1
|
Rhodes VL, Waterhouse RM, Michel K. The Molecular Toll Pathway Repertoire in Anopheline Mosquitoes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.12.612760. [PMID: 39345384 PMCID: PMC11429875 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.12.612760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity in mosquitoes has received much attention due to its potential impact on vector competence for vector-borne disease pathogens, including malaria parasites. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent Toll pathway is a major regulator of innate immunity in insects. In mosquitoes, this pathway controls transcription of the majority of the known canonical humoral immune effectors, mediates anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral immune responses, and contributes to malaria parasite killing. However, besides initial gene annotation of putative Toll pathway members and genetic analysis of the contribution of few key components to immunity, the molecular make-up and function of the Toll pathway in mosquitoes is largely unexplored. To facilitate functional analyses of the Toll pathway in mosquitoes, we report here manually annotated and refined gene models of Toll-like receptors and all putative components of the intracellular signal transduction cascade across 19 anopheline genomes, and in two culicine genomes. In addition, based on phylogenetic analyses, we identified differing levels of evolutionary constraint across the intracellular Toll pathway members, and identified a recent radiation of TOLL1/5 within the An. gambiae complex. Together, this study provides insight into the evolution of TLRs and the putative members of the intracellular signal transduction cascade within the genus Anopheles .
Collapse
|
2
|
Schultz DF, Davies BA, Payne JA, Martin CP, Minard AY, Childs BG, Zhang C, Jeganathan KB, Sturmlechner I, White TA, de Bruin A, Harkema L, Chen H, Davies MA, Jachim S, LeBrasseur NK, Piper RC, Li H, Baker DJ, van Deursen J, Billadeau DD, Katzmann DJ. Loss of HD-PTP function results in lipodystrophy, defective cellular signaling and altered lipid homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262032. [PMID: 39155850 PMCID: PMC11449442 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
His domain protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP; also known as PTPN23) facilitates function of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) during multivesicular body (MVB) formation. To uncover its role in physiological homeostasis, embryonic lethality caused by a complete lack of HD-PTP was bypassed through generation of hypomorphic mice expressing reduced protein, resulting in animals that are viable into adulthood. These mice exhibited marked lipodystrophy and decreased receptor-mediated signaling within white adipose tissue (WAT), involving multiple prominent pathways including RAS/MAPK, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as EGFR. EGFR signaling was dissected in vitro to assess the nature of defective signaling, revealing decreased trans-autophosphorylation and downstream effector activation, despite normal EGF binding. This corresponds to decreased plasma membrane cholesterol and increased lysosomal cholesterol, likely resulting from defective endosomal maturation necessary for cholesterol trafficking and homeostasis. The ESCRT components Vps4 and Hrs have previously been implicated in cholesterol homeostasis; thus, these findings expand knowledge on which ESCRT subunits are involved in cholesterol homeostasis and highlight a non-canonical role for HD-PTP in signal regulation and adipose tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Destiny F Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Brian A Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Johanna A Payne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Cole P Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Annabel Y Minard
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Bennett G Childs
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Karthik B Jeganathan
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Ines Sturmlechner
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A White
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Harkema
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Division of Quantitative Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sarah Jachim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Robert C Piper
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Darren J Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jan van Deursen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | - David J Katzmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McLean JW, VanHart M, McWilliams MP, Farmer CB, Crossman DK, Cowell RM, Wilson JA, Wilson SM. Analysis of the neuromuscular deficits caused by STAM1 deficiency. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 7:100138. [PMID: 39280771 PMCID: PMC11401115 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2024.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway is composed of a series of protein complexes that are essential for sorting cargo through the endosome. In neurons, the ESCRT pathway is a key mediator of many cellular pathways that regulate neuronal morphogenesis as well as synaptic growth and function. The ESCRT-0 complex, consisting of HGS (hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate) and STAM (signal-transducing adaptor molecule), acts as a gate keeper to this pathway, ultimately determining the fate of the endosomal cargo. We previously showed that a single nucleotide substitution in Hgs results in structural and functional changes in the nervous system of teetering mice. To determine if these changes occurred as a function of HGS's role in the ESCRT pathway and its association with STAM1, we investigated if STAM1 deficiency also leads to a similar impairment of the nervous system. In contrast to teetering mice that die within 5 weeks of age and exhibit reduced body mass, 1-month-old Stam1 knockout mice were not visibly different from controls. However, by 3 months of age, STAM1 deficiency caused reduced muscle mass, strength, and motor performance. These changes in motor function did not correlate with either a loss in motor neuron number or abnormal myelination of peripheral nerves. Instead, the motor endplate structure was altered in the Stam1 knockout mice by 1 month of age and continued to degenerate over time, correlating with a significant reduction in muscle fiber size and increased expression of the embryonic γ acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit at 3 months of age. There was also a significant reduction in the levels of two presynaptic SNARE proteins, VTI1A and VAMP2, in the motor neurons of the Stam1 knockout mice. As loss of STAM1 expression replicates many of the structural changes at the motor endplates that we have previously reported with loss of HGS, these results suggest that the HGS/STAM1 complex plays a critical role in maintaining synaptic structure and function in the mammalian nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W McLean
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, Alabama, USA
| | - Mary VanHart
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, Alabama, USA
| | - Madilyn P McWilliams
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, Alabama, USA
| | - Charlene B Farmer
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Julie A Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, Alabama, USA
| | - Scott M Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
La Torre M, Burla R, Saggio I. Preserving Genome Integrity: Unveiling the Roles of ESCRT Machinery. Cells 2024; 13:1307. [PMID: 39120335 PMCID: PMC11311930 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is composed of an articulated architecture of proteins that assemble at multiple cellular sites. The ESCRT machinery is involved in pathways that are pivotal for the physiology of the cell, including vesicle transport, cell division, and membrane repair. The subunits of the ESCRT I complex are mainly responsible for anchoring the machinery to the action site. The ESCRT II subunits function to bridge and recruit the ESCRT III subunits. The latter are responsible for finalizing operations that, independently of the action site, involve the repair and fusion of membrane edges. In this review, we report on the data related to the activity of the ESCRT machinery at two sites: the nuclear membrane and the midbody and the bridge linking cells in the final stages of cytokinesis. In these contexts, the machinery plays a significant role for the protection of genome integrity by contributing to the control of the abscission checkpoint and to nuclear envelope reorganization and correlated resilience. Consistently, several studies show how the dysfunction of the ESCRT machinery causes genome damage and is a codriver of pathologies, such as laminopathies and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia La Torre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Romina Burla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Joshi M, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Royet J. Role of Rab5 early endosomes in regulating Drosophila gut antibacterial response. iScience 2023; 26:107335. [PMID: 37529104 PMCID: PMC10387576 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes require a dialogue between MAMPs and PRRs. In Drosophila, bacterial peptidoglycan is detected by PGRP receptors. While the components of the signaling cascades activated upon PGN/PGRP interactions are well characterized, little is known about the subcellular events that translate these early signaling steps into target gene transcription. Using a Drosophila enteric infection model, we show that gut-associated bacteria can induce the formation of intracellular PGRP-LE aggregates which colocalized with the early endosome marker Rab5. Combining microscopic and RNA-seq analysis, we demonstrate that RNAi inactivation of the endocytosis pathway in the Drosophila gut affects the expression of essential regulators of the NF-κB response leading not only to a disruption of the immune response locally in the gut but also at the systemic level. This work sheds new light on the involvement of the endocytosis pathway in the control of the gut response to intestinal bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Joshi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Annelise Viallat-Lieutaud
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Royet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cammarata-Mouchtouris A, Acker A, Goto A, Chen D, Matt N, Leclerc V. Dynamic Regulation of NF-κB Response in Innate Immunity: The Case of the IMD Pathway in Drosophila. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2304. [PMID: 36140409 PMCID: PMC9496462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoans have developed strategies to protect themselves from pathogenic attack. These preserved mechanisms constitute the immune system, composed of innate and adaptive responses. Among the two kinds, the innate immune system involves the activation of a fast response. NF-κB signaling pathways are activated during infections and lead to the expression of timely-controlled immune response genes. However, activation of NF-κB pathways can be deleterious when uncontrolled. Their regulation is necessary to prevent the development of inflammatory diseases or cancers. The similarity of the NF-κB pathways mediating immune mechanisms in insects and mammals makes Drosophila melanogaster a suitable model for studying the innate immune response and learning general mechanisms that are also relevant for humans. In this review, we summarize what is known about the dynamic regulation of the central NF-κB-pathways and go into detail on the molecular level of the IMD pathway. We report on the role of the nuclear protein Akirin in the regulation of the NF-κB Relish immune response. The use of the Drosophila model allows the understanding of the fine-tuned regulation of this central NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Acker
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Akira Goto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Di Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Nicolas Matt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Leclerc
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McLean JW, Wilson JA, Tian T, Watson JA, VanHart M, Bean AJ, Scherer SS, Crossman DK, Ubogu E, Wilson SM. Disruption of Endosomal Sorting in Schwann Cells Leads to Defective Myelination and Endosomal Abnormalities Observed in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5085-5101. [PMID: 35589390 PMCID: PMC9233440 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2481-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting plays a fundamental role in directing neural development. By altering the temporal and spatial distribution of membrane receptors, endosomes regulate signaling pathways that control the differentiation and function of neural cells. Several genes linked to inherited demyelinating peripheral neuropathies, known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, encode proteins that directly interact with components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). Our previous studies demonstrated that a point mutation in the ESCRT component hepatocyte growth-factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HGS), an endosomal scaffolding protein that identifies internalized cargo to be sorted by the endosome, causes a peripheral neuropathy in the neurodevelopmentally impaired teetering mice. Here, we constructed a Schwann cell-specific deletion of Hgs to determine the role of endosomal sorting during myelination. Inactivation of HGS in Schwann cells resulted in motor and sensory deficits, slowed nerve conduction velocities, delayed myelination and hypomyelinated axons, all of which occur in demyelinating forms of CMT. Consistent with a delay in Schwann cell maturation, HGS-deficient sciatic nerves displayed increased mRNA levels for several promyelinating genes and decreased mRNA levels for genes that serve as markers of myelinating Schwann cells. Loss of HGS also altered the abundance and activation of the ERBB2/3 receptors, which are essential for Schwann cell development. We therefore hypothesize that HGS plays a critical role in endosomal sorting of the ERBB2/3 receptors during Schwann cell maturation, which further implicates endosomal dysfunction in inherited peripheral neuropathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Schwann cells myelinate peripheral axons, and defects in Schwann cell function cause inherited demyelinating peripheral neuropathies known as CMT. Although many CMT-linked mutations are in genes that encode putative endosomal proteins, little is known about the requirements of endosomal sorting during myelination. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of HGS disrupts the endosomal sorting pathway in Schwann cells, resulting in hypomyelination, aberrant myelin sheaths, and impairment of the ERBB2/3 receptor pathway. These findings suggest that defective endosomal trafficking of internalized cell surface receptors may be a common mechanism contributing to demyelinating CMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W McLean
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Julie A Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Tina Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jennifer A Watson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Mary VanHart
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Andrew J Bean
- Graduate College, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Eroboghene Ubogu
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
- Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Scott M Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou H, Li S, Pan W, Wu S, Ma F, Jin P. Interaction of lncRNA-CR33942 with Dif/Dorsal Facilitates Antimicrobial Peptide Transcriptions and Enhances Drosophila Toll Immune Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1978-1988. [PMID: 35379744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila Toll signaling pathway mainly responds to Gram-positive (G+) bacteria or fungal infection, which is highly conserved with mammalian TLR signaling pathway. Although many positive and negative regulators involved in the immune response of the Toll pathway have been identified in Drosophila, the roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Drosophila Toll immune responses are poorly understood to date. In this study, our results demonstrate that lncRNA-CR33942 is mainly expressed in the nucleus and upregulated after Micrococcus luteus infection. Especially, lncRNA-CR33942 not only modulates differential expressions of multiple antimicrobial peptide genes but also affects the Drosophila survival rate during response to G+ bacterial infection based on the transiently overexpressing and the knockdown lncRNA-CR33942 assays in vivo. Mechanically, lncRNA-CR33942 interacts with the NF-κB transcription factors Dorsal-related immunity factor/Dorsal to promote the transcriptions of antimicrobial peptides drosomycin and metchnikowin, thus enhancing Drosophila Toll immune responses. Taken together, this study identifies lncRNA-CR33942 as a positive regulator of Drosophila innate immune response to G+ bacterial infection to facilitate Toll signaling via interacting with Dorsal-related immunity factor/Dorsal. It would be helpful to reveal the roles of lncRNAs in Toll immune response in Drosophila and provide insights into animal innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Zhou
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shengjie Li
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Byproduct Resource Utilization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanwan Pan
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou H, Ni J, Wu S, Ma F, Jin P, Li S. lncRNA-CR46018 positively regulates the Drosophila Toll immune response by interacting with Dif/Dorsal. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104183. [PMID: 34174242 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Toll signaling pathway is highly conserved from insects to mammals. Drosophila is a model species that is commonly used to study innate immunity. Although many studies have assessed protein-coding genes that regulate the Toll pathway, it is unclear whether long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play regulatory roles in the Toll pathway. Here, we evaluated the expression of the lncRNA CR46018 in Drosophila. Our results showed that this lncRNA was significantly overexpressed after infection of Drosophila with Micrococcus luteus. A CR46018-overexpressing Drosophila strain was then constructed; we expected that CR46018 overexpression would enhance the expression of various antimicrobial peptides downstream of the Toll pathway, regardless of infection with M. luteus. RNA-seq analysis of CR46018-overexpressing Drosophila after infection with M. luteus showed that upregulated genes were mainly enriched in Toll and Imd signaling pathways. Moreover, bioinformatics predictions and RNA-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that CR46018 interacted with the transcription factors Dif and Dorsal to enhance the Toll pathway. During gram-positive bacterial infection, flies overexpressing CR46018 showed favorable survival compared with flies in the control group. Overall, our current work not only reveals a new immune regulatory factor, lncRNA-CR46018, and explores its potential regulatory model, but also provides a new perspective for the effect of immune disorders on the survival of Drosophila melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Zhou
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, PR China.
| | - Jiajia Ni
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, PR China.
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, PR China.
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, PR China.
| | - Shengjie Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Byproduct Resource Utilization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou H, Li S, Wu S, Jin P, Ma F. LncRNA-CR11538 Decoys Dif/Dorsal to Reduce Antimicrobial Peptide Products for Restoring Drosophila Toll Immunity Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810117. [PMID: 34576280 PMCID: PMC8468853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoiding excessive or insufficient immune responses and maintaining homeostasis are critical for animal survival. Although many positive or negative modulators involved in immune responses have been identified, little has been reported to date concerning whether the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) can regulate Drosophila immunity response. In this study, we firstly discover that the overexpression of lncRNA-CR11538 can inhibit the expressions of antimicrobial peptides Drosomycin (Drs) and Metchnikowin (Mtk) in vivo, thereby suppressing the Toll signaling pathway. Secondly, our results demonstrate that lncRNA-CR11538 can interact with transcription factors Dif/Dorsal in the nucleus based on both subcellular localization and RIP analyses. Thirdly, our findings reveal that lncRNA-CR11538 can decoy Dif/Dorsal away from the promoters of Drs and Mtk to repress their transcriptions by ChIP-qPCR and dual luciferase report experiments. Fourthly, the dynamic expression changes of Drs, Dif, Dorsal and lncRNA-CR11538 in wild-type flies (w1118) at different time points after M. luteus stimulation disclose that lncRNA-CR11538 can help Drosophila restore immune homeostasis in the later period of immune response. Overall, our study reveals a novel mechanism by which lncRNA-CR11538 serves as a Dif/Dorsal decoy to downregulate antimicrobial peptide expressions for restoring Drosophila Toll immunity homeostasis, and provides a new insight into further studying the complex regulatory mechanism of animal innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Zhou
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (H.Z.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (F.M.)
| | - Shengjie Li
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (H.Z.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (F.M.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Byproduct Resource Utilization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (H.Z.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (F.M.)
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (H.Z.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-85891050
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (H.Z.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lima LF, Torres AQ, Jardim R, Mesquita RD, Schama R. Evolution of Toll, Spatzle and MyD88 in insects: the problem of the Diptera bias. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:562. [PMID: 34289811 PMCID: PMC8296651 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropoda, the most numerous and diverse metazoan phylum, has species in many habitats where they encounter various microorganisms and, as a result, mechanisms for pathogen recognition and elimination have evolved. The Toll pathway, involved in the innate immune system, was first described as part of the developmental pathway for dorsal-ventral differentiation in Drosophila. Its later discovery in vertebrates suggested that this system was extremely conserved. However, there is variation in presence/absence, copy number and sequence divergence in various genes along the pathway. As most studies have only focused on Diptera, for a comprehensive and accurate homology-based approach it is important to understand gene function in a number of different species and, in a group as diverse as insects, the use of species belonging to different taxonomic groups is essential. RESULTS We evaluated the diversity of Toll pathway gene families in 39 Arthropod genomes, encompassing 13 different Insect Orders. Through computational methods, we shed some light into the evolution and functional annotation of protein families involved in the Toll pathway innate immune response. Our data indicates that: 1) intracellular proteins of the Toll pathway show mostly species-specific expansions; 2) the different Toll subfamilies seem to have distinct evolutionary backgrounds; 3) patterns of gene expansion observed in the Toll phylogenetic tree indicate that homology based methods of functional inference might not be accurate for some subfamilies; 4) Spatzle subfamilies are highly divergent and also pose a problem for homology based inference; 5) Spatzle subfamilies should not be analyzed together in the same phylogenetic framework; 6) network analyses seem to be a good first step in inferring functional groups in these cases. We specifically show that understanding Drosophila's Toll functions might not indicate the same function in other species. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the importance of using species representing the different orders to better understand insect gene content, origin and evolution. More specifically, in intracellular Toll pathway gene families the presence of orthologues has important implications for homology based functional inference. Also, the different evolutionary backgrounds of Toll gene subfamilies should be taken into consideration when functional studies are performed, especially for TOLL9, TOLL, TOLL2_7, and the new TOLL10 clade. The presence of Diptera specific clades or the ones lacking Diptera species show the importance of overcoming the Diptera bias when performing functional characterization of Toll pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Ferreira Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Quintanilha Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Jardim
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dias Mesquita
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular-INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular-INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mohajan S, Jaiswal PK, Vatanmakarian M, Yousefi H, Sankaralingam S, Alahari SK, Koul S, Koul HK. Hippo pathway: Regulation, deregulation and potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 507:112-123. [PMID: 33737002 PMCID: PMC10370464 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hippo pathway is a master regulator of development, cell proliferation, stem cell function, tissue regeneration, homeostasis, and organ size control. Hippo pathway relays signals from different extracellular and intracellular events to regulate cell behavior and functions. Hippo pathway is conserved from Protista to eukaryotes. Deregulation of the Hippo pathway is associated with numerous cancers. Alteration of the Hippo pathway results in cell invasion, migration, disease progression, and therapy resistance in cancers. However, the function of the various components of the mammalian Hippo pathway is yet to be elucidated in detail especially concerning tumor biology. In the present review, we focused on the Hippo pathway in different model organisms, its regulation and deregulation, and possible therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mohajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA; Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSUHSC, New Orleans, USA
| | - Mousa Vatanmakarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | | | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA; Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSUHSC, New Orleans, USA
| | - Sweaty Koul
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSUHSC, New Orleans, USA
| | - Hari K Koul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA; Urology, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA; Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSUHSC, New Orleans, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin KY, Wang WD, Lin CH, Rastegari E, Su YH, Chang YT, Liao YF, Chang YC, Pi H, Yu BY, Chen SH, Lin CY, Lu MY, Su TY, Tzou FY, Chan CC, Hsu HJ. Piwi reduction in the aged niche eliminates germline stem cells via Toll-GSK3 signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3147. [PMID: 32561720 PMCID: PMC7305233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposons are known to participate in tissue aging, but their effects on aged stem cells remain unclear. Here, we report that in the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell (GSC) niche, aging-related reductions in expression of Piwi (a transposon silencer) derepress retrotransposons and cause GSC loss. Suppression of Piwi expression in the young niche mimics the aged niche, causing retrotransposon depression and coincident activation of Toll-mediated signaling, which promotes Glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity to degrade β-catenin. Disruption of β-catenin-E-cadherin-mediated GSC anchorage then results in GSC loss. Knocking down gypsy (a highly active retrotransposon) or toll, or inhibiting reverse transcription in the piwi-deficient niche, suppresses GSK3 activity and β-catenin degradation, restoring GSC-niche attachment. This retrotransposon-mediated impairment of aged stem cell maintenance may have relevance in many tissues, and could represent a viable therapeutic target for aging-related tissue degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yang Lin
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Der Wang
- Department of BioAgricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Elham Rastegari
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Su
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Liao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Haiwei Pi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yi Yu
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yen Lin
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yi Su
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yang Tzou
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nesa J, Sadat A, Buccini DF, Kati A, Mandal AK, Franco OL. Antimicrobial peptides fromBombyx mori: a splendid immune defense response in silkworms. RSC Adv 2020; 10:512-523. [PMID: 35492565 PMCID: PMC9047522 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06864c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bombyx mori L., a primary producer of silk, is the main tool in the sericulture industry and provides the means of livelihood to a large number of people. Silk cocoon crop losses due to bacterial infection pose a major threat to the sericulture industry. Bombyx mori L., a silkworm of the mulberry type, has a sophisticated inherent innate immune mechanism to combat such invasive pathogens. Among all the components in this defense system, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are notable due to their specificity towards the invading pathogens without harming the normal host cells. Bombyx mori L. so far has had AMPs identified that belong to six different families, namely cecropin, defensin, moricin, gloverin, attacin and lebocin, which are produced by the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. Their diverse modes of action depend on microbial pathogens and are still under investigation. This review examines the recent progress in understanding the immune defense mechanism of Bombyx mori based on AMPs. AMPs produced by B. mori induced by microbial challenge in the fat body.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannatun Nesa
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Sericulture
- Raiganj University
- India
| | - Abdul Sadat
- Insect Ecology and Conservation Biology Laboratory
- Department of Sericulture
- Raiganj University
- India
| | - Danieli F. Buccini
- S-INOVA Biotech, Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology
- Catholic University Dom Bosco
- Campo Grande
- Brazil
| | - Ahmet Kati
- Biotechnology Department
- Institution of Health Science
- University of Health Science
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Amit K. Mandal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Sericulture
- Raiganj University
- India
- Centre for Nanotechnology Sciences
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- S-INOVA Biotech, Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology
- Catholic University Dom Bosco
- Campo Grande
- Brazil
- Center of Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xia H, Chen L, Shao D, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhu F, Guo Z, Gao L, Chen K. Vacuolar protein sorting 4 is required for silkworm metamorphosis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:728-738. [PMID: 30955208 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 4 (Vps4) not only functions with its positive regulator vacuolar protein sorting 20-associated 1 (Vta1) in the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway but also participates alone in MVB-unrelated cellular processes. However, its physiological roles at the organism level remain rarely explored. We previously identified their respective homologues Bombyx mori Vps4 (BmVps4) and BmVta1 from the silkworm, a model organism for insect research. In this study, we performed fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot to globally characterize the transcription and protein expression profiles of BmVps4 and BmVta1 during silkworm development and in different silkworm tissues and organs. The results showed that they were significantly up-regulated in metamorphosis, adulthood and embryogenesis relative to larval stages, and displayed a roughly similar tissue-and-organ specificity for transcriptions in silkworm larvae. Importantly, BmVps4 was down-regulated during the early period of the fifth instar, reaching the lowest level of transcription on Day 6, then up-regulated from Day 7 to the wandering, spinning and pupal stages, and down-regulated again in adulthood. Moreover, knocking down BmVps4 by RNA interference significantly inhibited silk gland growth, shortened spinning time, prolonged pupation, reduced pupal size and weight, and increased moth wing defects. Together, our data demonstrate the critical and broad requirements for BmVps4 in silkworm metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Xia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - L Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - D Shao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - X Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Q Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - F Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Z Guo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - L Gao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - K Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roesel CL, Vollmer SV. Differential gene expression analysis of symbiotic and aposymbiotic Exaiptasia anemones under immune challenge with Vibrio coralliilyticus. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8279-8293. [PMID: 31380089 PMCID: PMC6662555 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthozoans are a class of Cnidarians that includes scleractinian corals, anemones, and their relatives. Despite a global rise in disease epizootics impacting scleractinian corals, little is known about the immune response of this key group of invertebrates. To better characterize the anthozoan immune response, we used the model anemone Exaiptasia pallida to explore the genetic links between the anthozoan-algal symbioses and immunity in a two-factor RNA-Seq experiment using both symbiotic and aposymbiotic (menthol-bleached) Exaiptasia pallida exposed to the bacterial pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. Multivariate and univariate analyses of Exaiptasia gene expression demonstrated that exposure to live Vibrio coralliilyticus had strong and significant impacts on transcriptome-wide gene expression for both symbiotic and aposymbiotic anemones, but we did not observe strong interactions between symbiotic state and Vibrio exposure. There were 4,164 significantly differentially expressed (DE) genes for Vibrio exposure, 1,114 DE genes for aposymbiosis, and 472 DE genes for the additive combinations of Vibrio and aposymbiosis. KEGG enrichment analyses identified 11 pathways-involved in immunity (5), transport and catabolism (4), and cell growth and death (2)-that were enriched due to both Vibrio and/or aposymbiosis. Immune pathways showing strongest differential expression included complement, coagulation, nucleotide-binding, and oligomerization domain (NOD), and Toll for Vibrio exposure and coagulation and apoptosis for aposymbiosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang H, Gao X, Li X, Zhang H, Chen N, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia) hepatopancreas in response to WSSV and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:397-405. [PMID: 30244087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To better study the immune system of shrimp and understand the similarities and differences between the host's immune defense against viral and bacterial infections, this study used a comparative transcriptomics method to systematically analyze the hepatopancreas of the crayfish Procambarus clarkia in response to WSSV and A. hydrophila infection. After assembly, there was an average of 24,404,837 clean reads were obtained after filtering out low-quality reads. Unigenes were annotated by comparing against nr, Swiss-Prot\KEGG\COG\KOG\GO and Pfam databases, and 17,954 unigenes were annotated in at least one database. 2600 and 2073 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hepatopancreas in response to WSSV and A. hydrophila infections were identified respectively. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs were conducted to further explore their functions. The pathways like PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, were the most prominent for immunity-related DEGs in C-/W-Groups, while Endocytosis, Lysozyme, Focal adhesion, Phagosome, Peroxisome, MAPK signaling pathway were observed in C-/A-Groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of nine selected immune-related DEGs were validated by qRT-PCR, substantiating the reliability of RNA-Seq results. This study not only provides effective data support to reveal the different immune defense strategies by P. clarkia to cope with bacterial and WSSV infections, but also to provide new information about the immune system and defense mechanisms of shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xixi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shmueli A, Shalit T, Okun E, Shohat-Ophir G. The Toll Pathway in the Central Nervous System of Flies and Mammals. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:419-436. [PMID: 30276585 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll receptors, first identified to regulate embryogenesis and immune responses in the adult fly and subsequently defined as the principal sensors of infection in mammals, are increasingly appreciated for their impact on the homeostasis of the central as well as the peripheral nervous systems. Whereas in the context of immunity, the fly Toll and the mammalian TLR pathways have been researched in parallel, the expression pattern and functionality have largely been researched disparately. Herein, we provide data on the expression pattern of the Toll homologues, signaling components, and downstream effectors in ten different cell populations of the adult fly central nervous system (CNS). We have compared the expression of the different Toll pathways in the fly to the expression of TLRs in the mouse brain and discussed the implications with respect to commonalities, differences, and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shmueli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 901, room 315, Ramat-Gan, 5290000, Israel.
| | - Galit Shohat-Ophir
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun YX, Tang L, Gao J, Feng YY, Peng T, Yu YY, Yang LL, Sun Y, Zhu BJ. A role of tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) in innate immune response of crayfish Procambarus clarkii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:268-273. [PMID: 28673823 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) is a multi-functional gene involved in cell growth and proliferation in vertebrates. However, its role in the innate immune response of crustaceans remains unclear. Here, a TSG101 gene was identified in crayfish Procambarus clarkii with an open reading frame of 1320 bp that encoded a predicted 48.3-kDa protein highly homologous to those in other invertebrates. TSG101 mRNA was highly expressed in stomach and hepatopancreas, and its expression was induced significantly in different tissues (hemocytes, gills and intestine) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I: C) with various expression patterns. Recombinant TSG101 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and a possible protein-protein interaction between TSG101 and hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) was explored by far-western blotting. RNA interference of TSG101 affected the gene expression of members of the Toll pathway. These results suggest that TSG101 is involved in the innate immune responses of P. clarkii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jin Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tao Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ying-Ying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Liang-Li Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bao-Jian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Del Signore SJ, Biber SA, Lehmann KS, Heimler SR, Rosenfeld BH, Eskin TL, Sweeney ST, Rodal AA. dOCRL maintains immune cell quiescence by regulating endosomal traffic. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007052. [PMID: 29028801 PMCID: PMC5656325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowe Syndrome is a developmental disorder characterized by eye, kidney, and neurological pathologies, and is caused by mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphatase OCRL. OCRL plays diverse roles in endocytic and endolysosomal trafficking, cytokinesis, and ciliogenesis, but it is unclear which of these cellular functions underlie specific patient symptoms. Here, we show that mutation of Drosophila OCRL causes cell-autonomous activation of hemocytes, which are macrophage-like cells of the innate immune system. Among many cell biological defects that we identified in docrl mutant hemocytes, we pinpointed the cause of innate immune cell activation to reduced Rab11-dependent recycling traffic and concomitantly increased Rab7-dependent late endosome traffic. Loss of docrl amplifies multiple immune-relevant signals, including Toll, Jun kinase, and STAT, and leads to Rab11-sensitive mis-sorting and excessive secretion of the Toll ligand Spåtzle. Thus, docrl regulation of endosomal traffic maintains hemocytes in a poised, but quiescent state, suggesting mechanisms by which endosomal misregulation of signaling may contribute to symptoms of Lowe syndrome. Lowe syndrome is a developmental disorder characterized by severe kidney, eye, and neurological symptoms, and is caused by mutations in the gene OCRL. OCRL has been shown to control many steps of packaging and transport of materials within cells, though it remains unclear which of these disrupted transport steps cause each of the many symptoms in Lowe syndrome patients. We found that in fruit flies, loss of OCRL caused transport defects at specific internal compartments in innate immune cells, resulting in amplification of multiple critical inflammatory signals. Similar inflammatory signals have been implicated in forms of epilepsy, which is a primary symptom in Lowe syndrome patients. Thus, our work uncovers a new function for OCRL in animals, and opens an exciting new avenue of investigation into how loss of OCRL causes the symptoms of Lowe syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Del Signore
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Biber
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine S. Lehmann
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R. Heimler
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin H. Rosenfeld
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tania L. Eskin
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Avital A. Rodal
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Horner DS, Pasini ME, Beltrame M, Mastrodonato V, Morelli E, Vaccari T. ESCRT genes and regulation of developmental signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:29-39. [PMID: 28847745 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) proteins have been shown to control an increasing number of membrane-associated processes. Some of these, and prominently regulation of receptor trafficking, profoundly shape signal transduction. Evidence in fungi, plants and multiple animal models support the emerging concept that ESCRTs are main actors in coordination of signaling with the changes in cells and tissues occurring during development and homeostasis. Consistent with their pleiotropic function, ESCRTs are regulated in multiple ways to tailor signaling to developmental and homeostatic needs. ESCRT activity is crucial to correct execution of developmental programs, especially at key transitions, allowing eukaryotes to thrive and preventing appearance of congenital defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Horner
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria E Pasini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Beltrame
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Mastrodonato
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Morelli
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Szymanska E, Budick-Harmelin N, Miaczynska M. Endosomal "sort" of signaling control: The role of ESCRT machinery in regulation of receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:11-20. [PMID: 28797837 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) machinery consists of four protein assemblies (ESCRT-0 to -III subcomplexes) which mediate various processes of membrane remodeling in the cell. In the endocytic pathway, ESCRTs sort cargo destined for degradation into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of endosomes. Cargos targeted by ESCRTs include various signaling molecules, mainly internalized cell-surface receptors but also some cytosolic proteins. It is therefore expected that aberrant trafficking caused by ESCRT dysfunction affects different signaling pathways. Here we review how perturbation of ESCRT activity alters intracellular transport of membrane receptors, causing their accumulation on endocytic compartments, decreased degradation and/or altered recycling to the plasma membrane. We further describe how perturbed trafficking of receptors impacts the activity of their downstream signaling pathways, with or without changes in transcriptional responses. Finally, we present evidence that ESCRT components can also control activity and intracellular distribution of cytosolic signaling proteins (kinases, other effectors and soluble receptors). The underlying mechanisms involve sequestration of such proteins in ILVs, their sorting for degradation or towards non-lysosomal destinations, and regulating their availability in various cellular compartments. All these ESCRT-mediated processes can modulate final outputs of multiple signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Szymanska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Noga Budick-Harmelin
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland; Cell Research and Immunology Department, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Marta Miaczynska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cardoso MA, Fontenele M, Lim B, Bisch PM, Shvartsman SY, Araujo HM. A novel function for the IκB inhibitor Cactus in promoting Dorsal nuclear localization and activity in the Drosophila embryo. Development 2017; 144:2907-2913. [PMID: 28705899 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Toll signaling pathway controls innate immunity across phyla and embryonic patterning in insects. In the Drosophila embryo, Toll is required to establish gene expression domains along the dorsal-ventral axis. Pathway activation induces degradation of the IκB inhibitor Cactus, resulting in a ventral-to-dorsal nuclear gradient of the NFκB effector Dorsal. Here, we investigate how cactus modulates Toll signals through its effects on the Dorsal gradient and on Dorsal target genes. Quantitative analysis using a series of loss- and gain-of-function conditions shows that the ventral and lateral aspects of the Dorsal gradient can behave differently with respect to Cactus fluctuations. In lateral and dorsal embryo domains, loss of Cactus allows more Dorsal to translocate to the nucleus. Unexpectedly, cactus loss-of-function alleles decrease Dorsal nuclear localization ventrally, where Toll signals are high. Overexpression analysis suggests that this ability of Cactus to enhance Toll stems from the mobilization of a free Cactus pool induced by the Calpain A protease. These results indicate that Cactus acts to bolster Dorsal activation, in addition to its role as a NFκB inhibitor, ensuring a correct response to Toll signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maira Arruda Cardoso
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcio Fontenele
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.,Institute of Molecular Entomology, Brazil
| | - Bomyi Lim
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Paulo Mascarello Bisch
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Helena Marcolla Araujo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil .,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Selvan N, Williamson R, Mariappa D, Campbell DG, Gourlay R, Ferenbach AT, Aristotelous T, Hopkins-Navratilova I, Trost M, van Aalten DMF. A mutant O-GlcNAcase enriches Drosophila developmental regulators. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:882-887. [PMID: 28604694 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible post-translational modification of serines and threonines on nucleocytoplasmic proteins. It is cycled by the enzymes O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAc hydrolase (O-GlcNAcase or OGA). Genetic approaches in model organisms have revealed that protein O-GlcNAcylation is essential for early embryogenesis. The Drosophila melanogaster gene supersex combs (sxc), which encodes OGT, is a polycomb gene, whose null mutants display homeotic transformations and die at the pharate adult stage. However, the identities of the O-GlcNAcylated proteins involved and the underlying mechanisms linking these phenotypes to embryonic development are poorly understood. Identification of O-GlcNAcylated proteins from biological samples is hampered by the low stoichiometry of this modification and by limited enrichment tools. Using a catalytically inactive bacterial O-GlcNAcase mutant as a substrate trap, we have enriched the O-GlcNAc proteome of the developing Drosophila embryo, identifying, among others, known regulators of Hox genes as candidate conveyors of OGT function during embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Selvan
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ritchie Williamson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel Mariappa
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - David G Campbell
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Robert Gourlay
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew T Ferenbach
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tonia Aristotelous
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Iva Hopkins-Navratilova
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences (ICaMB), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Imbert PR, Louche A, Luizet JB, Grandjean T, Bigot S, Wood TE, Gagné S, Blanco A, Wunderley L, Terradot L, Woodman P, Garvis S, Filloux A, Guery B, Salcedo SP. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa TIR effector mediates immune evasion by targeting UBAP1 and TLR adaptors. EMBO J 2017; 36:1869-1887. [PMID: 28483816 PMCID: PMC5494471 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens often subvert the innate immune system to establish a successful infection. The direct inhibition of downstream components of innate immune pathways is particularly well documented but how bacteria interfere with receptor proximal events is far less well understood. Here, we describe a Toll/interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain‐containing protein (PumA) of the multi‐drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA7 strain. We found that PumA is essential for virulence and inhibits NF‐κB, a property transferable to non‐PumA strain PA14, suggesting no additional factors are needed for PumA function. The TIR domain is able to interact with the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) adaptors TIRAP and MyD88, as well as the ubiquitin‐associated protein 1 (UBAP1), a component of the endosomal‐sorting complex required for transport I (ESCRT‐I). These interactions are not spatially exclusive as we show UBAP1 can associate with MyD88, enhancing its plasma membrane localization. Combined targeting of UBAP1 and TLR adaptors by PumA impedes both cytokine and TLR receptor signalling, highlighting a novel strategy for innate immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rc Imbert
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Arthur Louche
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Luizet
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Teddy Grandjean
- EA 7366 Recherche Translationelle Relations Hôte-Pathogènes, Faculté de Médecine Pôle Recherche, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Bigot
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas E Wood
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stéphanie Gagné
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amandine Blanco
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lydia Wunderley
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK†
| | - Laurent Terradot
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philip Woodman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK†
| | - Steve Garvis
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modelisation, Ecole Normal Supérieur, UMR5239, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Filloux
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benoit Guery
- EA 7366 Recherche Translationelle Relations Hôte-Pathogènes, Faculté de Médecine Pôle Recherche, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Suzana P Salcedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khadilkar RJ, Ray A, Chetan DR, Sinha AR, Magadi SS, Kulkarni V, Inamdar MS. Differential modulation of the cellular and humoral immune responses in Drosophila is mediated by the endosomal ARF1-Asrij axis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:118. [PMID: 28273919 PMCID: PMC5427928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How multicellular organisms maintain immune homeostasis across various organs and cell types is an outstanding question in immune biology and cell signaling. In Drosophila, blood cells (hemocytes) respond to local and systemic cues to mount an immune response. While endosomal regulation of Drosophila hematopoiesis is reported, the role of endosomal proteins in cellular and humoral immunity is not well-studied. Here we demonstrate a functional role for endosomal proteins in immune homeostasis. We show that the ubiquitous trafficking protein ADP Ribosylation Factor 1 (ARF1) and the hemocyte-specific endosomal regulator Asrij differentially regulate humoral immunity. Asrij and ARF1 play an important role in regulating the cellular immune response by controlling the crystal cell melanization and phenoloxidase activity. ARF1 and Asrij mutants show reduced survival and lifespan upon infection, indicating perturbed immune homeostasis. The ARF1-Asrij axis suppresses the Toll pathway anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) by regulating ubiquitination of the inhibitor Cactus. The Imd pathway is inversely regulated- while ARF1 suppresses AMPs, Asrij is essential for AMP production. Several immune mutants have reduced Asrij expression, suggesting that Asrij co-ordinates with these pathways to regulate the immune response. Our study highlights the role of endosomal proteins in modulating the immune response by maintaining the balance of AMP production. Similar mechanisms can now be tested in mammalian hematopoiesis and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Arindam Ray
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - D R Chetan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Srivathsa S Magadi
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Vani Kulkarni
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Maneesha S Inamdar
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Watanabe S, Borthakur D, Bressan A. Localization of Banana bunchy top virus and cellular compartments in gut and salivary gland tissues of the aphid vector Pentalonia nigronervosa. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:591-602. [PMID: 25728903 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) (Nanoviridae: Babuvirus) is transmitted by aphids of the genus Pentalonia in a circulative manner. The cellular mechanisms by which BBTV translocates from the anterior midgut to the salivary gland epithelial tissues are not understood. Here, we used multiple fluorescent markers to study the distribution and the cellular localization of early and late endosomes, macropinosomes, lysosomes, microtubules, actin filaments, and lipid raft subdomains in the gut and principal salivary glands of Pentalonia nigronervosa. We applied colabeling assays, to colocalize BBTV viral particles with these cellular compartments and structures. Our results suggest that multiple potential cellular processes, including clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis and lipid rafts, may not be involved in BBTV internalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizu Watanabe
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Dulal Borthakur
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alberto Bressan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zugasti O, Thakur N, Belougne J, Squiban B, Kurz CL, Soulé J, Omi S, Tichit L, Pujol N, Ewbank JJ. A quantitative genome-wide RNAi screen in C. elegans for antifungal innate immunity genes. BMC Biol 2016; 14:35. [PMID: 27129311 PMCID: PMC4850687 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged over the last decade as a useful model for the study of innate immunity. Its infection with the pathogenic fungus Drechmeria coniospora leads to the rapid up-regulation in the epidermis of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. The molecular basis of antimicrobial peptide gene regulation has been previously characterized through forward genetic screens. Reverse genetics, based on RNAi, provide a complementary approach to dissect the worm's immune defenses. RESULTS We report here the full results of a quantitative whole-genome RNAi screen in C. elegans for genes involved in regulating antimicrobial peptide gene expression. The results will be a valuable resource for those contemplating similar RNAi-based screens and also reveal the limitations of such an approach. We present several strategies, including a comprehensive class clustering method, to overcome these limitations and which allowed us to characterize the different steps of the interaction between C. elegans and the fungus D. coniospora, leading to a complete description of the MAPK pathway central to innate immunity in C. elegans. The results further revealed a cross-tissue signaling, triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction in the intestine, that suppresses antimicrobial peptide gene expression in the nematode epidermis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results provide an unprecedented system's level insight into the regulation of C. elegans innate immunity. They represent a significant contribution to our understanding of host defenses and will lead to a better comprehension of the function and evolution of animal innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Zugasti
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
- Present address: Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, CNRS, UMR6216, Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Nishant Thakur
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Belougne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Barbara Squiban
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
- Present address: Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - C Léopold Kurz
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
- Present address: Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, CNRS, UMR6216, Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Soulé
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
- Present address: Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Shizue Omi
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Tichit
- Institut de Mathématiques de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, I2M Centrale Marseille, CNRS UMR 7373, 13453, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Pujol
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France.
| | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Troutwine BR, Ghezzi A, Pietrzykowski AZ, Atkinson NS. Alcohol resistance in Drosophila is modulated by the Toll innate immune pathway. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:382-94. [PMID: 26916032 PMCID: PMC4991213 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has shown that alcohol alters the activity of the innate immune system and that changes in innate immune system activity can influence alcohol-related behaviors. Here, we show that the Toll innate immune signaling pathway modulates the level of alcohol resistance in Drosophila. In humans, a low level of response to alcohol is correlated with increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder. The Toll signaling pathway was originally discovered in, and has been extensively studied in Drosophila. The Toll pathway is a major regulator of innate immunity in Drosophila, and mammalian Toll-like receptor signaling has been implicated in alcohol responses. Here, we use Drosophila-specific genetic tools to test eight genes in the Toll signaling pathway for effects on the level of response to ethanol. We show that increasing the activity of the pathway increases ethanol resistance whereas decreasing the pathway activity reduces ethanol resistance. Furthermore, we show that gene products known to be outputs of innate immune signaling are rapidly induced following ethanol exposure. The interaction between the Toll signaling pathway and ethanol is rooted in the natural history of Drosophila melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Troutwine
- Department of Neuroscience, The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - A Ghezzi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - A Z Pietrzykowski
- The Biologically Inspired Neural & Dynamical Systems (BINDS) Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - N S Atkinson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun JJ, Lan JF, Shi XZ, Yang MC, Niu GJ, Ding D, Zhao XF, Yu XQ, Wang JX. β-Arrestins Negatively Regulate the Toll Pathway in Shrimp by Preventing Dorsal Translocation and Inhibiting Dorsal Transcriptional Activity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7488-504. [PMID: 26846853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immunity ofDrosophila melanogasterand mammals. The activation and termination of Toll signaling are finely regulated in these animals. Although the primary components of the Toll pathway were identified in shrimp, the functions and regulation of the pathway are seldom studied. We first demonstrated that the Toll signaling pathway plays a central role in host defense againstStaphylococcus aureusby regulating expression of antimicrobial peptides in shrimp. We then found that β-arrestins negatively regulate Toll signaling in two different ways. β-Arrestins interact with the C-terminal PEST domain of Cactus through the arrestin-N domain, and Cactus interacts with the RHD domain of Dorsal via the ankyrin repeats domain, forming a heterotrimeric complex of β-arrestin·Cactus·Dorsal, with Cactus as the bridge. This complex prevents Cactus phosphorylation and degradation, as well as Dorsal translocation into the nucleus, thus inhibiting activation of the Toll signaling pathway. β-Arrestins also interact with non-phosphorylated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) through the arrestin-C domain to inhibit ERK phosphorylation, which affects Dorsal translocation into the nucleus and phosphorylation of Dorsal at Ser(276)that impairs Dorsal transcriptional activity. Our study suggests that β-arrestins negatively regulate the Toll signaling pathway by preventing Dorsal translocation and inhibiting Dorsal phosphorylation and transcriptional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jie Sun
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Xiu-Zhen Shi
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Ming-Chong Yang
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Ding Ding
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- the Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Parkinson MDJ, Piper SC, Bright NA, Evans JL, Boname JM, Bowers K, Lehner PJ, Luzio JP. A non-canonical ESCRT pathway, including histidine domain phosphotyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP), is used for down-regulation of virally ubiquitinated MHC class I. Biochem J 2015; 471:79-88. [PMID: 26221024 PMCID: PMC4613529 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) K3 viral gene product effectively down-regulates cell surface MHC class I. K3 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes Lys(63)-linked polyubiquitination of MHC class I, providing the signal for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Endocytosis is followed by sorting into the intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and eventual delivery to lysosomes. The sorting of MHC class I into MVBs requires many individual proteins of the four endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs). In HeLa cells expressing the KSHV K3 ubiquitin ligase, the effect of RNAi-mediated depletion of individual proteins of the ESCRT-0 and ESCRT-I complexes and three ESCRT-III proteins showed that these are required to down-regulate MHC class I. However, depletion of proteins of the ESCRT-II complex or of the ESCRT-III protein, VPS20 (vacuolar protein sorting 20)/CHMP6 (charged MVB protein 6), failed to prevent the loss of MHC class I from the cell surface. Depletion of histidine domain phosphotyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP) resulted in an increase in the cell surface concentration of MHC class I in HeLa cells expressing the KSHV K3 ubiquitin ligase. Rescue experiments with wild-type (WT) and mutant HD-PTP supported the conclusion that HD-PTP acts as an alternative to ESCRT-II and VPS20/CHMP6 as a link between the ESCRT-I and those ESCRT-III protein(s) necessary for ILV formation. Thus, the down-regulation of cell surface MHC class I, polyubiquitinated by the KSHV K3 ubiquitin ligase, does not employ the canonical ESCRT pathway, but instead utilizes an alternative pathway in which HD-PTP replaces ESCRT-II and VPS20/CHMP6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D J Parkinson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Siân C Piper
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Nicholas A Bright
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Jennifer L Evans
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Jessica M Boname
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Katherine Bowers
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - J Paul Luzio
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang Z, Wu D, Liu Y, Xia X, Gong W, Qiu Y, Yang J, Zheng Y, Li J, Wang YF, Xiang Y, Hu Y, Zhou X. Drosophila Dicer-2 has an RNA interference-independent function that modulates Toll immune signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500228. [PMID: 26601278 PMCID: PMC4646792 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dicer-2 is the central player for small interfering RNA biogenesis in the Drosophila RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Intriguingly, we found that Dicer-2 has an unconventional RNAi-independent function that positively modulates Toll immune signaling, which defends against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and some viruses, in both cells and adult flies. The loss of Dicer-2 expression makes fruit flies more susceptible to fungal infection. We further revealed that Dicer-2 posttranscriptionally modulates Toll signaling because Dicer-2 is required for the proper expression of Toll protein but not for Toll protein stability or Toll mRNA transcription. Moreover, Dicer-2 directly binds to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of Toll mRNA via its PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille) domain and is required for protein translation mediated by Toll 3'UTR. The loss of Toll 3'UTR binding activity makes Dicer-2 incapable of promoting Toll signaling. These data indicate that the interaction between Dicer-2 and Toll mRNA plays a pivotal role in Toll immune signaling. In addition, we found that Dicer-2 is also required for the Toll signaling induced by two different RNA viruses in Drosophila cells. Consequently, our findings uncover a novel RNAi-independent function of Dicer-2 in the posttranscriptional regulation of Toll protein expression and signaling, indicate an unexpected intersection of the RNAi pathway and the Toll pathway, and provide new insights into Toll immune signaling, Drosophila Dicer-2, and probably Dicer and Dicer-related proteins in other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiaoling Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wanyun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Ye Xiang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Verma P, Tapadia MG. Early gene Broad complex plays a key role in regulating the immune response triggered by ecdysone in the Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:325-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
Mop regulates endosomal localization and recycling of Frizzled. Hrs is ubiquitinated and degraded in the absence of Mop. Mop aids in the maintenance of Ubpy to control the ubiquitin homeostasis of Hrs. Mop and Ubpy can rescue each other. Mop’s function is not required in the cell in the absence of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl. Endosomal trafficking of signaling proteins plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis. The seven-pass transmembrane protein Frizzled (Fz) is a critical component of Wnt signaling. Although Wnt signaling is proposed to be regulated by endosomal trafficking of Fz, the molecular events that enable this regulation are not completely understood. Here we show that the endosomal protein Myopic (Mop) regulates Fz trafficking in the Drosophila wing disk by inhibiting the ubiquitination and degradation of Hrs. Deletion of Mop or Hrs results in endosomal accumulation of Fz and therefore reduced Wnt signaling. The in situ proximity ligation assay revealed a strong association between Mop and Hrs in the Drosophila wing disk. Overexpression of Hrs rescues the trafficking defect caused by mop knockdown. Mop aids in the maintenance of Ubpy, which deubiquitinates (and thus stabilizes) Hrs. In the absence of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl, Mop is dispensable. These findings support a previously unknown role for Mop in endosomal trafficking of Fz in Wnt-receiving cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Esther M Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
A large-scale in vivo RNAi screen to identify genes involved in Notch-mediated follicle cell differentiation and cell cycle switches. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26205122 PMCID: PMC4513280 DOI: 10.1038/srep12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During Drosophila oogenesis, follicle cells sequentially undergo three distinct cell-cycle programs: the mitotic cycle, endocycle, and gene amplification. Notch signaling plays a central role in regulating follicle-cell differentiation and cell-cycle switches; its activation is essential for the mitotic cycle/endocycle (M/E) switch. Cut, a linker between Notch signaling and cell-cycle regulators, is specifically downregulated by Notch during the endocycle stage. To determine how signaling pathways coordinate during the M/E switch and to identify novel genes involved in follicle cell differentiation, we performed an in vivo RNAi screen through induced knockdown of gene expression and examination of Cut expression in follicle cells. We screened 2205 RNAi lines and found 33 genes regulating Cut expression during the M/E switch. These genes were confirmed with the staining of two other Notch signaling downstream factors, Hindsight and Broad, and validated with multiple independent RNAi lines. We applied gene ontology software to find enriched biological meaning and compared our results with other publications to find conserved genes across tissues. Specifically, we found earlier endocycle entry in anterior follicle cells than those in the posterior, identified that the insulin-PI3K pathway participates in the precise M/E switch, and suggested Nejire as a cofactor of Notch signaling during oogenesis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Juan T, Fürthauer M. [The ESCRT complex: from endosomal transport to the development of multicellular organisms]. Biol Aujourdhui 2015; 209:111-124. [PMID: 26115716 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2015009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than 50 years ago, the endo-lysosomal system has emerged as a central integrator of different cellular activities. This vesicular trafficking apparatus governs processes as diverse as the transduction of stimuli by growth factor receptors, the recycling and secretion of signaling molecules and the regulation of cellular homeostasis through autophagy. Accordingly, dysfunctions of the vesicular transport machinery have been linked to a growing number of pathologies. In this review we take the "Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport" (ESCRT) as an example to illustrate the multiple functions of an evolutionarily conserved endosomal transport machinery. We describe the major concepts that have emerged from the study of this machinery at the level of the development and the physiology of multi-cellular organisms. In particular, we highlight the essential contributions of ESCRT proteins on the regulation of three biological processes: the endocytic regulation of cell signaling, autophagy and its role in neuronal morphogenesis and finally the biogenesis and function of extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rikhy R, Mavrakis M, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Dynamin regulates metaphase furrow formation and plasma membrane compartmentalization in the syncytial Drosophila embryo. Biol Open 2015; 4:301-11. [PMID: 25661871 PMCID: PMC4359736 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20149936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The successive nuclear division cycles in the syncytial Drosophila embryo are accompanied by ingression and regression of plasma membrane furrows, which surround individual nuclei at the embryo periphery, playing a central role in embryo compartmentalization prior to cellularization. Here, we demonstrate that cell cycle changes in dynamin localization and activity at the plasma membrane (PM) regulate metaphase furrow formation and PM organization in the syncytial embryo. Dynamin was localized on short PM furrows during interphase, mediating endocytosis of PM components. Dynamin redistributed off ingressed PM furrows in metaphase, correlating with stabilized PM components and the associated actin regulatory machinery on long furrows. Acute inhibition of dynamin in the temperature sensitive shibire mutant embryo resulted in morphogenetic consequences in the syncytial division cycle. These included inhibition of metaphase furrow ingression, randomization of proteins normally polarized to intercap PM and disruption of the diffusion barrier separating PM domains above nuclei. Based on these findings, we propose that cell cycle changes in dynamin orchestrate recruitment of actin regulatory machinery for PM furrow dynamics during the early mitotic cycles in the Drosophila embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rikhy
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, NICHD, NIH, Building 18T, 101, 18 Library Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA. Present address: Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Manos Mavrakis
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, CNRS UMR7288, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abnave P, Conti F, Torre C, Ghigo E. What RNAi screens in model organisms revealed about microbicidal response in mammals? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 4:184. [PMID: 25629007 PMCID: PMC4290690 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategies evolved by pathogens to infect hosts and the mechanisms used by the host to eliminate intruders are highly complex. Because several biological pathways and processes are conserved across model organisms, these organisms have been used for many years to elucidate and understand the mechanisms of the host-pathogen relationship and particularly to unravel the molecular processes enacted by the host to kill pathogens. The emergence of RNA interference (RNAi) and the ability to apply it toward studies in model organisms have allowed a breakthrough in the elucidation of host-pathogen interactions. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight and describe recent breakthroughs in the field of host-pathogen interactions using RNAi screens of model organisms. We will focus specifically on the model organisms Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Danio rerio. Moreover, a recent study examining the immune system of planarian will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Abnave
- CNRS UMR 7278, URMITE, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Filippo Conti
- CNRS UMR 7278, URMITE, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Cedric Torre
- CNRS UMR 7278, URMITE, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Eric Ghigo
- CNRS UMR 7278, URMITE, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lund VK, Delotto R. Regulation of Toll and Toll-like receptor signaling by the endocytic pathway. Small GTPases 2014; 2:95-98. [PMID: 21776409 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.2.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll/TLR receptor family plays a central role in both vertebrate and insect immunity, driving the activation of humoral immunity in response to pathogens. In Drosophila, Toll is also responsible for directing the formation of the Dorsal/NFkappaB gradient specifying dorsoventral patterning of the embryo. Two recent studies have revealed that endocytosis and elements of the molecular machinery governing endosomal progression are required for Drosophila Toll signaling in development and immunity. We demonstrated that Toll is not only present at the plasma membrane but also in a Rab5(+) early endosomal compartment in the embryo and that the distribution of constitutively active Toll(10B) is shifted towards endosomes. Localized inhibition of Rab5 function on the ventral side leads to a reduction of nuclear Dorsal levels, while locally increasing Rab5 function leads to potentiation of signaling. Independently, another laboratory identified the endosomal protein Mop as a potentiator of Toll signaling in Drosophila cell culture and fat-body tissue. Mop functions together with the ESCRT 0 component, Hrs, previously reported to stimulate endosomal progression and the signaling ability of internalized EGFR. We discuss these studies and briefly summarize the most significant findings concerning the role of intracellular localization and trafficking in mammalian TLR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor K Lund
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sorvina A, Brooks DA, Ng YS, Bader CA, Weigert R, Shandala T. Bacterial challenge initiates endosome-lysosome response inDrosophilaimmune tissues. INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.23889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
41
|
The role of Bro1- domain-containing protein Myopic in endosomal trafficking of Wnt/Wingless. Dev Biol 2014; 392:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
42
|
Stein DS, Stevens LM. Maternal control of the Drosophila dorsal-ventral body axis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:301-30. [PMID: 25124754 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The pathway that generates the dorsal-ventral (DV) axis of the Drosophila embryo has been the subject of intense investigation over the previous three decades. The initial asymmetric signal originates during oogenesis by the movement of the oocyte nucleus to an anterior corner of the oocyte, which establishes DV polarity within the follicle through signaling between Gurken, the Drosophila Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-α homologue secreted from the oocyte, and the Drosophila Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) that is expressed by the follicular epithelium cells that envelop the oocyte. Follicle cells that are not exposed to Gurken follow a ventral fate and express Pipe, a sulfotransferase that enzymatically modifies components of the inner vitelline membrane layer of the eggshell, thereby transferring DV spatial information from the follicle to the egg. These ventrally sulfated eggshell proteins comprise a localized cue that directs the ventrally restricted formation of the active Spätzle ligand within the perivitelline space between the eggshell and the embryonic membrane. Spätzle activates Toll, a transmembrane receptor in the embryonic membrane. Transmission of the Toll signal into the embryo leads to the formation of a ventral-to-dorsal gradient of the transcription factor Dorsal within the nuclei of the syncytial blastoderm stage embryo. Dorsal controls the spatially specific expression of a large constellation of zygotic target genes, the Dorsal gene regulatory network, along the embryonic DV circumference. This article reviews classic studies and integrates them with the details of more recent work that has advanced our understanding of the complex pathway that establishes Drosophila embryo DV polarity. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Stein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cell-surface localization of Pellino antagonizes Toll-mediated innate immune signalling by controlling MyD88 turnover in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3458. [PMID: 24632597 PMCID: PMC3959197 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity mediated by Toll signalling has been extensively studied, but how Toll signalling is precisely controlled in balancing innate immune responses remains poorly understood. It was reported that the plasma membrane localization of Drosophila MyD88 is necessary for the recruitment of cytosolic adaptor Tube to the cell surface, thus contributing to Toll signalling transduction. Here we demonstrate that Drosophila Pellino functions as a negative regulator in Toll-mediated signalling. We show that Pellino accumulates at the plasma membrane upon the activation of Toll signalling in a MyD88-dependent manner. Moreover, we find that Pellino is associated with MyD88 via its CTE domain, which is necessary and sufficient to promote Pellino accumulation at the plasma membrane where it targets MyD88 for ubiquitination and degradation. Collectively, our study uncovers a mechanism by which a feedback regulatory loop involving MyD88 and Pellino controls Toll-mediated signalling, thereby maintaining homeostasis of host innate immunity. Toll signalling activates the innate immune response; however, it remains unclear how this pathway is suppressed to avoid excessive inflammatory responses. Here, the authors report that Pellino, a RING domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase, is a negative regulator of Toll signalling in Drosophila.
Collapse
|
44
|
Toll mediated infection response is altered by gravity and spaceflight in Drosophila. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86485. [PMID: 24475130 PMCID: PMC3901686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Space travel presents unlimited opportunities for exploration and discovery, but requires better understanding of the biological consequences of long-term exposure to spaceflight. Immune function in particular is relevant for space travel. Human immune responses are weakened in space, with increased vulnerability to opportunistic infections and immune-related conditions. In addition, microorganisms can become more virulent in space, causing further challenges to health. To understand these issues better and to contribute to design of effective countermeasures, we used the Drosophila model of innate immunity to study immune responses in both hypergravity and spaceflight. Focusing on infections mediated through the conserved Toll and Imd signaling pathways, we found that hypergravity improves resistance to Toll-mediated fungal infections except in a known gravitaxis mutant of the yuri gagarin gene. These results led to the first spaceflight project on Drosophila immunity, in which flies that developed to adulthood in microgravity were assessed for immune responses by transcription profiling on return to Earth. Spaceflight alone altered transcription, producing activation of the heat shock stress system. Space flies subsequently infected by fungus failed to activate the Toll pathway. In contrast, bacterial infection produced normal activation of the Imd pathway. We speculate on possible linkage between functional Toll signaling and the heat shock chaperone system. Our major findings are that hypergravity and spaceflight have opposing effects, and that spaceflight produces stress-related transcriptional responses and results in a specific inability to mount a Toll-mediated infection response.
Collapse
|
45
|
Valanne S. Functional genomic analysis of the Drosophila immune response. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:93-101. [PMID: 23707784 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used as a model organism for over a century now, and also as an immunological research model for over 20 years. With the emergence of RNA interference (RNAi) in Drosophila as a robust tool to silence genes of interest, large-scale or genome-wide functional analysis has become a popular way of studying the Drosophila immune response in cell culture. Drosophila immunity is composed of cellular and humoral immunity mechanisms, and especially the systemic, humoral response pathways have been extensively dissected using the functional genomic approach. Although most components of the main immune pathways had already been found using traditional genetic screening techniques, important findings including pathway components, positive and negative regulators and modifiers have been made with RNAi screening. Additionally, RNAi screening has produced new information on host-pathogen interactions related to the pathogenesis of many microbial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Valanne
- Institute of Biomedical Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lindsay SA, Wasserman SA. Conventional and non-conventional Drosophila Toll signaling. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:16-24. [PMID: 23632253 PMCID: PMC3787077 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Toll in Drosophila and of the remarkable conservation in pathway composition and organization catalyzed a transformation in our understanding of innate immune recognition and response. At the center of that picture is a cascade of interactions in which specific microbial cues activate Toll receptors, which then transmit signals driving transcription factor nuclear localization and activity. Experiments gave substance to the vision of pattern recognition receptors, linked phenomena in development, gene regulation, and immunity into a coherent whole, and revealed a rich set of variations for identifying non-self and responding effectively. More recently, research in Drosophila has illuminated the positive and negative regulation of Toll activation, the organization of signaling events at and beneath membranes, the sorting of information flow, and the existence of non-conventional signaling via Toll-related receptors. Here, we provide an overview of the Toll pathway of flies and highlight these ongoing realms of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Lindsay
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0349, USA
| | - Steven A. Wasserman
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0349, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel: 858-822-2408.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Spallek T, Beck M, Ben Khaled S, Salomon S, Bourdais G, Schellmann S, Robatzek S. ESCRT-I mediates FLS2 endosomal sorting and plant immunity. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1004035. [PMID: 24385929 PMCID: PMC3873229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) is present at the plasma membrane and is internalized following activation of its ligand flagellin (flg22). We show that ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT (ESCRT)-I subunits play roles in FLS2 endocytosis in Arabidopsis. VPS37-1 co-localizes with FLS2 at endosomes and immunoprecipitates with the receptor upon flg22 elicitation. Vps37-1 mutants are reduced in flg22-induced FLS2 endosomes but not in endosomes labeled by Rab5 GTPases suggesting a defect in FLS2 trafficking rather than formation of endosomes. FLS2 localizes to the lumen of multivesicular bodies, but this is altered in vps37-1 mutants indicating compromised endosomal sorting of FLS2 by ESCRT-I loss-of-function. VPS37-1 and VPS28-2 are critical for immunity against bacterial infection through a role in stomatal closure. Our findings identify that VPS37-1, and likewise VPS28-2, regulate late FLS2 endosomal sorting and reveals that ESCRT-I is critical for flg22-activated stomatal defenses involved in plant immunity. Plants deploy plasma membrane immune receptors to survey their environment for potential threats. One of these receptors, FLAGELIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) recognizes bacterial flagellin (flg22) and thereby triggers a multitude of defense responses, enhancing immunity against infectious pathogens. Regulation of the subcellular localization of FLS2 is therefore an important aspect in plant disease resistance. FLS2 is known to shuttle between the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments but enters the late endosomal trafficking pathway upon ligand-dependent activation. A key question is the regulation of activated FLS2 in late endosomal trafficking. Here, we show that FLS2 is internalized into the lumen of multivesicular bodies and discovered by genetic inhibition that this step is regulated by components of the ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEXES REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT-I (ESCRT-I). Furthermore, we reveal that these ESCRT-I components play crucial roles in plant immunity impacting the flg22-triggered closure of stomata, prominent entry points of pathogenic bacteria, which occurred downstream of the known flg22 responses. These findings highlight the roles of endosomal trafficking in regulating FLS2 subcellular localization and plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Spallek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Beck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Ben Khaled
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Salomon
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gildas Bourdais
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Han M, Qin S, Song X, Li Y, Jin P, Chen L, Ma F. Evolutionary rate patterns of genes involved in the Drosophila Toll and Imd signaling pathway. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:245. [PMID: 24209511 PMCID: PMC3826850 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To survive in a hostile environment, insects have evolved an innate immune system to defend against infection. Studies have shown that natural selection may drive the evolution of immune system-related proteins. Yet, how network architecture influences protein sequence evolution remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the molecular evolutionary patterns of genes in the Toll and Imd innate immune signaling pathways across six Drosophila genomes within the context of a functional network. RESULTS Based on published literature, we identified 50 genes that are directly involved in the Drosophila Toll and Imd signaling pathways. Of those genes, only two (Sphinx1 and Dnr1) exhibited signals of positive selection. There existed a negative correlation between the strength of purifying selection and gene position within the pathway; the downstream genes were more conserved, indicating that they were subjected to stronger evolutionary constraints. Interestingly, there was also a significantly negative correlation between the rate of protein evolution and the number of regulatory microRNAs, implying that genes regulated by more miRNAs experience stronger functional constraints and therefore evolve more slowly. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggested that both network architecture and miRNA regulation affect protein sequence evolution. These findings improve our understanding of the evolutionary patterns of genes involved in Drosophila innate immune pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P, R China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
The IRAK homolog Pelle is the functional counterpart of IκB kinase in the Drosophila Toll pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75150. [PMID: 24086459 PMCID: PMC3781037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll receptors transduce signals that activate Rel-family transcription factors, such as NF-κB, by directing proteolytic degradation of inhibitor proteins. In mammals, the IκB Kinase (IKK) phosphorylates the inhibitor IκBα. A βTrCP protein binds to phosphorylated IκBα, triggering ubiquitination and proteasome mediated degradation. In Drosophila, Toll signaling directs Cactus degradation via a sequence motif that is highly similar to that in IκBα, but without involvement of IKK. Here we show that Pelle, the homolog of a mammalian regulator of IKK, acts as a Cactus kinase. We further find that the fly βTrCP protein Slimb is required in cultured cells to mediate Cactus degradation. These findings enable us for the first time to trace an uninterrupted pathway from the cell surface to the nucleus for Drosophila Toll signaling.
Collapse
|
50
|
Kharitidi D, Manteghi S, Pause A. Pseudophosphatases: methods of analysis and physiological functions. Methods 2013; 65:207-18. [PMID: 24064037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key enzymes in the regulation of cellular homeostasis and signaling pathways. Strikingly, not all PTPs bear enzymatic activity. A considerable fraction of PTPs are enzymatically inactive and are known as pseudophosphatases. Despite the lack of activity they execute pivotal roles in development, cell biology and human disease. The present review is focused on the methods used to identify pseudophosphatases, their targets, and physiological roles. We present a strategy for detailed enzymatic analysis of inactive PTPs, regulation of inactive PTP domains and identification of binding partners. Furthermore, we provide a detailed overview of human pseudophosphatases and discuss their regulation of cellular processes and functions in human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Kharitidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Sanaz Manteghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|