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Duraisamy K, Kumar M, Nawabjan A, Lo EKK, Hui Lin M, Lefranc B, Bonnafé E, Treilhou M, El-Nezami H, Leprince J, Chow BKC. MRGPRB2/X2 and the analogous effects of its agonist and antagonist in DSS-induced colitis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116471. [PMID: 38547764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The mast cell receptor Mrgprb2, a mouse orthologue of human Mrgprx2, is known as an inflammatory receptor and its elevated expression is associated with various diseases such as ulcerative colitis. We aimed to elucidate the role of Mrgprb2/x2 and the effect of its ligands on a chemically induced murine colitis model. We showed that in Mrgprb2-/- mice, there is a differential regulation of cytokine releases in the blood plasma and severe colonic damages after DSS treatment. Unexpectedly, we demonstrated that known Mrgprb2/x2 agonists (peptide P17, P17 analogues and CST-14) and antagonist (GE1111) similarly increased the survival rate of WT mice subjected to 4% DSS-induced colitis, ameliorated the colonic damages of 2.5% DSS-induced colitis, restored major protein mRNA expression involved in colon integrity, reduced CD68+ and F4/80+ immune cell infiltration and restored cytokine levels. Collectively, our findings highlight the eminent role of Mrpgrb2/x2 in conferring a beneficial effect in the colitis model, and this significance is demonstrated by the heightened severity of colitis with altered cytokine releases and inflammatory immune cell infiltration observed in the Mrgprb2 knockout mice. Elevated expression of Mrgprb2 in WT colitis murine models may represent the organism's adaptive protective mechanism since Mrgprb2 knockout results in severe colitis. On the other hand, both agonist and antagonist of Mrgprb2 analogously mitigated the severity of colitis in DSS-induced colitis model by altering Mrgprb2 expression, immune cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthi Duraisamy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; INSERM U1239 NorDiC, PRIMACEN, Université Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abdullah Nawabjan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Kwun Kwan Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hui Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- INSERM U1239 NorDiC, PRIMACEN, Université Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- EA7417 BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Michel Treilhou
- EA7417 BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U1239 NorDiC, PRIMACEN, Université Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France.
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Baldo BA. MRGPRX2, drug pseudoallergies, inflammatory diseases, mechanisms and distinguishing MRGPRX2- and IgE/FcεRI-mediated events. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:3232-3246. [PMID: 37430437 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
MRGPRX2, a novel Gaq -coupled human mast cell receptor, mediates non-immune adverse reactions without the involvement of antibody priming. Constitutively expressed by human skin mast cells, MRGPRX2 modulates cell degranulation producing pseudoallergies manifesting as itch, inflammation and pain. The term pseudoallergy is defined in relation to adverse drug reactions in general and immune/non-immune-mediated reactions in particular. A list of drugs with MRGPRX2 activity is presented, including a detailed examination of three important and widely used approved therapies: neuromuscular blockers, quinolones and opioids. For the clinician, the significance of MRGPRX2 is considered as an aid in distinguishing and ultimately identifying specific immune and non-immune inflammatory reactions. Anaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactions, neurogenic inflammation and inflammatory diseases with a clear or strongly suspected association with MRGPRX2 activation are examined. Inflammatory diseases include chronic urticaria, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, mastocytosis, allergic asthma, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. MRGPRX2- and allergic IgE/FcεRI-mediated reactions may be clinically similar. Importantly, the usual testing procedures do not distinguish the two mechanisms. Currently, identification of MRGPRX2 activation and diagnosis of pseudoallergic reactions is generally viewed as a process of exclusion once other non-immune and immune processes, particularly IgE/FcεRI-mediated degranulation of mast cells, are ruled out. This does not take into account that MRGPRX2 signals via β-arrestin, which can be utilized to detect MRGPRX2 activation by employing MRGPRX2 transfected cells to assess MRGPRX2 activation via two pathways, the G-protein-independent β-arrestin pathway and the G-protein-dependent Ca2+ pathway. Testing procedures, interpretations for distinguishing mechanisms, patient diagnosis, agonist identification and drug safety evaluations are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Baldo
- Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Vernia F, Tatti T, Necozione S, Capannolo A, Cesaro N, Magistroni M, Valvano M, Pompili S, Sferra R, Vetuschi A, Latella G. Is mastocytic colitis a specific clinical-pathological entity? Eur J Histochem 2022; 66:3499. [PMID: 36440694 PMCID: PMC9761410 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2022.3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of intestinal mast cells (MC) is increased in several types of colitis, but the mucosa of patients with chronic non-bloody diarrhea has not been studied. The current study sought to determine the relationship between MC counts and degranulation and the severity of symptoms in patients with chronic loose stools. Following a negative laboratory workup for the most common causes of chronic diarrhea, patients with chronic non-bloody loose stools were included in the study. Patients with macroscopic evidence of inflammation or organic disease were excluded after endoscopy with biopsies. Biopsies from the 179 patients in the study were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and anti-CD117 c-kit antibodies. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the degree of MC degranulation. Out of the 179 patients, 128 had normal histologic findings suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome and were used as controls. Twenty-four presented with abnormally high MC counts (≥40 MC x HPF), 23 with ≥20 intraepithelial lymphocytes x HPF suggesting lymphocytic colitis, and 4 had both (≥40 MC and ≥20 intraepithelial lymphocytes x HPF). In the patients with high MC counts, figures were significantly higher in the right colon versus the left colon (p=0.016), but degranulation did not differ in the right versus the left colon (p=0.125). No age or sex-related difference was observed (p=0.527 and p=0.859 respectively). The prevalence of abdominal pain and bloating did not differ in the three groups (p=0.959 and p=0.140, respectively). Patients with lymphocytic colitis (p=0.008) and those with high MC counts (p=0.025) had significantly higher evacuation rates compared to controls. There was no difference between these two groups (p=0.831). Mast cell degranulation was not associated with the number of evacuations, abdominal pain, or bloating (p=0.51; p=0.41; p=0.42, respectively). The finding that a significantly higher number of evacuations was linked to increased MC in the colonic mucosa of a subset of patients with otherwise normal laboratory and endoscopic findings suggests that "mastocytic colitis" may be a new clinical-pathological entity responsible for chronic non-bloody diarrhea. Prospective studies with a larger number of patients, as well as endoscopic and histological follow-up, are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Vernia
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tiziana Tatti
- Pathology Unit, S. Salvatore Academic Hospital, L'Aquila,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefano Necozione
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila
| | - Annalisa Capannolo
- Diagnostic and Surgical Endoscopy Unit, San Salvatore Academic Hospital, L'Aquila
| | - Nicola Cesaro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila
| | - Marco Magistroni
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila
| | - Marco Valvano
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila
| | - Simona Pompili
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberta Sferra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila,*These authors contributed equally to this work
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4
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Jo H, Lee D, Go C, Jang Y, Chu N, Bae S, Kang D, Im JP, Kim Y, Kang JS. Preventive Effect of Vitamin C on Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis via the Regulation of IL-22 and IL-6 Production in Gulo(−/−) Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810612. [PMID: 36142515 PMCID: PMC9505994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are exceptionally high in IBD lesions, are known to cause abnormal immune responses to inflammatory reactions in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) through damage to the intestinal mucosal linings. Moreover, they are theorized to be an agent of IBD development. Vitamin C is widely known to be an effective antioxidant for its ability to regulate inflammatory responses through its ROS scavenging effect. Therefore, we examined vitamin C’s influence on the development and progression of IBD in Gulo(−/−) mice, which cannot synthesize vitamin C like humans due to a defect in the expression of L-gulono-γ–lactone oxidase, an essential enzyme for vitamin C production. First, we found extensive oxidative stress and an inflammation increase in the colon of vitamin C-insufficient Gulo(−/−) mice. We also found decreased IL-22 production and NKp46(+) cell recruitment and the impaired activation of the p38MAPK pathway. Additionally, comparing vitamin C-insufficient Gulo(−/−) mice to vitamin C-sufficient Gulo(−/−) mice and wild-type mice, the insufficient group faced a decrease in mucin-1 expression, accompanied by an increase in IL-6 production, followed by the activation of the STAT3 and Akt pathways. The results suggest that vitamin C insufficiency induces severe colitis, meaning vitamin C could also take on a preventative role by regulating the production of cytokines and the induction of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Jo
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Cheolhyeon Go
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yoojin Jang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Naghyung Chu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Suhyun Bae
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Artificial Intelligence Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (J.S.K.)
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5
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Jimenez IA, Stilin AP, Morohaku K, Hussein MH, Koganti PP, Selvaraj V. Mitochondrial translocator protein deficiency exacerbates pathology in acute experimental ulcerative colitis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:896951. [PMID: 36060674 PMCID: PMC9437295 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.896951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In human patients and animal models of ulcerative colitis (UC), upregulation of the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) in the colon is consistent with inflammation. Although the molecular function for TSPO remains unclear, it has been investigated as a therapeutic target for ameliorating UC pathology. In this study, we examined the susceptibility of Tspo gene-deleted (Tspo -/- ) mice to insults as provided by the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute UC model. Our results show that UC clinical signs and pathology were severely exacerbated in Tspo -/- mice compared to control Tspo fl/fl cohorts. Histopathology showed extensive inflammation and epithelial loss in Tspo -/- mice that caused an aggravated disease. Colonic gene expression in UC uncovered an etiology linked to precipitous loss of epithelial integrity and disproportionate mast cell activation assessed by tryptase levels in Tspo -/- colons. Evaluation of baseline homeostatic shifts in Tspo -/- colons revealed gene expression changes noted in elevated epithelial Cdx2, mast cell Cd36 and Mcp6, with general indicators of lower proliferation capacity and elevated mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. These findings demonstrate that intact physiological TSPO function serves to limit inflammation in acute UC, and provide a systemic basis for investigating TSPO-targeting mechanistic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A. Jimenez
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Allison P. Stilin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kanako Morohaku
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,School of Science and Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Mahmoud H. Hussein
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Prasanthi P. Koganti
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Vimal Selvaraj,
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6
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Ceuleers H, Hanning N, De Bruyn M, De Man JG, De Schepper HU, Li Q, Liu L, Abrams S, Smet A, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Meester I, Pasricha PJ, De Winter BY. The Effect of Serine Protease Inhibitors on Visceral Pain in Different Rodent Models With an Intestinal Insult. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:765744. [PMID: 35721192 PMCID: PMC9201642 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.765744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Serine proteases are believed to play a key role in the origin of abdominal pain in IBD and IBS. We previously demonstrated a reduction of visceral pain in a post-inflammatory IBS rat model after a single intraperitoneal or intracolonic administration of a serine protease inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of serine protease inhibition on visceral pain in two different animal models involving a colonic insult based either on acute inflammation or on neonatal irritation. Moreover, protease profiling was explored in the acute colitis model. Methods: An acute 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis rat model and a chronic neonatal acetic acid mouse model were used in this study. Visceral sensitivity was quantified by visceromotor responses (VMRs) to colorectal distension, 30 min after intraperitoneal administration of the serine protease inhibitors nafamostat, UAMC-00050 or their vehicles. Colonic samples from acute colitis rats were used to quantify the mRNA expression of a panel of serine proteases and mast cell tryptase by immunohistochemistry. Finally, proteolytic activities in colonic and fecal samples were characterized using fluorogenic substrates. Key Results: We showed a significant and pressure-dependent increase in visceral hypersensitivity in acute colitis and neonatal acetic acid models. UAMC-00050 and nafamostat significantly reduced VMRs in both animal models. In acute colitis rats, the administration of a serine protease inhibitor did not affect the inflammatory parameters. Protease profiling of these acute colitis animals revealed an increased tryptase immunoreactivity and a downregulation of matriptase at the mRNA level after inflammation. The administration of UAMC-00050 resulted in a decreased elastase-like activity in the colon associated with a significantly increased elastase-like activity in fecal samples of acute colitis animals. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results suggest that serine proteases play an important role in visceral hypersensitivity in an acute TNBS colitis model in rats and a neonatal acetic acid model in mice. Moreover, we hypothesize a potential mechanism of action of UAMC-00050 via the alteration of elastase-like proteolytic activity in acute inflammation. Taken together, we provided fundamental evidence for serine protease inhibitors as a promising new therapeutic strategy for abdominal pain in gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ceuleers
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nikita Hanning
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michelle De Bruyn
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Heiko U De Schepper
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liansheng Liu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steven Abrams
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Data Science Institute, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Bilotta S, Arbogast J, Schart N, Frei M, Lorentz A. Resveratrol Treatment Prevents Increase of Mast Cells in Both Murine OVA Enteritis and IL-10 -/- Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031213. [PMID: 35163137 PMCID: PMC8836010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are involved in allergic and other inflammatory diseases. The polyphenol resveratrol is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and may be used as nutraceutical in mast cell associated diseases. We analyzed the effect of resveratrol on mast cells in vivo in ovalbumin-induced allergic enteritis as well as experimental colitis in IL-10−/− mice which received resveratrol via drinking water. Treatment with resveratrol prevented the increase in mast cells in both allergic enteritis and chronic colitis in duodenum as well as in colon. Further, it delayed the onset of diseases symptoms and ameliorated diseases associated parameters such as tissue damage as well as inflammatory cell infiltration in affected colon sections. In addition to the findings in vivo, resveratrol inhibited IgE-dependent degranulation and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α in IgE/DNP-activated as well as in LPS-activated bone marrow-derived mast cells. These results indicate that resveratrol may be considered as an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory plant-derived component for the prevention or treatment of mast cell-associated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
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8
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Protective Effect of Salvianolic Acid B in Acetic Acid-Induced Experimental Colitis in a Mouse Model. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In its prominent experimental studies salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is novel because of its well-defined, common physiological effects, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, cardioprotective, DNA protective, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective activity in experimental animals. Initially, Sal B was studied for its anti-inflammatory properties, used as a remedy for a wide range of disease conditions, but its specific efficacy on inflammatory bowel disease is still unclear. The aim of this current study was to understand the therapeutic potential of Sal B in an acetic acid (AA)—triggered experimental mouse colitis model. Colitis was triggered by intrarectal injection of 5% AA, and then laboratory animals were given Sal B (10, 20 and 40 μg/kg) for seven days. The ulcerated colonic mucosa was assessed by clinical experiment, macroscopical, biological and histopathological analysis. The results showed depleted SOD, CAT, GSH levels and consequential elevated MPO and MDA levels and aberrant crypt foci and mast cells were seen in the AA-induced colonic mucosa of experimental animals. The data obtained from this study demonstrate that a dose of 40 µg/kg showed an efficacious anti-ulcer effect against AA-induced experimental colitis. Based on its antioxidant efficacy, Sal B may therefore be useful as a therapeutic approach for ulcerative colitis.
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9
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Tanaka S, Furuta K. Roles of IgE and Histamine in Mast Cell Maturation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082170. [PMID: 34440939 PMCID: PMC8392195 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are activated upon immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated antigen stimulation, and release a wide variety of mediators, including histamine to trigger inflammatory responses. The surface expression levels of Fcε receptor I (FcεRI), a high affinity receptor of IgE, were found to be positively regulated by IgE. IgE could protect murine cultured mast cells from apoptotic cell death induced by the deprivation of interleukin-3 and a certain kind of IgE could activate immature mast cells in the absence of antigens, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a transient increase in histamine synthesis. Histamine synthesis in mast cells was found to be required for the maturation of murine connective tissue-type mast cells, raising the possibility that IgE indirectly modulates local mast cell maturation. Although it remains controversial to what extent this concept of "monomeric IgE effects" could have relevance in the modulation of human mast cell functions, the therapeutic effects of anti-IgE antibodies might be accounted for in terms of the decreased serum IgE concentrations. Because drastic increases in serum IgE concentrations are often observed in patients with atopic dermatitis and chronic urticaria, a close investigation of the roles of IgE in mast cell maturation should contribute to development of novel therapeutic approaches for these inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Nakauchi-cho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4667
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
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10
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Tissue mast cell counts may be associated with decreased severity of gastrointestinal acute GVHD and nonrelapse mortality. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2317-2324. [PMID: 32453837 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of mast cells in human graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are unknown. We studied 56 patients who had an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) with a biopsy for diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) GVHD before any treatment (including steroids): 35 with GIT GVHD, 21 HCT recipients whose biopsies did not confirm GVHD, and 9 with a new diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as a comparison. The median number of mast cells (mean of CD117+ cells, counted in 3 selected spots under 40× magnification) was similar between patients with GVHD (59 cells) and those without GVHD (60 cells). However, the median number of mast cells was significantly associated with maximum clinical stage of GIT GVHD; the lowest counts of mast cells were observed in the highest clinical stage of GIT GVHD (stage 1, 80; stage 2, 69; stage 3, 54; stage 4, 26; P = .01). Moreover, every decrease by 10 mast cells was associated with increased nonrelapse mortality through 1 year (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-1.00; P = .05). AlloHCT recipients all had significantly fewer mast cells, even those without GVHD compared with those with IBD (median, 59 vs 119; P < .01). The median number of GIT mast cells was also significantly lower in patients who received myeloablative conditioning (61.5 cells) than in those who received reduced intensity conditioning (78 cells) in the entire study population (P = .02). We conclude that GIT mast cells are depleted in all alloHCT patients, more prominently in those receiving myeloablative conditioning and those with severe GIT GVHD. Our novel findings warrant further investigation into the biological effects of mast cells in GIT GVHD.
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Norton CE, Grunz-Borgmann EA, Hart ML, Jones BW, Franklin CL, Boerman EM. Role of perivascular nerve and sensory neurotransmitter dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1887-H1902. [PMID: 33710922 PMCID: PMC8163646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00037.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with both impaired intestinal blood flow and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the functional role of perivascular nerves that control vasomotor function of mesenteric arteries (MAs) perfusing the intestine during IBD is unknown. Because perivascular sensory nerves and their transmitters calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) are important mediators of both vasodilation and inflammatory responses, our objective was to identify IBD-related deficits in perivascular sensory nerve function and vascular neurotransmitter signaling. In MAs from an interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10-/-) mouse model, IBD significantly impairs electrical field stimulation (EFS)-mediated sensory vasodilation and inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction, despite decreased sympathetic nerve density and vasoconstriction. The MA content and EFS-mediated release of both CGRP and SP are decreased with IBD, but IBD has unique effects on each transmitter. CGRP nerve density, receptor expression, hyperpolarization, and vasodilation are preserved with IBD. In contrast, SP nerve density and receptor expression are increased, and SP hyperpolarization and vasodilation are impaired with IBD. A key finding is that blockade of SP receptors restores EFS-mediated sensory vasodilation and enhanced CGRP-mediated vasodilation in MAs from IBD but not Control mice. Together, these data suggest that an aberrant role for the perivascular sensory neurotransmitter SP and its downstream signaling in MAs underlies vascular dysfunction with IBD. We propose that with IBD, SP signaling impedes CGRP-mediated sensory vasodilation, contributing to impaired blood flow. Thus, substance P and NK1 receptors may represent an important target for treating vascular dysfunction in IBD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study is the first to show that IBD causes profound impairment of sensory vasodilation and inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in mesenteric arteries. This occurs alongside decreased SP-containing nerve density and increased expression of NK1 receptors for SP. In contrast, CGRP dilation, nerve density, and receptor expression are unchanged. Blocking NK1 receptors restores sensory vasodilation in MAs and increases CGRP-mediated vasodilation, indicating that SP interference with CGRP signaling may underlie impaired sensory vasodilation with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Marcia L Hart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Benjamin W Jones
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Erika M Boerman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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12
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Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Stear M. The interaction of host and nematode galectins influences the outcome of gastrointestinal nematode infections. Parasitology 2021; 148:648-654. [PMID: 33461629 PMCID: PMC11010190 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind β-galactosides and play key roles in a variety of cellular processes including host defence. They have been well studied in hosts but less so in gastrointestinal nematodes. Both host and parasite galectins are present in the gastrointestinal tract following infection. Parasite galectins can both bind antibody, especially highly glycosylated IgE and be bound by antibody. Parasite galectins may act as molecular sponges that soak up antibody. Host galectins promote mast cell degranulation while parasite galectins inhibit degranulation. Host and parasite galectins can also bind mucins and influence mucus viscosity. As the protective response against gastrointestinal nematode infection is partly dependent on IgE mediated mast cell degranulation and mucus, the interactions between host and parasite galectins play key roles in determining the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Donskow-Łysoniewska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Maruszewska-Cheruiyot
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC3086, Australia
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13
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Chen E, Chuang LS, Giri M, Villaverde N, Hsu NY, Sabic K, Joshowitz S, Gettler K, Nayar S, Chai Z, Alter IL, Chasteau CC, Korie UM, Dzedzik S, Thin TH, Jain A, Moscati A, Bongers G, Duerr RH, Silverberg MS, Brant SR, Rioux JD, Peter I, Schumm LP, Haritunians T, McGovern DP, Itan Y, Cho JH. Inflamed Ulcerative Colitis Regions Associated With MRGPRX2-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation and Cell Activation Modules, Defining a New Therapeutic Target. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1709-1724. [PMID: 33421512 PMCID: PMC8494017 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recent literature has implicated a key role for mast cells in murine models of colonic inflammation, but their role in human ulcerative colitis (UC) is not well established. A major advance has been the identification of mrgprb2 (human orthologue, MRGPX2) as mediating IgE-independent mast cell activation. We sought to define mechanisms of mast cell activation and MRGPRX2 in human UC. METHODS Colon tissues were collected from patients with UC for bulk RNA sequencing and lamina propria cells were isolated for MRGPRX2 activation studies and single-cell RNA sequencing. Genetic association of all protein-altering G-protein coupled receptor single-nucleotide polymorphism was performed in an Ashkenazi Jewish UC case-control cohort. Variants of MRGPRX2 were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human mast cell (HMC) 1.1 cells to detect genotype-dependent effects on β-arrestin recruitment, IP-1 accumulation, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase. RESULTS Mast cell-specific mediators and adrenomedullin (proteolytic precursor of PAMP-12, an MRGPRX2 agonist) are up-regulated in inflamed compared to uninflamed UC. MRGPRX2 stimulation induces carboxypeptidase secretion from inflamed UC. Of all protein-altering GPCR alleles, a unique variant of MRGPRX2, Asn62Ser, was most associated with and was bioinformatically predicted to alter arrestin recruitment. We validated that the UC protective serine allele enhances β-arrestin recruitment, decreases IP-1, and increases phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase with MRGPRX2 agonists. Single-cell RNA sequencing defines that adrenomedullin is expressed by activated fibroblasts and epithelial cells and that interferon gamma is a key upstream regulator of mast cell gene expression. CONCLUSION Inflamed UC regions are distinguished by MRGPRX2-mediated activation of mast cells, with decreased activation observed with a UC-protective genetic variant. These results define cell modules of UC activation and a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernie Chen
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Ling-shiang Chuang
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Mamta Giri
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Nicole Villaverde
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Nai-yun Hsu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Ksenija Sabic
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Sari Joshowitz
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Kyle Gettler
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Shikha Nayar
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Zhi Chai
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Isaac L. Alter
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Colleen C. Chasteau
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Ujunwa M. Korie
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Siarhei Dzedzik
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Tin Htwe Thin
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Aayushee Jain
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Arden Moscati
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Gerardus Bongers
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Richard H. Duerr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark S. Silverberg
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven R. Brant
- Crohns and Colitis Center of New Jersey, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - John D. Rioux
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada. Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Inga Peter
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - L. Philip Schumm
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Talin Haritunians
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dermot P. McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Judy H. Cho
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Judy Cho, Hess CSM Building Floor 8th Room 118, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, TEL. (212) 824-8940, FAX. (646) 537-9452,
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SNAP23 is essential for platelet and mast cell development and required in connective tissue mast cells for anaphylaxis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100268. [PMID: 33837726 PMCID: PMC7948755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Degranulation, a fundamental effector response from mast cells (MCs) and platelets, is an example of regulated exocytosis. This process is mediated by SNARE proteins and their regulators. We have previously shown that several of these proteins are essential for exocytosis in MCs and platelets. Here, we assessed the role of the SNARE protein SNAP23 using conditional knockout mice, in which SNAP23 was selectively deleted from either the megakaryocyte/platelet or connective tissue MC lineages. We found that removal of SNAP23 in platelets results in severe defects in degranulation of all three platelet secretory granule types, i.e., alpha, dense, and lysosomal granules. The mutation also induces thrombocytopenia, abnormal platelet morphology and activation, and reduction in the number of alpha granules. Therefore, the degranulation defect might not be secondary to an intrinsic failure of the machinery mediating regulated exocytosis in platelets. When we removed SNAP23 expression in MCs, there was a complete developmental failure in vitro and in vivo. The developmental defects in platelets and MCs and the abnormal translocation of membrane proteins to the surface of platelets indicate that SNAP23 is also involved in constitutive exocytosis in these cells. The MC conditional deletant animals lacked connective tissue MCs, but their mucosal MCs were normal and expanded in response to an antigenic stimulus. We used this mouse to show that connective tissue MCs are required and mucosal MCs are not sufficient for an anaphylactic response.
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15
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Parisio C, Lucarini E, Micheli L, Toti A, Bellumori M, Cecchi L, Calosi L, Bani D, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Mulinacci N, Ghelardini C. Extra virgin olive oil and related by-products (Olea europaea L.) as natural sources of phenolic compounds for abdominal pain relief in gastrointestinal disorders in rats. Food Funct 2020; 11:10423-10435. [PMID: 33237043 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02293d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Management of abdominal pain, a common symptom of IBDs and IBS, is still a clinical problem. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), a main component of the Mediterranean diet, shows positive effects on chronic inflammation in IBDs. In this study, the effect of the oral administration of EVOO (3 mL) and two olive milling by-products, DPA (300 mg kg-1) and DRF (300 mg kg-1), on preventing the development of abdominal pain in a DNBS-induced colitis model in rats was evaluated. The doses were chosen with the aim of simulating a plausible daily intake in humans. DPA and EVOO treatments significantly reduced the abdominal viscero-motor response to colon-rectal distension at 2 and 3 mL of balloon distension volume, both 7 and 14 days after the DNBS-injection. DRF showed efficacy in the reduction of visceral hypersensitivity only with 3 mL balloon inflation. In awake animals, DPA and DRF reduced pain perception (evaluated as abdominal withdrawal reflex) with all balloon distension volumes, while EVOO was effective only with higher distension volumes. Fourteen days after the DNBS-injection, all samples reduced the macroscopic intestinal damage (quantified as the macroscopic damage score) also showing, at the microscopic level, a reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate (quantified by hematoxylin and eosin analysis), fibrosis (highlighted by picrosirius red staining), the increase in mast cells and their degranulation (analyzed by triptase immunohistochemistry). This is the first report on the promotion of abdominal pain relief in a rat model obtained administering EVOO and two derived by-products. Our results suggest a protective role of phenol-rich EVOO and milling by-products, which may be proposed as food ingredients for novel functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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16
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Eissmann MF, Buchert M, Ernst M. IL33 and Mast Cells-The Key Regulators of Immune Responses in Gastrointestinal Cancers? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1389. [PMID: 32719677 PMCID: PMC7350537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin (IL-)1 family IL33 is best known for eliciting type 2 immune responses by stimulating mast cells (MCs), regulatory T-cells (Tregs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and other immune cells. MCs and IL33 provide critical control of immunological and epithelial homeostasis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Meanwhile, the role of MCs in solid malignancies appears tissue-specific with both pro and anti-tumorigenic activities. Likewise, IL33 signaling significantly shapes immune responses in the tumor microenvironment, but these effects remain often dichotomous when assessed in experimental models of cancer. Thus, the balance between tumor suppressing and tumor promoting activities of IL33 are highly context dependent, and most likely dictated by the mixture of cell types responding to IL33. Adding to this complexity is the promiscuous nature by which MCs respond to cytokines other than IL33 and release chemotactic factors that recruit immune cells into the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we integrate the outcomes of recent studies on the role of MCs and IL33 in cancer with our own observations in the GI tract. We propose a working model where the most abundant IL33 responsive immune cell type is likely to dictate an overall tumor-supporting or tumor suppressing outcome in vivo. We discuss how these opposing responses affect the therapeutic potential of targeting MC and IL33, and highlight the caveats and challenges facing our ability to effectively harness MCs and IL33 biology for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz F Eissmann
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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17
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Xie Q, Chen X, Meng ZM, Huang XL, Zhang Q, Zhou JQ, Zhang L, He FQ, Zou YP, Gan HT. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor regulates enteric mast cells and ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106638. [PMID: 32470881 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although interactions between enteric glial cells (EGCs) and enteric mast cells have been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the exact mechanisms by which EGCs regulate enteric mast cells are still unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate whether glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which has been confirmed to be produced mostly by EGCs, might regulate enteric mast cells and ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. METHODS Recombinant adenoviral vectors encoding GDNF (Ad-GDNF) were administered intracolonically in experimental colitis induced by DSS. The disease activity index and histological score were measured. The expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured by ELISA assay. The expression of trypsin and β-hexosaminidase were evaluated. GDNF specific receptor (GFR-α1/RET) was detected. The calcium reflux was tested by microplate reader. The expression p-JNK was analyzed by western blot assay. RESULTS GDNF resulted in a significant inhibition of the activation of enteric mast cells by down-regulating JNK signal pathway, lessening intracellular calcium influx, and then reducing the degranulation as well as the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines via combing with its receptor (GFR-α1/RET) in mast cells, and these inhibitory effects were abrogated by treatment with neutralizing antibody against GDNF. Moreover, the administration of GDNF led to an amelioration of experimental colitis. CONCLUSIONS GDNF are able to regulate enteric mast cells and ameliorate experimental colitis. GDNF might be an important mediator of the cross-talk between EGCs and enteric mast cells, and GDNF might be a useful therapeutic drug for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xie
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medical Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhang Min Meng
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Li Huang
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin Qiu Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Fu Qian He
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Pei Zou
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hua Tian Gan
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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18
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Kakinoki A, Kameo T, Yamashita S, Furuta K, Tanaka S. Establishment and Characterization of a Murine Mucosal Mast Cell Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010236. [PMID: 31905768 PMCID: PMC6982154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that mast cells play critical roles in disruption and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, although it remains unknown how they affect the local microenvironment. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) was found to play critical roles in intestinal mast cell accumulation induced in various pathological conditions, such as parasite infection and oral allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Newly recruited intestinal mast cells trigger inflammatory responses and damage epithelial integrity through release of a wide variety of mediators including mast cell proteases. We established a novel culture model (IL-9-modified mast cells, MCs/IL-9), in which murine IL-3-dependent bone-marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMMCs) were further cultured in the presence of stem cell factor and IL-9. In MCs/IL-9, drastic upregulation of Mcpt1 and Mcpt2 was found. Although histamine storage and tryptase activity were significantly downregulated in the presence of SCF and IL-9, this was entirely reversed when mast cells were cocultured with a murine fibroblastic cell line, Swiss 3T3. MCs/IL-9 underwent degranulation upon IgE-mediated antigen stimulation, which was found to less sensitive to lower concentrations of IgE in comparison with BMMCs. This model might be useful for investigation of the spatiotemporal changes of newly recruited intestinal mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kakinoki
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kameo
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan (K.F.)
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan (K.F.)
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Nakauchi-cho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4667
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19
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Santosh Martin S, Rabelo Melo F, Pejler G. The Absence of Tryptase Mcpt6 Causes Elevated Cellular Stress in Response to Modulation of the Histone Acetylation Status in Mast Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101190. [PMID: 31581668 PMCID: PMC6829390 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells contain large amounts of proteases stored within their secretory granules. Previously we showed that one of these proteases, tryptase, in addition to its location within granules, can also be found within the mast cell nucleus, where it has the capacity to affect the acetylation profile of nucleosomal core histones in aging cells. Based on this notion, and on the known sensitivity of mast cells to modulation of histone acetylation, we here asked whether tryptase could impact on the responses against cellular stress caused by disturbed histone acetylation status. To address this, wild-type and tryptase-deficient (Mcpt6−/−) mast cells were subjected to cell stress caused by trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Wild-type and Mcpt6−/− mast cells were equally sensitive to TSA at an early stage of culture (~8 weeks). However, in aging mast cells (>50 weeks), tryptase-deficiency led to increased sensitivity to cell death. To address the underlying mechanism, we assessed effects of tryptase deficiency on the expression of markers for proliferation and cell stress. These analyses revealed aberrant regulation of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, glutaredoxin, and glutathione reductase, as well as blunted upregulation of ribonucleotide reductase subunit R2 in response to TSA in aging cells. Moreover, the absence of tryptase led to increased expression of Psme4/PA200, a proteasome variant involved in the processing of acetylated core histones. Altogether, this study identifies a novel role for tryptase in regulating the manifestations of cell stress in aging mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastin Santosh Martin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fabio Rabelo Melo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Assadsangabi A, Evans CA, Corfe BM, Lobo A. Application of Proteomics to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2019; 2019:1426954. [PMID: 30774653 PMCID: PMC6350533 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1426954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing/remitting inflammatory illness of the gastrointestinal tract of unknown aetiology. Despite recent advances in decoding the pathophysiology of IBD, many questions regarding disease pathogenesis remain. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and knockout mouse models have significantly advanced our understanding of genetic susceptibility loci and inflammatory pathways involved in IBD pathogenesis. Despite their important contribution to a better delineation of the disease process in IBD, these genetic findings have had little clinical impact to date. This is because the presence of a given gene mutation does not automatically correspond to changes in its expression or final metabolic or structural effect(s). Furthermore, the existence of these gene susceptibility loci in the normal population suggests other driving prerequisites for the disease manifestation. Proteins can be considered the main functional units as almost all intracellular physiological functions as well as intercellular interactions are dependent on them. Proteomics provides methods for the large-scale study of the proteins encoded by the genome of an organism or a cell, to directly investigate the proteins and pathways involved. Understanding the proteome composition and alterations yields insights into IBD pathogenesis as well as identifying potential biomarkers of disease activity, mucosal healing, and cancer progression. This review describes the state of the art in the field with respect to the study of IBD and the potential for translation from biomarker discovery to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Assadsangabi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Insigneo Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Caroline A. Evans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bernard M. Corfe
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Insigneo Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alan Lobo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
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21
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Wilcock A, Bahri R, Bulfone‐Paus S, Arkwright PD. Mast cell disorders: From infancy to maturity. Allergy 2019; 74:53-63. [PMID: 30390314 DOI: 10.1111/all.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are typically linked to immediate hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. This review looks beyond this narrow role, focusing on how these cells have evolved and diversified via natural selection promoting serine protease gene duplication, augmenting their innate host defense function against helminths and snake envenomation. Plasticity of mast cell genes has come at a price. Somatic activating mutations in the mast cell growth factor KIT gene cause cutaneous mastocytosis in young children and systemic mastocytosis with a more guarded prognosis in adults who may also harbor other gene mutations with oncogenic potential as they age. Allelic TPSAB1 gene duplication associated with higher basal mast cell tryptase is possibly one of the commonest autosomal dominantly inherited multi-system diseases affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract, circulation and musculoskeletal system. Mast cells are also establishing a new-found importance in severe asthma, and in remodeling of blood vessels in cancer and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that mast cells sense changes in oxygen tension, particularly in neonates, and that subsequent degranulation may contribute to common lung, eye, and brain diseases of prematurity classically associated with hypoxic insults. One hundred and forty years since Paul Ehrlich's initial description of "mastzellen," this review collates and highlights the complex and diverse roles that mast cells play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wilcock
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Rajia Bahri
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Silvia Bulfone‐Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Peter D. Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
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22
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He Z, Song J, Hua J, Yang M, Ma Y, Yu T, Feng J, Liu B, Wang X, Li Y, Li J. Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulating IL-33/ST2 signaling for an immune network favorable to mucosal healing in experimentally inflamed colons. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1173. [PMID: 30518915 PMCID: PMC6281667 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are potent tissue-resident immune cells that are distributed in the intraepithelial space of the intestine and have been implicated in regulating immune homeostasis and coordinating epithelial responses in inflamed mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IL-33 functions as an endogenous danger signal or alarmin in inflamed intestine segments. MCs highly express the IL-33 receptor ST2. However, the mechanisms underlying the immune regulation of MC-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling at the barrier surface of the intestine remain largely unknown. We confirmed that MCs are required for the effective resolution of tissue damage using an experimental colitis model that allows for conditional ablation of MCs. After elucidating the IL-33 signaling involved in MC activity in the context of intestinal inflammation, we found that the function of restricted IL-33/ST2 signaling by MCs was consistent with an MC deficiency in response to the breakdown of the epithelial barrier. We observed that a tissue environment with a spectrum of protective cytokines was orchestrated by MC-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling. Given the significant downregulation of IL-22 and IL-13 due to the loss of MC-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling and their protective functions in inflammation settings, induction of IL-22 and IL-13 may be responsible for an immune network favorable to mucosal repair. Collectively, our data showed an important feedback loop in which cytokine cues from damaged epithelia activate MCs to regulate tissue environments essential for MC-dependent restoration of epithelial barrier function and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang He
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong' An Road, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Muqing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Junlan Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, 200 072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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23
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De Zuani M, Dal Secco C, Frossi B. Mast cells at the crossroads of microbiota and IBD. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1929-1937. [PMID: 30411335 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human gut harbors a wide range of microorganisms that play a fundamental role in the well-being of their host. A dysregulation of the microbial composition can lead to the development or exacerbation of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that mast cells (MCs) play a role in host-microbiota communication, modulating the mutual influence between the host and its microbiota through changes in their activation state. The ability of some bacteria to specifically affect MC functions and activation has been extensively studied, with different and sometimes conflicting results, while only little is known about MC-fungi interactions. In this review, the most recent advances in the field of MC-bacteria and MC-fungi interactions will be discussed, with a particular focus on the role of these interactions in the onset of GI disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Moreover, the connection between some MC-targeting drugs and IBD was discussed, suggesting probiotics as reasonable and promising therapy in the management of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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24
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Giardina SF, Werner DS, Pingle M, Bergstrom DE, Arnold LD, Barany F. A Novel, Nonpeptidic, Orally Active Bivalent Inhibitor of Human β-Tryptase. Pharmacology 2018; 102:233-243. [PMID: 30134249 PMCID: PMC6242772 DOI: 10.1159/000492078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
β-Tryptase is released from mast cells upon degranulation in response to allergic and inflammatory stimuli. Human tryptase is a homotetrameric serine protease with 4 identical active sites directed toward a central pore. These active sites present an optimized scenario for the rational design of bivalent inhibitors, which bridge 2 adjacent active sites. Using (3-[1-acylpiperidin-4-yl]phenyl)methanamine as the pharmacophoric core and a disiloxane linker to span 2 active sites we have successfully produced a novel bivalent tryptase inhibitor, compound 1a, with a comparable profile to previously described inhibitors. Pharmacological properties of compound 1a were studied in a range of in vitro enzymic and cellular screening assays, and in vivo xenograft models. This non-peptide inhibitor of tryptase demonstrated superior activity (IC50 at 100 pmol/L tryptase = 1.82 nmol/L) compared to monomeric modes of inhibition. X-ray crystallography validated the dimeric mechanism of inhibition, and 1a demonstrated good oral bioavailability and efficacy in HMC-1 xenograft models. Furthermore, compound 1a demonstrated extremely slow off rates and high selectivity against-related proteases. This highly potent, orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of human tryptase will be an invaluable tool in future studies to explore the therapeutic potential of attenuating the activity of this elusive target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Giardina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA,
| | - Douglas S Werner
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- BlinkBio, Inc., The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Maneesh Pingle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- BlinkBio, Inc., The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Donald E Bergstrom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Lee D Arnold
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Fount Therapeutics, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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25
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Giardina SF, Werner DS, Pingle M, Foreman KW, Bergstrom DE, Arnold LD, Barany F. Target-Directed Self-Assembly of Homodimeric Drugs Against β-Tryptase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:827-831. [PMID: 30128075 PMCID: PMC6088348 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Tryptase,
a serine protease released from mast cells, is implicated
in many allergic and inflammatory disorders. Human tryptase is a donut-shaped
tetramer with the active sites facing inward forming a central pore.
Bivalent ligands spanning two active sites potently inhibit this configuration,
but these large compounds have poor drug-like properties. To overcome
some of these challenges, we developed self-assembling molecules,
called coferons, which deliver a larger compound in two parts. Using
a pharmacophoric core and reversibly binding linkers to span two active
sites, we have successfully produced three novel homodimeric tryptase
inhibitors. Upon binding to tryptase, compounds reassembled into flexible
homodimers, with significant improvements in IC50 (0.19
± 0.08 μM) over controls (5.50 ± 0.09 μM), and
demonstrate good activity in mast cell lines. These studies provide
validation for this innovative technology that is especially well-suited
for the delivery of dimeric drugs to modulate intracellular macromolecular
targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Giardina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Douglas S. Werner
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Mailbox 123, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Maneesh Pingle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Mailbox 123, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Kenneth W. Foreman
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Mailbox 123, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Donald E. Bergstrom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lee D. Arnold
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Mailbox 123, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
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26
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Downregulation of iNOS, IL-1 β, and P2X7 Expression in Mast Cells via Activation of PAR4 Contributes to the Inhibition of Visceral Hyperalgesia in Rats. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3256908. [PMID: 29854833 PMCID: PMC5966670 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3256908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is implicated in the inhibition of visceral hyperalgesia. In the present study, the effects of PAR4 activation on visceral hypersensitivity and expression of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), P2RX7 purinergic receptor (P2X7), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tryptase, in mast cells (MCs) were investigated via in vivo and in vitro studies. The numbers of tryptase-positive MCs with extensive PAR4, P2X7, and iNOS expression were increased in the colons of visceral hyperalgesia rats compared with controls. Intracolonic administration of PAR4-activating peptide (PAR4-AP) significantly attenuated the visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distention and reduced the iNOS, IL-1β, P2X7, and tryptase protein and mRNA levels in the colonic mucosa. Treatment of rat bone marrow MCs (BMMCs) with PAR4-AP also reduced the iNOS, IL-1β, P2X7, and tryptase protein and mRNA levels. ERK1/2 and p38 activators (t-butylhydroquinone, tBHQ, and U-46619) reversed the suppressive effect of PAR4 activation on IL-1β and iNOS expression, whereas ERK1/2 and p38 inhibitors (PD98059 and SB203580) reversed the suppressive effect of PAR4 activation on P2X7 and tryptase expression. Our results indicate that the downregulation of inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, IL-1β, P2X7, and tryptase, in MCs that are mediated by PAR4 activation could inhibit visceral hyperalgesia via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway.
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27
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Mast Cells Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an IL10 -/- Model of Spontaneous Colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7817360. [PMID: 29849494 PMCID: PMC5932457 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7817360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are well established as divergent modulators of inflammation and immunosuppression, but their role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains to be fully defined. While previous studies have demonstrated a proinflammatory role for mast cells in acute models of chemical colitis, more recent investigations have shown that mast cell deficiency can exacerbate inflammation in spontaneous colitis models, thus suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role of mast cells in IBD. Here, we tested the hypothesis that in chronic, spontaneous colitis, mast cells are protective. We compared colitis and intestinal barrier function in IL10−/− mice to mast cell deficient/IL10−/− (double knockout (DKO): KitWsh/Wsh × IL10−/−) mice. Compared with IL10−/− mice, DKO mice exhibited more severe colitis as assessed by increased colitis scores, mucosal hypertrophy, intestinal permeability, and colonic cytokine production. PCR array analyses demonstrated enhanced expression of numerous cytokine and chemokine genes and downregulation of anti-inflammatory genes (e.g., Tgfb2, Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp6, and Bmp7) in the colonic mucosa of DKO mice. Systemic reconstitution of DKO mice with bone marrow-derived mast cells resulted in significant amelioration of IL10−/−-mediated colitis and intestinal barrier injury. Together, the results presented here demonstrate that mast cells exert anti-inflammatory properties in an established model of chronic, spontaneous IBD. Given the previously established proinflammatory role of mast cells in acute chemical colitis models, the present findings provide new insight into the divergent roles of mast cells in modulating inflammation during different stages of colitis. Further investigation of the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory role of the mast cells may elucidate novel therapies.
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28
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Wang X, Hao GL, Gao CC, Wang YX, Liu YH, Qiu ZQ, Li LS, Xu JD. Intestinal mast cells and their function. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:601-608. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i10.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells develop from the CD34+ precursor cells in bone marrow, are activated in the gut, and can release a variety of bioactive mediators, including histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and tryptase. They play a crucial role in intestinal innate and adaptive immunity because of their diverse secretory granules and unique mature characteristics. Many studies have shown that a variety of intestinal diseases have close relationship with mast cells, especially inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and intestinal allergic diseases, which has attracted extensive attention. In this paper, we review the function and mechanism of intestinal mast cells and their role in the treatment of related clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Gui-Liang Hao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | | | | | - Yue-Hong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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29
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Yamanishi Y, Miyake K, Iki M, Tsutsui H, Karasuyama H. Recent advances in understanding basophil-mediated Th2 immune responses. Immunol Rev 2018; 278:237-245. [PMID: 28658549 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Basophils, the least common granulocytes, represent only ~0.5% of peripheral blood leukocytes. Because of the small number and some similarity with mast cells, the functional significance of basophils remained questionable for a long time. Recent studies using newly-developed analytical tools have revealed crucial and non-redundant roles for basophils in various immune responses, particularly Th2 immunity including allergy and protective immunity against parasitic infections. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms how basophils mediate Th2 immune responses and the nature of basophil-derived factors involved in them. Activated basophils release serine proteases, mouse mast cell protease 8 (mMCP-8), and mMCP-11, that are preferentially expressed by basophils rather than mast cells in spite of their names. These proteases elicit microvascular hyperpermeability and leukocyte infiltration in affected tissues, leading to inflammation. Basophil-derived IL-4 also contributes to eosinophil infiltration while it acts on tissue-infiltrating inflammatory monocytes to promote their differentiation into M2 macrophages that in turn dampen inflammation. Although basophils produce little or no MHC class II (MHC-II) proteins, they can acquire peptide-MHC-II complexes from dendritic cells via trogocytosis and present them together with IL-4 to naive CD4 T cells, leading to Th2 cell differentiation. Thus, basophils contribute to Th2 immunity at various levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yamanishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Iki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Tsutsui
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Kurashima Y, Yamamoto D, Nelson S, Uematsu S, Ernst PB, Nakayama T, Kiyono H. Mucosal Mesenchymal Cells: Secondary Barrier and Peripheral Educator for the Gut Immune System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1787. [PMID: 29321781 PMCID: PMC5733542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal connective tissue contains mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which line the tissue structure. However, it has been identified that the function of mesenchymal cells is not just structural-they also play critical roles in the creation and regulation of intestinal homeostasis. Thus, mucosal mesenchymal cells instruct intestinal immune cell education (or peripheral immune education) and epithelial cell differentiation thereby shaping the local environment of the mucosal immune system. Malfunction of the mesenchymal cell-mediated instruction system (e.g., fibrosis) leads to pathological conditions such as intestinal stricture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kurashima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Vaccinology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), San Diego, CA, Unites States
| | - Daiki Yamamoto
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sean Nelson
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), San Diego, CA, Unites States.,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), San Diego, CA, Unites States.,Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, Unites States.,Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, Unites States
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), San Diego, CA, Unites States.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Vaccinology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), San Diego, CA, Unites States.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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31
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Hoffmann M, Schwertassek U, Seydel A, Weber K, Falk W, Hauschildt S, Lehmann J. A refined and translationally relevant model of chronic DSS colitis in BALB/c mice. Lab Anim 2017; 52:240-252. [PMID: 29192559 DOI: 10.1177/0023677217742681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic relapsing disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Several mouse models for IBD are available, but the acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model is mostly used for preclinical studies. However, this model lacks chronicity and often leads to significant loss of mice. The aim of this study was to establish a refined and translationally relevant model of DSS chronic colitis in BALB/c mice. In the first part, we compared several standard therapeutic (ST) treatments for IBD in the acute DSS colitis model to identify the optimal treatment control for a DSS colitis model as compared to literature data. In the second part, we tested the two most effective ST treatments in a refined model of chronic DSS colitis. Cyclosporine A (CsA) and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) caused considerable reduction of clinical scores in acute DSS colitis. The clinical outcome was confirmed by the results for colon length and by histopathological evaluation. Moreover, CsA and 6-TG considerably reduced mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in spleen and colon. Both compounds also showed a substantial therapeutic effect in the refined model of chronic DSS colitis with regard to clinical scores and histopathology as well as the expression of inflammatory markers. The refined model of chronic DSS colitis reflects important features of IBD and is well suited to test potential IBD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Hoffmann
- 1 Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulla Schwertassek
- 1 Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Seydel
- 1 Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Werner Falk
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sunna Hauschildt
- 4 Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pharmacy, and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Lehmann
- 1 Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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Wang CC, Wu H, Lin FH, Gong R, Xie F, Peng Y, Feng J, Hu CH. Sodium butyrate enhances intestinal integrity, inhibits mast cell activation, inflammatory mediator production and JNK signaling pathway in weaned pigs. Innate Immun 2017; 24:40-46. [PMID: 29183244 PMCID: PMC6830759 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917741970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate on the intestinal barrier and mast cell activation, as well as inflammatory mediator production, and determine whether mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways are involved in these processes. A total of 72 piglets, weaned at 28 ± 1 d age, were allotted to two dietary treatments (control vs. 450 mg/kg sodium butyrate) for 2 wk. The results showed that supplemental sodium butyrate increased daily gain, improved intestinal morphology, as indicated by greater villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio, and intestinal barrier function reflected by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased paracellular flux of dextran (4 kDa). Moreover, sodium butyrate reduced the percentage of degranulated mast cells and its inflammatory mediator content (histamine, tryptase, TNF-α and IL-6) in the jejunum mucosa. Sodium butyrate also decreased the expression of mast cell-specific tryptase, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA. Sodium butyrate significantly decreased the phosphorylated ratio of JNK whereas not affecting the phosphorylated ratios of ERK and p38. The results indicated that the protective effects of sodium butyrate on intestinal integrity were closely related to inhibition of mast cell activation and inflammatory mediator production, and that the JNK signaling pathway was likely involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chun Wang
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Wu
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Hui Lin
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Gong
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xie
- 2 Shanghai Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Peng
- 2 Shanghai Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Feng
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai Hong Hu
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Rodarte EM, Ramos MA, Davalos AJ, Moreira DC, Moreno DS, Cardenas EI, Rodarte AI, Petrova Y, Molina S, Rendon LE, Sanchez E, Breaux K, Tortoriello A, Manllo J, Gonzalez EA, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF, Burns AR, Heidelberger R, Adachi R. Munc13 proteins control regulated exocytosis in mast cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:345-358. [PMID: 29141910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are involved in host defenses against pathogens and inflammation. Stimulated MCs release substances stored in their granules via regulated exocytosis. In other cell types, Munc13 (mammalian homolog of Caenorhabditis elegans uncoordinated gene 13) proteins play essential roles in regulated exocytosis. Here, we found that MCs express Munc13-2 and -4, and we studied their roles using global and conditional knock-out (KO) mice. In a model of systemic anaphylaxis, we found no difference between WT and Munc13-2 KO mice, but global and MC-specific Munc13-4 KO mice developed less hypothermia. This protection correlated with lower plasma histamine levels and with histological evidence of defective MC degranulation but not with changes in MC development, distribution, numbers, or morphology. In vitro assays revealed that the defective response in Munc13-4-deficient MCs was limited to regulated exocytosis, leaving other MC secretory effector responses intact. Single cell capacitance measurements in MCs from mouse mutants differing in Munc13-4 expression levels in their MCs revealed that as levels of Munc13-4 decrease, the rate of exocytosis declines first, and then the total amount of exocytosis decreases. A requirement for Munc13-2 in MC exocytosis was revealed only in the absence of Munc13-4. Electrophysiology and EM studies uncovered that the number of multigranular compound events (i.e. granule-to-granule homotypic fusion) was severely reduced in the absence of Munc13-4. We conclude that although Munc13-2 plays a minor role, Munc13-4 is essential for regulated exocytosis in MCs, and that this MC effector response is required for a full anaphylactic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa M Rodarte
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Marco A Ramos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alfredo J Davalos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - David S Moreno
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Eduardo I Cardenas
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Alejandro I Rodarte
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Youlia Petrova
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sofia Molina
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Luis E Rendon
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Elizabeth Sanchez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Keegan Breaux
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alejandro Tortoriello
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - John Manllo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Erika A Gonzalez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Michael J Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Burton F Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alan R Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Ruth Heidelberger
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Roberto Adachi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
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Chatterjee I, Kumar A, Castilla-Madrigal RM, Pellon-Cardenas O, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Borthakur A, Verzi M, Dudeja PK. CDX2 upregulates SLC26A3 gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G256-G264. [PMID: 28572085 PMCID: PMC5625132 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00108.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)] plays a key role in mammalian intestinal NaCl absorption, in that it mediates apical membrane Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchange. DRA function and expression are significantly decreased in diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease. DRA is also considered to be a marker of cellular differentiation and is predominantly expressed in differentiated epithelial cells. Caudal-type homeobox protein-2 (CDX2) is known to regulate genes involved in intestinal epithelial differentiation and proliferation. Reduced expression of both DRA and CDX2 in intestinal inflammation prompted us to study whether the DRA gene is directly regulated by CDX2. Our initial studies utilizing CDX2 knockout (CDX2fV/fV;Cre+) mice showed a marked reduction in DRA mRNA and protein levels in proximal and distal colon. In silico analysis of the DRA promoter showed two consensus sites for CDX2 binding. Therefore, we utilized Caco-2 cells as an in vitro model to examine if DRA is a direct target of CDX2 regulation. siRNA-mediated silencing of CDX2 in Caco-2 cells resulted in a marked (~50%) decrease in DRA mRNA and protein levels, whereas ectopic overexpression of CDX2 upregulated DRA expression and also stimulated DRA promoter activity, suggesting transcriptional regulation. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated direct binding of CDX2 to one of the two putative CDX2 binding sites in the DRA promoter (+645/+663). In summary, our studies, for the first time, demonstrate transcriptional regulation of DRA expression by CDX2, implying that reduced expression of DRA in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea may, in part, be due to downregulation of CDX2 in the inflamed mucosa.NEW & NOTEWORTHY SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)] mediates intestinal luminal NaCl absorption and is downregulated in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea. Since both DRA and caudal-type homeobox protein-2 (CDX2) are reduced in intestinal inflammation and the DRA promoter harbors CDX2 binding sites, we examined whether the DRA gene is regulated by CDX2. Our studies, for the first time, demonstrate transcriptional regulation of DRA expression by CDX2 via direct binding to the DRA promoter, suggesting that reduced expression of DRA in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea could, in part, be attributed to downregulation of CDX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Chatterjee
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Anoop Kumar
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | | | | | - Ravinder K. Gill
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Alip Borthakur
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Michael Verzi
- 4Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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A functional IL1RL1 variant regulates corticosteroid-induced sST2 expression in ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10180. [PMID: 28860510 PMCID: PMC5579262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ST2/IL33 signalling pathway has been associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). ST2, encoded by the IL1RL1 gene, is expressed as both a membrane-anchored receptor (ST2L) activated by IL33 and as a soluble receptor (sST2) with anti-inflammatory properties. In UC patients, sST2 is further increased by corticosteroid treatment; however, the glucocorticoid-mediated molecular regulation remains unknown. We therefore tested whether genetic variants in the IL1RL1 distal promoter are involved in UC and affect glucocorticoid-mediated ST2 expression. Serum ST2 levels and genetic variants in the IL1RL1 distal promoter were examined by ELISA and PCR sequencing in UC patients receiving corticosteroids. Glucocorticoid-mediated ST2 production was evaluated in intestinal mucosa cultures. Molecular regulation of glucocorticoid-mediated ST2 was assessed by RT-qPCR, ChIP assay and luciferase reporter assay. Dexamethasone effect on ST2 transcript expression was analyzed in leukocytes and related to IL1RL1 variants. Sequencing of a distal IL1RL1 promoter region demonstrated that SNPs rs6543115(C) and rs6543116(A) are associated with increased sST2 in UC patients on corticosteroids. Dexamethasone up-regulated sST2 transcription through interaction with the glucocorticoid-response element (GRE) carrying rs6543115(C) variant. Our data indicate that IL1RL1 SNPs rs6543115(C) confer susceptibility to UC and is contained in the GRE, which may modulate glucocorticoid-induced sST2 expression.
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36
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Zhang Y, Li X, Fang S, Zhu Z, Yao M, Ying L, Zhu L, Ma Z, Wang W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist suppresses mast cell maturation and induces apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1793-1800. [PMID: 28656266 PMCID: PMC5562075 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ), is important in the immunoregulation of the allergic response. Mast cells are the most important inflammatory cells in immediate hypersensitivity and allergic diseases. However, there is limited information regarding the effects of PPAR γ on mast cell maturation. In the present study, mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were cultured in interleukin (IL)-3 and stem cell factor (SCF), in the presence or absence of the PPAR γ agonist, pioglitazone (PIO). The expression levels of the tyrosine kinase receptor CD117 and the high affinity IgE receptor FcεRI α, were assessed by flow cytometry, cell viability was assessed by Alamar-Blue assay and histamine release was determined by measuring the activity of β-hexosaminidase. IL-3 and SCF are required for the development of mast cells in vitro. PIO dose-dependently inhibited the expression of CD117 and FcεRI α, and the maturation of BMMCs. Treatment with PIO additionally inhibited the formation of granules and reduced the expression of β-hexosaminidase. In addition, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that BMMCs treated with PIO expressed a lower level of mast cell protease (MCP)-6 mRNA and PIO treatment enhanced the level of PPAR γ mRNA. Furthermore, PIO induced mast cell progenitor apoptosis. PPAR γ agonists may maintain mast cell homeostasis by inhibiting maturation of their precursors. The inhibitory effects of PPAR γ agonists include suppression of the activation of mast cells and a decrease in mast cell function in the inflammatory response. Therefore, PPAR γ agonists may serve as effective anti-inflammatory reagents in the treatment of allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Xinqian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Shengjian Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Zhenghua Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Ying
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxin Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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Vogel P, Janke L, Gravano DM, Lu M, Sawant DV, Bush D, Shuyu E, Vignali DAA, Pillai A, Rehg JE. Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:76-97. [PMID: 28494703 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817705174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Only 2 major mast cell (MC) subtypes are commonly recognized in the mouse: the large connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and the mucosal mast cells (MMCs). Interepithelial mucosal inflammatory cells, most commonly identified as globule leukocytes (GLs), represent a third MC subtype in mice, which we term interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs). This term clearly distinguishes ieMMCs from lamina proprial MMCs (lpMMCs) while clearly communicating their common MC lineage. Both lpMMCs and ieMMCs are rare in normal mouse intestinal mucosa, but increased numbers of ieMMCs are seen as part of type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminth infections and in food allergies. Interestingly, we found that increased ieMMCs were consistently associated with decreased mucosal inflammation and damage, suggesting that they might have a role in controlling helminth-induced immunopathology. We also found that ieMMC hyperplasia can develop in the absence of helminth infections, for example, in Treg-deficient mice, Arf null mice, some nude mice, and certain graft-vs-host responses. Since tuft cell hyperplasia plays a critical role in type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminths, we looked for (but did not find) any direct relationship between ieMMC and tuft cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa. Much remains to be learned about the differing functions of ieMMCs and lpMMCs in the intestinal mucosa, but an essential step in deciphering their roles in mucosal immune responses will be to apply immunohistochemistry methods to consistently and accurately identify them in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laura Janke
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Meifen Lu
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deepali V Sawant
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dorothy Bush
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Shuyu
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Asha Pillai
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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38
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Kawashima-Takeda N, Ito Y, Nishizawa N, Kawashima R, Tanaka K, Tsujikawa K, Watanabe M, Majima M. RAMP1 suppresses mucosal injury from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:809-818. [PMID: 27513455 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is thought to be involved in the modulation of intestinal motility. CGRP receptor is composed of receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 combined with calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) for CGRP. The study investigated the role of CGRP in mice with experimentally induced colitis. METHODS The study used dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis in mice. The study compared the severity of colitis in wild-type (WT) mice, mice treated with a CGRP receptor antagonist (CGRP8-37 ), and RAMP1 knockout (-/- ) mice. Pathological changes in the mucosa were assessed, and inflammatory cells and cytokine levels were measured. RESULTS The severity of inflammation in DSS-induced colitis increased markedly in CGRP8-37 -treated mice and RAMP1-/- mice compared with WT mice. RAMP1-/- mice showed more severe damage compared with CGRP8-37 -treated mice. The number of periodic acid-Schiff-positive cells decreased in CGRP8-37 -treated mice compared with WT mice and was even further decreased in RAMP1-/- mice. RAMP1 was expressed by macrophages, mast cells, and T-cells. RAMP1-/- mice exhibited excessive accumulation of macrophages and mast cells into the colonic tissue with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β as compared with WT mice. Infiltration of T-cells into the colonic mucosa, which was associated with the expression of T helper (Th) cytokines including Th1 (interferon gamma) and Th17 (IL-17), was augmented in RAMP1-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that RAMP1 exerted mucosal protection in DSS-induced colitis via attenuation of recruitment of inflammatory cells and of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kawashima-Takeda
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishizawa
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Rei Kawashima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Masataka Majima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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Chronic social stress in pigs impairs intestinal barrier and nutrient transporter function, and alters neuro-immune mediator and receptor expression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171617. [PMID: 28170426 PMCID: PMC5295718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is a major factor driving gastrointestinal (GI) pathophysiology and disease susceptibility in humans and animals. The mechanisms governing susceptibility to stress-induced GI disease remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the influence of chronic social stress (CSS) in pigs, induced by 7 d of chronic mixing/crowding stress, on intestinal barrier and nutrient transport function, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling and immunological responses. Results from this study showed that CSS resulted in a significant impairment of ileal and colonic barrier function indicated by reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in the ileum and increased FD4 flux in the ileum (by 0.8 fold) and colon (by 0.7 fold). Ileal sodium glucose linked transporter 1 (SGLT-1) function, measured as glucose-induced changes in short-circuit current (Isc), was diminished (by 52%) in CSS pigs, associated with reduced body weight gain and feed efficiency. Although reductions in SGLT-1 function were observed in CSS pigs, mRNA expression for SGLT-1, villus heights were increased in CSS pigs. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) mRNA was upregulated (by 0.9 fold) in the ileum of CSS pigs but not in the colon. Urocortin 2 (Ucn2) mRNA was upregulated (by 1.5 fold) in the colon of CSS pigs, but not in the ileum. In CSS pigs, a downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA (IL1B, TNFA, IL8, and IL6) was observed in both ileum and colon, compared with controls. In contrast CSS induced a marked upregulation of mRNA for IL10 and mast cell chymase gene (CMA1) in the ileum and colon. Together, these data demonstrate that chronic stress in pigs results in significant alterations in intestinal barrier and nutrient transport function and neuro-immune mediator and receptor expression.
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40
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Silwal P, Shin K, Choi S, Namgung U, Lee CY, Heo JY, Lim K, Park JIL, Kim KH, Park SK. Tryptophan Negatively Regulates IgE-mediated Mast Cell Activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.11637/kjpa.2017.30.2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Korea
| | - Keuna Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Korea
| | - Seulgi Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Korea
| | - Uk Namgung
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Korea
| | - Chan Yong Lee
- Department of Life Science, Daejeon University, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Heo
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Korea
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Korea
| | - Jong IL Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Korea
| | - Ki-Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Seung-Kiel Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Korea
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41
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Basophil tryptase mMCP-11 plays a crucial role in IgE-mediated, delayed-onset allergic inflammation in mice. Blood 2016; 128:2909-2918. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-729392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Mice deficient for basophil tryptase mMCP-11 showed ameliorated IgE-mediated allergic inflammation with reduced leukocyte infiltration. This is the first demonstration that the basophil-derived protease plays a crucial role in allergic inflammation.
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42
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Tsutsui H, Yamanishi Y, Ohtsuka H, Sato S, Yoshikawa S, Karasuyama H. The Basophil-specific Protease mMCP-8 Provokes an Inflammatory Response in the Skin with Microvascular Hyperpermeability and Leukocyte Infiltration. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1061-1067. [PMID: 27932459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils have often been erroneously considered to be minor relatives or blood-circulating precursors of tissue-resident mast cells because of some phenotypic similarity between them, including basophilic secretory granules in the cytoplasm. However, recent studies revealed that the repertoire of serine proteases stored in secretory granules is distinct in them. Particularly, mouse mast cell protease 8 (mMCP-8) is specifically expressed by basophils but not mast cells despite its name. Therefore, mMCP-8 is commonly used as a basophil-specific marker, but its functional property remains uncertain. Here we prepared recombinant mMCP-8 and examined its activity in vitro and in vivo Purified recombinant mMCP-8 showed heat-sensitive proteolytic activity when α-tubulin was used as a substrate. One intradermal shot of mMCP-8, not heat-inactivated, induced cutaneous swelling with increased microvascular permeability in a cyclooxygenase-dependent manner. Moreover, repeated intradermal injection of mMCP-8 promoted skin infiltration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, monocytes and eosinophils, in conjunction with up-regulation of chemokine expression in the skin lesion. These results suggest that mMCP-8 is an important effector molecule in basophil-elicited inflammation, providing novel insights into how basophils exert a crucial and non-redundant role, distinct from that played by mast cells, in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemitsu Tsutsui
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanishi
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ohtsuka
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Kudrimoti M, Curtis A, Azawi S, Worden F, Katz S, Adkins D, Bonomi M, Elder J, Sonis ST, Straube R, Donini O. Dusquetide: A novel innate defense regulator demonstrating a significant and consistent reduction in the duration of oral mucositis in preclinical data and a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2a clinical study. J Biotechnol 2016; 239:115-125. [PMID: 27746305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dusquetide, a novel Innate Defense Regulator, modulates the innate immune system at a key convergence point in intracellular signaling pathways and has demonstrated activity in both reducing inflammation and increasing clearance of bacterial infection. Innate immunity has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral mucositis (OM), a universal toxicity of chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Testing the hypothesis that dusquetide can mitigate the development and duration of OM, preclinical studies have been completed and correlated with interim results from a Phase 2 clinical study in patients undergoing CRT for head and neck cancer. Dusquetide reduced the duration of OM in mouse and hamster models by approximately 50%, which was recapitulated by the 50% reduction of severe OM (SOM) in the Phase 2 trial. A reduction in the clinical rate of infection was also observed, consistent with previously reported preclinical studies. In aggregate, these results not only demonstrate the safety and efficacy of dusquetide in addressing this unmet medical need, but also provide proof of concept for the translation of dusquetide action between animal models and the human clinical setting, and further support the contention that innate immunity is an important driver for the initiation and continued impact of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kudrimoti
- Radiation Oncology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Amarintha Curtis
- Gibbs Cancer Center, Spartanburg Regional Hospital, 101 E Wood, Spartanburg, SC, 29303, USA
| | - Samar Azawi
- Veteran's Affairs Long Beach Hospital, 5901 E 7th Street, Mail Code 114A, Long Beach, CA, 98022, USA
| | - Francis Worden
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sanford Katz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Willis-Knighton Cancer Center, 2600 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA,71103, USA
| | - Douglas Adkins
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Marcelo Bonomi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest Health Sciences Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jenna Elder
- PharPoint Research, 5003S Miami Blvd. #100, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Stephen T Sonis
- Division of Oral Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA, USA; Biomodels LLC, 313 Pleasant Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Richard Straube
- Soligenix Inc., 29 Emmons Drive, Suite C-10, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Oreola Donini
- Soligenix Inc., 29 Emmons Drive, Suite C-10, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.
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Noninvasive Longitudinal Study of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarker for the Quantification of Colon Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:1286-95. [PMID: 27104818 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonoscopy is the gold standard to diagnose and follow up the evolution of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, this technique can still present a risk of severe complications, a general discomfort in patients, and its diagnostic value is limited to the visualization of the colon mucosal changes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as a noninvasive imaging technique of choice to overcome these limitations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of colon wall thickness measured using MRI as an in vivo imaging biomarker of inflammation for inflammatory bowel disease in an animal model of this disease. METHODS On day 0, 2% or 3% Dextran sodium sulfate was added to the drinking water of mice (n = 10/group) for 5 days. Six mice were left as controls. Animals were imaged with colonoscopy and MRI on days 7, 11, and 21 to study the colitis progression. Histology was performed at the end of the protocol. RESULTS The colon wall thickness measured in Dextran sodium sulfate-treated animals was shown to be significantly and dose dependently increased compared to controls. Colonoscopy showed similar results and excellently correlated with MRI measurements and histology. The proposed protocol showed high robustness, with negligible interoperator and intraoperator variability. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this investigation suggest the feasibility of using MRI for the noninvasive assessment of colon wall thickness as a robust surrogate biomarker for colon inflammation detection and follow-up. The data presented show the potential of MRI in in vivo preclinical longitudinal studies, including testing of new drugs or investigation of inflammatory bowel disease development mechanisms.
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Matsukawa T, Izawa K, Isobe M, Takahashi M, Maehara A, Yamanishi Y, Kaitani A, Okumura K, Teshima T, Kitamura T, Kitaura J. Ceramide-CD300f binding suppresses experimental colitis by inhibiting ATP-mediated mast cell activation. Gut 2016; 65:777-87. [PMID: 25673319 PMCID: PMC4853571 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular ATP mediates mast cell-dependent intestinal inflammation via P2X7 purinoceptors. We have previously shown that CD300f (also called the leucocyte mono-immunoglobulin-like receptor 3 (LMIR3)) suppresses immunoglobulin E-dependent and mast cell-dependent allergic responses by binding to ceramide. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of ceramide-LMIR3 interaction in the development of IBD. DESIGN The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model was used in wild-type (WT), LMIR3(-/-), mast cell-deficient Kit(W-sh/W-sh), Kit(W-sh/W-sh)LMIR3(-/-) or Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice engrafted with WT or LMIR3(-/-) bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). The severity of colitis was determined by clinical and histological criteria. Lamina propria cell populations were assessed by flow cytometry. Production of chemical mediators from lamina propria cells was measured by real-time reverse transcription PCR. Production of chemical mediators from ATP-stimulated BMMCs in the presence or absence of ceramide was measured by ELISA. The severity of DSS-induced colitis was assessed in mice given either an Fc fusion protein containing an extracellular domain of LMIR3, and anticeramide antibody, or ceramide liposomes. RESULTS LMIR3 deficiency exacerbated DSS-induced colitis in mice. Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice harbouring LMIR3(-/-) mast cells exhibited more severe colitis than those harbouring WT mast cells. Ceramide-LMIR3 interaction inhibited ATP-stimulated activation of BMMCs. DSS-induced colitis was aggravated by disrupting the ceramide-LMIR3 interaction, whereas it was suppressed by treating with ceramide liposomes. CONCLUSIONS LMIR3-deficient colonic mast cells were pivotal in the exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis in LMIR3(-/-) mice. Ceramide liposomes attenuated DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting ATP-mediated activation of colonic mast cells through ceraimide-LMIR3 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan,Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Izawa
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Isobe
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Takahashi
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Maehara
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanishi
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kaitani
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshio Kitamura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yu C, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang S, Luo L, Thorlacius H. Platelet-Derived CCL5 Regulates CXC Chemokine Formation and Neutrophil Recruitment in Acute Experimental Colitis. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:370-6. [PMID: 26089223 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest that platelets not only regulate thrombosis and haemostasis but also inflammatory processes. Platelets contain numerous potent pro-inflammatory compounds, including the chemokines CCL5 and CXCL4, although their role in acute colitis remains elusive. The aim of this study is to examine the role of platelets and platelet-derived chemokines in acute colitis. Acute colitis is induced in female Balb/c mice by administration of 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 5 days. Animals receive a platelet-depleting, anti-CCL5, anti-CXCL4, or a control antibody prior to DSS challenge. Colonic tissue is collected for quantification of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, CXCL5, CXCL2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CCL5 levels as well as morphological analyses. Platelet depletion reduce tissue damage and clinical disease activity index in DSS-exposed animals. Platelet depletion not only reduces levels of CXCL2 and CXCL5 but also levels of CCL5 in the inflamed colon. Immunoneutralization of CCL5 but not CXCL4 reduces tissue damage, CXC chemokine expression, and neutrophil recruitment in DSS-treated animals. These findings show that platelets play a key role in acute colitis by regulating CXC chemokine generation, neutrophil infiltration, and tissue damage in the colon. Moreover, our results suggest that platelet-derived CCL5 is an important link between platelet activation and neutrophil recruitment in acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lingtao Luo
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Thorlacius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Hagenlocher Y, Hösel A, Bischoff SC, Lorentz A. Cinnamon extract reduces symptoms, inflammatory mediators and mast cell markers in murine IL-10−/− colitis. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 30:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Boeckxstaens G. Mast cells and inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 25:45-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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49
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Sundin J, Rangel I, Repsilber D, Brummer RJ. Cytokine Response after Stimulation with Key Commensal Bacteria Differ in Post-Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome (PI-IBS) Patients Compared to Healthy Controls. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134836. [PMID: 26366730 PMCID: PMC4569289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial dysbiosis and prolonged immune activation resulting in low-grade inflammation and intestinal barrier dysfunction have been suggested to be underlying causes of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in cytokine response between mucosal specimens of PI-IBS patients and healthy controls (HC) after ex vivo stimulation with key anaerobic bacteria. METHODS Colonic biopsies from 11 PI-IBS patients and 10 HC were stimulated ex vivo with the commensal bacteria Bacteroides ovatus, Ruminococcus gnavus, Akkermansia muciniphila, Subdoligranulum variabile and Eubacterium limosum, respectively. The cytokine release (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ) in stimulation supernatants was analyzed using the LUMINEX assay. Comparison of cytokine release between PI-IBS patients and healthy controls was performed taking both unstimulated and bacterially stimulated mucosal specimens into account. KEY RESULTS IL-13 release from mucosal specimens without bacterial stimulation was significantly lower in PI-IBS patients compared to HC (p < 0.05). After stimulation with Subdoligranulum variabile, IL-1β release from PI-IBS patients was significantly increased compared to HC (p < 0.05). Stimulation with Eubacterium limosum resulted in a significantly decreased IL-10 release in HC compared to PI-IBS patients (p < 0.05) and a tendency to decreased IL-13 release in HC compared to PI-IBS patients (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES PI-IBS patients differ from HC with regard to cytokine release ex vivo after stimulation with selected commensal bacteria. Hence, our results support that the pathogenesis of PI-IBS comprises an altered immune response against commensal gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sundin
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ignacio Rangel
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Dirk Repsilber
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert-Jan Brummer
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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50
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Li S, Guan J, Ge M, Huang P, Lin Y, Gan X. Intestinal mucosal injury induced by tryptase-activated protease-activated receptor 2 requires β-arrestin-2 in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7181-7. [PMID: 26398586 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptase exacerbates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, however, the direct role of tryptase in intestinal mucosal injury and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR‑2), commonly activated by tryptase, interacts with various adaptor proteins, including β‑arrestin‑2. The present study aimed to determine whether tryptase is capable of inducing intestinal mucosal cell injury via PAR‑2 activation and to define the role of β‑arrestin‑2 in the process of injury. The IEC‑6 rat intestinal epithelial cell line was challenged by tryptase stimulation. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and apoptosis were analyzed to determine the severity of cell injury. Injury was also evaluated following treatments with specific PAR‑2 and extracellular signal‑related kinases (ERK) inhibitors, and knockdown of β‑arrestin‑2. PAR‑2, ERK and β‑arrestin‑2 protein expression levels were evaluated. Tryptase treatment (100 and 1,000 ng/ml) resulted in IEC‑6 cell injury, as demonstrated by significant reductions in cell viability, accompanied by concomitant increases in LDH activity and levels of cleaved caspase‑3 protein expression. Furthermore, tryptase treatment led to a marked increase in PAR‑2 and phosphorylated‑ERK expression, and exposure to specific PAR‑2 and ERK inhibitors eliminated the changes induced by tryptase. Knockdown of β‑arrestin‑2 blocked tryptase‑mediated cell injury, whereas tryptase exerted no influence on β‑arrestin‑2 expression in IEC‑6 cells. These data indicate that tryptase may directly damage IEC‑6 cells via PAR-2 and the downstream activation of ERK, and demonstrate that the signaling pathway requires β-arrestin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Mian Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Pinjie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yiquan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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