadian rhythms and underlying molecular clock signals. The molecular clock is found in most cells within the body, including skeletal muscle, and principally functions to optimize the timing of specific cellular events around a 24 h cycle. Accumulating evidence investigating the skeletal muscle molecular clock indicates that exercise-induced contraction and its timing may regulate gene expression and protein synthesis responses which, over time, can influence and modulate key physiological responses such as muscle hypertrophy and increased strength. Therefore, the circadian clock may play a key role in the heterogeneous anabolic responses with resistance exercise. The central aim of this Hypothesis and Theory is to discuss and propose the potential interplay between the circadian molecular clock and established molecular mechanisms mediating muscle anabolic responses with resistance training. This article begins with a current review of the mechanisms associated with the heterogeneity in muscle anabolism with resistance training before introducing the molecular pathways regulating circadian function in skeletal muscle. Recent work showing members of the core molecular clock system can regulate myogenic and translational signaling pathways is also discussed, forming the basis for a possible role of the circadian clock in the variable anabolic responses with resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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28
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Zhang Y, Duan C, Yang J, Chen S, Liu Q, Zhou L, Huang Z, Xu Y, Xu G. Deubiquitinating enzyme USP9X regulates cellular clock function by modulating the ubiquitination and degradation of a core circadian protein BMAL1. Biochem J 2018; 475:1507-1522. [PMID: 29626158 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms on the earth maintain a roughly 24 h circadian rhythm, which is regulated by circadian clock genes and their protein products. Post-translational modifications of core clock proteins could affect the circadian behavior. Although ubiquitination of core clock proteins was studied extensively, the reverse process, deubiquitination, has only begun to unfold and the role of this regulation on circadian function is not completely understood. Here, we use affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis to identify probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X (USP9X) as an interacting protein of the core clock protein aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL or BMAL1). Through biochemical experiments, we discover that USP9X reduces BMAL1 ubiquitination, enhances its stability, and increases its protein level, leading to the elevated transcriptional activity. Bioluminescence measurement reveals that USP9X knockdown decreases the amplitude of the cellular circadian rhythm but the period and phase are not affected. Our experiments find a new regulator for circadian clock at the post-translational level and demonstrate a different regulatory function for the circadian clock through the deubiquitination and the up-regulation of the core clock protein BMAL1 in the positive limb of the transcription-translation feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Suping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhengyun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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29
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Ohba Y, Tei H. Phosphorylation of N-terminal regions of REV-ERBs regulates their intracellular localization. Genes Cells 2018; 23:285-293. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ohba
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Hajime Tei
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
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30
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Opperman KJ, Mulcahy B, Giles AC, Risley MG, Birnbaum RL, Tulgren ED, Dawson-Scully K, Zhen M, Grill B. The HECT Family Ubiquitin Ligase EEL-1 Regulates Neuronal Function and Development. Cell Rep 2018; 19:822-835. [PMID: 28445732 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic changes in the HECT ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 are associated with intellectual disability, but it remains unknown whether HUWE1 functions in post-mitotic neurons to affect circuit function. Using genetics, pharmacology, and electrophysiology, we show that EEL-1, the HUWE1 ortholog in C. elegans, preferentially regulates GABAergic presynaptic transmission. Decreasing or increasing EEL-1 function alters GABAergic transmission and the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the worm motor circuit, which leads to impaired locomotion and increased sensitivity to electroshock. Furthermore, multiple mutations associated with intellectual disability impair EEL-1 function. Although synaptic transmission defects did not result from abnormal synapse formation, sensitizing genetic backgrounds revealed that EEL-1 functions in the same pathway as the RING family ubiquitin ligase RPM-1 to regulate synapse formation and axon termination. These findings from a simple model circuit provide insight into the molecular mechanisms required to obtain E/I balance and could have implications for the link between HUWE1 and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Opperman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ben Mulcahy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andrew C Giles
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Monica G Risley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Rayna L Birnbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Erik D Tulgren
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Mei Zhen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brock Grill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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31
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Matsu-Ura T, Moore SR, Hong CI. WNT Takes Two to Tango: Molecular Links between the Circadian Clock and the Cell Cycle in Adult Stem Cells. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 33:5-14. [PMID: 29277155 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417745913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Like two dancers, the circadian clock and cell cycle are biological oscillators engaged in bidirectional communication, resulting in circadian clock-gated cell division cycles in species ranging from cyanobacteria to mammals. The identified mechanisms for this phenomenon have expanded beyond intracellular molecular coupling components to include intercellular connections. However, detailed molecular mechanisms, dynamics, and physiological functions of the circadian clock and cell cycle as coupled oscillators remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of this connection in light of recent findings that have uncovered intercellular coupling between the circadian clock in Paneth cells and the cell cycle in intestinal stem cells via WNT signaling. This extends the impact of circadian rhythms regulating the timing of cell divisions beyond the intracellular domain of homogenous cell populations into dynamic, multicellular systems. In-depth understanding of the molecular links and dynamics of these two oscillators will identify potential targets and temporal regimens for effective chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsu-Ura
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sean R Moore
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, UVA Child Health Research Center, Virginia
| | - Christian I Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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32
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Wang X, Fang Z, Wang A, Luo C, Cheng X, Lu M. Lithium Suppresses Hedgehog Signaling via Promoting ITCH E3 Ligase Activity and Gli1-SUFU Interaction in PDA Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:820. [PMID: 29249966 PMCID: PMC5715333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of the hallmarks of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Lithium, a clinical mood stabilizer for the treatment of mental disorders, is known to suppress tumorigenic potential of PDA cells by targeting the Hh/Gli signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of lithium induced down-regulation of Hh/Gli1. Our data show that lithium promotes the poly-ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of Gli1 through activating E3 ligase ITCH. Additionally, lithium enhances interaction between Gli1 and SUFU via suppressing GSK3β, which phosphorylates SUFU and destabilizes the SUFU-Gli1 inhibitory complex. Our studies illustrate a novel mechanism by which lithium suppresses Hh signaling via simultaneously promoting ITCH-dependent Gli1 ubiquitination/degradation and SUFU-mediated Gli1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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33
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Abstract
The physiological identity of every cell is maintained by highly specific transcriptional networks that establish a coherent molecular program that is in tune with nutritional conditions. The regulation of cell-specific transcriptional networks is accomplished by an epigenetic program via chromatin-modifying enzymes, whose activity is directly dependent on metabolites such as acetyl-coenzyme A, S-adenosylmethionine, and NAD+, among others. Therefore, these nuclear activities are directly influenced by the nutritional status of the cell. In addition to nutritional availability, this highly collaborative program between epigenetic dynamics and metabolism is further interconnected with other environmental cues provided by the day-night cycles imposed by circadian rhythms. Herein, we review molecular pathways and their metabolites associated with epigenetic adaptations modulated by histone- and DNA-modifying enzymes and their responsiveness to the environment in the context of health and disease.
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34
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Gillessen M, Kwak PB, Tamayo A. A simple method to measure CLOCK-BMAL1 DNA binding activity in tissue and cell extracts. F1000Res 2017; 6:1316. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11685.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 form a heterodimeric transcription factor essential to circadian rhythms in mammals. Daily rhythms of CLOCK-BMAL1 DNA binding activity are known to oscillate with target gene expression in vivo. Here we present a highly sensitive assay that recapitulates native CLOCK-BMAL1 DNA binding rhythms from crude tissue extracts, which we call the Clock Protein-DNA Binding Assay (CPDBA). This method can detect less than 2-fold differences in DNA binding activity, and can deliver results in two hours or less using 10 microliters or less of crude extract, while requiring neither specialized equipment nor expensive probes. To demonstrate the sensitivity and versatility of this assay, we show that enzymatic removal of phosphate groups from proteins in tissue extracts or pharmacological inhibition of casein kinase I in cell culture increased CLOCK-BMAL1 DNA binding activity by ~1.5 to ~2 fold, as measured by the CPDBA. In addition, we show that the CPDBA can measure CLOCK-BMAL1 binding to reconstituted chromatin. The CPDBA is a sensitive, fast, efficient and versatile probe of clock function.
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35
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Gillessen M, Kwak PB, Tamayo A. A simple method to measure CLOCK-BMAL1 DNA binding activity in tissue and cell extracts. F1000Res 2017; 6:1316. [PMID: 28928952 PMCID: PMC5580408 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11685.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 form a heterodimeric transcription factor essential to circadian rhythms in mammals. Daily rhythms of CLOCK-BMAL1 DNA binding activity are known to oscillate with target gene expression in vivo. Here we present a highly sensitive assay that recapitulates native CLOCK-BMAL1 DNA binding rhythms from crude tissue extracts, which we call the Clock Protein-DNA Binding Assay (CPDBA). This method can detect less than 2-fold differences in DNA binding activity, and can deliver results in two hours or less using 10 microliters (~10 micrograms) or less of crude extract, while requiring neither specialized equipment nor expensive probes. To demonstrate the sensitivity and versatility of this assay, we show that enzymatic removal of phosphate groups from proteins in tissue extracts or pharmacological inhibition of casein kinase I in cell culture increased CLOCK-BMAL1 DNA binding activity by ~1.5 to ~2 fold, as measured by the CPDBA. In addition, we show that the CPDBA can measure CLOCK-BMAL1 binding to reconstituted chromatin. The CPDBA is a sensitive, fast, efficient and versatile probe of clock function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gillessen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Pieter Bas Kwak
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alfred Tamayo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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36
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Ubiquitination of nuclear receptors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:917-934. [PMID: 28473472 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are cellular proteins, which upon ligand activation, act to exert regulatory control over transcription and subsequent expression. Organized via systemic classification into seven subfamilies, NRs partake in modulating a vast expanse of physiological functions essential for maintenance of life. NRs display particular characteristics towards ubiquitination, the process of addition of specific ubiquitin tags at appropriate locations. Orchestrated through groups of enzymes harboring a diverse array of specialized structural components, the ubiquitination process emphatically alters the fate or downstream effects of NRs. Such influence is especially prominent in transcriptional processes such as promoter clearing for optimization and degradation pathways eliminating or recycling targeted proteins. Ultimately, the ubiquitination of NRs carries significant implications in terms of generating pathological clinical manifestations. Increasing evidence from studies involving patients and disease models suggests a role for ubiquitinated NRs in virtually every organ system. This supports the broad repertoire of roles that NRs play in the body, including modulatory conductors, facilitators, responders to external agents, and critical constituents for pharmacological or biological interventions. This review aims to cover relevant background and mechanisms of NRs and ubiquitination, with a focus towards elucidating subsequent pathophysiology and therapeutics in clinical disorders encompassing such ubiquitinated NRs.
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37
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Lu Y, Zheng X, Hu W, Bian S, Zhang Z, Tao D, Liu Y, Ma Y. Cancer/testis antigen PIWIL2 suppresses circadian rhythms by regulating the stability and activity of BMAL1 and CLOCK. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54913-54924. [PMID: 28903391 PMCID: PMC5589630 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are regulated by transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops generated by appropriate functions of clock proteins. Rhythmic degradation of the circadian clock proteins is critical for maintenance of the circadian oscillations. Notably, circadian clock does not work during spermatogenesis and can be disrupted in tumors. However, the underlying mechanism that suppresses circadian rhythms in germ cells and cancer cells remains largely unknown. Here we report that the cancer/testis antigen PIWIL2 can repress circadian rhythms both in the testis and cancer cells. By facilitating SRC binding with PI3K, PIWIL2 activates the PI3K-AKT pathway to phosphorylate and deactivate GSK3β, suppressing GSK3β-induced phosphorylation and degradation of circadian protein BMAL1 and CLOCK. Meanwhile, PIWIL2 can bind with E-Box sequences associated with the BMAL1/CLOCK complex to negatively regulate the transcriptional activation activity of promoters of clock-controlled genes. Taken together, our results first described a function for the germline-specific protein PIWIL2 in regulation of the circadian clock, providing a molecular link between spermatogenesis as well as tumorigenesis to the dysfunction of circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xulei Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shasha Bian
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dachang Tao
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yunqiang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yongxin Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Matsui K, Takaesu Y, Inoue T, Inada K, Nishimura K. Effect of aripiprazole on non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder comorbid with major depressive disorder: a case report. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1367-1371. [PMID: 28579782 PMCID: PMC5449127 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s136628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder (N24SWD) exhibit a sleep pattern that is asynchronous with the external light-dark cycle, typically involving a cycling, relapsing-remitting pattern of sleep disturbances, including nighttime insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Here, we report the case of a patient with N24SWD comorbid with major depressive disorder, who was successfully treated with a low dose of aripiprazole. CASE PRESENTATION A 47-year-old female presented with an 8-year complaint of difficulty falling asleep and waking up in the morning. The patient was diagnosed with major depressive disorder at the age of 35 years and was treated with various antidepressants since that time. At the age of 40 years, the patient's sleep-wake cycle began to extend without exacerbation of depressive symptoms. The patient was diagnosed with N24SWD at the age of 43 years. Ramelteon 8 mg/d and then melatonin 1 mg/d were administered, but these did not provide effective treatment. In January 2016, after treatment with aripiprazole 3 mg/d in the morning for 4 weeks, the patient's sleep-wake cycle became markedly synchronized to the environmental light-dark cycle. Her sleep-wake cycle remained synchronized when the same dose of aripiprazole was administered for at least 6 months. CONCLUSION Treatment-refractory asynchrony of the sleep-wake cycle in an N24SWD patient with depression was successfully treated with aripiprazole. Although the detailed mechanism of action is unclear, aripiprazole may be an appropriate treatment for patients with circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Matsui
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute
| | - Yoshikazu Takaesu
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
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Schmitt EE, Barhoumi R, Metz RP, Porter WW. Circadian Regulation of Benzo[a]Pyrene Metabolism and DNA Adduct Formation in Breast Cells and the Mouse Mammary Gland. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:178-188. [PMID: 28007926 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock plays a role in many biologic processes, yet very little is known about its role in metabolism of drugs and carcinogens. The purpose of this study was to define the impact of circadian rhythms on benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) metabolism in the mouse mammary gland and develop a circadian in vitro model for investigating changes in BaP metabolism resulting from cross-talk between the molecular clock and aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Female 129sv mice (12 weeks old) received a single gavage dose of 50 mg/kg BaP at either noon or midnight, and mammary tissues were isolated 4 or 24 hours later. BaP-induced Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 mRNA levels were higher 4 hours after dosing at noon than at 4 hours after dosing at midnight, and this corresponded with parallel changes in Per gene expression. In our in vitro model, we dosed MCF10A mammary cells at different times after serum shock to study how time of day shifts drug metabolism in cells. Analysis of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression showed the maximum enzyme-induced metabolism response 12 and 20 hours after shock, as determined by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, metabolism of BaP, and formation of DNA-BaP adducts. The pattern of PER-, BMAL-, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-induced P450 gene expression and BaP metabolism was similar to BaP-induced Cyp1A1 and Cyp1B1 and molecular clock gene expression in mouse mammary glands. These studies indicate time-of-day exposure influences BaP metabolism in mouse mammary glands and describe an in vitro model that can be used to investigate the circadian influence on the metabolism of carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Schmitt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Richard P Metz
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Weston W Porter
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Domain-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Rev-erbβ. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:978-989. [PMID: 27987190 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor Rev-erbβ is a potent transcriptional factor whose functional study has been limited by the lack of suitable antibodies against it. To better understand Rev-erbβ's biological roles, we generated five hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies against human Rev-erbβ in mice immunized with the purified, prokaryotically expressed recombinant Rev-erbβ-6His fusion protein. Using Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses, all the five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) showed strong immunoreactivity to both prokaryotically and eukaryotically expressed recombinant Rev-erbβ. An immunoprecipitation study showed that all five monoclonal antibodies against Rev-erbβ were able to pull down the recombinant Rev-erbβ-Flag protein, but only one of the MAbs against Rev-erbβ, 37H8, could pull down the endogenous Rev-erbβ protein. Furthermore, domain specificity of these MAbs was characterized. Due to the high similarities between Rev-erbα and Rev-erbβ in the C and E domains, those C and E domain-specific anti-Rev-erbβ antibodies can react with human Rev-erbα as well. The MAbs produced in the study will provide a valuable tool for investigating the function of Rev-erbβ.
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41
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Hirano A, Fu YH, Ptáček LJ. The intricate dance of post-translational modifications in the rhythm of life. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:1053-1060. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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The ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 regulates the maintenance and lymphoid commitment of hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1312-1321. [PMID: 27668798 PMCID: PMC5117833 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are dormant in the bone marrow and can be activated in response to diverse stresses to replenish all blood cell types. Here we identify the ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 as a crucial regulator of HSC functions via its post-translational control of N-myc. We found Huwe1 to be essential for HSC self-renewal, quiescence and lymphoid fate specification. Using a novel fluorescent fusion allele (MycnM), we observed that N-myc expression was restricted to the most immature, multipotent stem and progenitor populations. N-myc was upregulated in response to stress or upon loss of Huwe1, leading to increased proliferation and stem cell exhaustion. Mycn depletion reversed most of these phenotypes in vivo, suggesting that the attenuation of N-myc by Huwe1 is essential to reestablish homeostasis following stress.
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Lee J, Lee S, Chung S, Park N, Son GH, An H, Jang J, Chang DJ, Suh YG, Kim K. Identification of a novel circadian clock modulator controlling BMAL1 expression through a ROR/REV-ERB-response element-dependent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 469:580-6. [PMID: 26692477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, biological oscillations with a period of about 24 h, are maintained by an innate genetically determined time-keeping system called the molecular circadian clockwork. Despite the physiological and clinical importance of the circadian clock, development of small molecule modulators targeting the core clock machinery has only recently been initiated. BMAL1, a core clock gene, is controlled by a ROR/REV-ERB-response element (RORE)-dependent mechanism, which plays an important role in stabilizing the period of the molecular circadian clock. Therefore, we aimed to identify a novel small molecule modulator that regulates Bmal1 gene expression in RORE-dependency, thereby influencing the molecular feedback loop of the circadian clock. For this purpose, we carried out a cell-based screen of more than 1000 drug-like compounds, using a luciferase reporter driven by the proximal region of the mouse Bmal1 promoter. One compound, designated KK-S6, repressed the RORE-dependent transcriptional activity of the mBmal1 promoter and reduced endogenous BMAL1 protein expression. More importantly, KK-S6 significantly altered the amplitude of circadian oscillations of Bmal1 and Per2 promoter activities in a dose-dependent manner, but barely affected the period length. KK-S6 effectively decreased mRNA expression of metabolic genes acting downstream of REV-ERBα, Pai-1 and Citrate synthase, that contain RORE cis-element in their promoter. KK-S6 likely acts in a RORE-dependent manner by reinforcing the REV-ERBα activity, though not by the same mechanism as known REV-ERB agonists. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that KK-S6 functions as a novel modulator of the amplitude of molecular circadian rhythms by influencing RORE-mediated BMAL1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Noheon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hongchan An
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jo Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea.
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Carter EL, Gupta N, Ragsdale SW. High Affinity Heme Binding to a Heme Regulatory Motif on the Nuclear Receptor Rev-erbβ Leads to Its Degradation and Indirectly Regulates Its Interaction with Nuclear Receptor Corepressor. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2196-222. [PMID: 26670607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rev-erbα and Rev-erbβ are heme-binding nuclear receptors (NR) that repress the transcription of genes involved in regulating metabolism, inflammation, and the circadian clock. Previous gene expression and co-immunoprecipitation studies led to a model in which heme binding to Rev-erbα recruits nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) into an active repressor complex. However, in contradiction, biochemical and crystallographic studies have shown that heme decreases the affinity of the ligand-binding domain of Rev-erb NRs for NCoR1 peptides. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the ligand-binding domain and NCoR1 peptides used for in vitro studies cannot replicate the key features of the full-length proteins used in cellular studies. However, the combined in vitro and cellular results described here demonstrate that heme does not directly promote interactions between full-length Rev-erbβ (FLRev-erbβ) and an NCoR1 construct encompassing all three NR interaction domains. NCoR1 tightly binds both apo- and heme-replete FLRev-erbβ·DNA complexes; furthermore, heme, at high concentrations, destabilizes the FLRev-erbβ·NCoR1 complex. The interaction between FLRev-erbβ and NCoR1 as well as Rev-erbβ repression at the Bmal1 promoter appear to be modulated by another cellular factor(s), at least one of which is related to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Our studies suggest that heme is involved in regulating the degradation of Rev-erbβ in a manner consistent with its role in circadian rhythm maintenance. Finally, the very slow rate constant (10(-6) s(-1)) of heme dissociation from Rev-erbβ rules out a prior proposal that Rev-erbβ acts as an intracellular heme sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Carter
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Nirupama Gupta
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Stephen W Ragsdale
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Circadian clock: Time for novel anticancer strategies? Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:288-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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46
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Ubiquitin ligase Siah2 regulates RevErbα degradation and the mammalian circadian clock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12420-5. [PMID: 26392558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501204112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated degradation of proteins by the proteasome is often critical to their function in dynamic cellular pathways. The molecular clock underlying mammalian circadian rhythms relies on the rhythmic expression and degradation of its core components. However, because the tools available for identifying the mechanisms underlying the degradation of a specific protein are limited, the mechanisms regulating clock protein degradation are only beginning to be elucidated. Here we describe a cell-based functional screening approach designed to quickly identify the ubiquitin E3 ligases that induce the degradation of potentially any protein of interest. We screened the nuclear hormone receptor RevErbα (Nr1d1), a key constituent of the mammalian circadian clock, for E3 ligases that regulate its stability and found Seven in absentia2 (Siah2) to be a key regulator of RevErbα stability. Previously implicated in hypoxia signaling, Siah2 overexpression destabilizes RevErbα/β, and siRNA depletion of Siah2 stabilizes endogenous RevErbα. Moreover, Siah2 depletion delays circadian degradation of RevErbα and lengthens period length. These results demonstrate the utility of functional screening approaches for identifying regulators of protein stability and reveal Siah2 as a previously unidentified circadian clockwork regulator that mediates circadian RevErbα turnover.
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47
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Cheng S, Liang X, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Liu Y, Hou W, Li S, Zhang J, Wang Z. The circadian Clock gene regulates acrosin activity of sperm through serine protease inhibitor A3K. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:205-15. [PMID: 26264441 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215597199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study found that CLOCK knockdown in the testes of male mice led to a reduced fertility, which might be associated with the lower acrosin activity. In this present study, we examined the differential expression in proteins of CLOCK knockdown sperm. Clock gene expression was knocked down in cells to confirm those differentially expressions and serine protease inhibitor SERPINA3K was identified as a potential target. The up-regulated SERPINA3K revealed an inverse relationship with Clock knockdown. Direct treatment of normal sperm with recombinant SERPINA3K protein inhibited the acrosin activity and reduced in vitro fertilization rate. The luciferase reporter gene assay showed that the down-regulated of Clock gene could activate the Serpina3k promoter, but this activation was not affected by the mutation of E-box core sequence. Co-IP demonstrated a natural interaction between SERPIAN3K and RORs (α and β). Taken together, these results demonstrated that SERPINA3K is involved in the Clock gene-mediated male fertility by regulating acrosin activity and provide the first evidence that SERPINA3K could be regulated by Clock gene via retinoic acid-related orphan receptor response elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Cheng
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China Reproductive Medical Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yanyou Liu
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wang Hou
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Shiping Li
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Tong X, Zhang D, Arthurs B, Li P, Durudogan L, Gupta N, Yin L. Palmitate Inhibits SIRT1-Dependent BMAL1/CLOCK Interaction and Disrupts Circadian Gene Oscillations in Hepatocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130047. [PMID: 26075729 PMCID: PMC4468094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of serum saturated fatty acid palmitate have been shown to promote insulin resistance, increase cellular ROS production, and trigger cell apoptosis in hepatocytes during the development of obesity. However, it remains unclear whether palmitate directly impacts the circadian clock in hepatocytes, which coordinates nutritional inputs and hormonal signaling with downstream metabolic outputs. Here we presented evidence that the molecular clock is a novel target of palmitate in hepatocytes. Palmitate exposure at low dose inhibits the molecular clock activity and suppresses the cyclic expression of circadian targets including Dbp, Nr1d1 and Per2 in hepatocytes. Palmitate treatment does not seem to alter localization or reduce protein expression of BMAL1 and CLOCK, the two core components of the molecular clock in hepatocytes. Instead, palmitate destabilizes the protein-protein interaction between BMAL1-CLOCK in a dose and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, we showed that SIRT1 activators could reverse the inhibitory action of palmitate on BMAL1-CLOCK interaction and the clock gene expression, whereas inhibitors of NAD synthesis mimic the palmitate effects on the clock function. In summary, our findings demonstrated that palmitate inhibits the clock function by suppressing SIRT1 function in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Blake Arthurs
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Leigh Durudogan
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Neil Gupta
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Yang Y, Duguay D, Fahrenkrug J, Cermakian N, Wing SS. USP2 regulates the intracellular localization of PER1 and circadian gene expression. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 29:243-56. [PMID: 25238854 DOI: 10.1177/0748730414544741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous 24-h rhythms in physiology are driven by a network of circadian clocks located in most tissues. The molecular clock mechanism is based on feedback loops involving clock genes and their protein products. Posttranslational modifications, including ubiquitination, are important for regulating the clock feedback mechanism. Recently, we showed that the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific peptidase 2 (USP2) associates with clock proteins and deubiquitinates PERIOD1 (PER1) but does not affect its overall stability. Mice devoid of USP2 display defects in clock function. Here, we show that USP2 regulates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and nuclear retention of PER1 and its repressive role on the clock transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1. The rhythm of nuclear entry of PER1 in Usp2 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) was advanced but with reduced nuclear accumulation of PER1. Although Per1 mRNA expression rhythm remained intact in the Usp2 KO MEFs, the expression profiles of other core clock genes were altered. This was also true for the expression of clock-controlled genes (e.g., Dbp, Tef, Hlf, E4bp4). A similar phase advance of PER1 nuclear localization rhythm and alteration of clock gene expression profiles were also observed in livers of Usp2 KO mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel function of USP2 in the molecular clock in which it regulates PER1 function by gating its nuclear entry and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Yang
- Polypeptide Laboratory, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Duguay
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon S Wing
- Polypeptide Laboratory, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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50
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Zaeri S, Farjadian S, Emamghoreishi M. Decreased levels of canonical transient receptor potential channel 3 protein in the rat cerebral cortex after chronic treatment with lithium or valproate. Res Pharm Sci 2015; 10:397-406. [PMID: 26752988 PMCID: PMC4691960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium and valproate modulate disturbances in intracellular calcium homeostasis implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, but the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Two subtypes of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family, i.e. TRPC3 and TRPM2, are potential candidates involved in calcium signaling and implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. This study was designed to investigate whether mood stabilizers such as lithium and valproate affect the expression of TRPC3 and TRPM2. Rats were treated with intraperitoneal injections of lithium (2 mEq/kg b.i.d.) or valproate (300 mg/kg b.i.d.) acutely (for 24 h) or chronically (for 4 weeks). The changes in mRNA and protein levels of TRPC3 and TRPM2 were measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The chronic administration of lithium and valproate significantly reduced levels of TRPC3 by 19.7% and 19.3%, respectively. No change was detected in the mRNA level of this channel. Neither acute nor chronic treatment with lithium or valproate had any effect on TRPM2 levels. The results suggest that downregulation of the TRPC3 channel is an important shared mechanism by which lithium and valproate can modulate calcium disturbances, whereas the TRPM2 channel does not appear to be affected by mood stabilizers, at least under non stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Zaeri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Shirin Farjadian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Masoumeh Emamghoreishi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran,Corresponding author: M. Emamghoreishi Tel: 0098 711 2307591, Fax: 0098 711 2307591
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