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Ravens S, Tolosa E. Expansion of human γδ T cells in periphery: Lessons learned from development, infections, and compromised thymic function. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451073. [PMID: 39194409 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
γδ T cells predominantly develop in the fetal period. Post birth they respond swiftly to environmental insults, pathogens and tumors, especially when other immune effector cells are less ready to function. Most of our understanding of γδ T-cell development, peripheral adaptation, and function derives from murine studies. The recent advancement of immunological methods allows now to decipher human γδ T-cell biology in patient cohorts and tissue samples, and to manipulate them using in vitro systems. In this review, we summarize γδ T-cell development in the human thymus, their functional adaptation to the microbial environment from birth until old age, and their capacity to expand and fill up the peripheral niche under conditions of perturbations of conventional T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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León-Lara X, Fichtner AS, Willers M, Yang T, Schaper K, Riemann L, Schöning J, Harms A, Almeida V, Schimrock A, Janssen A, Ospina-Quintero L, von Kaisenberg C, Förster R, Eberl M, Richter MF, Pirr S, Viemann D, Ravens S. γδ T cell profiling in a cohort of preterm infants reveals elevated frequencies of CD83+ γδ T cells in sepsis. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231987. [PMID: 38753245 PMCID: PMC11098939 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are at high risk of developing neonatal sepsis. γδ T cells are thought to be an important set of effector cells in neonates. Here, γδ T cells were investigated in a longitudinal cohort of preterm neonates using next-generation sequencing, flow cytometry, and functional assays. During the first year of life, the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset showed dynamic phenotypic changes and elevated levels of fetal-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were evident in infants with sepsis. Single-cell transcriptomics identified HLA-DRhiCD83+ γδ T cells in neonatal sepsis, which expressed genes related to antigen presentation. In vitro assays showed that CD83 was expressed on activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in preterm and term neonates, but not in adults. In contrast, activation of adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells enhanced CD86 expression, which was presumably the key receptor to induce CD4 T cell proliferation. Together, we provide a map of the maturation of γδ T cells after preterm birth and highlight their phenotypic diversity in infections.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- CD83 Antigen
- Cohort Studies
- Infant, Premature/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Neonatal Sepsis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena León-Lara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maike Willers
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Lennart Riemann
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schöning
- Translational Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Harms
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vicente Almeida
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Schimrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Sabine Pirr
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Translational Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- PRIMAL (Priming IMmunity at the Beginning of Life) Consortium, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Infection Research, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Pei XY, Huang XJ. The role of immune reconstitution in relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:513-524. [PMID: 38599237 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2299728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukemia relapse following stem cell transplantation remains a significant barrier to long-term remission. Timely and balanced immune recovery after transplantation is crucial for preventing leukemia relapse. AREAS COVERED After an extensive literature search of PubMed and Web of Science through October 2023, we provide an overview of the dynamics of immune reconstitution and its role in controlling leukemia relapse. We also discuss strategies to promote immune reconstitution and reduce disease recurrence following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. EXPERT OPINION Immune reconstitution after transplantation has substantial potential to prevent relapse and might predict disease recurrence and prognosis. High dimensional cytometry, multi-omics, and T cell repertoire analysis allow for a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the immune system's dynamics post-transplantation, and contribute to the identification of rare immune cell subsets or potential biomarkers associated with successful immune reconstitution or increased risk of complications. Strategies to enhance the immune system, such as adoptive immunotherapy and cytokine-based therapy, have great potential for reducing leukemia relapse after transplantation. Future research directions should focus on refining patient selection for these therapies, implementing appropriate and timely treatment, investigating combination approaches to maximize therapeutic outcomes, and achieving a robust graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect while minimizing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) for optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ying Pei
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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Yin KL, Chu KJ, Li M, Duan YX, Yu YX, Kang MQ, Fu D, Liao R. Immune Regulatory Networks and Therapy of γδ T Cells in Liver Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancements. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:287-297. [PMID: 38426194 PMCID: PMC10899867 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of γδ T cells in liver cancer, especially in the potential function of immunotherapy due to their direct cytotoxic effects on tumor cells and secretion of important cytokines and chemokines, have aroused research interest. This review briefly describes the basic characteristics of γδ T cells, focusing on their diverse effects on liver cancer. In particular, different subtypes of γδ T cells have diverse or even opposite effects on liver cancer. We provide a detailed description of the immune regulatory network of γδ T cells in liver cancer from two aspects: immune components and nonimmune components. The interactions between various components in this immune regulatory network are dynamic and pluralistic, ultimately determining the biological effects of γδ T cells in liver cancer. We also integrate the current knowledge of γδ T-cell immunotherapy for liver cancer treatment, emphasizing the potential of these cells in liver cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Li Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Jian Chu
- Biliary Surgical Department I, the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Xi Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei-Qing Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da Fu
- General Surgery, Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
The critical role of conventional dendritic cells in physiological cross-priming of immune responses to tumors and pathogens is widely documented and beyond doubt. However, there is ample evidence that a wide range of other cell types can also acquire the capacity to cross-present. These include not only other myeloid cells such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils, but also lymphoid populations, endothelial and epithelial cells and stromal cells including fibroblasts. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the relevant literature that analyzes each report cited for the antigens and readouts used, mechanistic insight and in vivo experimentation addressing physiological relevance. As this analysis shows, many reports rely on the exceptionally sensitive recognition of an ovalbumin peptide by a transgenic T cell receptor, with results that therefore cannot always be extrapolated to physiological settings. Mechanistic studies remain basic in most cases but reveal that the cytosolic pathway is dominant across many cell types, while vacuolar processing is most encountered in macrophages. Studies addressing physiological relevance rigorously remain exceptional but suggest that cross-presentation by non-dendritic cells may have significant impact in anti-tumor immunity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Mauvais
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France.
| | - Peter van Endert
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France; Service Immunologie Biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Human γδ T cells induce CD8 + T cell antitumor responses via antigen-presenting effect through HSP90-MyD88-mediated activation of JNK. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:1803-1821. [PMID: 36680568 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have attracted considerable attention as novel alternative antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with the potential to replace dendritic cells in antitumor immunotherapy owing to their high proliferative capacity and low cost. However, the utility of γδ T cells as APCs to induce CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immune response, as well as the mechanism by which they perform APC functions, remains unexplored. In this study, we found that activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were capable of inducing robust CD8+ T cell responses in osteosarcoma cells. Activated γδ T cells also effectively suppressed osteosarcoma growth by priming CD8+ T cells in xenograft animal models. Mechanistically, we further revealed that activated γδ T cells exhibited increased HSP90 production, which fed back to upregulate MyD88, followed by JNK activation and a subsequent improvement in CCL5 secretion, leading to enhanced CD8+ T cell cross-priming. Thus, our study suggests that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells represent a promising alternative APC for the development of γδ T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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7
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Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Frohna P, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. Role of Vγ9vδ2 T lymphocytes in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928441. [PMID: 35924233 PMCID: PMC9340263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor Vγ9Vδ2 T cells bridge innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity in primates. These Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens (pAgs) present in microbial or eukaryotic cells in a butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3) and butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) dependent manner. In humans, the rapid expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes during several infections as well as their localization at the site of active disease demonstrates their important role in the immune response to infection. However, Vγ9Vδ2 T cell deficiencies have been observed in some infectious diseases such as active tuberculosis and chronic viral infections. In this review, we are providing an overview of the mechanisms of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated antimicrobial immunity. These cells kill infected cells mainly by releasing lytic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing target cell apoptosis. In addition, the release of chemokines and cytokines allows the recruitment and activation of immune cells, promoting the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Finaly, we also describe potential new therapeutic tools of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy that could be applied to emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
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8
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Chan KF, Duarte JDG, Ostrouska S, Behren A. γδ T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment-Interactions With Other Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894315. [PMID: 35880177 PMCID: PMC9307934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that γδ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating the clearance of tumors and pathogen-infected cells with their potent cytotoxic, cytolytic, and unique immune-modulating functions. Unlike the more abundant αβ T cells, γδ T cells can recognize a broad range of tumors and infected cells without the requirement of antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Our group has recently demonstrated parts of the mechanisms of T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells by tumors following the presentation of phosphoantigens, intermediates of the mevalonate pathway. This process is mediated through the B7 immunoglobulin family-like butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) and BTN3A1 complexes. Such recognition results in activation, a robust immunosurveillance process, and elicits rapid γδ T-cell immune responses. These include targeted cell killing, and the ability to produce copious quantities of cytokines and chemokines to exert immune-modulating properties and to interact with other immune cells. This immune cell network includes αβ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, and neutrophils, hence heavily influencing the outcome of immune responses. This key role in orchestrating immune cells and their natural tropism for tumor microenvironment makes γδ T cells an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the current understanding of these important interactions and highlight the implications of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and other immune cells in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Fei Chan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Ostrouska
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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9
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Song Y, Liu Y, Teo HY, Liu H. Targeting Cytokine Signals to Enhance γδT Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914839. [PMID: 35747139 PMCID: PMC9210953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells represent a small percentage of T cells in circulation but are found in large numbers in certain organs. They are considered to be innate immune cells that can exert cytotoxic functions on target cells without MHC restriction. Moreover, γδT cells contribute to adaptive immune response via regulating other immune cells. Under the influence of cytokines, γδT cells can be polarized to different subsets in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current understanding of antigen recognition by γδT cells, and the immune regulation mediated by γδT cells in the tumor microenvironment. More importantly, we depicted the polarization and plasticity of γδT cells in the presence of different cytokines and their combinations, which provided the basis for γδT cell-based cancer immunotherapy targeting cytokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yonghao Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huey Yee Teo
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Liu,
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10
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Kumar A, Singh B, Tiwari R, Singh VK, Singh SS, Sundar S, Kumar R. Emerging role of γδ T cells in protozoan infection and their potential clinical application. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105210. [PMID: 35031509 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are thymus derived heterogeneous and unconventional T- lymphocyte expressing TCR γ (V γ9) and TCRδ (Vδ2) chain and play an important role in connecting innate and adaptive armaments of immune response. These cells can recognize wide ranges of antigens even without involvement of major histocompatibility complex and exert their biological functions by cytotoxicity or activating various types of immune cells. In recent past, γδ T cells have emerged as an important player during protozoa infection and rapidly expand after exposure with them. They have also been widely studied in vaccine induced immune response against many bacterial and protozoan infections with improved clinical outcome. In this review, we will discuss the various roles of γδ T cells in immunity against malaria and leishmaniasis, the two important protozoan diseases causing significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | | | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India.
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11
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McGraw JM, Witherden DA. γδ T cell costimulatory ligands in antitumor immunity. EXPLORATION OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 2:79-97. [PMID: 35480230 PMCID: PMC9041367 DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor immunity relies on the ability of T cells to recognize and kill tumor targets. γδ T cells are a specialized subset of T cells that predominantly localizes to non-lymphoid tissue such as the skin, gut, and lung where they are actively involved in tumor immunosurveillance. γδ T cells respond to self-stress ligands that are increased on many tumor cells, and these interactions provide costimulatory signals that promote their activation and cytotoxicity. This review will cover costimulatory molecules that are known to be critical for the function of γδ T cells with a specific focus on mouse dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC). DETC are a prototypic tissue-resident γδ T cell population with known roles in antitumor immunity and are therefore useful for identifying mechanisms that may control activation of other γδ T cell subsets within non-lymphoid tissues. This review concludes with a brief discussion on how γδ T cell costimulatory molecules can be targeted for improved cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. McGraw
- 1Department of Biology, Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Deborah A. Witherden
- 2Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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12
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Yang XW, Li H, Feng T, Zhang W, Song XR, Ma CY, Nie M, Wang L, Tan X, Kang Y, Liao X. Impairment of antigen-presenting function of peripheral γδ T cells in patients with sepsis. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 207:104-112. [PMID: 35020851 PMCID: PMC8802185 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of antigen-presenting functions is a key mechanism contributing to sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Recently, γδ T cells have been demonstrated as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs); however, their role in sepsis remains unknown. In this in vitro study, the APC function of human peripheral γδ T cells was assessed using samples collected from 42 patients with sepsis and 27 age-matched healthy controls. The APC-related markers HLA-DR, CD27, CD80, and CCR7 on fresh γδT cells were significantly higher in patients with sepsis compared with matched controls; however, they responded poorly to 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) stimulation, characterized by the deactivation of these APC markers and impaired proliferation. Furthermore, the adhesion function of γδ T cells, essential for antigen presentation, was greatly reduced in patients with sepsis; for instance, in co-cultures with green fluorescent protein-expressing Escherichia coli, HMBPP-activated γδT cells from healthy individuals adhered to E. coli efficiently, whereas no such phenomenon was observed with respect to γδT cells from patients with sepsis. In line with these results, in co-cultures with isolated CD4+ αβ T cells, HMBPP-activated γδT cells of healthy individuals promoted the efficient proliferation of CD4+ αβ T cells, whereas γδT cells from patients with sepsis did not do so. In conclusion, our findings show that the antigen-presenting function of γδT cells is severely impaired in patients with sepsis and the mechanisms behind need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Menzhen Nie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojiao Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Liao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Caron J, Ridgley LA, Bodman-Smith M. How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666983. [PMID: 33854516 PMCID: PMC8039298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of viruses with pandemic potential such as the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing COVID-19 poses a global health challenge. There is remarkable progress in vaccine technology in response to this threat, but their design often overlooks the innate arm of immunity. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells with unique features that gives them a key role in the innate immune response to a variety of homeostatic alterations, from cancer to microbial infections. In the context of viral infection, a growing body of evidence shows that γδ T cells are particularly equipped for early virus detection, which triggers their subsequent activation, expansion and the fast deployment of antiviral functions such as direct cytotoxic pathways, secretion of cytokines, recruitment and activation of other immune cells and mobilization of a trained immunity memory program. As such, γδ T cells represent an attractive target to stimulate for a rapid and effective resolution of viral infections. Here, we review the known aspects of γδ T cells that make them crucial component of the immune response to viruses, and the ways that their antiviral potential can be harnessed to prevent or treat viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Caron
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Alice Ridgley
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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γδ T cells suppress Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection by direct killing and phagocytosis. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:347-357. [PMID: 33432229 PMCID: PMC7906917 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activated Vγ9Vδ2 (γδ2) T lymphocytes that sense parasite-produced phosphoantigens are expanded in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients. Although previous studies suggested that γδ2 T cells help control erythrocytic malaria, whether γδ2 T cells recognize infected red blood cells (iRBCs) was uncertain. Here we show that iRBCs stained for the phosphoantigen sensor butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1). γδ2 T cells formed immune synapses and lysed iRBCs in a contact, phosphoantigen, BTN3A1 and degranulation-dependent manner, killing intracellular parasites. Granulysin released into the synapse lysed iRBCs and delivered death-inducing granzymes to the parasite. All intra-erythrocytic parasites were susceptible, but schizonts were most sensitive. A second protective γδ2 T cell mechanism was identified. In the presence of patient serum, γδ2 T cells phagocytosed and degraded opsonized iRBCs in a CD16-dependent manner, decreasing parasite multiplication. Thus, γδ2 T cells have two ways to control blood-stage malaria-γδ T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated degranulation and phagocytosis of antibody-coated iRBCs.
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15
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Anderson J, Gustafsson K, Himoudi N, Yan M, Heuijerjans J. Licensing of γδT cells for professional antigen presentation: A new role for antibodies in regulation of antitumor immune responses. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1652-1654. [PMID: 23264926 PMCID: PMC3525635 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following activation, γδ T cells display many properties of lymphocytes from the innate immune system, yet how they mediate antigen presentation remains an open conundrum. In humans, circulating γδ T cells that express the Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptor become reversibly licensed for professional antigen presentation only upon interaction with a target cell opsonized with IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Anderson
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit; UCL Institute of Child Health; London, UK
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16
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Yazdanifar M, Mashkour N, Bertaina A. Making a case for using γδ T cells against SARS-CoV-2. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:689-702. [PMID: 33023358 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1822279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intensive worldwide efforts are underway to determine both the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune responses in COVID-19 patients in order to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines. One type of cell that may contribute to these immune responses is the γδ T lymphocyte, which plays a key role in immunosurveillance of the mucosal and epithelial barriers by rapidly responding to pathogens. Although found in low numbers in blood, γδ T cells consist the majority of tissue-resident T cells and participate in the front line of the host immune defense. Previous studies have demonstrated the critical protective role of γδ T cells in immune responses to other respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-1. However, no studies have profoundly investigated these cells in COVID-19 patients to date. γδ T cells can be safely expanded in vivo using existing inexpensive FDA-approved drugs such as bisphosphonate, in order to test its protective immune response to SARS-CoV-2. To support this line of research, we review insights gained from previous coronavirus research, along with recent findings, discussing the potential role of γδ T cells in controlling SARS-CoV-2. We conclude by proposing several strategies to enhance γδ T cell's antiviral function, which may be used in developing therapies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Narges Mashkour
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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17
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Δ42PD1-TLR4 Augments γδ-T Cell Activation of the Transitional Memory Subset of CD4 + T Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101620. [PMID: 33089108 PMCID: PMC7567942 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR ligands can contribute to T cell immune responses by indirectly stimulating antigen presentation and cytokines and directly serving as co-stimulatory signals. We have previously reported that the human endogenous surface protein, Δ42PD1, is expressed primarily on (Vγ9)Vδ2 cells and can interact with TLR4. Since Vδ2 cells possess antigen presentation capacity, we sought to further characterize if the Δ42PD1-TLR4 interaction has a role in stimulating T cell responses. In this study, we found that stimulation of Vδ2 cells not only upregulated Δ42PD1 expression but also increased MHC class II molecules necessary for the antigen presentation. In a mixed leukocyte reaction assay, upregulation of Δ42PD1 on Vδ2 cells elevated subsequent T cell proliferation. Furthermore, the interaction between Δ42PD1-TLR4 augments Vδ2 cell stimulation of autologous CMV pp65-or TT-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ responses, which was specifically and significantly reduced by blocking the Δ42PD1-TLR4 interaction. Furthermore, confocal microscopy analysis confirmed the interaction between Δ42PD1+HLA-DR+Vδ2 cells and TLR4+CD4 T cells. Interestingly, the subset of CD4+ T cells expressing TLR4 appears to be PD-1+ CD45RO+CD45RA+ transitional memory T cells and responded to Δ42PD1+HLA-DR+Vδ2 cells. Overall, this study demonstrated an important biological role of Δ42PD1 protein exhibited by Vδ2 antigen-presenting cells in augmenting T cell activation through TLR4, which may serve as an additional co-stimulatory signal. Δ42PD1 is co-expressed with MHC-II on activated Vδ2 cells Δ42PD1+MHC-II+Vδ2 cells interact directly with TLR4+CD4+T cells in 3D imaging TLR4 is highly expressed on the PD-1+CD45RO+CD45RA+CD4+T cell subset Δ42PD1-TLR4 selectively activates this subset of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells
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18
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Morandi F, Yazdanifar M, Cocco C, Bertaina A, Airoldi I. Engineering the Bridge between Innate and Adaptive Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy: Focus on γδ T and NK Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1757. [PMID: 32707982 PMCID: PMC7464083 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on genetic engineering technologies for cancer immunotherapy based on allogeneic donors have focused on adaptive immunity. However, the main limitation of such approaches is that they can lead to severe graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). An alternative approach would bolster innate immunity by relying on the natural tropism of some subsets of the innate immune system, such as γδ T and natural killer (NK) cells, for the tumor microenvironment and their ability to kill in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner. γδ T and NK cells have the unique ability to bridge innate and adaptive immunity while responding to a broad range of tumors. Considering these properties, γδ T and NK cells represent ideal sources for developing allogeneic cell therapies. Recently, significant efforts have been made to exploit the intrinsic anti-tumor capacity of these cells for treating hematologic and solid malignancies using genetic engineering approaches such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and T cell receptor (TCR). Here, we review over 30 studies on these two approaches that use γδ T and NK cells in adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for treating cancer. Based on those studies, we propose several promising strategies to optimize the clinical translation of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini, 516147 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Claudia Cocco
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini, 516147 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Irma Airoldi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini, 516147 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (C.C.)
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19
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Abstract
The recent successes of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the treatment of hematological malignancies have clearly led to an explosion in the field of adoptive cell therapy for cancer. Current efforts are focused on the translation of this exciting technology to the treatment of solid tumors and the development of allogeneic ‘off-the-shelf’ therapies. γδ T cells are currently gaining considerable attention in this field as their unique biology and established role in cancer immunosurveillance place them in a unique position to potentially overcome these challenges in adoptive cell therapy. Here, we review the relevant aspects of the function of γδ T cells in cancer immunity, and summarize clinical observations and clinical trial results that highlight their emerging role as a platform for the development of safe and effective cancer immunotherapies. γδ T cells are a unique subset of T cells combining innate and adaptive features. Tissue-resident γδ T cells have important functions in tissue and cancer immunosurveillance. γδ T cells are being exploited increasingly for cancer immunotherapy.
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20
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Wang Y, Zhu J, Yu W, Wang J, Xia K, Liang C, Tao H. Allogenic γδ T cell and tumor cell fused vaccine for enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacy of osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2018; 21:100214. [PMID: 32368439 PMCID: PMC7184232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2018.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells have displayed their potential in cancer immunity through efficient tumor killing activities. Besides, they are also known for their capacity of antigen presentation. How to improve γδ T cells' immunotherapeutic effect as the cell vaccine is still a great challenge. Herein, we explore the human γδ T cells and tumor cell fused vaccine for enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacy of osteosarcoma. The fusion cell vaccine was prepared by chemical fusion between human γδ T cells and inactive osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells. The fusion process was confirmed by microscopy observation, and flow cytometry analysis further validated the antigen presenting functions of the fusion cells. Moreover, the immunotherapeutic potential of the fusion cells was then verified via cytotoxicity assay and cytokine release detection. Our study provided novel immunotherapeutic strategy for patients with osteosarcoma, which merits further practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
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21
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Guzman E, Montoya M. Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:307. [PMID: 30574508 PMCID: PMC6292178 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By their very nature, great advances in immunology are usually underpinned by experiments carried out in animal models and inbred lines of mice. Also, their corresponding knock-out or knock-in derivatives have been the most commonly used animal systems in immunological studies. With much credit to their usefulness, laboratory mice will never provide all the answers to fully understand immunological processes. Large animal models offer unique biological and experimental advantages that have been and continue to be of great value to the understanding of biological and immunological processes. From the identification of B cells to the realization that γδ T cells can function as professional antigen presenting cells, farm animals have contributed significantly to a better understanding of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Montoya
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Dong P, Ju X, Yan Y, Zhang S, Cai M, Wang H, Chen H, Hu Y, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. γδ T Cells Provide Protective Function in Highly Pathogenic Avian H5N1 Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2812. [PMID: 30564234 PMCID: PMC6288289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high mortality rate (>50%) and potential danger of intrapersonal transmission, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 epidemics still pose a significant threat to humans. γδ T cells, which participate on the front line of the host immune defense, demonstrate both innate, and adaptive characteristics in their immune response and have potent antiviral activity against various viruses. However, the roles of γδ T cells in HPAI H5N1 viral infection remain unclear. In this study, we found that γδ T cells provided a crucial protective function in the defense against HPAI H5N1 viral infection. HPAI H5N1 viruses could directly activate γδ T cells, leading to enhanced CD69 expression and IFN-γ secretion. Importantly, we found that the trimer but not the monomer of HPAI H5N1 virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteins could directly activate γδ T cells. HA-induced γδ T cell activation was dependent on both sialic acid receptors and HA glycosylation, and this activation could be inhibited by the phosphatase calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A but not by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002. Our findings provide a further understanding the mechanism underlying γδ T cell-mediated innate and adoptive immune responses against HPAI H5N1 viral infection, which helps to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of H5N1 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangwu Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianxian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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23
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Howard J, Zaidi I, Loizon S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Déchanet-Merville J, Mamani-Matsuda M. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Lymphocytes in the Immune Response to P. falciparum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2760. [PMID: 30538708 PMCID: PMC6277687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium sp, the most lethal being Plasmodium falciparum. Clinical malaria is associated with the asexual replication cycle of Plasmodium parasites inside the red blood cells (RBCs) and a dysregulated immune response. Although the mechanisms of immune responses to blood—or liver-stage parasites have been extensively studied, this has not led to satisfactory leads for vaccine design. Among innate immune cells responding to infection are the non-conventional gamma-delta T-cells. The Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subset, found only in primates, is activated in response to non-peptidic phosphoantigens produced by stressed mammalian cells or by microorganisms such as Mycobacteria, E.coli, and Plasmodium. The potential protective role of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells against infections and cancer progression is of current research interest. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells have been shown to play a role in the early control of P. falciparum parasitemia and to influence malaria adaptive immunity via cytokine release and antigen presentation. They are activated and expanded during a primary P. falciparum infection in response to malaria phosphoantigens and their activity is modulated upon subsequent infections. Here, we review the wide range of functions by which Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells could both contribute to and protect from malaria pathology, with a particular focus on their ability to induce both innate and adaptive responses. We discuss how the multifunctional roles of these T-cells could open new perspectives on gamma-delta T-cell-based interventions to prevent or cure malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Howard
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Séverine Loizon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
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24
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Castella B, Melaccio A, Foglietta M, Riganti C, Massaia M. Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells as Strategic Weapons to Improve the Potency of Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Immune Interventions in Human Myeloma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:508. [PMID: 30460198 PMCID: PMC6232124 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of immune checkpoint (ICP) blockade has introduced an unprecedented paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer. Though very promising, there is still a substantial proportion of patients who do not respond or develop resistance to ICP blockade. In vitro and in vivo models are eagerly needed to identify mechanisms to maximize the immune potency of ICP blockade and overcome primary and acquired resistance to ICP blockade. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells isolated from the bone marrow (BM) from multiple myeloma (MM) are excellent tools to investigate the mechanisms of resistance to PD-1 blockade and to decipher the network of mutual interactions between PD-1 and the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can easily be interrogated to dissect the progressive immune competence impairment generated in the TME by the long-lasting exposure to myeloma cellss. BM MM Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are PD-1+ and anergic to phosphoantigen (pAg) stimulation; notably, single agent PD-1 blockade is insufficient to fully recover their anti-tumor activity in vitro indicating that additional players are involved in the anergy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In this mini-review we will discuss the value of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as investigational tools to improve the potency of ICP blockade and immune interventions in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Castella
- Laboratorio di Immunologia dei Tumori del Sangue, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Assunta Melaccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche ed Oncologia Umana, Sezione di Medicina Interna ed Oncologia, Università degli studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Myriam Foglietta
- Laboratorio di Immunologia dei Tumori del Sangue, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.,SC Ematologia, AO S.Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Massaia
- Laboratorio di Immunologia dei Tumori del Sangue, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.,SC Ematologia, AO S.Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
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25
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Howard J, Loizon S, Tyler CJ, Duluc D, Moser B, Mechain M, Duvignaud A, Malvy D, Troye-Blomberg M, Moreau JF, Eberl M, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Déchanet-Merville J, Behr C, Mamani-Matsuda M. The Antigen-Presenting Potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells During Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1569-1579. [PMID: 28368498 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During Plasmodium falciparum infections, erythrocyte-stage parasites inhibit dendritic cell maturation and function, compromising effective antimalarial adaptive immunity. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can act in vitro as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and induce αβ T-cell activation. However, the relevance of this activity in vivo has remained elusive. Because Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are activated during the early immune response against P. falciparum infection, we investigated whether they could contribute to the instruction of adaptive immune responses toward malaria parasites. In P. falciparum-infected patients, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells presented increased surface expression of APC-associated markers HLA-DR and CD86. In response to infected red blood cells in vitro, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells upregulated surface expression of HLA-DR, HLA-ABC, CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86, induced naive αβ T-cell responses, and cross- presented soluble prototypical protein to antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Our findings qualify Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as alternative APCs, which could be harnessed for therapeutic interventions and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and
| | - Matthieu Mechain
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Alexandre Duvignaud
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Denis Malvy
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Jean-Francois Moreau
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University.,CHU de Bordeaux, Immunology and Immunogenetic Laboratory, and
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, United Kingdom ; and
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26
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Chen HC, Joalland N, Bridgeman JS, Alchami FS, Jarry U, Khan MWA, Piggott L, Shanneik Y, Li J, Herold MJ, Herrmann T, Price DA, Gallimore AM, Clarkson RW, Scotet E, Moser B, Eberl M. Synergistic targeting of breast cancer stem-like cells by human γδ T cells and CD8 + T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:620-629. [PMID: 28356569 PMCID: PMC5550559 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inherent resistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to existing therapies has largely hampered the development of effective treatments for advanced malignancy. To help develop novel immunotherapy approaches that efficiently target CSCs, an experimental model allowing reliable distinction of CSCs and non-CSCs was set up to study their interaction with non-MHC-restricted γδ T cells and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Stable lines with characteristics of breast CSC-like cells were generated from ras-transformed human mammary epithelial (HMLER) cells as confirmed by their CD44hi CD24lo GD2+ phenotype, their mesenchymal morphology in culture and their capacity to form mammospheres under non-adherent conditions, as well as their potent tumorigenicity, self-renewal and differentiation in xenografted mice. The resistance of CSC-like cells to γδ T cells could be overcome by inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) through pretreatment with zoledronate or with FPPS-targeting short hairpin RNA. γδ T cells induced upregulation of MHC class I and CD54/ICAM-1 on CSC-like cells and thereby increased the susceptibility to antigen-specific killing by CD8+ T cells. Alternatively, γδ T-cell responses could be specifically directed against CSC-like cells using the humanised anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A. Our findings identify a powerful synergism between MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted T cells in the eradication of cancer cells including breast CSCs. Our research suggests that novel immunotherapies may benefit from a two-pronged approach combining γδ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell targeting strategies that triggers effective innate-like and tumour-specific adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chang Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Noémie Joalland
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fouad S Alchami
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ulrich Jarry
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luke Piggott
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yasmin Shanneik
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco J Herold
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard W Clarkson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emmanuel Scotet
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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27
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Stervbo U, Pohlmann D, Baron U, Bozzetti C, Jürchott K, Mälzer JN, Nienen M, Olek S, Roch T, Schulz AR, Warth S, Neumann A, Thiel A, Grützkau A, Babel N. Age dependent differences in the kinetics of γδ T cells after influenza vaccination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181161. [PMID: 28700738 PMCID: PMC5507438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a hallmark of the aging immune system and is considered the main cause of a reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly. Although γδ T cells can become activated by recombinant influenza hemagglutinin, their age-related immunocompetence during a virus-induced immune response has so far not been investigated. In this study we evaluate the kinetics of γδ T cells after vaccination with the trivalent 2011/2012 northern hemisphere seasonal influenza vaccine. We applied multi-parametric flow cytometry to a cohort of 21 young (19-30 years) and 23 elderly (53-67 years) healthy individuals. Activated and proliferating γδ T cells, as identified by CD38 and Ki67 expression, were quantified on the days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21. We observed a significantly lower number of activated and proliferating γδ T cells at baseline and following vaccination in elderly as compared to young individuals. The kinetics changes of activated γδ T cells were much stronger in the young, while corresponding changes in the elderly occurred slower. In addition, we observed an association between day 21 HAI titers of influenza A and the frequencies of Ki67+ γδ T cells at day 7 in the young. In conclusion, aging induces alterations of the γδ T cell response that might have negative implications for vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Stervbo
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Dominika Pohlmann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Baron
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Bozzetti
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Nora Mälzer
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikalai Nienen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Sven Olek
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Kantstraße 55, Teltow, Germany
| | - Axel Ronald Schulz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin–a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Warth
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Avidan Neumann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin–a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
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28
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Lawand M, Déchanet-Merville J, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Key Features of Gamma-Delta T-Cell Subsets in Human Diseases and Their Immunotherapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:761. [PMID: 28713381 PMCID: PMC5491929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique features of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, related to their antigen recognition capacity, their tissue tropism, and their cytotoxic function, make these cells ideal candidates that could be targeted to induce durable immunity in the context of different pathologies. In this review, we focus on the main characteristics of human γδ T-cell subsets in diseases and the key mechanisms that could be explored to target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lawand
- Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", INSERM, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Sorbonne-Paris Cité, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, University Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", INSERM, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Sorbonne-Paris Cité, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, University Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
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29
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Liao CT, Andrews R, Wallace LE, Khan MWA, Kift-Morgan A, Topley N, Fraser DJ, Taylor PR. Peritoneal macrophage heterogeneity is associated with different peritoneal dialysis outcomes. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1088-1103. [PMID: 28065517 PMCID: PMC5402633 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peritonitis remains the major obstacle for the maintenance of long-term peritoneal dialysis and dysregulated host peritoneal immune responses may compromise local anti-infectious defense, leading to treatment failure. Whilst, tissue mononuclear phagocytes, comprising macrophages and dendritic cells, are central to a host response to pathogens and the development of adaptive immune responses, they are poorly characterized in the human peritoneum. Combining flow cytometry with global transcriptome analysis, the phenotypic features and lineage identity of the major CD14+ macrophage and CD1c+ dendritic cell subsets in dialysis effluent were defined. Their functional specialization was reflected in cytokine generation, phagocytosis, and antigen processing/presentation. By analyzing acute bacterial peritonitis, stable (infection-free) and new-starter patients receiving peritoneal dialysis, we identified a skewed distribution of macrophage to dendritic cell subsets (increasing ratio) that associated with adverse peritonitis outcomes, history of multiple peritonitis episodes, and early catheter failure, respectively. Intriguingly, we also noted significant alterations of macrophage heterogeneity, indicative of different maturation and activation states that were associated with different peritoneal dialysis outcomes. Thus, our studies delineate peritoneal dendritic cells from macrophages within dialysate, and define cellular characteristics associated with peritoneal dialysis treatment failure. These are the first steps to unravelling the detrimental adaptive immune responses occurring as a consequence of peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Te Liao
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Leah E Wallace
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK; Wales Kidney Research Unit, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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30
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Zhu Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. Human γδ T cells augment antigen presentation in Listeria Monocytogenes infection. Mol Med 2016; 22:737-746. [PMID: 27652377 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating γδ T cells in healthy individuals rapidly respond to bacterial and viral pathogens. Many studies have demonstrated that γδ T cells are activated and expanded by Listeria monocytogenes (L.monocytogenes), a foodborne bacterial pathogen with high fatality rates. However, the roles of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection are not clear. In the present study, we characterized the morphological characteristics of phagocytosis in γδ T cells after L.monocytogenes infection using transmission electron microscopy. Results show activation markers including HLA-DR and lymph node-homing receptor CCR7 on γδ T cells were upregulated after stimulation via L.monocytogenes. Significant proliferation and differentiation of primary αβ T cells was also observed after co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with γδ T cells anteriorly stimulated by L.monocytogenes. L.monocytogenes infection decreased the percentage of γδ T cells in mouse IELs and increased MHC-II expression on the surface of γδ T cells in vivo. Our findings shed light on antigen presentation of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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31
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Monitoring and functional characterization of the lymphocytic compartment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. Pancreatology 2016; 16:1069-1079. [PMID: 27424476 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still has a poor prognosis and current treatments including immunotherapy often fail. This might be due to the pronounced immunosuppressive milieu impairing infiltration and function of immune effector cells. This study aimed at a comprehensive analysis of immune cells in PDAC patients by determining absolute and relative peripheral blood cell numbers of immune cell subsets along with their functional capacity. METHODS Whole blood cells or isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were characterized by flow cytometry. PDAC tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Anti-tumor activity of immune effector cells was determined by RTCA system. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that relative CD4+ memory- and regulatory T cell numbers were enhanced, whereas determination of absolute cell numbers revealed generally lower immune cell numbers in PDAC patients compared to healthy controls. γδ T cells accumulated at higher numbers compared to αβ T cells in the malignant ductal epithelium of PDAC tissues indicating that γδ T cells infiltrate into the tumor. Cytotoxicity against tumor cells of even small numbers of T- and NK cells could be induced by a bispecific antibody targeting CD3+ T cells to human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 expressing PDAC cells or Trastuzumab. Importantly, a critical number of γδ T cells was required for significant tumor cell killing by a bispecific antibody engaging the γδ T cell receptor on γδ T cells and HER2 on tumor cells. CONCLUSION Monitoring immune cells along with the determination of their functional capacity provides a comprehensive assessment as a prerequisite for a personalized immunotherapeutic PDAC treatment.
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32
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Muto M, Baghdadi M, Maekawa R, Wada H, Seino KI. Myeloid molecular characteristics of human γδ T cells support their acquisition of tumor antigen-presenting capacity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:941-9. [PMID: 25904200 PMCID: PMC11028926 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human T cells expressing γδ T cell receptor have a potential to show antigen-presenting cell-like phenotype and function upon their activation. However, the mechanisms that underlie the alterations in human γδ T cells remain largely unclear. In this study, we have investigated the molecular characteristics of human γδ T cells related to their acquisition of antigen-presenting capacity in comparison with activated αβ T cells. We found that activated γδ but not αβ T cells upregulated cell surface expression of a scavenger receptor, CD36, which seemed to be mediated by signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase and/or NF-κB pathways. Confocal microscopical analysis revealed that activated γδ T cells can phagocytose protein antigens. Activated γδ T cells could induce tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells using both apoptotic and live tumor cells as antigen resources. Furthermore, we detected that C/EBPα, a critical transcription factor for the development of myeloid-lineage cells, is expressed much higher in γδ T cells than in αβ T cells. These results unveiled the molecular mechanisms for the elicitation of antigen-presenting functions in γδ T cells and would also help designing new approaches for γδ T cell-mediated human cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Muto
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita15 Nishi7, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
- Medinet Medical Institute, MEDINET Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muhammad Baghdadi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita15 Nishi7, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
| | - Ryuji Maekawa
- Medinet Medical Institute, MEDINET Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Wada
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita15 Nishi7, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Seino
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita15 Nishi7, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
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33
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Tyler CJ, Doherty DG, Moser B, Eberl M. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells: Innate adaptors of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:10-21. [PMID: 25659480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells are gaining center stage as important effector and regulatory cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are amongst the best understood unconventional T cells, as they are easily accessible in peripheral blood, can readily be expanded and manipulated in vitro, respond to microbial infections in vivo and can be exploited for novel tumor immunotherapies. We here review findings that suggest that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and possibly other unconventional human T cells, play an important role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by promoting the activation and differentiation of various types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and even turning into APCs themselves, and thereby pave the way for antigen-specific effector responses and long-term immunological memory. Although the direct physiological relevance for most of these mechanisms still needs to be demonstrated in vivo, these findings may have implications for novel therapies, diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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34
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Modulation of antigen presentation by intracellular trafficking. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:16-21. [PMID: 25578446 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Processing and loading of antigen into major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) occurs in specific intracellular compartments. Accessing MHC loading compartments requires trafficking via specific pathways, some of which have yet to be fully characterized. For MHC I, cross-presentation involves antigen trafficking to a specialised compartment. We review the features of this compartment and how it is accessed by different mechanisms of antigen capture and internalization. We also summarize advances in understanding how antigen efficiently accesses the MHC II loading compartment, with particular focus on the role of autophagy. Understanding the mechanisms that control how antigen is trafficked to specific compartments for loading and presentation is crucial if these pathways are to be manipulated more effectively in settings of vaccination.
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35
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Oberg HH, Kellner C, Peipp M, Sebens S, Adam-Klages S, Gramatzki M, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Monitoring Circulating γδ T Cells in Cancer Patients to Optimize γδ T Cell-Based Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:643. [PMID: 25566256 PMCID: PMC4269191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy, where the cytotoxic activity of circulating γδ T lymphocytes is activated by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (n-BP), or possibly by bispecific antibodies or the combination of both, requires a profound knowledge of patients' γδ T cells. A possible influence of radio- or chemotherapy on γδ T cells as well as their reported exhaustion after repetitive treatment with n-BP or their lack of response to various cancers can be easily determined by the monitoring assays described in this perspective article. Monitoring the absolute cell numbers of circulating γδ T cell subpopulations in small volumes of whole blood from cancer patients and determining γδ T cell cytotoxicity using the Real-Time Cell Analyzer can give a more comprehensive assessment of a personalized tumor treatment. Possible future directions such as the combined usage of n-BP or phosphorylated antigens together with bispecific antibodies that selectively target γδ T cells to tumor-associated antigens, will be discussed. Such strategies induce expansion and enhance γδ T cell cytotoxicity and might possibly avoid their exhaustion and overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- 2nd Medical Department, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- 2nd Medical Department, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Sabine Adam-Klages
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Martin Gramatzki
- 2nd Medical Department, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
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36
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Kabelitz D, Kalyan S, Oberg HH, Wesch D. Human Vδ2 versus non-Vδ2 γδ T cells in antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23304. [PMID: 23802074 PMCID: PMC3661159 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vδ2 and non-Vδ2 (mainly Vδ1) subsets of human γδ T cells have distinct homing patterns and recognize different types of ligands, yet both exert potent antitumor effects. While the T-cell receptor of Vδ2 T cells primarily recognizes tumor cell-derived pyrophosphates, non-Vδ2 γδ T cells preferentially recognize stress-associated surface antigens. Here, we discuss the pros and cons of Vδ2 versus non-Vδ2 γδ T cells as tools for future immunotherapeutic interventions against cancer.
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37
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Khan MWA, Eberl M, Moser B. Potential Use of γδ T Cell-Based Vaccines in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:512. [PMID: 25374569 PMCID: PMC4204533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMMUNOTHERAPY IS A FAST ADVANCING METHODOLOGY INVOLVING ONE OF TWO APPROACHES: (1) compounds targeting immune checkpoints and (2) cellular immunomodulators. The latter approach is still largely experimental and features in vitro generated, live immune effector cells, or antigen-presenting cells. γδ T cells are known for their efficient in vitro tumor killing activities. Consequently, many laboratories worldwide are currently testing the tumor killing function of γδ T cells in clinical trials. Reported benefits are modest; however, these studies have demonstrated that large γδ T-cell infusions were well tolerated. Here, we discuss the potential of using human γδ T cells not as effector cells but as a novel cellular vaccine for treatment of cancer patients. Antigen-presenting γδ T cells do not require to home to tumor tissues but, instead, need to interact with endogenous, tumor-specific αβ T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. Newly mobilized effector αβ T cells are then thought to overcome the immune blockade by creating proinflammatory conditions fit for effector T-cell homing to and killing of tumor cells. Immunotherapy may include tumor antigen-loaded γδ T cells alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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38
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Davey MS, Morgan MP, Liuzzi AR, Tyler CJ, Khan MWA, Szakmany T, Hall JE, Moser B, Eberl M. Microbe-specific unconventional T cells induce human neutrophil differentiation into antigen cross-presenting cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3704-3716. [PMID: 25165152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The early immune response to microbes is dominated by the recruitment of neutrophils whose primary function is to clear invading pathogens. However, there is emerging evidence that neutrophils play additional effector and regulatory roles. The present study demonstrates that human neutrophils assume Ag cross-presenting functions and suggests a plausible scenario for the local generation of APC-like neutrophils through the mobilization of unconventional T cells in response to microbial metabolites. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells are abundant in blood, inflamed tissues, and mucosal barriers. In this study, both human cell types responded rapidly to neutrophils after phagocytosis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria producing the corresponding ligands, and in turn mediated the differentiation of neutrophils into APCs for both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells through secretion of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. In patients with acute sepsis, circulating neutrophils displayed a similar APC-like phenotype and readily processed soluble proteins for cross-presentation of antigenic peptides to CD8(+) T cells, at a time when peripheral Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells were highly activated. Our findings indicate that unconventional T cells represent key controllers of neutrophil-driven innate and adaptive responses to a broad range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Davey
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Szakmany
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,Cwm Taf University Health Board, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Hall
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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39
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Khan MWA, Curbishley SM, Chen HC, Thomas AD, Pircher H, Mavilio D, Steven NM, Eberl M, Moser B. Expanded Human Blood-Derived γδT Cells Display Potent Antigen-Presentation Functions. Front Immunol 2014; 5:344. [PMID: 25101086 PMCID: PMC4107971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy strategies target tumors directly (via cytolytic effector cells) or aim at mobilizing endogenous anti-tumor immunity. The latter approach includes dendritic cells (DC) most frequently in the form of in vitro cultured peripheral blood monocytes-derived DC. Human blood γδT cells are selective for a single class of non-peptide agonists (“phosphoantigens”) and develop into potent antigen-presenting cells (APC), termed γδT-APC within 1–3 days of in vitro culture. Availability of large numbers of γδT-APC would be advantageous for use as a novel cellular vaccine. We here report optimal γδT cell expansion (>107 cells/ml blood) when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals and melanoma patients were stimulated with zoledronate and then cultured for 14 days in the presence of IL-2 and IL-15, yielding γδT cell cultures of variable purity (77 ± 21 and 56 ± 26%, respectively). They resembled effector memory αβT (TEM) cells and retained full functionality as assessed by in vitro tumor cell killing as well as secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα) and cell proliferation in response to stimulation with phosphoantigens. Importantly, day 14 γδT cells expressed numerous APC-related cell surface markers and, in agreement, displayed potent in vitro APC functions. Day 14 γδT cells from PBMC of patients with cancer were equally effective as their counterparts derived from blood of healthy individuals and triggered potent CD8+ αβT cell responses following processing and cross-presentation of simple (influenza M1) and complex (tuberculin purified protein derivative) protein antigens. Of note, and in clear contrast to peripheral blood γδT cells, the ability of day 14 γδT cells to trigger antigen-specific αβT cell responses did not depend on re-stimulation. We conclude that day 14 γδT cell cultures provide a convenient source of autologous APC for use in immunotherapy of patients with various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Stuart M Curbishley
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Hung-Chang Chen
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Andrew D Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano , Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Neil M Steven
- CR-UK Clinical Trials Unit, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
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40
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Gustafsson K, Anderson J, Fisher JPH, Yan M. Regeneration of stalled immune responses to transformed and infected cells using γδ T cells. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:787-793. [PMID: 24681060 PMCID: PMC4437461 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the human immune system is becoming more of a therapeutic focus as a treatment option or complement. Prominent examples are the increasing use of monoclonal antibodies in combating malignant tumours, and the numerous adoptive immunotherapy trials underway. One important aspect of any use of the human immune system in this regard is to harness the power of professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC), that is, dendritic cells (DC), to direct immune responses. Here, we review how recent findings regarding the biology of γδT cells have revealed that they, surprisingly, could serve as convenient tools for this purpose, in that they combine innate cytotoxic cell and pAPC functions in one cell type, with potential benefits in cancer immunotherapy and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenth Gustafsson
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John Anderson
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jonathan P H Fisher
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mengyong Yan
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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41
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Tumor-activated TCRγδ⁺ T cells from gastric cancer patients induce the antitumor immune response of TCRαβ⁺ T cells via their antigen-presenting cell-like effects. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:593562. [PMID: 24741609 PMCID: PMC3988731 DOI: 10.1155/2014/593562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells display the principal characteristics of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in addition to playing a vital role in immunity through cytokine secretion and their cytotoxic activity. However, it is not clear whether γδ T cells perform APC-like functions under pathological conditions. In this study, we showed that, in contrast to peripheral-derived γδ T cells directly isolated from PBMCs of gastric cancer patients, tumor-activated γδ T cells not only killed tumor cells efficiently but also strongly induced primary CD4+ and CD8+
αβ T cells proliferation and differentiation. More importantly, they abrogated the immunosuppression induced by CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and induced the cytotoxic function of CD8+
αβ T cells from patients with gastric cancer. In conclusion, tumor-activated γδ T cells can induce adaptive immune responses through their APC-like functions, and these cells may be a potentially useful tool in the development of tumor vaccines and immunotherapy.
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42
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Abstract
γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence uniquely and that all three are necessary for maintaining immune competence. Functional and molecular analyses indicate that in infections, γδ T cells respond earlier than αβ T cells do and that they emerge late after pathogen numbers start to decline. Thus, these cells may be involved in both establishing and regulating the inflammatory response. Moreover, γδ T cells and αβ T cells are clearly distinct in their antigen recognition and activation requirements as well as in the development of their antigen-specific repertoire and effector function. These aspects allow γδ T cells to occupy unique temporal and functional niches in host immune defense. We review these and other advances in γδ T cell biology in the context of their being the major initial IL-17 producers in acute infection.
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Peters C, Oberg HH, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Phenotype and regulation of immunosuppressive Vδ2-expressing γδ T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1943-60. [PMID: 24091816 PMCID: PMC3997799 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation and interleukin-2 production of CD4(+)CD25(-) αβ T cells were inhibited in a cell-contact manner by Vδ2 γδ T cells. The transcription factor Helios was constitutively expressed in about one-third of circulating γδ T cells and was upregulated by CD28-signaling. Our data suggest that Helios could serve as a marker for differential activation status rather than for regulatory T cells (Treg). Our findings also indicate that the interaction of CD86 on activated Vδ2 T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on activated αβ T cells mediated the suppression because the suppressive effect was abolished by blocking the CD86:CTLA-4 interaction. Pre-treatment of Vδ2 T cells with Toll-like receptor 2 ligands enhanced phosphorylation of MAPKs, Akt, and NF-κB and partially abrogated the suppressive capacity, whereas on co-cultured responder T cells inhibitory molecules were downregulated and Akt and NF-κB phosphorylation was restored. Our results suggest that the regulation of αβ T cell proliferation by activated Vδ2 T cells might contribute to fine-tuning of αβ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Haus 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany,
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44
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McCarthy NE, Bashir Z, Vossenkämper A, Hedin CR, Giles EM, Bhattacharjee S, Brown SG, Sanders TJ, Whelan K, MacDonald TT, Lindsay JO, Stagg AJ. Proinflammatory Vδ2+ T Cells Populate the Human Intestinal Mucosa and Enhance IFN-γ Production by Colonic αβ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2752-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Nussbaumer O, Gruenbacher G, Gander H, Komuczki J, Rahm A, Thurnher M. Essential Requirements of Zoledronate-Induced Cytokine and γδ T Cell Proliferative Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1346-55. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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46
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Chen ZW. Multifunctional immune responses of HMBPP-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in M. tuberculosis and other infections. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 10:58-64. [PMID: 23147720 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vγ2Vδ2 T (also known as Vγ9Vδ2 T) cells exist only in primates, and in humans represent a major γδ T-cell sub-population in the total population of circulating γδ T cells. Results from recent studies suggest that while (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) phosphoantigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other microbes activates and expands primate Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, the Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes and binds to HMBPP on antigen-presenting cells (APC). In response to HMBPP stimulus, Vγ2Vδ2 TCRs array to form signaling-related nanoclusters or nanodomains during the activation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Primary infections with HMBPP-producing pathogens drive the evolution of multieffector functional responses in Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, although Vγ2Vδ2 T cells display different patterns of responses during the acute and chronic phases of Mtb infection and in other infections. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in primary Mtb infection can exhibit a broader TCR repertoire and a greater clonal response than previously assumed, with different distribution patterns of Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell clones in lymphoid and non-lymphoid compartments. Emerging in vivo data suggest that HMBPP activation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells appears to impact other immune cells during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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47
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Kabelitz D, He W. The multifunctionality of human Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells: clonal plasticity or distinct subsets? Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:213-22. [PMID: 22670577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dominant subset of γδ T cells in human peripheral blood expresses Vγ9 paired with Vδ2 as variable TCR elements. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize pyrophosphates derived from the microbial non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway at pico- to nanomolar concentrations. Structurally related pyrophosphates are generated in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway involved in protein prenylation and cholesterol synthesis. However, micromolar concentrations of endogenous pyrophosphates are required to be recognized by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Such concentrations are not produced by normal cells but can accumulate upon cellular stress and transformation. Therefore, many tumour cells are susceptible to γδ T cell-mediated lysis owing to the overproduction of endogenous pyrophosphates. This explains why Vγ9Vδ2 T cells contribute to both anti-infective and anti-tumour immunity. Ex vivo analysed Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be subdivided on the basis of additional surface markers, including chemokine receptors and markers for naïve and memory T cells. At the functional level, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells produce a broad range of cytokines, display potent cytotoxic activity, regulate αβ T cell responses, and - quite surprisingly - can act as professional antigen-presenting cells. Thus, an exceptional range of effector functions has been assigned to a population of T cells, which all recognize invariant exogenous or endogenous pyrophosphates that are not seen by any other immune cell. Here, we discuss whether this plethora of effector functions reflects the plasticity of individual Vγ9Vδ2 T cells or can be assigned to distinct subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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48
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Braza MS, Klein B. Anti-tumour immunotherapy with Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes: from the bench to the bedside. Br J Haematol 2012; 160:123-32. [PMID: 23061882 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) Τ cells are non-conventional T lymphocyte effectors that can interact with and eradicate tumour cells. Several data demonstrate that these T cells, which are implicated in the first line of defence against pathogens, have anti-tumour activity against many cancers and suggest that γδ Τ cell-mediated immunotherapy is feasible and might induce objective tumour responses. Due to the importance of γδ Τ lymphocytes in the induction and control of immunity, a complete understanding of their biology is crucial for the development of a potent cancer immunotherapy. This review discusses recent advances in γδ Τ basic research and data from clinical trials on the use of γδ Τ cells in the treatment of different cancers. It analyses how this knowledge might be applied to develop new strategies for the clinical manipulation and the potentiation of γδ Τ lymphocyte activity in cancer immunotherapy.
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49
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Abstract
γδ-T cells represent a small population of immune cells, but play an indispensable role in host defenses against exogenous pathogens, immune surveillance of endogenous pathogenesis and even homeostasis of the immune system. Activation and expansion of γδ-T cells are generally observed in diverse human infectious diseases and correlate with their progression and prognosis. γδ-T cells have both 'innate' and 'adaptive' characteristics in the immune response, and their anti-infection activities are mediated by multiple pathways that are under elaborate regulation by other immune components. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature and the recent advancements in γδ-T cell-mediated immune responses against common human infectious pathogens. Although further investigation is needed to improve our understanding of the characteristics of different γδ-T cell subpopulations under specific conditions, γδ-T cell-based therapy has great potential for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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50
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Louie MW, Choi AWT, Liu HW, Chan BTN, Lo KKW. Synthesis, Emission Characteristics, Cellular Studies, and Bioconjugation Properties of Luminescent Rhenium(I) Polypyridine Complexes with a Fluorous Pendant. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3003575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Wai Louie
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
| | - Alex Wing-Tat Choi
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
| | - Bruce Ting-Ngok Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
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