1
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Caillier A, Oleksyn D, Fowell DJ, Miller J, Oakes PW. T cells use focal adhesions to pull themselves through confined environments. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310067. [PMID: 38889096 PMCID: PMC11187980 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are highly dynamic and able to migrate through environments with diverse biochemical and mechanical compositions. Their migration has classically been defined as amoeboid under the assumption that it is integrin independent. Here, we show that activated primary Th1 T cells require both confinement and extracellular matrix proteins to migrate efficiently. This migration is mediated through small and dynamic focal adhesions that are composed of the same proteins associated with canonical mesenchymal cell focal adhesions, such as integrins, talin, and vinculin. These focal adhesions, furthermore, localize to sites of contractile traction stresses, enabling T cells to pull themselves through confined spaces. Finally, we show that Th1 T cells preferentially follow tracks of other T cells, suggesting that these adhesions modify the extracellular matrix to provide additional environmental guidance cues. These results demonstrate not only that the boundaries between amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes are ambiguous, but that integrin-mediated focal adhesions play a key role in T cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Caillier
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jim Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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2
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Graham K, Lienau P, Bader B, Prechtl S, Naujoks J, Lesche R, Weiske J, Kuehnlenz J, Brzezinka K, Potze L, Zanconato F, Nicke B, Montebaur A, Bone W, Golfier S, Kaulfuss S, Kopitz C, Pilari S, Steuber H, Hayat S, Kamburov A, Steffen A, Schlicker A, Buchgraber P, Braeuer N, Font NA, Heinrich T, Kuhnke L, Nowak-Reppel K, Stresemann C, Steigemann P, Walter AO, Blotta S, Ocker M, Lakner A, von Nussbaum F, Mumberg D, Eis K, Piccolo S, Lange M. Discovery of YAP1/TAZ pathway inhibitors through phenotypic screening with potent anti-tumor activity via blockade of Rho-GTPase signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1247-1263.e16. [PMID: 38537632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the identification and target deconvolution of small molecule inhibitors of oncogenic Yes-associated protein (YAP1)/TAZ activity with potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. A high-throughput screen (HTS) of 3.8 million compounds was conducted using a cellular YAP1/TAZ reporter assay. Target deconvolution studies identified the geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I) complex as the direct target of YAP1/TAZ pathway inhibitors. The small molecule inhibitors block the activation of Rho-GTPases, leading to subsequent inactivation of YAP1/TAZ and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Multi-parameter optimization resulted in BAY-593, an in vivo probe with favorable PK properties, which demonstrated anti-tumor activity and blockade of YAP1/TAZ signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Graham
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bader
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Prechtl
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Naujoks
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Lesche
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Weiske
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Kuehnlenz
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Brzezinka
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisette Potze
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Zanconato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Nicke
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Montebaur
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bone
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Golfier
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaulfuss
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kopitz
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Pilari
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Steuber
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Atanas Kamburov
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlicker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Buchgraber
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Braeuer
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nuria Aiguabella Font
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Heinrich
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Kuhnke
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Nowak-Reppel
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Stresemann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Steigemann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette O Walter
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simona Blotta
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashley Lakner
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz von Nussbaum
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Eis
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy; IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Lange
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Keys J, Cheung BCH, Elpers MA, Wu M, Lammerding J. Rear cortex contraction aids in nuclear transit during confined migration by increasing pressure in the cell posterior. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs260623. [PMID: 38832512 PMCID: PMC11234373 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As cells migrate through biological tissues, they must frequently squeeze through micron-sized constrictions in the form of interstitial pores between extracellular matrix fibers and/or other cells. Although it is now well recognized that such confined migration is limited by the nucleus, which is the largest and stiffest organelle, it remains incompletely understood how cells apply sufficient force to move their nucleus through small constrictions. Here, we report a mechanism by which contraction of the cell rear cortex pushes the nucleus forward to mediate nuclear transit through constrictions. Laser ablation of the rear cortex reveals that pushing forces behind the nucleus are the result of increased intracellular pressure in the rear compartment of the cell. The pushing forces behind the nucleus depend on accumulation of actomyosin in the rear cortex and require Rho kinase (ROCK) activity. Collectively, our results suggest a mechanism by which cells generate elevated intracellular pressure in the posterior compartment to facilitate nuclear transit through three-dimensional (3D) constrictions. This mechanism might supplement or even substitute for other mechanisms supporting nuclear transit, ensuring robust cell migrations in confined 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Keys
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian C. H. Cheung
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Margaret A. Elpers
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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4
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Agarwal P, Berger S, Shemesh T, Zaidel-Bar R. Active nuclear positioning and actomyosin contractility maintain leader cell integrity during gonadogenesis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2373-2386.e5. [PMID: 38776903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Proper distribution of organelles can play an important role in a moving cell's performance. During C. elegans gonad morphogenesis, the nucleus of the leading distal tip cell (DTC) is always found at the front, yet the significance of this localization is unknown. Here, we identified the molecular mechanism that keeps the nucleus at the front, despite a frictional force that pushes it backward. The Klarsicht/ANC-1/Syne homology (KASH) domain protein UNC-83 links the nucleus to the motor protein kinesin-1 that moves along a polarized acentrosomal microtubule network. Interestingly, disrupting nuclear positioning on its own did not affect gonad morphogenesis. However, reducing actomyosin contractility on top of nuclear mispositioning led to a dramatic phenotype: DTC splitting and gonad bifurcation. Long-term live imaging of the double knockdown revealed that, while the gonad attempted to perform a planned U-turn, the DTC was stretched due to the lagging nucleus until it fragmented into a nucleated cell and an enucleated cytoplast, each leading an independent gonadal arm. Remarkably, the enucleated cytoplast had polarity and invaded, but it could only temporarily support germ cell proliferation. Based on a qualitative biophysical model, we conclude that the leader cell employs two complementary mechanical approaches to preserve its integrity and ensure proper organ morphogenesis while navigating through a complex 3D environment: active nuclear positioning by microtubule motors and actomyosin-driven cortical contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Simon Berger
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Shemesh
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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5
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Carvalho EM, Ding EA, Saha A, Weldy A, Zushin PJH, Stahl A, Aghi MK, Kumar S. Viscoelastic high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid hydrogels support rapid glioblastoma cell invasion with leader-follower dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588167. [PMID: 38617333 PMCID: PMC11014578 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), the primary component of brain extracellular matrix, is increasingly used to model neuropathological processes, including glioblastoma (GBM) tumor invasion. While elastic hydrogels based on crosslinked low-molecular-weight (LMW) HA are widely exploited for this purpose and have proven valuable for discovery and screening, brain tissue is both viscoelastic and rich in high-MW (HMW) HA, and it remains unclear how these differences influence invasion. To address this question, hydrogels comprised of either HMW (1.5 MDa) or LMW (60 kDa) HA are introduced, characterized, and applied in GBM invasion studies. Unlike LMW HA hydrogels, HMW HA hydrogels relax stresses quickly, to a similar extent as brain tissue, and to a greater extent than many conventional HA-based scaffolds. GBM cells implanted within HMW HA hydrogels invade much more rapidly than in their LMW HA counterparts and exhibit distinct leader-follower dynamics. Leader cells adopt dendritic morphologies, similar to invasive GBM cells observed in vivo. Transcriptomic, pharmacologic, and imaging studies suggest that leader cells exploit hyaluronidase, an enzyme strongly enriched in human GBMs, to prime a path for followers. This study offers new insight into how HA viscoelastic properties drive invasion and argues for the use of highly stress-relaxing materials to model GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Carvalho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erika A Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Atul Saha
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna Weldy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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6
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Champagne A, Chebra I, Jain P, Ringuette Goulet C, Lauzier A, Guyon A, Neveu B, Pouliot F. An Extracellular Matrix Overlay Model for Bioluminescence Microscopy to Measure Single-Cell Heterogeneous Responses to Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer Cells. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:175. [PMID: 38667168 PMCID: PMC11048191 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) displays diverse intra-tumoral traits, impacting its progression and treatment outcomes. This study aimed to refine PCa cell culture conditions for dynamic monitoring of androgen receptor (AR) activity at the single-cell level. We introduced an extracellular matrix-Matrigel (ECM-M) culture model, enhancing cellular tracking during bioluminescence single-cell imaging while improving cell viability. ECM-M notably tripled the traceability of poorly adherent PCa cells, facilitating robust single-cell tracking, without impeding substrate permeability or AR response. This model effectively monitored AR modulation by antiandrogens across various PCa cell lines. Single-cell imaging unveiled heterogeneous antiandrogen responses within populations, correlating non-responsive cell proportions with drug IC50 values. Integrating ECM-M culture with the PSEBC-TSTA biosensor enabled precise characterization of ARi responsiveness within diverse cell populations. Our ECM-M model stands as a promising tool to assess heterogeneous single-cell treatment responses in cancer, offering insights to link drug responses to intracellular signaling dynamics. This approach enhances our comprehension of the nuanced and dynamic nature of PCa treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Champagne
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada (I.C.); (P.J.); (C.R.G.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Imene Chebra
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada (I.C.); (P.J.); (C.R.G.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Pallavi Jain
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada (I.C.); (P.J.); (C.R.G.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Cassandra Ringuette Goulet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada (I.C.); (P.J.); (C.R.G.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Annie Lauzier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada (I.C.); (P.J.); (C.R.G.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Antoine Guyon
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada (I.C.); (P.J.); (C.R.G.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Bertrand Neveu
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada (I.C.); (P.J.); (C.R.G.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada (I.C.); (P.J.); (C.R.G.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
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7
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Miller SG, Hoh M, Ebmeier CC, Tay JW, Ahn NG. Cooperative polarization of MCAM/CD146 and ERM family proteins in melanoma. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar31. [PMID: 38117590 PMCID: PMC10916866 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The WRAMP structure is a protein network associated with tail-end actomyosin contractility, membrane retraction, and directional persistence during cell migration. A marker of WRAMP structures is melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) which dynamically polarizes to the cell rear. However, factors that mediate MCAM polarization are still unknown. In this study, BioID using MCAM as bait identifies the ERM family proteins, moesin, ezrin, and radixin, as WRAMP structure components. We also present a novel image analysis pipeline, Protein Polarity by Percentile ("3P"), which classifies protein polarization using machine learning and facilitates quantitative analysis. Using 3P, we find that depletion of moesin, and to a lesser extent ezrin, decreases the proportion of cells with polarized MCAM. Furthermore, although copolarized MCAM and ERM proteins show high spatial overlap, 3P identifies subpopulations with ERM proteins closer to the cell periphery. Live-cell imaging confirms that MCAM and ERM protein polarization is tightly coordinated, but ERM proteins enrich at the cell edge first. Finally, deletion of a juxtamembrane segment in MCAM previously shown to promote ERM protein interactions impedes MCAM polarization. Our findings highlight the requirement for ERM proteins in recruitment of MCAM to WRAMP structures and an advanced computational tool to characterize protein polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah G. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303
| | - Maria Hoh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303
| | | | - Jian Wei Tay
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303
| | - Natalie G. Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303
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8
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Xin Y, Li K, Huang M, Liang C, Siemann D, Wu L, Tan Y, Tang X. Biophysics in tumor growth and progression: from single mechano-sensitive molecules to mechanomedicine. Oncogene 2023; 42:3457-3490. [PMID: 37864030 PMCID: PMC10656290 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from physical sciences in oncology increasingly suggests that the interplay between the biophysical tumor microenvironment and genetic regulation has significant impact on tumor progression. Especially, tumor cells and the associated stromal cells not only alter their own cytoskeleton and physical properties but also remodel the microenvironment with anomalous physical properties. Together, these altered mechano-omics of tumor tissues and their constituents fundamentally shift the mechanotransduction paradigms in tumorous and stromal cells and activate oncogenic signaling within the neoplastic niche to facilitate tumor progression. However, current findings on tumor biophysics are limited, scattered, and often contradictory in multiple contexts. Systematic understanding of how biophysical cues influence tumor pathophysiology is still lacking. This review discusses recent different schools of findings in tumor biophysics that have arisen from multi-scale mechanobiology and the cutting-edge technologies. These findings range from the molecular and cellular to the whole tissue level and feature functional crosstalk between mechanotransduction and oncogenic signaling. We highlight the potential of these anomalous physical alterations as new therapeutic targets for cancer mechanomedicine. This framework reconciles opposing opinions in the field, proposes new directions for future cancer research, and conceptualizes novel mechanomedicine landscape to overcome the inherent shortcomings of conventional cancer diagnosis and therapies.
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Grants
- R35 GM150812 NIGMS NIH HHS
- This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project no. 11972316, Y.T.), Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (Project no. JCYJ20200109142001798, SGDX2020110309520303, and JCYJ20220531091002006, Y.T.), General Research Fund of Hong Kong Research Grant Council (PolyU 15214320, Y. T.), Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF18191421, Y.T.), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (1-CD75, 1-ZE2M, and 1-ZVY1, Y.T.), the Cancer Pilot Research Award from UF Health Cancer Center (X. T.), the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number R35GM150812 (X. T.), the National Science Foundation under grant number 2308574 (X. T.), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under award number FA9550-23-1-0393 (X. T.), the University Scholar Program (X. T.), UF Research Opportunity Seed Fund (X. T.), the Gatorade Award (X. T.), and the National Science Foundation REU Site at UF: Engineering for Healthcare (Douglas Spearot and Malisa Sarntinoranont). We are deeply grateful for the insightful discussions with and generous support from all members of Tang (UF)’s and Tan (PolyU)’s laboratories and all staff members of the MAE/BME/ECE/Health Cancer Center at UF and BME at PolyU.
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xin
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keming Li
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chenyu Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dietmar Siemann
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lizi Wu
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Youhua Tan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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9
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Caillier A, Oleksyn D, Fowell DJ, Miller J, Oakes PW. T cells Use Focal Adhesions to Pull Themselves Through Confined Environments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562587. [PMID: 37904911 PMCID: PMC10614902 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are highly dynamic and able to migrate through environments with diverse biochemical and mechanical composition. Their migration has classically been defined as amoeboid under the assumption that it is integrin-independent. Here we show that activated primary Th1 T cells require both confinement and extracellular matrix protein to migrate efficiently. This migration is mediated through small and dynamic focal adhesions that are composed of the same proteins associated with canonical mesenchymal focal adhesions, such as integrins, talin, and vinculin. These focal adhesions, furthermore, localize to sites of contractile traction stresses, enabling T cells to pull themselves through confined spaces. Finally, we show that Th1 T cell preferentially follows tracks of other T cells, suggesting that these adhesions are modifying the extracellular matrix to provide additional environmental guidance cues. These results demonstrate not only that the boundaries between amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes are ambiguous, but that integrin-mediated adhesions play a key role in T cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Caillier
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jim Miller
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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10
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Faruqui N, Williams DS, Briones A, Kepiro IE, Ravi J, Kwan TO, Mearns-Spragg A, Ryadnov MG. Extracellular matrix type 0: From ancient collagen lineage to a versatile product pipeline - JellaGel™. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100786. [PMID: 37692377 PMCID: PMC10491728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix type 0 is reported. The matrix is developed from a jellyfish collagen predating mammalian forms by over 0.5 billion years. With its ancient lineage, compositional simplicity, and resemblance to multiple collagen types, the matrix is referred to as the extracellular matrix type 0. Here we validate the matrix describing its physicochemical and biological properties and present it as a versatile, minimalist biomaterial underpinning a pipeline of commercialised products under the collective name of JellaGelTM. We describe an extensive body of evidence for folding and assembly of the matrix in comparison to mammalian matrices, such as bovine collagen, and its use to support cell growth and development in comparison to known tissue-derived products, such as Matrigel™. We apply the matrix to co-culture human astrocytes and cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and visualise neuron firing synchronicity with correlations indicative of a homogenous extracellular material in contrast to the performance of heterogenous commercial matrices. We prove the ability of the matrix to induce spheroid formation and support the 3D culture of human immortalised, primary, and mesenchymal stem cells. We conclude that the matrix offers an optimal solution for systemic evaluations of cell-matrix biology. It effectively combines the exploitable properties of mammalian tissue extracts or top-down matrices, such as biocompatibility, with the advantages of synthetic or bottom-up matrices, such as compositional control, while avoiding the drawbacks of the two types, such as biological and design heterogeneity, thereby providing a unique bridging capability of a stem extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofar Faruqui
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | | | - Andrea Briones
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Ibolya E. Kepiro
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Jascindra Ravi
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Tristan O.C. Kwan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | | | - Maxim G. Ryadnov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
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11
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Adebowale K, Ha B, Saraswathibhatla A, Indana D, Popescu MC, Demirdjian S, Yang J, Bassik MC, Franck C, Bollyky PL, Chaudhuri O. Monocytes use protrusive forces to generate migration paths in viscoelastic collagen-based extracellular matrices. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.09.544394. [PMID: 37333226 PMCID: PMC10274922 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.09.544394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Circulating monocytes are recruited to the tumor microenvironment, where they can differentiate into macrophages that mediate tumor progression. To reach the tumor microenvironment, monocytes must first extravasate and migrate through the type-1 collagen rich stromal matrix. The viscoelastic stromal matrix around tumors not only stiffens relative to normal stromal matrix, but often exhibits enhanced viscous characteristics, as indicated by a higher loss tangent or faster stress relaxation rate. Here, we studied how changes in matrix stiffness and viscoelasticity, impact the three-dimensional migration of monocytes through stromal-like matrices. Interpenetrating networks of type-1 collagen and alginate, which enable independent tunability of stiffness and stress relaxation over physiologically relevant ranges, were used as confining matrices for three-dimensional culture of monocytes. Increased stiffness and faster stress relaxation independently enhanced the 3D migration of monocytes. Migrating monocytes have an ellipsoidal or rounded wedge-like morphology, reminiscent of amoeboid migration, with accumulation of actin at the trailing edge. Matrix adhesions and Rho-mediated contractility were dispensable for monocyte migration in 3D, but migration did require actin polymerization and myosin contractility. Mechanistic studies indicate that actin polymerization at the leading edge generates protrusive forces that open a path for the monocytes to migrate through in the confining viscoelastic matrices. Taken together, our findings implicate matrix stiffness and stress relaxation as key mediators of monocyte migration and reveal how monocytes use pushing forces at the leading edge mediated by actin polymerization to generate migration paths in confining viscoelastic matrices. Significance Statement Cell migration is essential for numerous biological processes in health and disease, including for immune cell trafficking. Monocyte immune cells migrate through extracellular matrix to the tumor microenvironment where they can play a role in regulating cancer progression. Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and viscoelasticity have been implicated in cancer progression, but the impact of these changes in the ECM on monocyte migration remains unknown. Here, we find that increased ECM stiffness and viscoelasticity promote monocyte migration. Interestingly, we reveal a previously undescribed adhesion-independent mode of migration whereby monocytes generate a path to migrate through pushing forces at the leading edge. These findings help elucidate how changes in the tumor microenvironment impact monocyte trafficking and thereby disease progression.
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12
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Kumar V, Packirisamy G. 3D porous sodium alginate-silk fibroin composite bead based in vitro tumor model for screening of anti-cancer drug and induction of magneto-apoptosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124827. [PMID: 37207758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of 3D scaffold-based in vitro tumor models can help to address the limitations of cell culture and animal models for designing and screening anticancer drugs. In this study, in vitro 3D tumor models using sodium alginate (SA) and sodium alginate/silk fibroin (SA/SF) porous beads were developed. The beads were non-toxic and A549 cells had a high tendency to adhere, proliferate, and form tumor-like aggregates within SA/SF beads. The 3D tumor model based on these beads had better efficacy for anti-cancer drug screening than the 2D cell culture model. Additionally, the SA/SF porous beads loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were used to explore their magneto-apoptosis ability. The cells exposed to a high magnetic field were more likely to undergo apoptosis than those exposed to a low magnetic field. These findings suggest that the SA/SF porous beads and SPIONs loaded SA/SF porous beads-based tumor models could be useful for drug screening, tissue engineering, and mechanobiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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13
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Fan X, Huang J, Hu B, Zhou J, Chen L. Tumor-expressed B7-H3 promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation rather than angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04790-3. [PMID: 37129607 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), an alternative microvascular circulation independent of angiogenesis, is formed by aggressive cancer cells. Tumor-expressed B7-H3 has been reported to promote VM formation in hepatocellular carcinoma and modulate angiogenesis in breast cancer and colorectal cancer. However, its effects on VM generation and angiogenesis in non-small cell Lung cancer (NSCLC) remained to be elucidated. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9-mediated B7-H3 knockout (KO) was conducted in NSCLC A549 and H3255 cells. The expression of VM-related proteins, including vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14), and the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by western blotting and chemiluminescence assay in both B7-H3 KO and mock-edited A549 and H3255 cells. To examine VM formation, a three-dimensional (3D) culture model was used for B7-H3 KO and mock A549 and H3255 cells. For in vivo analysis, xenograft mice models were established using B7-H3 KO and mock-edited A549 cells, and immunohistochemical (CD31) and histochemical (periodic acid-Schiff, PAS) double staining were performed to identify VM and endothelial vessels in tumor tissues. Finally, specific signaling inhibitors were used to analyze B7-H3-induced signaling pathway responsible for VE-cadherin and MMP14 expression and VM generation. RESULTS Higher expression of B7-H3 was associated with a worse prognosis and more advanced T-category in NSCLC. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated B7-H3 KO in A549 and H3255 cells led to decreased expression of VE-cadherin and MMP14; however, the secretion of VEGF by the two cell lines remained unchanged. In the 3D cell culture model, both B7-H3 KO A549 and H3255 cells showed a significant reduction in the formation of capillary-like tubular structures compared to mock-edited cells. In the in vivo xenograft model, mock-edited A549 cells formed excessive PAS+ CD31- VM channels, while B7-H3 KO restrained VM formation in the xenograft tumors. However, no significant differences were found in CD31+ endothelial vessels between xenografts formed by B7-H3 KO and mock-edited A549 cells. Finally, we analyzed the signaling pathway responsible for B7-H3-induced VM formation and found that selective inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) hyperactivation by LY294002 was associated with decreased expression of MMP14 and VE-cadherin, and in vitro VM formation by both A549 and H3255 cells. CONCLUSIONS Tumor-expressed B7-H3 acts via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote VM formation by NSCLC cells while bears no effects on angiogenesis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junfeng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bingqi Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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14
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The crucial role of adhesion in the transmigration of active droplets through interstitial orifices. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1096. [PMID: 36841803 PMCID: PMC9968312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Active fluid droplets are a class of soft materials exhibiting autonomous motion sustained by an energy supply. Such systems have been shown to capture motility regimes typical of biological cells and are ideal candidates as building-block for the fabrication of soft biomimetic materials of interest in pharmacology, tissue engineering and lab on chip devices. While their behavior is well established in unconstrained environments, much less is known about their dynamics under strong confinement. Here, we numerically study the physics of a droplet of active polar fluid migrating within a microchannel hosting a constriction with adhesive properties, and report evidence of a striking variety of dynamic regimes and morphological features, whose properties crucially depend upon droplet speed and elasticity, degree of confinement within the constriction and adhesiveness to the pore. Our results suggest that non-uniform adhesion forces are instrumental in enabling the crossing through narrow orifices, in contrast to larger gaps where a careful balance between speed and elasticity is sufficient to guarantee the transition. These observations may be useful for improving the design of artificial micro-swimmers, of interest in material science and pharmaceutics, and potentially for cell sorting in microfluidic devices.
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15
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Cowan JM, Duggan JJ, Hewitt BR, Petrie RJ. Non-muscle myosin II and the plasticity of 3D cell migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1047256. [PMID: 36438570 PMCID: PMC9691290 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1047256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Confined cells migrating through 3D environments are also constrained by the laws of physics, meaning for every action there must be an equal and opposite reaction for cells to achieve motion. Fascinatingly, there are several distinct molecular mechanisms that cells can use to move, and this is reflected in the diverse ways non-muscle myosin II (NMII) can generate the mechanical forces necessary to sustain 3D cell migration. This review summarizes the unique modes of 3D migration, as well as how NMII activity is regulated and localized within each of these different modes. In addition, we highlight tropomyosins and septins as two protein families that likely have more secrets to reveal about how NMII activity is governed during 3D cell migration. Together, this information suggests that investigating the mechanisms controlling NMII activity will be helpful in understanding how a single cell transitions between distinct modes of 3D migration in response to the physical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan J. Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Callan-Jones A. Self-organization in amoeboid motility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1000071. [PMID: 36313569 PMCID: PMC9614430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid motility has come to refer to a spectrum of cell migration modes enabling a cell to move in the absence of strong, specific adhesion. To do so, cells have evolved a range of motile surface movements whose physical principles are now coming into view. In response to external cues, many cells—and some single-celled-organisms—have the capacity to turn off their default migration mode. and switch to an amoeboid mode. This implies a restructuring of the migration machinery at the cell scale and suggests a close link between cell polarization and migration mediated by self-organizing mechanisms. Here, I review recent theoretical models with the aim of providing an integrative, physical picture of amoeboid migration.
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17
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Lin B, Luo J, Lehmann R. An AMPK phosphoregulated RhoGEF feedback loop tunes cortical flow-driven amoeboid migration in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0323. [PMID: 36103538 PMCID: PMC9473612 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Development, morphogenesis, immune system function, and cancer metastasis rely on the ability of cells to move through diverse tissues. To dissect migratory cell behavior in vivo, we developed cell type-specific imaging and perturbation techniques for Drosophila primordial germ cells (PGCs). We find that PGCs use global, retrograde cortical actin flows for orientation and propulsion during guided developmental homing. PGCs use RhoGEF2, a RhoA-specific RGS-RhoGEF, as a dose-dependent regulator of cortical flow through a feedback loop requiring its conserved PDZ and PH domains for membrane anchoring and local RhoA activation. This feedback loop is regulated for directional migration by RhoGEF2 availability and requires AMPK rather than canonical Gα12/13 signaling. AMPK multisite phosphorylation of RhoGEF2 near a conserved EB1 microtubule-binding SxIP motif releases RhoGEF2 from microtubule-dependent inhibition. Thus, we establish the mechanism by which global cortical flow and polarized RhoA activation can be dynamically adapted during natural cell navigation in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lin
- Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan Luo
- Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Patil LS, Varner VD. Toward Measuring the Mechanical Stresses Exerted by Branching Embryonic Airway Epithelial Explants in 3D Matrices of Matrigel. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1143-1157. [PMID: 35718813 PMCID: PMC9590229 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Numerous organs in the bodies of animals, including the lung, kidney, and mammary gland, contain ramified networks of epithelial tubes. These structures arise during development via a process known as branching morphogenesis. Previous studies have shown that mechanical forces directly impact this process, but the patterns of mechanical stress exerted by branching embryonic epithelia are not well understood. This is, in part, owing to a lack of experimental tools. Traditional traction force microscopy assays rely on the use of compliant hydrogels with well-defined mechanical properties. Isolated embryonic epithelial explants, however, have only been shown to branch in three-dimensional matrices of reconstituted basement membrane protein, or Matrigel, a biomaterial with poorly characterized mechanical behavior, especially in the regime of large deformations. Here, to compute the traction stresses generated by branching epithelial explants, we quantified the finite-deformation constitutive behavior of gels of reconstituted basement membrane protein subjected to multi-axial mechanical loads. We then modified the mesenchyme-free assay for the ex vivo culture of isolated embryonic airway epithelial explants by suspending fluorescent microspheres within the surrounding gel and tracking their motion during culture. Surprisingly, the tracked bead motion was non-zero in regions of the gel far away from the explants, suggestive of passive swelling deformations within the matrix. To compute accurate traction stresses, these swelling deformations must be decomposed from those generated by the branching explants. We thus tracked the motion of beads suspended within cell-free matrices and quantified spatiotemporal patterns of gel swelling. Taken together, these passive swelling data can be combined with the measured mechanical properties of the gel to compute the traction forces exerted by intact embryonic epithelial explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh S Patil
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Victor D Varner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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19
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Godinho-Pereira J, Lopes MD, Garcia AR, Botelho HM, Malhó R, Figueira I, Brito MA. A Drug Screening Reveals Minocycline Hydrochloride as a Therapeutic Option to Prevent Breast Cancer Cells Extravasation across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1988. [PMID: 36009536 PMCID: PMC9405959 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among breast cancer (BC) patients, 15-25% develop BC brain metastases (BCBM), a severe condition due to the limited therapeutic options, which points to the need for preventive strategies. We aimed to find a drug able to boost blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties and prevent BC cells (BCCs) extravasation, among PI3K, HSP90, and EGFR inhibitors and approved drugs. We used BCCs (4T1) and BBB endothelial cells (b.End5) to identify molecules with toxicity to 4T1 cells and safe for b.End5 cells. Moreover, we used those cells in mixed cultures to perform a high-throughput microscopy screening of drugs' ability to ameliorate BBB properties and prevent BCCs adhesion and migration across the endothelium, as well as to analyse miRNAs expression and release profiles. KW-2478, buparlisib, and minocycline hydrochloride (MH) promoted maximal expression of the junctional protein β-catenin and induced 4T1 cells nucleus changes. Buparlisib and MH further decreased 4T1 adhesion. MH was the most promising in preventing 4T1 migration and BBB disruption, tumour and endothelial cytoskeleton-associated proteins modifications, and miRNA deregulation. Our data revealed MH's ability to improve BBB properties, while compromising BCCs viability and interaction with BBB endothelial cells, besides restoring miRNAs' homeostasis, paving the way for MH repurposing for BCBM prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Godinho-Pereira
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Dionísio Lopes
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Garcia
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo M. Botelho
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1746-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1746-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueira
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Farm-ID—Faculty of Pharmacy Association for Research and Development, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Guduru ATKVVNSK, Manav N, Mansuri A, Gupta I, Bhatia D, Kumar A, Dalvi SV. NIR-Active Porphyrin-Decorated Lipid Microbubbles for Enhanced Therapeutic Activity Enabled by Photodynamic Effect and Ultrasound in 3D Tumor Models of Breast Cancer Cell Line and Zebrafish Larvae. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4270-4283. [PMID: 35960932 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin is known to enable the photodynamic effect during cancer drug delivery and molecular imaging. However, its hydrophobicity and tendency to aggregate in an aqueous medium create a significant hurdle for its use as an anticancer drug. Loading porphyrin onto biocompatible delivery vehicles can enhance its efficacy. This can be achieved by using gas-filled microbubbles that can be administered intravenously. This study aimed at developing near-infrared (NIR)-active porphyrin-loaded lipid microbubbles with anticancer activity enhanced by sonodynamic and photodynamic effects. The porphyrin-loaded microbubbles were studied for their cell toxicity, cellular uptake of porphyrin, and effect on cellular three-dimensional (3D) invasion of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in cellulo. Toxicity studies in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) in the presence and absence of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy were also conducted. The results suggest that with a higher concentration of porphyrin loaded on microbubbles, the porphyrin-loaded microbubbles display a higher therapeutic effect facilitated by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy, which results in enhanced cellular uptake and cellular toxicity. A lower concentration of loaded porphyrin microbubbles exhibits high cellular viability and good fluorescence intensity in the NIR region, which can be exploited for bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Teja K V V N S K Guduru
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Neha Manav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology─Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Abdulkhalik Mansuri
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangapura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology─Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangapura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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21
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3D Neuronal Cell Culture Modeling Based on Highly Porous Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072087. [PMID: 35408484 PMCID: PMC9000589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culturing methods in its classical 2D approach have limitations associated with altered cell morphology, gene expression patterns, migration, cell cycle and proliferation. Moreover, high throughput drug screening is mainly performed on 2D cell cultures which are physiologically far from proper cell functions resulting in inadequate hit-compounds which subsequently fail. A shift to 3D culturing protocols could solve issues with altered cell biochemistry and signaling which would lead to a proper recapitulation of physiological conditions in test systems. Here, we examined porous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as an inexpensive and robust material with varying pore sizes for cell culturing. We tested and developed culturing protocols for immortalized human neuroblastoma and primary mice hippocampal cells which resulted in high rate of cell penetration within one week of cultivation. UHMWPE was additionally functionalized with gelatin, poly-L-lysine, BSA and chitosan, resulting in increased cell penetrations of the material. We have also successfully traced GFP-tagged cells which were grown on a UHMWPE sample after one week from implantation into mice brain. Our findings highlight the importance of UHMWPE use as a 3D matrix and show new possibilities arising from the use of cheap and chemically homogeneous material for studying various types of cell-surface interactions further improving cell adhesion, viability and biocompatibility.
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22
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Mitchell E, Tjhung E. Macroscopic current generated by local division and apoptosis in a minimal model of tissue dynamics. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1082-1088. [PMID: 35029249 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that the motion of self-propelled particles inside an asymmetric channel can be rectified to give rise to a macroscopic and unidirectional current. In this paper, we show that division and apoptosis process alone (which are ubiquitous in all living systems), without any self-propulsion, are sufficient to give rise to a macroscopic and unidirectional current in a similar channel. More specifically, we consider a minimal computational model of two-dimensional living tissues, with two active ingredients: local particle division and apoptosis, and we found a net steady state current along the channel. This mechanism is fundamentally different from that of self-propelled particles, since this requires the system to be dense. Finally, our results might have applications in tissue engineering such as controlling tissue growth via a geometrically non-uniform substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mitchell
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Elsen Tjhung
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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23
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Decoding Single Cell Morphology in Osteotropic Breast Cancer Cells for Dissecting Their Migratory, Molecular and Biophysical Heterogeneity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030603. [PMID: 35158871 PMCID: PMC8833404 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and the mechanistic framework for differential osteotropism among intrinsic breast cancer subtypes is unknown. Hypothesizing that cell morphology could be an integrated readout for the functional state of a cancer cell, we established a catalogue of the migratory, molecular and biophysical traits of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, compared it with two enhanced bone-seeking derivative cell lines and integrated these findings with single cell morphology profiles. Such knowledge could be essential for predicting metastatic capacities in breast cancer. High-resolution microscopy revealed a heterogeneous and specific spectrum of single cell morphologies in bone-seeking cells, which correlated with differential migration and stiffness. While parental MDA-MB-231 cells showed long and dynamic membrane protrusions and were enriched in motile cells with continuous and mesenchymal cell migration, bone-seeking cells appeared with discontinuous mesenchymal or amoeboid-like migration. Although non-responsive to CXCL12, bone-seeking cells responded to epidermal growth factor with a morphotype shift and differential expression of genes controlling cell shape and directional migration. Hence, single cell morphology encodes the molecular, migratory and biophysical architecture of breast cancer cells and is specifically altered among osteotropic phenotypes. Quantitative morpho-profiling could aid in dissecting breast cancer heterogeneity and in refining clinically relevant intrinsic breast cancer subtypes.
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Yun J, Kim YS, Heo MJ, Kim MJ, Moon A, Kim SG. ERα inhibits mesenchymal and amoeboidal movement of liver cancer cell via Gα12. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:1690-1705. [PMID: 35020952 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cancer worldwide, demonstrating aggressiveness and mortality more frequently in men than in women. Despite reports regarding the inhibitory ability of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα, ESR1) in certain cancer progression, targets and the basis of underlying gender disparity in HCC worsening remain elusive. Here, we report the ability of ERα to transcriptionally inhibit G protein subunit alpha 12 (Gα12) responsible for HCC worsening. First, using human samples and public database, the expression of ERα and Gα12 in HCC was examined. Then, quantitative real-time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation-assay, luciferase assay, and immunoblottings of liver cancer cell lines confirmed the inhibitory ability of ERα on Gα12 and HCC progression. Gα12 promoted mesenchymal characteristics and amoeboidal movement, which was antagonized by ERα overexpression. Additionally, we found microRNA-141 and -200a as downstream targets of the Gα12 signaling axis for cancer malignancy regulation under the control of ERα. As for in-depth mechanism, PTP4A1 was found to be directly inhibited by microRNA-141 and -200a. Moreover, we found the inhibitory effect of ERα on amoeboidal movement by analyzing the morphology and blebbing of liver cancer cells and the active form of MLC levels. The identified targets and ESR1 levels are inversely correlated in human specimens, as well as with sex-biased survival rates of HCC patients. Collectively, ERα-dependent repression of Gα12 and consequent changes in the Gα12 signaling may explain the gender disparity in HCC, providing pharmacological clues for the control of metastatic HCC. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seok Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Kyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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25
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Marks P, Petrie R. Push or pull: how cytoskeletal crosstalk facilitates nuclear movement through 3D environments. Phys Biol 2021; 19. [PMID: 34936999 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac45e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As cells move from two-dimensional (2D) surfaces into complex 3D environments, the nucleus becomes a barrier to movement due to its size and rigidity. Therefore, moving the nucleus is a key step in 3D cell migration. In this review, we discuss how coordination between cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal networks is required to pull the nucleus forward through complex 3D spaces. We summarize recent migration models which utilize unique molecular crosstalk to drive nuclear migration through different 3D environments. In addition, we speculate about the role of proteins that indirectly crosslink cytoskeletal networks and the role of 3D focal adhesions and how these protein complexes may drive 3D nuclear migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Marks
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 CHESTNUT ST, PISB 401M1, PHILADELPHIA, Philadelphia, 19104-2816, UNITED STATES
| | - Ryan Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, PISB 419, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-2816, UNITED STATES
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26
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Boghdady CM, Kalashnikov N, Mok S, McCaffrey L, Moraes C. Revisiting tissue tensegrity: Biomaterial-based approaches to measure forces across length scales. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041501. [PMID: 34632250 PMCID: PMC8487350 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-generated forces play a foundational role in tissue dynamics and homeostasis and are critically important in several biological processes, including cell migration, wound healing, morphogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Quantifying such forces in vivo is technically challenging and requires novel strategies that capture mechanical information across molecular, cellular, and tissue length scales, while allowing these studies to be performed in physiologically realistic biological models. Advanced biomaterials can be designed to non-destructively measure these stresses in vitro, and here, we review mechanical characterizations and force-sensing biomaterial-based technologies to provide insight into the mechanical nature of tissue processes. We specifically and uniquely focus on the use of these techniques to identify characteristics of cell and tissue "tensegrity:" the hierarchical and modular interplay between tension and compression that provide biological tissues with remarkable mechanical properties and behaviors. Based on these observed patterns, we highlight and discuss the emerging role of tensegrity at multiple length scales in tissue dynamics from homeostasis, to morphogenesis, to pathological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikita Kalashnikov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Stephanie Mok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
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27
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Habanjar O, Diab-Assaf M, Caldefie-Chezet F, Delort L. 3D Cell Culture Systems: Tumor Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12200. [PMID: 34830082 PMCID: PMC8618305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical trials to ideally represent physiological conditions. This culture cannot mimic the natural tumor microenvironment due to the lack of cellular communication (cell-cell) and interaction (cell-cell and cell-matrix). To overcome these limitations, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are increasingly developed in research and have become essential for tumor research, tissue engineering, and basic biology research. 3D culture has received much attention in the field of biomedicine due to its ability to mimic tissue structure and function. The 3D matrix presents a highly dynamic framework where its components are deposited, degraded, or modified to delineate functions and provide a platform where cells attach to perform their specific functions, including adhesion, proliferation, communication, and apoptosis. So far, various types of models belong to this culture: either the culture based on natural or synthetic adherent matrices used to design 3D scaffolds as biomaterials to form a 3D matrix or based on non-adherent and/or matrix-free matrices to form the spheroids. In this review, we first summarize a comparison between 2D and 3D cultures. Then, we focus on the different components of the natural extracellular matrix that can be used as supports in 3D culture. Then we detail different types of natural supports such as matrigel, hydrogels, hard supports, and different synthetic strategies of 3D matrices such as lyophilization, electrospiding, stereolithography, microfluid by citing the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Finally, we summarize the different methods of generating normal and tumor spheroids, citing their respective advantages and disadvantages in order to obtain an ideal 3D model (matrix) that retains the following characteristics: better biocompatibility, good mechanical properties corresponding to the tumor tissue, degradability, controllable microstructure and chemical components like the tumor tissue, favorable nutrient exchange and easy separation of the cells from the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Habanjar
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- Equipe Tumorigénèse Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Anticancéreuse, Faculté des Sciences II, Université Libanaise Fanar, Beyrouth 1500, Liban;
| | - Florence Caldefie-Chezet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
| | - Laetitia Delort
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
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28
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Janmey PA, Hinz B, McCulloch CA. Physics and Physiology of Cell Spreading in Two and Three Dimensions. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:382-391. [PMID: 34704856 PMCID: PMC8560373 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00020.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells spread on surfaces and within three-dimensional (3-D) matrixes as they grow, divide, and move. Both chemical and physical signals orchestrate spreading during normal development, wound healing, and pathological states such as fibrosis and tumor growth. Diverse molecular mechanisms drive different forms of cell spreading. This article discusses mechanisms by which cells spread in 2-D and 3-D and illustrates new directions in studies of this aspect of cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Boris Hinz
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Horii T, Tsujimoto H, Hagiwara A, Isogai N, Sueyoshi Y, Oe Y, Kageyama S, Yoshida T, Kobayashi K, Minato H, Ueda J, Ichikawa H, Kawauchi A. Effects of Fiber Diameter and Spacing Size of an Artificial Scaffold on the In Vivo Cellular Response and Tissue Remodeling. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6924-6936. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehito Horii
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 610-0321, Japan
- Division of Medical Life System, Department of Life and Medical Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsujimoto
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 610-0321, Japan
- Division of Medical Life System, Department of Life and Medical Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Akeo Hagiwara
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 610-0321, Japan
- Division of Medical Life System, Department of Life and Medical Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Noritaka Isogai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University, Osaka 589-0014, Japan
| | - Yu Sueyoshi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University, Osaka 589-0014, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Oe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kusatsu General Hospital, Yabase, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8585, Japan
| | - Susumu Kageyama
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 610-0321, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 610-0321, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Minato
- Department of Surgery, Yawata Chuo Hospital, Yawatagotanda, Yawata, Kyoto 614-8071, Japan
| | - Joe Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ueda Clinic, Kitanakaieshita, Takanosu, Akita 018-3331, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Division of Medical Life System, Department of Life and Medical Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawauchi
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 610-0321, Japan
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30
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Adebowale K, Gong Z, Hou JC, Wisdom KM, Garbett D, Lee HP, Nam S, Meyer T, Odde DJ, Shenoy VB, Chaudhuri O. Enhanced substrate stress relaxation promotes filopodia-mediated cell migration. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1290-1299. [PMID: 33875851 PMCID: PMC8390443 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration on two-dimensional substrates is typically characterized by lamellipodia at the leading edge, mature focal adhesions and spread morphologies. These observations result from adherent cell migration studies on stiff, elastic substrates, because most cells do not migrate on soft, elastic substrates. However, many biological tissues are soft and viscoelastic, exhibiting stress relaxation over time in response to a deformation. Here, we have systematically investigated the impact of substrate stress relaxation on cell migration on soft substrates. We observed that cells migrate minimally on substrates with an elastic modulus of 2 kPa that are elastic or exhibit slow stress relaxation, but migrate robustly on 2-kPa substrates that exhibit fast stress relaxation. Strikingly, migrating cells were not spread out and did not extend lamellipodial protrusions, but were instead rounded, with filopodia protrusions extending at the leading edge, and exhibited small nascent adhesions. Computational models of cell migration based on a motor-clutch framework predict the observed impact of substrate stress relaxation on cell migration and filopodia dynamics. Our findings establish substrate stress relaxation as a key requirement for robust cell migration on soft substrates and uncover a mode of two-dimensional cell migration marked by round morphologies, filopodia protrusions and weak adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolade Adebowale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ze Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay C Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katrina M Wisdom
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Damien Garbett
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Pyo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sungmin Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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31
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Ierushalmi N, Keren K. Cytoskeletal symmetry breaking in animal cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:91-99. [PMID: 34375786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Symmetry breaking is a crucial step in structure formation and function of all cells, necessary for cell movement, cell division, and polarity establishment. Although the mechanisms of symmetry breaking are diverse, they often share common characteristics. Here we review examples of nematic, polar, and chiral cytoskeletal symmetry breaking in animal cells, and analogous processes in simplified reconstituted systems. We discuss the origins of symmetry breaking, which can arise spontaneously, or involve amplification of a pre-existing external or internal bias to the whole cell level. The underlying mechanisms often involve both chemical and mechanical processes that cooperate to break symmetry in a robust manner, and typically depend on the shape, size, or properties of the cell's boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Ierushalmi
- Department of Physics, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Network Biology Research Laboratories and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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32
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Li P, Butcher NJ, Minchin RF. Effect arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 on morphology, adhesion, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells: role of matrix metalloproteinases and integrin αV. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 14:1-11. [PMID: 31910058 PMCID: PMC6961680 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1710015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducted arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT1) in breast cancers is associated with poor patient survival. NAT1 has also been associated with changes in cancer cell survival and invasion both invitro and invivo. Here, we report the effects of NAT1 in cancer cell invasion by addressing its role in adherence, migration, and invasion in vitro. The NAT1 gene was deleted in MDA-MB-231, HT-29 and HeLa cells using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Loss of NAT1 increased adherence to collagen in all three cell-lines but migration was unaffected. NAT1 deletion decreased invasion and induced changes to cell morphology. These effects were independent of matrix metalloproteinases but were related to integrin ITGαV expression. The data suggest NAT1 is important in adhesion and invasion through integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Neville J Butcher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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33
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Axon Growth of CNS Neurons in Three Dimensions Is Amoeboid and Independent of Adhesions. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107907. [PMID: 32698008 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During development of the central nervous system (CNS), neurons polarize and rapidly extend their axons to assemble neuronal circuits. The growth cone leads the axon to its target and drives axon growth. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying axon growth in three dimensions. Live in situ imaging and super-resolution microscopy combined with pharmacological and molecular manipulations as well as biophysical force measurements revealed that growth cones extend CNS axons independent of pulling forces on their substrates and without the need for adhesions in three-dimensional (3D) environments. In 3D, microtubules grow unrestrained from the actomyosin cytoskeleton into the growth cone leading edge to enable rapid axon extension. Axons extend and polarize even in adhesion-inert matrices. Thus, CNS neurons use amoeboid mechanisms to drive axon growth. Together with our understanding that adult CNS axons regenerate by reactivating developmental processes, our findings illuminate how cytoskeletal manipulations enable axon regeneration in the adult CNS.
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34
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Saito K, Mori M, Kambara N, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a GAP protein for Rac, regulates front-rear polarity and tumor cell migration through the ECM. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21508. [PMID: 33710706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002155r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Migrating tumor cells are characterized by a sustained front-rear asymmetry, with a front enriched in filamentous actin, which is induced by Rho small GTPase Rac. Regulation of Rac activity by its regulators should be required for effective motility. Here, we show that FilGAP, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rac, controls front-rear polarity and contributes to maintain effective tumor cell migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM). Overexpression of FilGAP in breast cancer cells induced polarized morphology and led to increased migration speed in collagen matrices, while depletion of FilGAP impaired the cell polarity and migration. FilGAP localizes to the cell front through its pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain in a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent manner and appears to inactivate Rac at its site. We found that the affinity of PH domain to PIP3 is critically involved in the maintenance of cell polarity. Moreover, small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), which binds to the FilGAP PH domain, also regulates FilGAP-mediated cell polarity and migration of breast cancer cells. We propose that FilGAP regulates front-rear polarity through its PIP3 and Arf6 binding in tumor cell migration through the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Saito
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mamiko Mori
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Norito Kambara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
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35
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Phenotypic Plasticity of Cancer Cells Based on Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Adhesive Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041821. [PMID: 33673054 PMCID: PMC7918886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that, instead of a binary switch, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer results in a flexible array of phenotypes, each one uniquely suited to a stage in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The phenotypic plasticity of epithelium-derived cancer cells gives them an edge in surviving and thriving in alien environments. This review describes in detail the actin cytoskeleton and E-cadherin-based adherens junction rearrangements that cancer cells need to implement in order to achieve the advantageous epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype and plasticity of migratory phenotypes that can arise from partial EMT.
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Patel S, McKeon D, Sao K, Yang C, Naranjo NM, Svitkina TM, Petrie RJ. Myosin II and Arp2/3 cross-talk governs intracellular hydraulic pressure and lamellipodia formation. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:579-589. [PMID: 33502904 PMCID: PMC8101460 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human fibroblasts can switch between lamellipodia-dependent and -independent migration mechanisms on two-dimensional surfaces and in three-dimensional (3D) matrices. RhoA GTPase activity governs the switch from low-pressure lamellipodia to high-pressure lobopodia in response to the physical structure of the 3D matrix. Inhibiting actomyosin contractility in these cells reduces intracellular pressure and reverts lobopodia to lamellipodial protrusions via an unknown mechanism. To test the hypothesis that high pressure physically prevents lamellipodia formation, we manipulated pressure by activating RhoA or changing the osmolarity of the extracellular environment and imaged cell protrusions. We find RhoA activity inhibits Rac1-mediated lamellipodia formation through two distinct pathways. First, RhoA boosts intracellular pressure by increasing actomyosin contractility and water influx but acts upstream of Rac1 to inhibit lamellipodia formation. Increasing osmotic pressure revealed a second RhoA pathway, which acts through nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) to disrupt lamellipodia downstream from Rac1 and elevate pressure. Interestingly, Arp2/3 inhibition triggered a NMII-dependent increase in intracellular pressure, along with lamellipodia disruption. Together, these results suggest that actomyosin contractility and water influx are coordinated to increase intracellular pressure, and RhoA signaling can inhibit lamellipodia formation via two distinct pathways in high-pressure cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Patel
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Donna McKeon
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kimheak Sao
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicole M Naranjo
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Vellino S, Oddou C, Rivier P, Boyault C, Hiriart-Bryant E, Kraut A, Martin R, Coute Y, Knölker HJ, Valverde MA, Albigès-Rizo C, Destaing O. Cross-talk between the calcium channel TRPV4 and reactive oxygen species interlocks adhesive and degradative functions of invadosomes. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211651. [PMID: 33399853 PMCID: PMC7788461 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadosomes support cell invasion by coupling both acto-adhesive and extracellular matrix degradative functions, which are apparently antagonistic. β1-integrin dynamics regulate this coupling, but the actual sensing mechanism and effectors involved have not yet been elucidated. Using genetic and reverse genetic approaches combined with biochemical and imaging techniques, we now show that the calcium channel TRPV4 colocalizes with β1-integrins at the invadosome periphery and regulates its activation and the coupling of acto-adhesive and degradative functions. TRPV4-mediated regulation of podosome function depends on its ability to sense reactive oxygen species (ROS) in invadosomes' microenvironment and involves activation of the ROS/calcium-sensitive kinase Ask1 and binding of the motor MYO1C. Furthermore, disease-associated TRPV4 gain-of-function mutations that modulate ECM degradation are also implicated in the ROS response, which provides new perspectives in our understanding of the pathophysiology of TRPV4 channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Vellino
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Christiane Oddou
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Paul Rivier
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Cyril Boyault
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Edwige Hiriart-Bryant
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Laboratoire EDyP, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Grenoble-Biologie à Grande Echelle, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - René Martin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yohann Coute
- Laboratoire EDyP, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Grenoble-Biologie à Grande Echelle, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Miguel A. Valverde
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Olivier Destaing
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France,Correspondence to Olivier Destaing:
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38
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Abreu TR, Biscaia M, Gonçalves N, Fonseca NA, Moreira JN. In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Models for the Evaluation of Anticancer Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1295:271-299. [PMID: 33543464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies about tumor biology have revealed the determinant role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression, resulting from the dynamic interactions between tumor cells and surrounding stromal cells within the extracellular matrix. This malignant microenvironment highly impacts the efficacy of anticancer nanoparticles by displaying drug resistance mechanisms, as well as intrinsic physical and biochemical barriers, which hamper their intratumoral accumulation and biological activity.Currently, two-dimensional cell cultures are used as the initial screening method in vitro for testing cytotoxic nanocarriers. However, this fails to mimic the tumor heterogeneity, as well as the three-dimensional tumor architecture and pathophysiological barriers, leading to an inaccurate pharmacological evaluation.Biomimetic 3D in vitro tumor models, on the other hand, are emerging as promising tools for more accurately assessing nanoparticle activity, owing to their ability to recapitulate certain features of the tumor microenvironment and thus provide mechanistic insights into nanocarrier intratumoral penetration and diffusion rates.Notwithstanding, in vivo validation of nanomedicines remains irreplaceable at the preclinical stage, and a vast variety of more advanced in vivo tumor models is currently available. Such complex animal models (e.g., genetically engineered mice and patient-derived xenografts) are capable of better predicting nanocarrier clinical efficiency, as they closely resemble the heterogeneity of the human tumor microenvironment.Herein, the development of physiologically more relevant in vitro and in vivo tumor models for the preclinical evaluation of anticancer nanoparticles will be discussed, as well as the current limitations and future challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Abreu
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal.,UC - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Biscaia
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nélio Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Fonseca
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal.,TREAT U, SA, Parque Industrial de Taveiro, Lote 44, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal. .,UC - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
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April-Monn SL, Wiedmer T, Skowronska M, Maire R, Schiavo Lena M, Trippel M, Di Domenico A, Muffatti F, Andreasi V, Capurso G, Doglioni C, Kim-Fuchs C, Gloor B, Zatelli MC, Partelli S, Falconi M, Perren A, Marinoni I. Three-Dimensional Primary Cell Culture: A Novel Preclinical Model for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:273-287. [PMID: 32241015 DOI: 10.1159/000507669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are still insufficiently understood. Efficacy of currently approved PanNET therapies is limited. While novel treatment options are being developed, patient stratification permitting more personalized treatment selection in PanNET is yet not feasible since no predictive markers are established. The lack of representative in vitro and in vivo models as well as the rarity and heterogeneity of PanNET are prevailing reasons for this. In this study, we describe an in vitro 3-dimensional (3-D) human primary PanNET culture system as a novel preclinical model for more personalized therapy selection. We present a screening platform allowing multicenter sample collection and drug screening in 3-D cultures of human primary PanNET cells. We demonstrate that primary cells isolated from PanNET patients and cultured in vitro form islet-like tumoroids. Islet-like tumoroids retain a neuroendocrine phenotype and are viable for at least 2 weeks in culture with a high success rate (86%). Viability can be monitored continuously allowing for a per-well normalization. In a proof-of-concept study, islet-like tumoroids were screened with three clinically approved therapies for PanNET: sunitinib, everolimus and temozolomide. Islet-like tumoroids display varying in vitro response profiles to distinct therapeutic regimes. Treatment response of islet-like tumoroids differs also between patient samples. We believe that the presented human PanNET screening platform is suitable for personalized drug testing in a larger patient cohort, and a broader application will help in identifying novel markers predicting treatment response and in refining PanNET therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Leonhard April-Monn
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tabea Wiedmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Renaud Maire
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mafalda Trippel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annunziata Di Domenico
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Muffatti
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Andreasi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capurso
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Unit of Pathology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita e Salute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Beat Gloor
- Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Partelli
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita e Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita e Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Marinoni
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
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40
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Tarnoki-Zach J, Stockhammer P, Isai DG, Mehes E, Szeder B, Kovacs I, Bugyik E, Paku S, Berger W, Thomas SM, Neufeld Z, Dome B, Hegedus B, Czirok A. Multicellular contractility contributes to the emergence of mesothelioma nodules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20114. [PMID: 33208866 PMCID: PMC7675981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has an overall poor prognosis and unsatisfactory treatment options. MPM nodules, protruding into the pleural cavity may have growth and spreading dynamics distinct that of other solid tumors. We demonstrate that multicellular aggregates can develop spontaneously in the majority of tested MPM cell lines when cultured at high cell density. Surprisingly, the nodule-like aggregates do not arise by excessive local cell proliferation, but by myosin II-driven cell contractility. Prominent actin cables, spanning several cells, are abundant both in cultured aggregates and in MPM surgical specimens. We propose a computational model for in vitro MPM nodule development. Such a self-tensioned Maxwell fluid exhibits a pattern-forming instability that was studied by analytical tools and computer simulations. Altogether, our findings may underline a rational for targeting the actomyosin system in MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Stockhammer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dona Greta Isai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Elod Mehes
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balint Szeder
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Kovacs
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Bugyik
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandor Paku
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Zoltan Neufeld
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Balazs Dome
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Hegedus
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Actin as a Target to Reduce Cell Invasiveness in Initial Stages of Metastasis. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 49:1342-1352. [PMID: 33145677 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the relative roles of the cell cytoskeleton, and specific importance of actin in facilitating mechanical aspects of metastatic invasion. A crucial step in metastasis, the typically lethal spread of cancer to distant body-sites, is cell invasion through dense tissues composed of extracellular matrix and various non-cancerous cells. Cell invasion requires cell-cytoskeleton remodeling to facilitate dynamic morphological changes and force application. We have previously shown invasive cell subsets in heterogeneous samples can rapidly (2 h) and forcefully indent non-degradable, impenetrable, synthetic gels to cell-scale depths. The amounts of indenting cells and their attained depths provide the mechanical invasiveness of the sample, which as we have shown agrees with the in vitro metastatic potential and the in vivo metastatic risk in humans. To identify invasive force-application mechanisms, we evaluated changes in mechanical invasiveness following chemical perturbations targeting the structure and function of cytoskeleton elements and associated proteins. We evaluate effects on short-term (2-hr) indentations of single, well-spaced or closely situated cells as compared to long-time-scale Boyden chamber migration. We show that actomyosin inhibition may be used to reduce (mechanical) invasiveness of single or collectively invading cells, while actin-disruption may induce escape-response of treated single-cells, which may promote metastasis.
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42
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Khan AH, Jiang X, Surwase S, Gultekinoglu M, Bayram C, Sathisaran I, Bhatia D, Ahmed J, Wu B, Ulubayram K, Edirisinghe M, Dalvi SV. Effectiveness of Oil-Layered Albumin Microbubbles Produced Using Microfluidic T-Junctions in Series for In Vitro Inhibition of Tumor Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11429-11441. [PMID: 32903006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the synthesis of oil-layered microbubbles using two microfluidic T-junctions in series and evaluation of the effectiveness of these microbubbles loaded with doxorubicin and curcumin for cell invasion arrest from 3D spheroid models of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), MDA-MB-231 cell line. Albumin microbubbles coated in the drug-laden oil layer were synthesized using a new method of connecting two microfluidic T-mixers in series. Double-layered microbubbles thus produced consist of an innermost core of nitrogen gas encapsulated in an aqueous layer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) which in turn, is coated with an outer layer of silicone oil. In order to identify the process conditions leading to the formation of double-layered microbubbles, a regime map was constructed based on capillary numbers for aqueous and oil phases. The microbubble formation regime transitions from double-layered to single layer microbubbles and then to formation of single oil droplets upon gradual change in flow rates of aqueous and oil phases. In vitro dissolution studies of double-layered microbubbles in an air-saturated environment indicated that a complete dissolution of such bubbles produces an oil droplet devoid of a gas bubble. Incorporation of doxorubicin and curcumin was found to produce a synergistic effect, which resulted in higher cell deaths in 2D monolayers of TNBC cells and inhibition of cell proliferation from 3D spheroid models of TNBC cells compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqib H Khan
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Swarupkumar Surwase
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Merve Gultekinoglu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bioengineering Division, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Cem Bayram
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Indumathi Sathisaran
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Jubair Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Bingjie Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bioengineering Division, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is needed to maintain the structural integrity of tissues and to mediate cellular dynamics. Its main components are fibrous proteins and glycosaminoglycans, which provide a suitable environment for biological functions. Thus, biomaterials with ECM-like properties have been extensively developed by modulating their key components and properties. In the field of cardiac tissue engineering, the use of biomaterials offers several advantages in that biophysical and biochemical cues can be designed to mediate cardiac cells, which is critical for maturation and regeneration. This suggests that understanding biomaterials and their use in vivo and in vitro is beneficial in terms of advancing cardiac engineering. The current review provides an overview of both natural and synthetic biomaterials and their use in cardiac engineering. In addition, we focus on different strategies to recapitulate the cardiac tissue in 2D and 3D approaches, which is an important step for the maturation of cardiac tissues toward regeneration of the adult heart.
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Bédard P, Gauvin S, Ferland K, Caneparo C, Pellerin È, Chabaud S, Bolduc S. Innovative Human Three-Dimensional Tissue-Engineered Models as an Alternative to Animal Testing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E115. [PMID: 32957528 PMCID: PMC7552665 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal testing has long been used in science to study complex biological phenomena that cannot be investigated using two-dimensional cell cultures in plastic dishes. With time, it appeared that more differences could exist between animal models and even more when translated to human patients. Innovative models became essential to develop more accurate knowledge. Tissue engineering provides some of those models, but it mostly relies on the use of prefabricated scaffolds on which cells are seeded. The self-assembly protocol has recently produced organ-specific human-derived three-dimensional models without the need for exogenous material. This strategy will help to achieve the 3R principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bédard
- Faculté de Médecine, Sciences Biomédicales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (P.B.); (S.G.); (K.F.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Gauvin
- Faculté de Médecine, Sciences Biomédicales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (P.B.); (S.G.); (K.F.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Karel Ferland
- Faculté de Médecine, Sciences Biomédicales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (P.B.); (S.G.); (K.F.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Christophe Caneparo
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Ève Pellerin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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45
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Lin B, Luo J, Lehmann R. Collectively stabilizing and orienting posterior migratory forces disperses cell clusters in vivo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4477. [PMID: 32901019 PMCID: PMC7479147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual cells detach from cohesive ensembles during development and can inappropriately separate in disease. Although much is known about how cells separate from epithelia, it remains unclear how cells disperse from clusters lacking apical-basal polarity, a hallmark of advanced epithelial cancers. Here, using live imaging of the developmental migration program of Drosophila primordial germ cells (PGCs), we show that cluster dispersal is accomplished by stabilizing and orienting migratory forces. PGCs utilize a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), Tre1, to guide front-back migratory polarity radially from the cluster toward the endoderm. Posteriorly positioned myosin-dependent contractile forces pull on cell-cell contacts until cells release. Tre1 mutant cells migrate randomly with transient enrichment of the force machinery but fail to separate, indicating a temporal contractile force threshold for detachment. E-cadherin is retained on the cell surface during cell separation and augmenting cell-cell adhesion does not impede detachment. Notably, coordinated migration improves cluster dispersal efficiency by stabilizing cell-cell interfaces and facilitating symmetric pulling. We demonstrate that guidance of inherent migratory forces is sufficient to disperse cell clusters under physiological settings and present a paradigm for how such events could occur across development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lin
- HHMI and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - J Luo
- HHMI and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Lehmann
- HHMI and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Exploiting the potential of commercial digital holographic microscopy by combining it with 3D matrix cell culture assays. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14680. [PMID: 32895419 PMCID: PMC7477226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture assays are becoming increasingly popular due to their higher resemblance to tissue environment. These provide an increased complexity compared to the growth on 2D surface and therefore allow studies of advanced cellular properties such as invasion. We report here on the use of 3D Matrigel cell preparations combined with a particular gentle and informative type of live-cell microscopy: quantitative digital holographic microscopy (DHM), here performed by a commercial software-integrated system, currently mostly used for 2D cell culture preparations. By demonstrating this compatibility, we highlight the possible time-efficient quantitative analysis obtained by using a commercial software-integrated DHM system, also for cells in a more advanced 3D culture environment. Further, we demonstrate two very different examples making use of this advantage by performing quantitative DHM analysis of: (1) wound closure cell monolayer Matrigel invasion assay and (2) Matrigel-trapped single and clumps of suspension cells. For both these, we benefited from the autofocus functionality of digital phase holographic imaging to obtain 3D information for cells migrating in a 3D environment. For the latter, we demonstrate that it is possible to quantitatively measure tumourigenic properties like growth of cell clump (or spheroid) over time, as well as single-cell invasion out of cell clump and into the surrounding extracellular matrix. Overall, our findings highlight several possibilities for 3D digital holographic microscopy applications combined with 3D cell preparations, therein studies of drug response or genetic alterations on invasion capacity as well as on tumour growth and metastasis.
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Le Goff T, Liebchen B, Marenduzzo D. Actomyosin Contraction Induces In-Bulk Motility of Cells and Droplets. Biophys J 2020; 119:1025-1032. [PMID: 32795395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell crawling on two-dimensional surfaces is a relatively well-understood phenomenon that is based on actin polymerization at a cell's front edge and anchoring on a substrate, allowing the cell to pull itself forward. However, some cells, such as cancer cells invading a three-dimensional matrigel, can also swim in the bulk, where surface adhesion is impossible. Although there is strong evidence that the self-organized engine that drives cells forward in the bulk involves myosin, the specific propulsion mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we propose a minimal model for in-bulk self-motility of a droplet containing an isotropic and compressible contractile gel, representing a cell extract containing a disordered actomyosin network. In our model, contraction mediates a feedback loop between myosin-induced flow and advection-induced myosin accumulation, which leads to clustering and locally enhanced flow. The symmetry of such flow is then spontaneously broken through actomyosin-membrane interactions, leading to self-organized droplet motility relative to the underlying solvent. Depending on the balance between contraction, diffusion, detachment rate of myosin, and effective surface tension, this motion can be either straight or circular. Our simulations and analytical results shed new light on in-bulk myosin-driven cell motility in living cells and provide a framework to design a novel type of synthetic active matter droplet potentially resembling the motility mechanism of biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Davide Marenduzzo
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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48
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Maxian O, Mogilner A, Strychalski W. Computational estimates of mechanical constraints on cell migration through the extracellular matrix. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008160. [PMID: 32853248 PMCID: PMC7480866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration through a three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) underlies important physiological phenomena and is based on a variety of mechanical strategies depending on the cell type and the properties of the ECM. By using computer simulations of the cell’s mid-plane, we investigate two such migration mechanisms—‘push-pull’ (forming a finger-like protrusion, adhering to an ECM node, and pulling the cell body forward) and ‘rear-squeezing’ (pushing the cell body through the ECM by contracting the cell cortex and ECM at the cell rear). We present a computational model that accounts for both elastic deformation and forces of the ECM, an active cell cortex and nucleus, and for hydrodynamic forces and flow of the extracellular fluid, cytoplasm, and nucleoplasm. We find that relations between three mechanical parameters—the cortex’s contractile force, nuclear elasticity, and ECM rigidity—determine the effectiveness of cell migration through the dense ECM. The cell can migrate persistently even if its cortical contraction cannot deform a near-rigid ECM, but then the contraction of the cortex has to be able to sufficiently deform the nucleus. The cell can also migrate even if it fails to deform a stiff nucleus, but then it has to be able to sufficiently deform the ECM. Simulation results show that nuclear stiffness limits the cell migration more than the ECM rigidity. Simulations show the rear-squeezing mechanism of motility results in more robust migration with larger cell displacements than those with the push-pull mechanism over a range of parameter values. Additionally, results show that the rear-squeezing mechanism is aided by hydrodynamics through a pressure gradient. Computational simulations of two different mechanisms of 3D cell migration in an extracellular matrix are presented. One mechanism represents a mesenchymal mode, characterized by finger-like actin protrusions, while the second mode is more amoeboid in that rear contraction of the cortex propels the cell forward. In both mechanisms, the cell generates a thin actin protrusion on the cortex that attaches to an ECM node. The cell is then either pulled (mesenchymal) or pushed (amoeboid) forward. Results show both mechanisms result in successful migration over a range of simulated parameter values as long as the contractile tension of the cortex exceeds either the nuclear stiffness or ECM stiffness, but not necessarily both. However, the distance traveled by the amoeboid migration mode is more robust to changes in parameter values, and is larger than in simulations of the mesenchymal mode. Additionally, cells experience a favorable fluid pressure gradient when migrating in the amoeboid mode, and an adverse fluid pressure gradient in the mesenchymal mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Maxian
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wanda Strychalski
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Hayase G, Yoshino D. CNC-Milled Superhydrophobic Macroporous Monoliths for 3D Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4747-4750. [PMID: 35021721 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-strength macroporous monoliths can be obtained by the simple mixing of boehmite nanofiber aqueous acetate dispersions with methyltrimethoxysilane. On the boehmite nanofiber-polymethylsilsesquioxane monoliths, we can fabricate structures smaller than a millimeter in size by computer numerical control (CNC) milling, resulting in a machined surface that is superhydrophobic and biocompatible. Using this strategy, we fabricated a superhydrophobic multiwell plate that holds water droplets to produce 3D cell culture environments for various cell types. We expect these superhydrophobic monoliths to have future applications in 3D tissue construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Hayase
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshino
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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50
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Aoun L, Farutin A, Garcia-Seyda N, Nègre P, Rizvi MS, Tlili S, Song S, Luo X, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Galland R, Sibarita JB, Michelot A, Hivroz C, Rafai S, Valignat MP, Misbah C, Theodoly O. Amoeboid Swimming Is Propelled by Molecular Paddling in Lymphocytes. Biophys J 2020; 119:1157-1177. [PMID: 32882187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells developed two main migration modes. The slow mesenchymatous mode, like crawling of fibroblasts, relies on maturation of adhesion complexes and actin fiber traction, whereas the fast amoeboid mode, observed exclusively for leukocytes and cancer cells, is characterized by weak adhesion, highly dynamic cell shapes, and ubiquitous motility on two-dimensional and in three-dimensional solid matrix. In both cases, interactions with the substrate by adhesion or friction are widely accepted as a prerequisite for mammalian cell motility, which precludes swimming. We show here experimental and computational evidence that leukocytes do swim, and that efficient propulsion is not fueled by waves of cell deformation but by a rearward and inhomogeneous treadmilling of the cell external membrane. Our model consists of a molecular paddling by transmembrane proteins linked to and advected by the actin cortex, whereas freely diffusing transmembrane proteins hinder swimming. Furthermore, continuous paddling is enabled by a combination of external treadmilling and selective recycling by internal vesicular transport of cortex-bound transmembrane proteins. This mechanism explains observations that swimming is five times slower than the retrograde flow of cortex and also that lymphocytes are motile in nonadherent confined environments. Resultantly, the ubiquitous ability of mammalian amoeboid cells to migrate in two dimensions or three dimensions and with or without adhesion can be explained for lymphocytes by a single machinery of heterogeneous membrane treadmilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurene Aoun
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Paulin Nègre
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sham Tlili
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Solene Song
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Xuan Luo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Galland
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alphée Michelot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Paris, France
| | - Salima Rafai
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Chaouqi Misbah
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France.
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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