1
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Šneiderienė G, Czekalska MA, Xu CK, Jayaram AK, Krainer G, Arter WE, Peter QAE, Castellana-Cruz M, Saar KL, Levin A, Mueller T, Fiedler S, Devenish SRA, Fiegler H, Kumita JR, Knowles TPJ. α-Synuclein Oligomers Displace Monomeric α-Synuclein from Lipid Membranes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17469-17482. [PMID: 38916260 PMCID: PMC11238581 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an increasingly prevalent and currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder linked to the accumulation of α-synuclein (αS) protein aggregates in the nervous system. While αS binding to membranes in its monomeric state is correlated to its physiological role, αS oligomerization and subsequent aberrant interactions with lipid bilayers have emerged as key steps in PD-associated neurotoxicity. However, little is known of the mechanisms that govern the interactions of oligomeric αS (OαS) with lipid membranes and the factors that modulate such interactions. This is in large part due to experimental challenges underlying studies of OαS-membrane interactions due to their dynamic and transient nature. Here, we address this challenge by using a suite of microfluidics-based assays that enable in-solution quantification of OαS-membrane interactions. We find that OαS bind more strongly to highly curved, rather than flat, lipid membranes. By comparing the membrane-binding properties of OαS and monomeric αS (MαS), we further demonstrate that OαS bind to membranes with up to 150-fold higher affinity than their monomeric counterparts. Moreover, OαS compete with and displace bound MαS from the membrane surface, suggesting that disruption to the functional binding of MαS to membranes may provide an additional toxicity mechanism in PD. These findings present a binding mechanism of oligomers to model membranes, which can potentially be targeted to inhibit the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Šneiderienė
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Magdalena A. Czekalska
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Fluidic
Analytics Limited, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
- Nencki
Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish
Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Catherine K. Xu
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Akhila K. Jayaram
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Krainer
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences (IMB), University
of Graz, Humboldtstraße
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - William E. Arter
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Quentin A. E. Peter
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Marta Castellana-Cruz
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Kadi Liis Saar
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Aviad Levin
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Fluidic
Analytics Limited, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Fiedler
- Fluidic
Analytics Limited, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Sean R. A. Devenish
- Fluidic
Analytics Limited, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Heike Fiegler
- Fluidic
Analytics Limited, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Janet R. Kumita
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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2
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Heesink G, van den Oetelaar MCM, Semerdzhiev SA, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L, Blum C, Claessens MMAE. 14-3-3τ as a Modulator of Early α-Synuclein Multimerization and Amyloid Formation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1926-1936. [PMID: 38635928 PMCID: PMC11066837 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (αS) plays a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology. While the onset of PD is age-related, the cellular quality control system appears to regulate αS aggregation throughout most human life. Intriguingly, the protein 14-3-3τ has been demonstrated to delay αS aggregation and the onset of PD in various models. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this delay remain elusive. Our study confirms the delay in αS aggregation by 14-3-3τ, unveiling a concentration-dependent relation. Utilizing microscale thermophoresis (MST) and single-molecule burst analysis, we quantified the early αS multimers and concluded that these multimers exhibit properties that classify them as nanoscale condensates that form in a cooperative process, preceding the critical nucleus for fibril formation. Significantly, the αS multimer formation mechanism changes dramatically in the presence of scaffold protein 14-3-3τ. Our data modeling suggests that 14-3-3τ modulates the multimerization process, leading to the creation of mixed multimers or co-condensates, comprising both αS and 14-3-3τ. These mixed multimers form in a noncooperative process. They are smaller, more numerous, and distinctively not on the pathway to amyloid formation. Importantly, 14-3-3τ thus acts in the very early stage of αS multimerization, ensuring that αS does not aggregate but remains soluble and functional. This offers long-sought novel entries for the pharmacological modulation of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobert Heesink
- Nanobiophysics,
Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology
and Technical Medical Centre, University
of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime C. M. van den Oetelaar
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Slav A. Semerdzhiev
- Nanobiophysics,
Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology
and Technical Medical Centre, University
of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Blum
- Nanobiophysics,
Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology
and Technical Medical Centre, University
of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille M. A. E. Claessens
- Nanobiophysics,
Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology
and Technical Medical Centre, University
of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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3
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Otzen DE. Antibodies and α-synuclein: What to target against Parkinson's Disease? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:140943. [PMID: 37783321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is strongly linked to the aggregation of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn), an intrinsically disordered protein. However, strategies to combat PD by targeting the aggregation of α-syn are challenged by the multiple types of aggregates formed both in vivo and in vitro, the potential influence of chemical modifications and the as yet unresolved question of which aggregate types (oligomeric or fibrillar) are most cytotoxic. Here I briefly review the social history of α-syn, the many efforts to raise antibodies against α-syn and the disappointing results of clinical trials based on such antibodies. Ultimately a thorough understanding of the molecular and mechanistic properties of mAbs towards aggregated species of α-syn is an essential prerequisite for any clinical trial, but this is missing in most cases. I highlight new microfluidic techniques which may address this need and call for a more concerted effort to standardize antibody studies as the basis to allow us to link molecular insights to clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK - 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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4
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Saramowicz K, Siwecka N, Galita G, Kucharska-Lusina A, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Alpha-Synuclein Contribution to Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:360. [PMID: 38203531 PMCID: PMC10778752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the widespread accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein aggregates. αSyn aggregation disrupts critical cellular processes, including synaptic function, mitochondrial integrity, and proteostasis, which culminate in neuronal cell death. Importantly, αSyn pathology extends beyond neurons-it also encompasses spreading throughout the neuronal environment and internalization by microglia and astrocytes. Once internalized, glia can act as neuroprotective scavengers, which limit the spread of αSyn. However, they can also become reactive, thereby contributing to neuroinflammation and the progression of PD. Recent advances in αSyn research have enabled the molecular diagnosis of PD and accelerated the development of targeted therapies. Nevertheless, despite more than two decades of research, the cellular function, aggregation mechanisms, and induction of cellular damage by αSyn remain incompletely understood. Unraveling the interplay between αSyn, neurons, and glia may provide insights into disease initiation and progression, which may bring us closer to exploring new effective therapeutic strategies. Herein, we provide an overview of recent studies emphasizing the multifaceted nature of αSyn and its impact on both neuron and glial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.); (N.S.); (G.G.); (A.K.-L.); (W.R.-K.)
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5
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Hamley IW, Castelletto V. Small-angle scattering techniques for peptide and peptide hybrid nanostructures and peptide-based biomaterials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102959. [PMID: 37473606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of small-angle scattering (SAS) in the study of the self-assembly of peptides and peptide conjugates (lipopeptides, polymer-peptide conjugates and others) is reviewed, highlighting selected research that illustrates different methods and analysis techniques. Both small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) are considered along with examples that exploit their unique capabilities. For SAXS, this includes the ability to perform rapid measurements enabling high throughput or fast kinetic studies and measurements under dilute conditions. For SANS, contrast variation using H2O/D2O mixtures enables the study of peptides interacting with lipids and TR-SANS (time-resolved SANS) studies of exchange kinetics and/or peptide-induced structural changes. Examples are provided of studies measuring form factors of different self-assembled structures (micelles, fibrils, nanotapes, nanotubes etc) as well as structure factors from ordered phases (lyotropic mesophases), peptide gels and hybrid materials such as membranes formed by mixing peptides with polysaccharides or peptide/liposome mixtures. SAXS/WAXS (WAXS: wide-angle x-ray scattering) on peptides and peptide hybrids is also discussed, and the review concludes with a perspective on potential future directions for research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - Valeria Castelletto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
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6
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Siwecka N, Saramowicz K, Galita G, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Inhibition of Protein Aggregation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Targeted Therapy for α-Synucleinopathy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2051. [PMID: 37631265 PMCID: PMC10459316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein abundant in the central nervous system. Physiologically, the protein regulates vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic terminals. Pathologies related to misfolding and aggregation of α-syn are referred to as α-synucleinopathies, and they constitute a frequent cause of neurodegeneration. The most common α-synucleinopathy, Parkinson's disease (PD), is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain. This results in protein overload, activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and, ultimately, neural cell apoptosis and neurodegeneration. To date, the available treatment options for PD are only symptomatic and rely on dopamine replacement therapy or palliative surgery. As the prevalence of PD has skyrocketed in recent years, there is a pending issue for development of new disease-modifying strategies. These include anti-aggregative agents that target α-syn directly (gene therapy, small molecules and immunization), indirectly (modulators of ER stress, oxidative stress and clearance pathways) or combine both actions (natural compounds). Herein, we provide an overview on the characteristic features of the structure and pathogenic mechanisms of α-syn that could be targeted with novel molecular-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (N.S.); (K.S.); (G.G.); (W.R.-K.)
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7
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Awasthi S, Ying C, Li J, Mayer M. Simultaneous Determination of the Size and Shape of Single α-Synuclein Oligomers in Solution. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37327131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soluble oligomers of amyloid-forming proteins are implicated as toxic species in the context of several neurodegenerative diseases. Since the size and shape of these oligomers influence their toxicity, their biophysical characterization is essential for a better understanding of the structure-toxicity relationship. Amyloid oligomers are difficult to characterize by conventional approaches due to their heterogeneity in size and shape, their dynamic aggregation process, and their low abundance. This work demonstrates that resistive pulse measurements using polymer-coated solid-state nanopores enable single-particle-level characterization of the size and shape of individual αSyn oligomers in solution within minutes. A comparison of the resulting size distribution with single-particle analysis by transmission electron microscopy and mass photometry reveals good agreement with superior resolution by nanopore-based characterization. Moreover, nanopore-based analysis has the capability to combine rapid size analysis with an approximation of the oligomer shape. Applying this shape approximation to putatively toxic oligomeric species that range in size from 18 ± 7 aggregated monomers (10S) to 29 ± 10 aggregated monomers (15S) and in concentration from picomolar to nanomolar revealed oligomer shapes that agree well with previous estimates by cryo-EM with the added advantage that nanopore-based analysis occurs rapidly, in solution, and has the potential to become a widely accessible technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Awasthi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jiali Li
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Somavarapu AK, Kleijwegt G, Nagaraj M, Alam P, Nielsen J, Otzen DE. Drug repurposing screens identify compounds that inhibit α-synuclein oligomers' membrane disruption and block antibody interactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3030-3047. [PMID: 36937574 PMCID: PMC10016340 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small soluble oligomers of the protein α-synuclein (αSO) have been linked to disruptions in neuronal homeostasis, contributing to the development of Parkinson's Disease (PD). While this makes αSO an obvious drug target, the development of effective therapeutics against αSO is challenged by its low abundance and structural and morphological complexity. Here, we employ two different approaches to neutralize toxic interactions made by αSOs with different cellular components. First, we use available data to identify four neuronal proteins as likely candidates for αSO interactions, namely Cfl1, Uchl1, Sirt2 and SerRS. However, despite promising results when immobilized, all 4 proteins only bind weakly to αSO in solution in microfluidic assays, making them inappropriate for screening. In contrast, the formation of stable contacts formed between αSO and vesicles consisting of anionic lipids not only mimics a likely biological role of αSO but also provided a platform to screen two small molecule libraries for disruptors of these contacts. Of the 7 best leads obtained in this way, 2 significantly impaired αSO contacts with other proteins in a sandwich ELISA assay using αSO-binding monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies. In addition, 5 of these leads suppressed α-synuclein amyloid formation. Thus, a repurposing screening that directly targets a key culprit in PD pathogenesis shows therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Somavarapu
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Giulia Kleijwegt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Madhu Nagaraj
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Janni Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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9
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Uceda AB, Frau J, Vilanova B, Adrover M. On the effect of methionine oxidation on the interplay between α-synuclein and synaptic-like vesicles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:92-104. [PMID: 36584779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha-synuclein (αS) is an intrinsically disordered protein highly expressed in dopaminergic neurons. Its amyloid aggregates are the major component of Lewy bodies, which are considered a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). αS has four different Met, which are particularly sensitive to oxidation, as most of them are found as Met sulfoxide (MetO) in the αS deposits. Consequently, researchers have invested mounting efforts trying to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the links between oxidative stress, αS aggregation and PD. However, it has not been described yet the effect of Met oxidation on the physiological function of αS. Trying to shed light on this aspect, we have here studied a synthetic αS that displayed all its Met replaced by MetO moieties (αS-MetO). Our study has allowed to prove that MetO diminishes the affinity of αS towards anionic micelles (SDS), although the micelle-bound fraction of αS-MetO still adopts an α-helical folding resembling that of the lipid-bound αS. MetO also diminishes the affinity of αS towards synaptic-like vesicles, and its hindering effect is much more pronounced than that displayed on the αS-micelle affinity. Additionally, we have also demonstrated that MetO impairs the physiological function of αS as a catalyst of the clustering and the fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs). Our findings provide a new understanding on how Met oxidation affects one of the most relevant biological functions attributed to αS that is to bind and cluster SVs along the neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Uceda
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut (IdISBa), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Juan Frau
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut (IdISBa), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Bartolomé Vilanova
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut (IdISBa), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Miquel Adrover
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut (IdISBa), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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10
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Kim JR. Oligomerization by co-assembly of β-amyloid and α-synuclein. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1153839. [PMID: 37021111 PMCID: PMC10067735 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1153839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant self-assembly of an intrinsically disordered protein is a pathological hallmark of protein misfolding diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD, respectively). In AD, the 40-42 amino acid-long extracellular peptide, β-amyloid (Aβ), self-assembles into oligomers, which eventually aggregate into fibrils. A similar self-association of the 140 amino acid-long intracellular protein, α-synuclein (αS), is responsible for the onset of PD pathology. While Aβ and αS are primarily extracellular and intracellular polypeptides, respectively, there is evidence of their colocalization and pathological overlaps of AD and PD. This evidence has raised the likelihood of synergistic, toxic protein-protein interactions between Aβ and αS. This mini review summarizes the findings of studies on Aβ-αS interactions related to enhanced oligomerization via co-assembly, aiming to provide a better understanding of the complex biology behind AD and PD and common pathological mechanisms among the major neurodegenerative diseases.
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11
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Wu M, Wille H, Stepanova M. Essential collective dynamics analysis reveals nonlocal interactions of alpha-synuclein 38-95 monomers with fibrillar seeds. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:235101. [PMID: 36550041 DOI: 10.1063/5.0116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a cytoplasmic protein commonly found in the nervous system. In solution, α-syn adopts disordered unfolded conformations, although it can also form α-helices upon binding to lipid membranes. Under conditions that are not yet fully understood, α-syn can misfold and aggregate, giving rise to β-sheet rich amyloid fibrils, which then tend to accumulate in degenerating neurons. This leads to Parkinson's disease (PD) and several other conditions collectively termed synucleinopathies. Development of disease-modifying treatments requires detailed understanding of structure and dynamics of α-syn's misfolded aggregates. We have employed 1000 ns long, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction of monomeric α-syn38-95 fragments, which contain the most important amyloidogenic regions, with preformed fibrillar seeds composed of staggered, β-sheet rich α-syn chains of matching length. The simulations indicate that α-syn38-95 monomers tend to form aggregates with the fibrillar seeds, although we have not observed alignment of the monomeric chains with β-strands of the fibril. To analyze the stability of these aggregates, we have employed the essential collective dynamics method, which allows making accurate assessment of dynamical coupling across individual atoms in macromolecules and supramolecular complexes. The analysis revealed extensive dynamical coupling across initially monomeric α-syn chains and the fibrillar seeds including distal regions thereof that did not contact the monomer directly. We have discussed structural origins of these long-range interactions, their impacts for the stability of α-syn aggregates, and potential implications for the development of anti-PD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Maria Stepanova
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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12
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Sevenich M, Honold D, Willuweit A, Kutzsche J, Mohrlüder J, Willbold D. Development of an α-synuclein fibril and oligomer specific tracer for diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. Neurochem Int 2022; 161:105422. [PMID: 36252819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of specific disease-associated PET tracers is one of the major challenges, the realization of which in neurodegenerative diseases would enable not only the efficiency of diagnosis but also support the development of disease-modifying therapeutics. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and is characterized by neuronal fibrillary inclusions composed of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). However, these deposits are not only found in PD, but also in other related diseases such as multiple system atrophy (MSA) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), which are grouped under the term synucleinopathies. In this study, we used NGS-guided phage display selection to identify short peptides that bind aggregated α-syn. By surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based affinity screening, we identified the peptide SVLfib-5 that recognizes aggregated α-syn with high complex stability and sequence specificity. Further analysis SPR showed that SVLfib-5 is not only specific for aggregated α-syn, but in particular recognizes fibrillary and oligomeric structures. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy of human brain tissue sections from PD, MSA, and DLB patients with SVLfib-5 allowed specific recognition of α-syn and a clear discrimination between diseased and non-diseased samples. These findings provide the basis for the further development of an α-syn PET tracer for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression and therapy progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sevenich
- Priavoid GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszsentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszsentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Priavoid GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszsentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jeannine Mohrlüder
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszsentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszsentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; JuStruct, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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13
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Langkilde AE, Vestergaard B. Protein fibrillation from another small angle-SAXS data analysis of developing systems. Methods Enzymol 2022; 678:377-409. [PMID: 36641215 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During the fibrillation process amyloid proteins undergo structural changes at very different length and time scales. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a method that is uniquely suitable for the structural analysis of this process. Careful measures must, however, be taken both in the sample preparation, data collection and data analysis procedures to ensure proper data quality, coverage of the process and reliable interpretation. With this chapter, we provide many details about the data analysis of such developing systems. The recommendations are based on our own experience with analysis of data from several amyloid and amyloid-like proteins, with data decomposition being a central point in the procedure. We focus on two alternative approaches, one being a laborious, hands-on, iterative approach, the other being more automated, applying a chemometrics based software, developed for the purpose. Both methods can equally well be applied to other developing mixtures, but specific recommendations for amyloid samples are emphasized in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Eva Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Bente Vestergaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Naeimi WR, Serio TR. Beyond Amyloid Fibers: Accumulation, Biological Relevance, and Regulation of Higher-Order Prion Architectures. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081635. [PMID: 35893700 PMCID: PMC9332770 DOI: 10.3390/v14081635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of amyloid fibers is associated with a diverse range of disease and phenotypic states. These amyloid fibers often assemble into multi-protofibril, high-order architectures in vivo and in vitro. Prion propagation in yeast, an amyloid-based process, represents an attractive model to explore the link between these aggregation states and the biological consequences of amyloid dynamics. Here, we integrate the current state of knowledge, highlight opportunities for further insight, and draw parallels to more complex systems in vitro. Evidence suggests that high-order fibril architectures are present ex vivo from disease relevant environments and under permissive conditions in vivo in yeast, including but not limited to those leading to prion formation or instability. The biological significance of these latter amyloid architectures or how they may be regulated is, however, complicated by inconsistent experimental conditions and analytical methods, although the Hsp70 chaperone Ssa1/2 is likely involved. Transition between assembly states could form a mechanistic basis to explain some confounding observations surrounding prion regulation but is limited by a lack of unified methodology to biophysically compare these assembly states. Future exciting experimental entryways may offer opportunities for further insight.
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15
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Dos Santos AB, Skaanning LK, Thaneshwaran S, Mikkelsen E, Romero-Leguizamón CR, Skamris T, Kristensen MP, Langkilde AE, Kohlmeier KA. Sleep-controlling neurons are sensitive and vulnerable to multiple forms of α-synuclein: implications for the early appearance of sleeping disorders in α-synucleinopathies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:450. [PMID: 35882665 PMCID: PMC11072003 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, Multiple System Atrophy, and Lewy Body Dementia are incurable diseases called α-synucleinopathies as they are mechanistically linked to the protein, α-synuclein (α-syn). α-syn exists in different structural forms which have been linked to clinical disease distinctions. However, sleeping disorders (SDs) are common in the prodromal phase of all three α-synucleinopathies, which suggests that sleep-controlling neurons are affected by multiple forms of α-syn. To determine whether a structure-independent neuronal impact of α-syn exists, we compared and contrasted the cellular effect of three different α-syn forms on neurotransmitter-defined cells of two sleep-controlling nuclei located in the brainstem: the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. We utilized size exclusion chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy to precisely characterize timepoints in the α-syn aggregation process with three different dominating forms of this protein (monomeric, oligomeric and fibril) and we conducted an in-depth investigation of the underlying neuronal mechanism behind cellular effects of the different forms of the protein using electrophysiology, multiple-cell calcium imaging, single-cell calcium imaging and live-location tracking with fluorescently-tagged α-syn. Interestingly, α-syn altered membrane currents, enhanced firing, increased intracellular calcium and facilitated cell death in a structure-independent manner in sleep-controlling nuclei, and postsynaptic actions involved a G-protein-mediated mechanism. These data are novel as the sleep-controlling nuclei are the first brain regions reported to be affected by α-syn in this structure-independent manner. These regions may represent highly important targets for future neuroprotective therapy to modify or delay disease progression in α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altair B Dos Santos
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line K Skaanning
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siganya Thaneshwaran
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eyd Mikkelsen
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cesar R Romero-Leguizamón
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Skamris
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Annette E Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Guzzo A, Delarue P, Rojas A, Nicolaï A, Maisuradze GG, Senet P. Wild-Type α-Synuclein and Variants Occur in Different Disordered Dimers and Pre-Fibrillar Conformations in Early Stage of Aggregation. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:910104. [PMID: 35836937 PMCID: PMC9273784 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.910104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a 140 amino-acid intrinsically disordered protein mainly found in the brain. Toxic α-synuclein aggregates are the molecular hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease. In vitro studies showed that α-synuclein aggregates in oligomeric structures of several 10th of monomers and into cylindrical structures (fibrils), comprising hundred to thousands of proteins, with polymorphic cross-β-sheet conformations. Oligomeric species, formed at the early stage of aggregation remain, however, poorly understood and are hypothezised to be the most toxic aggregates. Here, we studied the formation of wild-type (WT) and mutant (A30P, A53T, and E46K) dimers of α-synuclein using coarse-grained molecular dynamics. We identified two principal segments of the sequence with a higher propensity to aggregate in the early stage of dimerization: residues 36–55 and residues 66–95. The transient α-helices (residues 53–65 and 73–82) of α-synuclein monomers are destabilized by A53T and E46K mutations, which favors the formation of fibril native contacts in the N-terminal region, whereas the helix 53–65 prevents the propagation of fibril native contacts along the sequence for the WT in the early stages of dimerization. The present results indicate that dimers do not adopt the Greek key motif of the monomer fold in fibrils but form a majority of disordered aggregates and a minority (9–15%) of pre-fibrillar dimers both with intra-molecular and intermolecular β-sheets. The percentage of residues in parallel β-sheets is by increasing order monomer < disordered dimers < pre-fibrillar dimers. Native fibril contacts between the two monomers are present in the NAC domain for WT, A30P, and A53T and in the N-domain for A53T and E46K. Structural properties of pre-fibrillar dimers agree with rupture-force atomic force microscopy and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer available data. This suggests that the pre-fibrillar dimers might correspond to the smallest type B toxic oligomers. The probability density of the dimer gyration radius is multi-peaks with an average radius that is 10 Å larger than the one of the monomers for all proteins. The present results indicate that even the elementary α-synuclein aggregation step, the dimerization, is a complicated phenomenon that does not only involve the NAC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Guzzo
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Patrice Delarue
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ana Rojas
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Adrien Nicolaï
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gia G. Maisuradze
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Patrick Senet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Patrick Senet,
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17
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Galamba N. Aggregation of a Parkinson's Disease-Related Peptide: When Does Urea Weaken Hydrophobic Interactions? ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1769-1781. [PMID: 35616516 PMCID: PMC9775218 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the exact cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease is not completely understood, compelling evidence implicates the aggregation of specific proteins and peptides. Co-solvents can provide molecular insight into protein aggregation mechanisms and the chemical nature of potential aggregation inhibitors. Here, we study, through molecular simulations, the hydration and binding free energies of an amphiphilic peptide from the nonamyloid-β component (NAC), a key aggregation-prone domain of α-synuclein, in water and an 8 M aqueous urea solution. Isoleucine, glycine, and serine peptides of the same length are also studied to unravel the role of urea in the hydration and aggregation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains. A strong impact of urea in hindering the aggregation of the NAC subdomain is observed. A slightly weaker aggregation inhibition is observed for the Gly and Ser peptides, whereas a much lower aggregation inhibitory activity is found for the Ile peptide, seemingly contrasting with urea's protein unfolding mechanism. This behavior is shown to derive from a lower profusion of urea next to the hydrophobic side chains and the backbone of the Ile's peptide in the dimeric form. As a consequence, β-sheets, formed upon aggregation, remain nearly intact. Hydrophilic neighbor groups in the amphiphilic NAC subdomain, however, are shown to anchor enough urea to weaken hydrophobic interactions and disrupt β-sheet structures. Our results indicate that urea's activity is potentiated in amphiphilic domains and that potential drugs could disrupt hydrophobic β-sheet-rich regions while not binding primarily to hydrophobic amino acids.
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18
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Roy M, Nath AK, Pal I, Dey SG. Second Sphere Interactions in Amyloidogenic Diseases. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12132-12206. [PMID: 35471949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloids are protein aggregates bearing a highly ordered cross β structural motif, which may be functional but are mostly pathogenic. Their formation, deposition in tissues and consequent organ dysfunction is the central event in amyloidogenic diseases. Such protein aggregation may be brought about by conformational changes, and much attention has been directed toward factors like metal binding, post-translational modifications, mutations of protein etc., which eventually affect the reactivity and cytotoxicity of the associated proteins. Over the past decade, a global effort from different groups working on these misfolded/unfolded proteins/peptides has revealed that the amino acid residues in the second coordination sphere of the active sites of amyloidogenic proteins/peptides cause changes in H-bonding pattern or protein-protein interactions, which dramatically alter the structure and reactivity of these proteins/peptides. These second sphere effects not only determine the binding of transition metals and cofactors, which define the pathology of some of these diseases, but also change the mechanism of redox reactions catalyzed by these proteins/peptides and form the basis of oxidative damage associated with these amyloidogenic diseases. The present review seeks to discuss such second sphere modifications and their ramifications in the etiopathology of some representative amyloidogenic diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Kumar Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ishita Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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19
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Effects of oligomer toxicity, fibril toxicity and fibril spreading in synucleinopathies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:174. [PMID: 35244787 PMCID: PMC8897347 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is a general hallmark of protein deposition diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease, in which different types of aggregated species (oligomers, protofibrils and fibrils) are generated by the cells. Despite widespread interest, the relationship between oligomers and fibrils in the aggregation process and spreading remains elusive. A large variety of experimental evidences supported the idea that soluble oligomeric species of different proteins might be more toxic than the larger fibrillar forms. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between the presence of the typical pathological inclusions and disease sustained this debate. However, recent data show that the β-sheet core of the α-Synuclein (αSyn) fibrils is unable to establish persistent interactions with the lipid bilayers, but they can release oligomeric species responsible for an immediate dysfunction of the recipient neurons. Reversibly, such oligomeric species could also contribute to pathogenesis via neuron-to-neuron spreading by their direct cell-to-cell transfer or by generating new fibrils, following their neuronal uptake. In this Review, we discuss the various mechanisms of cellular dysfunction caused by αSyn, including oligomer toxicity, fibril toxicity and fibril spreading.
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20
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Huang S, Xu B, Liu Y. Calcium promotes α-synuclein liquid-liquid phase separation to accelerate amyloid aggregation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 603:13-20. [PMID: 35276458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is an aggregation-prone protein whose accumulation in Lewy bodies leads to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). Calcium plays a critical role in neurons, and calcium dysregulation is one of the risk factors of PD. It is known that Ca2+ interacts with α-Syn and affects its assembly. However, how Ca2+ regulates α-Syn aggregation remains unclear. Here, we reported that Ca2+ accelerates α-Syn amyloid aggregation through the modulation of protein phase separation. We observed that Ca2+ promotes the formation of α-Syn liquid droplets but does not change the protein fluidity inside the droplets. Further studies showed Ca2+-involved α-Syn droplets are still able to fuse. A metal chelator eliminated Ca2+-induced enlargement of α-Syn droplets, suggesting the influence of Ca2+ on α-Syn assembly could be reversed at the stage of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Interestingly, our data showed Ca2+ still promoted α-Syn phase separation in the presence of the lipid membranes. In addition, Ca2+/α-syn droplets could efficiently recruit lipid vesicles to the surface of these condensates. Our findings demonstrate that Ca2+ facilitates α-Syn phase separation to accelerate amyloid aggregation and pave the path for understanding the implications of Ca2+ in α-Syn accumulation and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingkuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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21
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Chau E, Kim JR. Engineering of a protein probe with multiple inputs and multiple outputs for evaluation of alpha synuclein aggregation states. Biochem Eng J 2022; 178:108292. [PMID: 35002469 PMCID: PMC8740893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (αS) into oligomers and fibrils is implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's Disease (PD). While a molecular probe for rapid and comprehensive evaluation of αS aggregation states is critical for a better understanding of PD pathology, identification of therapeutic candidates, and the development of early diagnostic strategies, no such probe has yet to be developed. A structurally flexible αS variant, PG65, was previously developed as a target binding-driven, conformation-switching molecular probe for rapid αS oligomer detection. Though informative, detection using PG65 provides no comprehensive assessment of the αS aggregation states. In the present study, we report engineering of a molecular probe, PG65-MIMO (a PG65 variant with Multiple-Inputs and Multiple-Outputs), that rapidly (within 2 hr) produces comprehensive information on αS aggregation states. PG65-MIMO generates distinct fluorescence responses to the three major αS conformers (monomers, oligomers, and fibrils). PG65-MIMO also displays unique fluorescent signals for αS oligomers, depending on the tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) concentration. Our results suggest that the TCEP dependent signaling of PG65-MIMO may be associated with its conformational states. Overall, our study illustrates engineering of an αS variant to create a molecular probe for handling multiple inputs and multiple outputs, addressing the technological gap in αS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Ryoun Kim
- Corresponding author: Prof. Jin Ryoun Kim, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. Tel: 1-646-997-3719.
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22
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Matsuo T, Arluison V, Wien F, Peters J. Structural Information on Bacterial Amyloid and Amyloid-DNA Complex Obtained by Small-Angle Neutron or X-Ray Scattering. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2538:75-93. [PMID: 35951294 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2529-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Small-angle scattering is a powerful technique to obtain structural information on biomacromolecules in aqueous solution at the sub-nanometer and nanometer length scales. It provides the sizes and overall shapes of the scattering particles. While small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has often been used for structural analysis of a single-component system, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been used to reveal the internal organization of a multicomponent system such as protein-protein and protein-DNA complexes. This is due to the fact that the neutron scattering length is largely different between hydrogen and deuterium, and thus it allows to make a specific component in complexes "invisible" to neutrons by changing the H2O/D2O ratio in the solvent with or without molecular deuteration. In this chapter, we describe a method to characterize the biomolecular structures using SANS and SAXS, in particular, focusing on fibrillar proteins such as bacterial amyloids and their complexes with nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito Matsuo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, Grenoble, France.
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Véronique Arluison
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin LLB, CEA, CNRS UMR 12, Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frank Wien
- DISCO Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Judith Peters
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, Grenoble, France.
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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23
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Sagar A, Bernadó P. Disentangling polydisperse biomolecular systems by Chemometrics decomposition of SAS data. Methods Enzymol 2022; 677:531-555. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Vestergaard B, Langkilde AE. Protein fibrillation from another small angle: Sample preparation and SAXS data collection. Methods Enzymol 2022; 677:291-321. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Giampà M, Amundarain MJ, Herrera MG, Tonali N, Dodero VI. Implementing Complementary Approaches to Shape the Mechanism of α-Synuclein Oligomerization as a Model of Amyloid Aggregation. Molecules 2021; 27:88. [PMID: 35011320 PMCID: PMC8747028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of proteins into amyloid fibers is linked to more than forty still incurable cellular and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy, Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes, among others. The process of amyloid formation is a main feature of cell degeneration and disease pathogenesis. Despite being methodologically challenging, a complete understanding of the molecular mechanism of aggregation, especially in the early stages, is essential to find new biological targets for innovative therapies. Here, we reviewed selected examples on α-syn showing how complementary approaches, which employ different biophysical techniques and models, can better deal with a comprehensive study of amyloid aggregation. In addition to the monomer aggregation and conformational transition hypothesis, we reported new emerging theories regarding the self-aggregation of α-syn, such as the alpha-helix rich tetramer hypothesis, whose destabilization induce monomer aggregation; and the liquid-liquid phase separation hypothesis, which considers a phase separation of α-syn into liquid droplets as a primary event towards the evolution to aggregates. The final aim of this review is to show how multimodal methodologies provide a complete portrait of α-syn oligomerization and can be successfully extended to other protein aggregation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giampà
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - María J. Amundarain
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR), Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), CONICET, Av. L. N. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca B8000CPB, Argentina;
| | - Maria Georgina Herrera
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Nicolò Tonali
- BioCIS, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Veronica I. Dodero
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Manganese promotes α-synuclein amyloid aggregation through the induction of protein phase transition. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101469. [PMID: 34871547 PMCID: PMC8717548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is the major protein component of Lewy bodies, a key pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The manganese ion Mn2+ has been identified as an environmental risk factor of PD. However, it remains unclear how Mn2+ regulates α-Syn aggregation. Here, we discovered that Mn2+accelerates α-Syn amyloid aggregation through the regulation of protein phase separation. We found that Mn2+ not only promotes α-Syn liquid-to-solid phase transition but also directly induces soluble α-Syn monomers to form solid-like condensates. Interestingly, the lipid membrane is integrated into condensates during Mn2+-induced α-Syn phase transition; however, the preformed Mn2+/α-syn condensates can only recruit lipids to the surface of condensates. In addition, this phase transition can largely facilitate α-Syn amyloid aggregation. Although the Mn2+-induced condensates do not fuse, our results demonstrated that they could recruit soluble α-Syn monomers into the existing condensates. Furthermore, we observed that a manganese chelator reverses Mn2+-induced α-Syn aggregation during the phase transition stage. However, after maturation, α-Syn aggregation becomes irreversible. These findings demonstrate that Mn2+ facilitates α-Syn phase transition to accelerate the formation of α-Syn aggregates and provide new insights for targeting α-Syn phase separation in PD treatment.
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Andersen C, Grønnemose AL, Pedersen JN, Nowak JS, Christiansen G, Nielsen J, Mulder FAA, Otzen DE, Jørgensen TJD. Lipid Peroxidation Products HNE and ONE Promote and Stabilize Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers by Chemical Modifications. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3644-3658. [PMID: 34730940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (αSN) and increased oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation are pathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we report that aggregation of αSN in the presence of lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) increases the stability and the yield of αSN oligomers (αSO). Further, we show that ONE is more efficient than HNE at inducing αSO. In addition, we demonstrate that the two αSO differ in both size and shape. ONE-αSO are smaller in size than HNE-αSO, except when they are formed at a high molar excess of aldehyde. In both monomeric and oligomeric αSN, His50 is the main target of HNE modification, and HNE-induced oligomerization is severely retarded in the mutant His50Ala αSN. In contrast, ONE-induced aggregation of His50Ala αSN occurs readily, demonstrating the different pathways for inducing αSN aggregation by HNE and ONE. Our results show different morphologies of the HNE-treated and ONE-treated αSO and different roles of His50 in their modification of αSN, but we also observe structural similarities between these αSO and the non-treated αSO, e.g., flexible C-terminus, a folded core composed of the N-terminal and NAC region. Furthermore, HNE-αSO show a similar deuterium uptake as a previously characterized oligomer formed by non-treated αSO, suggesting that the backbone conformational dynamics of their folded cores resemble one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Andersen
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Grønnemose
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campusvej 55, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Jannik N Pedersen
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Jan S Nowak
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Janni Nielsen
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Frans A A Mulder
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Thomas J D Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campusvej 55, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
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The role of amyloids in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:44-55. [PMID: 34480905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With varying clinical symptoms, most neurodegenerative diseases are associated with abnormal loss of neurons. They share the same common pathogenic mechanisms involving misfolding and aggregation, and these visible aggregates of proteins are deposited in the central nervous system. Amyloid formation is thought to arise from partial unfolding of misfolded proteins leading to the exposure of hydrophobic surfaces, which interact with other similar structures and give rise to form dimers, oligomers, protofibrils, and eventually mature fibril aggregates. Accumulating evidence indicates that amyloid oligomers, not amyloid fibrils, are the most toxic species that causes Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). AD has recently been recognized as the 'twenty-first century plague', with an incident rate of 1% at 60 years of age, which then doubles every fifth year. Currently, 5.3 million people in the US are afflicted with this disease, and the number of cases is expected to rise to 13.5 million by 2050. PD, a disorder of the brain, is the second most common form of dementia, characterized by difficulty in walking and movement. Keeping the above views in mind, in this review we have focused on the roles of amyloid in neurodegenerative diseases including AD and PD, the involvement of amyloid in mitochondrial dysfunction leading to neurodegeneration, are also considered in the review.
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Singh A, Maharana SK, Shukla R, Kesharwani P. Nanotherapeutics approaches for targeting alpha synuclien protein in the management of Parkinson disease. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Salladini E, Gondelaud F, Nilsson JF, Pesce G, Bignon C, Murrali MG, Fabre R, Pierattelli R, Kajava AV, Horvat B, Gerlier D, Mathieu C, Longhi S. Identification of a Region in the Common Amino-terminal Domain of Hendra Virus P, V, and W Proteins Responsible for Phase Transition and Amyloid Formation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1324. [PMID: 34572537 PMCID: PMC8471210 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are BSL-4 zoonotic pathogens responsible in humans for severe encephalitis. Their V protein is a key player in the evasion of the host innate immune response. We previously showed that the Henipavirus V proteins consist of a long intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain (NTD) and a β-enriched C-terminal domain (CTD). These terminals are critical for V binding to DDB1, which is a cellular protein that is a component of the ubiquitin ligase E3 complex, as well as binding to MDA5 and LGP2, which are two host sensors of viral RNA. Here, we serendipitously discovered that the Hendra virus V protein undergoes a liquid-to-hydrogel phase transition and identified the V region responsible for this phenomenon. This region, referred to as PNT3 and encompassing residues 200-310, was further investigated using a combination of biophysical and structural approaches. Congo red binding assays, together with negative-staining transmisison electron microscopy (TEM) studies, show that PNT3 forms amyloid-like fibrils. Fibrillation abilities are dramatically reduced in a rationally designed PNT3 variant in which a stretch of three contiguous tyrosines, falling within an amyloidogenic motif, were replaced by three alanines. Worthy to note, Congo red staining experiments provided hints that these amyloid-like fibrils form not only in vitro but also in cellula after transfection or infection. The present results set the stage for further investigations aimed at assessing the functional role of phase separation and fibrillation by the Henipavirus V proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Salladini
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Frank Gondelaud
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Juliet F. Nilsson
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Giulia Pesce
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Christophe Bignon
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Maria Grazia Murrali
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Roxane Fabre
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), CNRS, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France;
| | - Roberta Pierattelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Andrey V. Kajava
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237, CNRS, Université Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Branka Horvat
- Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (B.H.); (D.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Denis Gerlier
- Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (B.H.); (D.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (B.H.); (D.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
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T-Type Ca 2+ Enhancer SAK3 Activates CaMKII and Proteasome Activities in Lewy Body Dementia Mice Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126185. [PMID: 34201181 PMCID: PMC8228122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy bodies are pathological characteristics of Lewy body dementia (LBD) and are composed of α-synuclein (α-Syn), which is mostly degraded via the ubiquitin–proteasome system. More importantly, 26S proteasomal activity decreases in the brain of LBD patients. We recently introduced a T-type calcium channel enhancer SAK3 (ethyl-8-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2-(piperidin-1-yl)- 2H-spiro[cyclopentane-1,3-imidazo [1,2-a]pyridin]-2-ene-3-carboxylate) for Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. SAK3 enhanced the proteasome activity via CaMKII activation in amyloid precursor protein knock-in mice, promoting the degradation of amyloid-β plaques to improve cognition. At this point, we addressed whether SAK3 promotes the degradation of misfolded α-Syn and the aggregates in α-Syn preformed fibril (PFF)-injected mice. The mice were injected with α-Syn PFF in the dorsal striatum, and SAK3 (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) was administered orally for three months, either immediately or during the last month after injection. SAK3 significantly inhibited the accumulation of fibrilized phosphorylated-α-Syn in the substantia nigra. Accordingly, SAK3 significantly recovered mesencephalic dopamine neurons from cell death. Decreased α-Syn accumulation was closely associated with increased proteasome activity. Elevated CaMKII/Rpt-6 signaling possibly mediates the enhanced proteasome activity after SAK3 administration in the cortex and hippocampus. CaMKII/Rpt-6 activation also accounted for improved memory and cognition in α-Syn PFF-injected mice. These findings indicate that CaMKII/Rpt-6-dependent proteasomal activation by SAK3 recovers from α-Syn pathology in LBD.
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Andersen CB, Yoshimura Y, Nielsen J, Otzen DE, Mulder FAA. How epigallocatechin gallate binds and assembles oligomeric forms of human alpha-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100788. [PMID: 34019875 PMCID: PMC8191297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsically disordered human protein α-synuclein (αSN) can self-associate into oligomers and amyloid fibrils. Several lines of evidence suggest that oligomeric αSN is cytotoxic, making it important to devise strategies to either prevent oligomer formation and/or inhibit the ensuing toxicity. (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has emerged as a molecular modulator of αSN self-assembly, as it reduces the flexibility of the C-terminal region of αSN in the oligomer and inhibits the oligomer's ability to perturb phospholipid membranes and induce cell death. However, a detailed structural and kinetic characterization of this interaction is still lacking. Here, we use liquid-state NMR spectroscopy to investigate how EGCG interacts with monomeric and oligomeric forms of αSN. We find that EGCG can bind to all parts of monomeric αSN but exhibits highest affinity for the N-terminal region. Monomeric αSN binds ∼54 molecules of EGCG in total during oligomerization. Furthermore, kinetic data suggest that EGCG dimerization is coupled with the αSN association reaction. In contrast, preformed oligomers only bind ∼7 EGCG molecules per protomer, in agreement with the more compact nature of the oligomer compared with the natively unfolded monomer. In previously conducted cell assays, as little as 0.36 EGCG per αSN reduce oligomer toxicity by 50%. Our study thus demonstrates that αSN cytotoxicity can be inhibited by small molecules at concentrations at least an order of magnitude below full binding capacity. We speculate this is due to cooperative binding of protein-stabilized EGCG dimers, which in turn implies synergy between protein association and EGCG dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla B Andersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yuichi Yoshimura
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Janni Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Frans A A Mulder
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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NMR unveils an N-terminal interaction interface on acetylated-α-synuclein monomers for recruitment to fibrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017452118. [PMID: 33903234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017452118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibril formation of α-synuclein (αS) is associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Growing evidence suggests that progression of PD is linked to cell-to-cell propagation of αS fibrils, which leads to seeding of endogenous intrinsically disordered monomer via templated elongation and secondary nucleation. A molecular understanding of the seeding mechanism and driving interactions is crucial to inhibit progression of amyloid formation. Here, using relaxation-based solution NMR experiments designed to probe large complexes, we probe weak interactions of intrinsically disordered acetylated-αS (Ac-αS) monomers with seeding-competent Ac-αS fibrils and seeding-incompetent off-pathway oligomers to identify Ac-αS monomer residues at the binding interface. Under conditions that favor fibril elongation, we determine that the first 11 N-terminal residues on the monomer form a common binding site for both fibrils and off-pathway oligomers. Additionally, the presence of off-pathway oligomers within a fibril seeding environment suppresses seeded amyloid formation, as observed through thioflavin-T fluorescence experiments. This highlights that off-pathway αS oligomers can act as an auto-inhibitor against αS fibril elongation. Based on these data taken together with previous results, we propose a model in which Ac-αS monomer recruitment to the fibril is driven by interactions between the intrinsically disordered monomer N terminus and the intrinsically disordered flanking regions (IDR) on the fibril surface. We suggest that this monomer recruitment may play a role in the elongation of amyloid fibrils and highlight the potential of the IDRs of the fibril as important therapeutic targets against seeded amyloid formation.
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Sagar A, Herranz-Trillo F, Langkilde AE, Vestergaard B, Bernadó P. Structure and thermodynamics of transient protein-protein complexes by chemometric decomposition of SAXS datasets. Structure 2021; 29:1074-1090.e4. [PMID: 33862013 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transient biomolecular interactions play crucial roles in many cellular signaling and regulation processes. However, deciphering the structure of these assemblies is challenging owing to the difficulties in isolating complexes from the individual partners. The additive nature of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data allows for probing the species present in these mixtures, but decomposition into structural and thermodynamic information is difficult. We present a chemometric approach enabling the decomposition of titration SAXS data into species-specific information. Using extensive synthetic SAXS data, we demonstrate that robust decomposition can be achieved for titrations with a maximum fraction of complex of 0.5 that can be extended to 0.3 when two orthogonal titrations are simultaneously analyzed. The effect of the structural features, titration points, relative concentrations, and noise are thoroughly analyzed. The validation of the strategy with experimental data highlights the power of the approach to provide unique insights into this family of biomolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sagar
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS and Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Fátima Herranz-Trillo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Eva Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Vestergaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS and Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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Musteikytė G, Jayaram AK, Xu CK, Vendruscolo M, Krainer G, Knowles TPJ. Interactions of α-synuclein oligomers with lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183536. [PMID: 33373595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an increasingly prevalent and currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder. At the molecular level, this disease is characterized by the formation of aberrant intracellular protein deposits known as Lewy bodies. Oligomeric forms of the protein α-synuclein (αS), which are believed to be both intermediates and by-products of Lewy body formation, are considered to be the main pathogenic species. Interactions of such oligomers with lipid membranes are increasingly emerging as a major molecular pathway underpinning their toxicity. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of the interactions of αS oligomers with lipid membranes. We highlight key structural and biophysical features of αS oligomers, the effects of these features on αS oligomer membrane binding properties, and resultant implications for understanding the etiology of Parkinson's disease. We discuss mechanistic modes of αS oligomer-lipid membrane interactions and the effects of environmental factors to such modes. Finally, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main molecular determinants of αS oligomer toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Musteikytė
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Akhila K Jayaram
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Krainer
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
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D’Onofrio M, Munari F, Assfalg M. Alpha-Synuclein-Nanoparticle Interactions: Understanding, Controlling and Exploiting Conformational Plasticity. Molecules 2020; 25:E5625. [PMID: 33260436 PMCID: PMC7731430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is an extensively studied protein due to its involvement in a group of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, and its documented ability to undergo aberrant self-aggregation resulting in the formation of amyloid-like fibrils. In dilute solution, the protein is intrinsically disordered but can adopt multiple alternative conformations under given conditions, such as upon adsorption to nanoscale surfaces. The study of αS-nanoparticle interactions allows us to better understand the behavior of the protein and provides the basis for developing systems capable of mitigating the formation of toxic aggregates as well as for designing hybrid nanomaterials with novel functionalities for applications in various research areas. In this review, we summarize current progress on αS-nanoparticle interactions with an emphasis on the conformational plasticity of the biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Assfalg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.D.); (F.M.)
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Aspholm EE, Matečko-Burmann I, Burmann BM. Keeping α-Synuclein at Bay: A More Active Role of Molecular Chaperones in Preventing Mitochondrial Interactions and Transition to Pathological States? Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E289. [PMID: 33227899 PMCID: PMC7699229 DOI: 10.3390/life10110289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The property of molecular chaperones to dissolve protein aggregates of Parkinson-related α-synuclein has been known for some time. Recent findings point to an even more active role of molecular chaperones preventing the transformation of α-synuclein into pathological states subsequently leading to the formation of Lewy bodies, intracellular inclusions containing protein aggregates as well as broken organelles found in the brains of Parkinson's patients. In parallel, a short motif around Tyr39 was identified as being crucial for the aggregation of α-synuclein. Interestingly, this region is also one of the main segments in contact with a diverse pool of molecular chaperones. Further, it could be shown that the inhibition of the chaperone:α-synuclein interaction leads to a binding of α-synuclein to mitochondria, which could also be shown to lead to mitochondrial membrane disruption as well as the possible proteolytic processing of α-synuclein by mitochondrial proteases. Here, we will review the current knowledge on the role of molecular chaperones in the regulation of physiological functions as well as the direct consequences of impairing these interactions-i.e., leading to enhanced mitochondrial interaction and consequential mitochondrial breakage, which might mark the initial stages of the structural transition of α-synuclein towards its pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie E. Aspholm
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Irena Matečko-Burmann
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn M. Burmann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
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Du XY, Xie XX, Liu RT. The Role of α-Synuclein Oligomers in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228645. [PMID: 33212758 PMCID: PMC7697105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is a protein associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegeneration disease with no effective treatment. However, how α-syn drives the pathology of PD remains elusive. Recent studies suggest that α-syn oligomers are the primary cause of neurotoxicity and play a critical role in PD. In this review, we discuss the process of α-syn oligomers formation and the current understanding of the structures of oligomers. We also describe seed and propagation effects of oligomeric forms of α-syn. Then, we summarize the mechanism by which α-syn oligomers exert neurotoxicity and promote neurodegeneration, including mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, proteostasis dysregulation, synaptic impairment, cell apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Finally, we investigate treatment regimens targeting α-syn oligomers at present. Further research is needed to understand the structure and toxicity mechanism of different types of oligomers, so as to provide theoretical basis for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yu Du
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; (X.-y.D.); (X.-x.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-xiu Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; (X.-y.D.); (X.-x.X.)
| | - Rui-tian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; (X.-y.D.); (X.-x.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-82545017
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39
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Gracia P, Camino JD, Volpicelli-Daley L, Cremades N. Multiplicity of α-Synuclein Aggregated Species and Their Possible Roles in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8043. [PMID: 33126694 PMCID: PMC7663424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein amyloid aggregation is a defining molecular feature of Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy, but can also be found in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The process of α-synuclein aggregation can be initiated through alternative nucleation mechanisms and dominated by different secondary processes giving rise to multiple amyloid polymorphs and intermediate species. Some aggregated species have more inherent abilities to induce cellular stress and toxicity, while others seem to be more potent in propagating neurodegeneration. The preference for particular types of polymorphs depends on the solution conditions and the cellular microenvironment that the protein encounters, which is likely related to the distinct cellular locations of α-synuclein inclusions in different synucleinopathies, and the existence of disease-specific amyloid polymorphs. In this review, we discuss our current understanding on the nature and structure of the various types of α-synuclein aggregated species and their possible roles in pathology. Precisely defining these distinct α-synuclein species will contribute to understanding the molecular origins of these disorders, developing accurate diagnoses, and designing effective therapeutic interventions for these highly debilitating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gracia
- Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.); (J.D.C.)
| | - José D. Camino
- Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Laura Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.); (J.D.C.)
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40
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Ghaeidamini M, Bernson D, Sasanian N, Kumar R, Esbjörner EK. Graphene oxide sheets and quantum dots inhibit α-synuclein amyloid formation by different mechanisms. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19450-19460. [PMID: 32959853 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation and amyloid formation of the 140-residue presynaptic and intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein (α-syn) is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding how α-syn forms amyloid fibrils, and investigations of agents that can prevent their formation is therefore important. We demonstrate herein that two types of graphene oxide nanoparticles (sheets and quantum dots) inhibit α-syn amyloid formation by different mechanisms mediated via differential interactions with both monomers and fibrils. We have used thioflavin-T fluorescence assays and kinetic analysis, circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy to asses the kinetic nature and efficiency of this inhibitory effect. We show that the two types of graphene oxide nanoparticles alter the morphology of α-syn fibrils, disrupting their interfilament assembly and the resulting aggregates therefore consist of single protofilaments. Our results further show that graphene oxide sheets reduce the aggregation rate of α-syn primarily by sequestering of monomers, thereby preventing primary nucleation and elongation. Graphene quantum dots, on the other hand, interact less avidly with both monomers and fibrils. Their aggregation inhibitory effect is primarily related to adsorption of aggregated species and reduction of secondary processes, and they can thus not fully prevent aggregation. This fine-tuned and differential effect of graphene nanoparticles on amyloid formation shows that rational design of these nanomaterials has great potential in engineering materials that interact with specific molecular events in the amyloid fibril formation process. The findings also provide new insight into the molecular interplay between amyloidogenic proteins and graphene-based nanomaterials in general, and opens up their potential use as agents to manipulate fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Ghaeidamini
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - David Bernson
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Nima Sasanian
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Elin K Esbjörner
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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41
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Pounot K, Chaaban H, Foderà V, Schirò G, Weik M, Seydel T. Tracking Internal and Global Diffusive Dynamics During Protein Aggregation by High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6299-6304. [PMID: 32663030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteins can misfold and form either amorphous or organized aggregates with different morphologies and features. Aggregates of amyloid nature are pathological hallmarks in so-called protein conformational diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Evidence prevails that the transient early phases of the reaction determine the aggregate morphology and toxicity. As a consequence, real-time monitoring of protein aggregation is of utmost importance. Here, we employed time-resolved neutron backscattering spectroscopy to follow center-of-mass self-diffusion and nano- to picosecond internal dynamics of lysozyme during aggregation into a specific β-sheet rich superstructure, called particulates, formed at the isoelectric point of the protein. Particulate formation is found to be a one-step process, and protein internal dynamics, to remain unchanged during the entire aggregation process. The time-resolved neutron backscattering spectroscopy approach developed here, in combination with standard kinetics assays, provides a unifying framework in which dynamics and conformational transitions can be related to the different aggregation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pounot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Hussein Chaaban
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vito Foderà
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giorgio Schirò
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Weik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tilo Seydel
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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Clustering of human prion protein and α-synuclein oligomers requires the prion protein N-terminus. Commun Biol 2020; 3:365. [PMID: 32647130 PMCID: PMC7347944 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of prion protein (PrP) and α-synuclein (αSyn) oligomers causes synaptic impairment that might trigger Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies. Here, we report that αSyn oligomers (αSynO) cluster with human PrP (huPrP) into micron-sized condensates. Multivalency of αSyn within oligomers is required for condensation, since clustering with huPrP is not observed for monomeric αSyn. The stoichiometry of the heteroassemblies is well defined with an αSyn:huPrP molar ratio of about 1:1. The αSynO−huPrP interaction is of high affinity, signified by slow dissociation. The huPrP region responsible for condensation of αSynO, residues 95−111 in the intrinsically disordered N-terminus, corresponds to the region required for αSynO-mediated cognitive impairment. HuPrP, moreover, achieves co-clustering of αSynO and Alzheimer’s disease-associated amyloid-β oligomers, providing a case of a cross-interaction of two amyloidogenic proteins through an interlinking intrinsically disordered protein region. The results suggest that αSynO-mediated condensation of huPrP is involved in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Nadine S. Rösener et al. show that α-synuclein oligomers can cluster with human prion protein (huPrP) into condensates. The intrinsically disordered N-terminus of huPrP is necessary for this high-affinity interaction, suggesting a link between cluster formation and toxicity.
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Single-vesicle imaging reveals lipid-selective and stepwise membrane disruption by monomeric α-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14178-14186. [PMID: 32513706 PMCID: PMC7322013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914670117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing among the world's population, but there are no cures. These disorders all involve proteins that assemble into amyloid fibers which results in brain cell death. Evidence suggests that association of these proteins with lipid membranes is crucial for both functional and pathological roles. In Parkinson's disease, the involved protein, α-synuclein, is thought to function in trafficking of lipid vesicles in the brain. In search of mechanistic origins, increasing focus is put on identifying neurotoxic reactions induced by membrane interactions. To contribute new clues to this question, we here employed a new surface-sensitive scattering microscopy technique. With this approach, we discovered that α-synuclein perturbs vesicles in a stepwise and lipid-dependent fashion already at very low protein coverage. The interaction of the neuronal protein α-synuclein with lipid membranes appears crucial in the context of Parkinson’s disease, but the underlying mechanistic details, including the roles of different lipids in pathogenic protein aggregation and membrane disruption, remain elusive. Here, we used single-vesicle resolution fluorescence and label-free scattering microscopy to investigate the interaction kinetics of monomeric α-synuclein with surface-tethered vesicles composed of different negatively charged lipids. Supported by a theoretical model to account for structural changes in scattering properties of surface-tethered lipid vesicles, the data demonstrate stepwise vesicle disruption and asymmetric membrane deformation upon α-synuclein binding to phosphatidylglycerol vesicles at protein concentrations down to 10 nM (∼100 proteins per vesicle). In contrast, phosphatidylserine vesicles were only marginally affected. These insights into structural consequences of α-synuclein interaction with lipid vesicles highlight the contrasting roles of different anionic lipids, which may be of mechanistic relevance for both normal protein function (e.g., synaptic vesicle binding) and dysfunction (e.g., mitochondrial membrane interaction).
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Asthana S, Bhattacharyya D, Kumari S, Nayak PS, Saleem M, Bhunia A, Jha S. Interaction with zinc oxide nanoparticle kinetically traps α-synuclein fibrillation into off-pathway non-toxic intermediates. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:68-79. [PMID: 32004598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is an intrinsically disordered amyloidogenic protein associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The monomeric α-synuclein transition into amyloid fibril involves multiple steps, which are affected by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This increases complexities in development of targeted therapeutics against the pathological intermediate(s). Several studies have been dedicated to find an effective molecule to inhibit the detrimental amyloidogenesis. In recent years, metal oxide nanoparticle interfaces have shown direct effects on protein conformation, hence may be adopted as an alternative potential therapeutic approach against amyloidosis. In this context, our study explores the zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) with negative surface potential interface interaction with α-synuclein, and subsequent impact of the interaction on the protein fibrillation and the fibril-mediated cytotoxicity. N-terminus amphipathic "KA/TKE/QGV" repeating motifs in α-synuclein primarily interact with the ZnONP interface that enthalpically drives initial adsorption of the protein onto the interface. Whereas, subsequent bulk-protein adsorption onto the hard-corona is entropically driven, leading into flocculation of the complex. The flocs appear as amorphous mesh-like morphology in TEM micrographs, as opposed to the typical fibrils formed by the wild-type protein. Interestingly, α-synuclein in complex with ZnONP shows significantly lowered cytotoxicity against the IMR32 and THP-1 cells in-vitro, as compared to fresh α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Asthana
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | | | - Swati Kumari
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Parth Sarathi Nayak
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Mohammed Saleem
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India; School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Odisha 752059, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Suman Jha
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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45
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Juul-Madsen K, Qvist P, Bendtsen KL, Langkilde AE, Vestergaard B, Howard KA, Dehesa-Etxebeste M, Paludan SR, Andersen GR, Jensen PH, Otzen DE, Romero-Ramos M, Vorup-Jensen T. Size-Selective Phagocytic Clearance of Fibrillar α-Synuclein through Conformational Activation of Complement Receptor 4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1345-1361. [PMID: 31969389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (αSN) is an important histological feature of Parkinson disease. Recent studies showed that the release of misfolded αSN from human and rodent neurons is relevant to the progression and spread of αSN pathology. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms responsible for clearance of extracellular αSN. This study found that human complement receptor (CR) 4 selectively bound fibrillar αSN, but not monomeric species. αSN is an abundant protein in the CNS, which potentially could overwhelm clearance of cytotoxic αSN species. The selectivity of CR4 toward binding fibrillar αSN consequently adds an important αSN receptor function for maintenance of brain homeostasis. Based on the recently solved structures of αSN fibrils and the known ligand preference of CR4, we hypothesize that the parallel monomer stacking in fibrillar αSN creates a known danger-associated molecular pattern of stretches of anionic side chains strongly bound by CR4. Conformational change in the receptor regulated tightly clearance of fibrillar αSN by human monocytes. The induced change coupled concomitantly with phagolysosome formation. Data mining of the brain transcriptome in Parkinson disease patients supported CR4 as an active αSN clearance mechanism in this disease. Our results associate an important part of the innate immune system, namely complement receptors, with the central molecular mechanisms of CNS protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Per Qvist
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kirstine L Bendtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Annette E Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bente Vestergaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martxel Dehesa-Etxebeste
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; and
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; and.,NEURODIN AU IDEAS Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; .,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,NEURODIN AU IDEAS Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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46
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Candreva J, Chau E, Rice ME, Kim JR. Interactions between Soluble Species of β-Amyloid and α-Synuclein Promote Oligomerization while Inhibiting Fibrillization. Biochemistry 2019; 59:425-435. [PMID: 31854188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aggregations of β-amyloid (Aβ) and α-synuclein (αS) into oligomeric and fibrillar assemblies are the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively. Although Aβ and αS affect different regions of the brain and are separated at the cellular level, there is evidence of their eventual interaction in the pathology of both disorders. Characterization of interactions of Aβ and αS at various stages of their aggregation pathways could reveal mechanisms and therapeutic targets for the prevention and cure of these neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we comprehensively examined the interactions and their molecular manifestations using an array of characterization tools. We show for the first time that αS monomers and oligomers, but not αS fibrils, inhibit Aβ fibrillization while promoting oligomerization of Aβ monomers and stabilizing preformed Aβ oligomers via coassembly, as judged by Thioflavin T fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and SDS- and native-PAGE with fluorescently labeled peptides/proteins. In contrast, soluble Aβ species, such as monomers and oligomers, aggregate into fibrils, when incubated alone under the otherwise same condition. Our study provides evidence that the interactions with αS soluble species, responsible for the effects, are mediated primarily by the C-terminus of Aβ, when judged by competitive immunoassays using antibodies recognizing various fragments of Aβ. We also show that the C-terminus of Aβ is a primary site for its interaction with αS fibrils. Collectively, these data demonstrate aggregation state-specific interactions between αS and Aβ and offer insight into a molecular basis of synergistic biological effects between the two polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Candreva
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , New York University , 6 MetroTech Center , Brooklyn , New York 11201 , United States
| | - Edward Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , New York University , 6 MetroTech Center , Brooklyn , New York 11201 , United States
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Neuroscience and Physiology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Jin Ryoun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , New York University , 6 MetroTech Center , Brooklyn , New York 11201 , United States
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47
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Rho Y, Kim JH, Min B, Jin KS. Chemically Denatured Structures of Porcine Pepsin using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122104. [PMID: 31847418 PMCID: PMC6961028 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine pepsin is a gastric aspartic proteinase that reportedly plays a pivotal role in the digestive process of many vertebrates. We have investigated the three-dimensional (3D) structure and conformational transition of porcine pepsin in solution over a wide range of denaturant urea concentrations (0–10 M) using Raman spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Furthermore, 3D GASBOR ab initio structural models, which provide an adequate conformational description of pepsin under varying denatured conditions, were successfully constructed. It was shown that pepsin molecules retain native conformation at 0–5 M urea, undergo partial denaturation at 6 M urea, and display a strongly unfolded conformation at 7–10 M urea. According to the resulting GASBOR solution models, we identified an intermediate pepsin conformation that was dominant during the early stage of denaturation. We believe that the structural evidence presented here provides useful insights into the relationship between enzymatic activity and conformation of porcine pepsin at different states of denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheol Rho
- Chemical Analysis Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jun Ha Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Korea; (J.H.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Byoungseok Min
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Korea; (J.H.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Korea; (J.H.K.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-279-1573; Fax: +82-54-279-1599
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48
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van Diggelen F, Frank SA, Somavarapu AK, Scavenius C, Apetri MM, Nielsen J, Tepper AWJW, Enghild JJ, Otzen DE. The interactome of stabilized α-synuclein oligomers and neuronal proteins. FEBS J 2019; 287:2037-2054. [PMID: 31686426 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While it is generally accepted that α-synuclein oligomers (αSOs) play an important role in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, the basis for their cytotoxicity remains unclear. We have previously shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) stabilizes αSOs against dissociation without compromising their ability to colocalize with glutamatergic synapses of primary hippocampal neurons, suggesting that they bind to synaptic proteins. Here, we develop a proteomic screen for putative αSO binding partners in rat primary neurons using DHA-stabilized human αSOs as a bait protein. The protocol involved co-immunoprecipitation in combination with a photoactivatable heterobifunctional sulfo-LC-SDA crosslinker which did not compromise neuronal binding and preserved the interaction between the αSOs-binding partners. We identify in total 29 proteins associated with DHA-αSO of which eleven are membrane proteins, including synaptobrevin-2B (VAMP-2B), the sodium-potassium pump (Na+ /K+ ATPase), the V-type ATPase, the voltage-dependent anion channel and calcium-/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma; only these five hits were also found in previous studies which used unmodified αSOs as bait. We also identified Rab-3A as a target with likely disease relevance. Three out of four selected hits were subsequently validated with dot-blot binding assays. In addition, likely binding sites on these ligands were identified by computational analysis, highlighting a diversity of possible interactions between αSOs and target proteins. These results constitute an important step in the search for disease-modifying treatments targeting toxic αSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke van Diggelen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Denmark.,Crossbeta Biosciences AB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Signe Andrea Frank
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Denmark
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49
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de Oliveira GAP, Silva JL. Alpha-synuclein stepwise aggregation reveals features of an early onset mutation in Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2019; 2:374. [PMID: 31633065 PMCID: PMC6789109 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid formation is a process involving interconverting protein species and results in toxic oligomers and fibrils. Aggregated alpha-synuclein (αS) participates in neurodegenerative maladies, but a closer understanding of the early αS polymerization stages and polymorphism of heritable αS variants is sparse still. Here, we distinguished αS oligomer and protofibril interconversions in Thioflavin T polymerization reactions. The results support a hypothesis reconciling the nucleation-polymerization and nucleation-conversion-polymerization models to explain the dissimilar behaviors of wild-type and the A53T mutant. Cryo-electron microscopy with a direct detector shows the polymorphic nature of αS fibrils formed by heritable A30P, E46K, and A53T point mutations. By showing that A53T rapidly nucleates competent species, continuously elongates fibrils in the presence of increasing amounts of seeds, and overcomes wild-type surface requirements for growth, our findings place A53T with features that may explain the early onset of familial Parkinson's disease cases bearing this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A. P. de Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901 Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - Jerson L. Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901 Brazil
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Parkinson's disease-associated iPLA2-VIA/PLA2G6 regulates neuronal functions and α-synuclein stability through membrane remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20689-20699. [PMID: 31548400 PMCID: PMC6789907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902958116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of α-synuclein aggregation and subsequent Lewy body formation are a key pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PARK14-linked PD, which is caused by mutations of the iPLA2-VIA/PLA2G6 gene, exhibits a marked Lewy body pathology. iPLA2-VIA, which belongs to the phospholipase A2 family, is another causative gene of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Here, we demonstrate that iPLA2-VIA loss results in acyl-chain shortening in phospholipids, which affects ER homeostasis and neurotransmission and promotes α-synuclein aggregation. The administration of linoleic acid or the overexpression of C19orf12, one of the NBIA-causative genes, also suppresses the acyl-chain shortening by iPLA2-VIA loss. The rescue of iPLA2-VIA phenotypes by C19orf12 provides significant molecular insight into the underlying common pathogenesis of PD and NBIA. Mutations in the iPLA2-VIA/PLA2G6 gene are responsible for PARK14-linked Parkinson’s disease (PD) with α-synucleinopathy. However, it is unclear how iPLA2-VIA mutations lead to α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation and dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration. Here, we report that iPLA2-VIA–deficient Drosophila exhibits defects in neurotransmission during early developmental stages and progressive cell loss throughout the brain, including degeneration of the DA neurons. Lipid analysis of brain tissues reveals that the acyl-chain length of phospholipids is shortened by iPLA2-VIA loss, which causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through membrane lipid disequilibrium. The introduction of wild-type human iPLA2-VIA or the mitochondria–ER contact site-resident protein C19orf12 in iPLA2-VIA–deficient flies rescues the phenotypes associated with altered lipid composition, ER stress, and DA neurodegeneration, whereas the introduction of a disease-associated missense mutant, iPLA2-VIA A80T, fails to suppress these phenotypes. The acceleration of α-Syn aggregation by iPLA2-VIA loss is suppressed by the administration of linoleic acid, correcting the brain lipid composition. Our findings suggest that membrane remodeling by iPLA2-VIA is required for the survival of DA neurons and α-Syn stability.
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