1
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Wilkinson S, Ku AT, Lis RT, King IM, Low D, Trostel SY, Bright JR, Terrigino NT, Baj A, Fenimore JM, Li C, Vo B, Jansen CS, Ye H, Whitlock NC, Harmon SA, Carrabba NV, Atway R, Lake R, Kissick HT, Pinto PA, Choyke PL, Turkbey B, Dahut WL, Karzai F, Sowalsky AG. Localized high-risk prostate cancer harbors an androgen receptor low subpopulation susceptible to HER2 inhibition. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.02.09.24302395. [PMID: 38370835 PMCID: PMC10871443 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.24302395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with localized high-risk prostate cancer have higher rates of recurrence, and the introduction of neoadjuvant intensive hormonal therapies seeks to treat occult micrometastatic disease by their addition to definitive treatment. Sufficient profiling of baseline disease has remained a challenge in enabling the in-depth assessment of phenotypes associated with exceptional vs. poor pathologic responses after treatment. In this study, we report comprehensive and integrative gene expression profiling of 37 locally advanced prostate tumors prior to six months of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus the androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor enzalutamide prior to radical prostatectomy. A robust transcriptional program associated with HER2 activity was positively associated with poor outcome and opposed AR activity, even after adjusting for common genomic alterations in prostate cancer including PTEN loss and expression of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. Patients experiencing exceptional pathologic responses demonstrated lower levels of HER2 and phospho-HER2 by immunohistochemistry of biopsy tissues. The inverse correlation of AR and HER2 activity was found to be a universal feature of all aggressive prostate tumors, validated by transcriptional profiling an external cohort of 121 patients and immunostaining of tumors from 84 additional patients. Importantly, the AR activity-low, HER2 activity-high cells that resist ADT are a pre-existing subset of cells that can be targeted by HER2 inhibition alone or in combination with enzalutamide. In summary, we show that prostate tumors adopt an AR activity-low prior to antiandrogen exposure that can be exploited by treatment with HER2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Wilkinson
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anson T Ku
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosina T Lis
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isaiah M King
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Low
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shana Y Trostel
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Bright
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Anna Baj
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John M Fenimore
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chennan Li
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - BaoHan Vo
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline S Jansen
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology and Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nichelle C Whitlock
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nicole V Carrabba
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rayann Atway
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ross Lake
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haydn T Kissick
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter A Pinto
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William L Dahut
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam G Sowalsky
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Tibbo AJ, Hartley A, Vasan R, Shaw R, Galbraith L, Mui E, Leung HY, Ahmad I. MBTPS2 acts as a regulator of lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis through SREBP signalling in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1991-1999. [PMID: 36991255 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the developed world, with most deaths caused by advanced and metastatic disease which has no curative options. Here, we identified Mbtps2 alteration to be associated with metastatic disease in an unbiased in vivo screen and demonstrated its regulation of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism. METHODS The Sleeping Beauty transposon system was used to randomly alter gene expression in the PtenNull murine prostate. MBTPS2 was knocked down by siRNA in LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cell lines, which were then phenotypically investigated. RNA-Seq was performed on LNCaP cells lacking MBTPS2, and pathways validated by qPCR. Cholesterol metabolism was investigated by Filipin III staining. RESULTS Mbtps2 was identified in our transposon-mediated in vivo screen to be associated with metastatic prostate cancer. Silencing of MBTPS2 expression in LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 human prostate cancer cells reduced proliferation and colony forming growth in vitro. Knockdown of MBTPS2 expression in LNCaP cells impaired cholesterol synthesis and uptake along with reduced expression of key regulators of fatty acid synthesis, namely FASN and ACACA. CONCLUSION MBTPS2 is implicated in progressive prostate cancer and may mechanistically involve its effects on fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Tibbo
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrew Hartley
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Richa Vasan
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Robin Shaw
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura Galbraith
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ernest Mui
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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3
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Sun J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Xue M, Pan X. ELTD1 promotes invasion and metastasis by activating MMP2 in colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3048-3058. [PMID: 34421349 PMCID: PMC8375227 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.62293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a key factor that affects the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), and patients with metastasis have limited treatment options and poor prognoses. EGF, latrophilin, and seven transmembrane domains containing 1 (ELTD1/ADGRL4) are members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) superfamily. In this study, high expression of ELTD1 was correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor outcomes in CRC patients. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that ELTD1 markedly promoted the invasion and metastasis of CRC. Moreover, ELTD1 accelerated the transcriptional activity of MMP2, which could rescue the impaired invasiveness of CRC cells caused by the downregulation of ELTD1 expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that ELTD1 might be a potential novel target for the treatment of CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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4
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Marima R, Hull R, Mathabe K, Setlai B, Batra J, Sartor O, Mehrotra R, Dlamini Z. Prostate cancer racial, socioeconomic, geographic disparities: targeting the genomic landscape and splicing events in search for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1012-1030. [PMID: 33948343 PMCID: PMC8085879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of deaths in men globally. This is a heterogeneous and complex disease that urgently warrants further insight into its pathology. Developed countries have thus far the highest PCa incidence rates, with comparatively low mortality rates. Even though PCa in the Asian population seems to have high incidence and mortality rates, the African countries are emerging as the focal center for this disease. It has also been reported that the Sub-Saharan (SSA) countries have both the highest incidence and mortality rates. To date, few studies have reported the link between PCa and African populations. Adequate evidence is still missing to fully comprehend this relationship. While it has been brought to attention that racial, geographical and socioeconomic status are contributing factors, men of African descent across the globe, irrespective of their geographical position have higher PCa incidence and mortality rates compared to their white counterparts. To date, hormone therapy is the mainstay treatment of PCa, while the dysregulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a hallmark of PCa. One of the emerging problems with this therapeutic approach is resistance to antiandrogens, and that AR splice isoforms implicated in the progression of PCa lack the therapeutic ligand-binding domain (LBD) target. AR splice variants targeted therapy is emerging and in clinical trials. Leveraging PCa transcriptomics is key towards PCa precision medicine. The aim of this review is to outline the PCa epidemiology globally and in Africa, PCa associated risk factors, discuss AR signaling and PCa mechanisms, the role of dysregulated splicing in PCa as novel prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaba Marima
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of PretoriaHatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of PretoriaHatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso Mathabe
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of PretoriaHatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Botle Setlai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of PretoriaHatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research InstituteBrisbane 4102, Australia
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Oliver Sartor
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of PretoriaHatfield 0028, South Africa
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Medical SchoolNew Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of PretoriaHatfield 0028, South Africa
- India Cancer Research Consortium (ICMR-DHR) Department of Health ResearchRed Cross Road, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of PretoriaHatfield 0028, South Africa
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5
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Sai X, Qin C, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Bian T. Downregulation of PTEN mediates bleomycin-induced premature senescence in lung cancer cells by suppressing autophagy. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520923522. [PMID: 32436415 PMCID: PMC7287201 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520923522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Bleomycin is an important chemotherapeutic drug that activates premature
senescence to decrease the tumorigenic process. We aimed to investigate the
role of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) in
bleomycin-induced premature senescence in lung cancer cells. Methods Human lung cancer A549 cells were incubated in the presence of different
concentrations of bleomycin for 5 days. A lentivirus vector was used to
silence the PTEN gene, followed by stimulation with
bleomycin (1 µg/mL). Changes were evaluated by senescence-associated
β-galactosidase staining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,
and western blot. Results Treatment with bleomycin induced premature senescence. PTEN expression was
decreased and key downstream molecules in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase
(PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway were gradually
activated following bleomycin treatment. Silencing PTEN
reduced autophagy and accelerated senescence of A549 cells. Autophagy levels
were also increased and senescence markers were reduced after inhibiting
mTOR. Conclusions Downregulation of PTEN mediates bleomycin-induced premature senescence in
lung cancer cells by suppressing autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
These findings provide new insights into the potential role of PTEN as a
molecular target for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chu Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yinying Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Tao Bian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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6
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Hao M, Yeo SK, Turner K, Harold A, Yang Y, Zhang X, Guan JL. Autophagy Blockade Limits HER2+ Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis by Perturbing HER2 Trafficking and Promoting Release Via Small Extracellular Vesicles. Dev Cell 2021; 56:341-355.e5. [PMID: 33472043 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy modulation is an emerging strategy for cancer therapy. By deleting an essential autophagy gene or disrupting its autophagy function, we determined a mechanism of HER2+ breast cancer tumorigenesis by directly regulating the oncogenic driver. Disruption of FIP200-mediated autophagy reduced HER2 expression on the tumor cell surface and abolished mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-Neu mice. Decreased HER2 surface expression was due to trafficking from the Golgi to the endocytic pathways instead of the plasma membrane. Autophagy inhibition led to HER2 accumulation in early and late endosomes associated with intraluminal vesicles and released from tumor cells in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Increased HER2 release from sEVs correlated with reduced tumor cell surface levels. Blocking sEVs secretion rescued HER2 levels in tumor cells. Our results demonstrate a role for autophagy to promote tumorigenesis in HER2+ breast cancer. This suggests that blocking autophagy could supplement current anti-HER2 agents for treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Syn Kok Yeo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kevin Turner
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Alexis Harold
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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7
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Shorning BY, Dass MS, Smalley MJ, Pearson HB. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Prostate Cancer: At the Crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4507. [PMID: 32630372 PMCID: PMC7350257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in prostate cancer that facilitates tumor formation, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Recent discoveries indicate that the complex crosstalk between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and multiple interacting cell signaling cascades can further promote prostate cancer progression and influence the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to PI3K-AKT-mTOR-targeted therapies being explored in the clinic, as well as standard treatment approaches such as androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). However, the full extent of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network during prostate tumorigenesis, invasive progression and disease recurrence remains to be determined. In this review, we outline the emerging diversity of the genetic alterations that lead to activated PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in prostate cancer, and discuss new mechanistic insights into the interplay between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and several key interacting oncogenic signaling cascades that can cooperate to facilitate prostate cancer growth and drug-resistance, specifically the androgen receptor (AR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and WNT signaling cascades. Ultimately, deepening our understanding of the broader PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network is crucial to aid patient stratification for PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-directed therapies, and to discover new therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer that improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (B.Y.S.); (M.S.D.); (M.J.S.)
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8
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Lee YR, Pandolfi PP. PTEN Mouse Models of Cancer Initiation and Progression. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037283. [PMID: 31570383 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is one of the most frequently mutated, deleted, and functionally inactivated tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. PTEN is found mutated both somatically and in the germline of patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS). PTEN encodes a dual lipid and protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates the lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), in turn negatively regulating the oncogenic PI3K-AKT pathway, a key proto-oncogenic player in cancer development and progression. Because of importance of PTEN in tumorigenesis, a large number of sophisticated genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) has been designed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which the "PTEN pathway" promotes tumorigenesis, while simultaneously providing a well-tailored system for the identification of novel therapies and offering platforms for new drug discoveries. This review summarizes the major cancer mouse models through which the PTEN pathway has been genetically deconstructed, and outlines the rapid development of GEMMs toward more detailed functional and tissue-specific analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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9
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Patel R, Brzezinska EA, Repiscak P, Ahmad I, Mui E, Gao M, Blomme A, Harle V, Tan EH, Malviya G, Mrowinska A, Loveridge CJ, Rushworth LK, Edwards J, Ntala C, Nixon C, Hedley A, Mackay G, Tardito S, Sansom OJ, Leung HY. Activation of β-Catenin Cooperates with Loss of Pten to Drive AR-Independent Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:576-590. [PMID: 31719098 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the androgen receptor (AR) is the main strategy to treat advanced prostate cancers. AR-independent treatment-resistant prostate cancer is a major unresolved clinical problem. Patients with prostate cancer with alterations in canonical WNT pathway genes, which lead to β-catenin activation, are refractory to AR-targeted therapies. Here, using clinically relevant murine prostate cancer models, we investigated the significance of β-catenin activation in prostate cancer progression and treatment resistance. β-Catenin activation, independent of the cell of origin, cooperated with Pten loss to drive AR-independent castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate tumors with β-catenin activation relied on the noncanonical WNT ligand WNT5a for sustained growth. WNT5a repressed AR expression and maintained the expression of c-Myc, an oncogenic effector of β-catenin activation, by mediating nuclear localization of NFκBp65 and β-catenin. Overall, WNT/β-catenin and AR signaling are reciprocally inhibited. Therefore, inhibiting WNT/β-catenin signaling by limiting WNT secretion in concert with AR inhibition may be useful for treating prostate cancers with alterations in WNT pathway genes. SIGNIFICANCE: Targeting of both AR and WNT/β-catenin signaling may be required to treat prostate cancers that exhibit alterations of the WNT pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- Prognosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wnt-5a Protein/genetics
- Wnt-5a Protein/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Patel
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Peter Repiscak
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Mui
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Meiling Gao
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Blomme
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Harle
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ee Hong Tan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gaurav Malviya
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Mrowinska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn J Loveridge
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Linda K Rushworth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chara Ntala
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Mackay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Saverio Tardito
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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10
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A CTC-Cluster-Specific Signature Derived from OMICS Analysis of Patient-Derived Xenograft Tumors Predicts Outcomes in Basal-Like Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111772. [PMID: 31652963 PMCID: PMC6912280 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell clusters (CTCcl) have a higher metastatic potential compared to single CTCs and predict long-term outcomes in breast cancer (BC) patients. Because of the rarity of CTCcls, molecular characterization of primary tumors that give rise to CTCcl hold significant promise for better diagnosis and target discovery to combat metastatic BC. In our study, we utilized the reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) and transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) data of 10 triple-negative BC patient-derived xenograft (TNBC PDX) transplantable models with CTCs and evaluated expression of upregulated candidate protein Bcl2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The sample-set consisted of six CTCcl-negative (CTCcl-) and four CTCcl-positive (CTCcl+) models. We analyzed the RPPA and transcriptomic profiles of CTCcl- and CTCcl+ TNBC PDX models. In addition, we derived a CTCcl-specific gene signature for testing if it predicted outcomes using a publicly available dataset from 360 patients with basal-like BC. The RPPA analysis of CTCcl+ vs. CTCcl- TNBC PDX tumors revealed elevated expression of Bcl2 (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.0001, fold change (FC) = 3.5) and reduced acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase-1 (ACC1) (FDR = 0.0005, FC = 0.3) in CTCcl+ compared to CTCcl- tumors. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of CTCcl+ vs. CTCcl- tumors revealed 549 differentially expressed genes associated with the presence of CTCcls. Apoptosis was one of the significantly downregulated pathways (normalized enrichment score (NES) = -1.69; FDR < 0.05) in TNBC PDX tumors associated with CTCcl positivity. Two out of four CTCcl+ TNBC PDX primary tumors had high Bcl2 expression by IHC (H-score > 34); whereas, only one of six CTCcl- TNBC PDX primary tumors met this criterion. Evaluation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-specific signature did not show significant differences between CTCcl+ and CTCcl- tumors. However, a gene signature associated with the presence of CTCcls in TNBC PDX models was associated with worse relapse-free survival in the publicly available dataset from 360 patients with basal-like BC. In summary, we identified the multigene signature of primary PDX tumors associated with the presence of CTCcls. Evaluation of additional TNBC PDX models and patients can further illuminate cellular and molecular pathways facilitating CTCcl formation.
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Yu C, Hu K, Nguyen D, Wang ZA. From genomics to functions: preclinical mouse models for understanding oncogenic pathways in prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2079-2102. [PMID: 31720076 PMCID: PMC6834478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has revealed numerous genomic alterations that induce aberrant signaling activities in prostate cancer (PCa). Among them are pathways affecting multiple cancer types, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, p53, Rb, Ras/Raf/MAPK, Myc, FGF, and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as ones that are prominent in PCa, including alterations in genes of AR signaling, the ETS family, NKX3.1, and SPOP. Cross talk among the oncogenic pathways can confer PCa resistance to therapy, particularly in advanced tumors, which are castration-resistant or show neuroendocrine features. Various experimental models, such as cancer cell lines, animal models, and patient-derived xenografts and organoids have been utilized to dissect PCa progression mechanisms. Here, we review the current preclinical mouse models for studying the most commonly altered pathways in PCa, with an emphasis on their interplays. We highlight the power of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) in translating genomic discoveries into understanding of the functions of these oncogenic events in vivo. Developing and analyzing PCa mouse models will undoubtedly continue to offer new insights into tumor biology and guide novel rationalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zhu A Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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12
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Wu S, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Meng F, Liu S, Zhou R, Wu Q, Li X, Shen L, Huang J, Qin J, Ouyang S, Xia Z, Song H, Feng XH, Zou J, Xu P. HER2 recruits AKT1 to disrupt STING signalling and suppress antiviral defence and antitumour immunity. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1027-1040. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Tian Y, Li H, Qiu T, Dai J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Cai H. Loss of PTEN induces lung fibrosis via alveolar epithelial cell senescence depending on NF-κB activation. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12858. [PMID: 30548445 PMCID: PMC6351835 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aging‐associated disease with poor prognosis. Currently, there are no effective drugs for preventing the disease process. The mechanisms underlying the role of alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) senescence in the pathogenesis of IPF remain poorly understood. We aimed to explore whether PTEN/NF‐κB activated AEC senescence thus resulting in lung fibrosis. First, we investigated the association between the activation of PTEN/NF‐κB and cellular senescence in lung tissues from IPF patients. As a result, decreased PTEN, activated NF‐κB and increased senescent markers (P21WAF1, P16ink4a, and SA‐β‐gal) were found in AECs in fibrotic lung tissues detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). In vitro experiments showed increased expression levels of senescent markers and augmented senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in AECs treated with bleomycin (Blm); however, PTEN was reduced significantly following IκB, IKK, and NF‐κB activation after stimulation with Blm in AECs. AEC senescence was accelerated by PTEN knockdown, whereas senescence was reversed via NF‐κB knockdown and the pharmacological inhibition (BMS‐345541) of the NF‐κB pathway. Interestingly, we observed increased collagen deposition in fibroblasts cultured with the supernatants collected from senescent AECs. Conversely, the deposition of collagen in fibroblasts was reduced with exposure to the supernatants collected from NF‐κB knockdown AECs. These findings indicated that senescent AECs controlled by the PTEN/NF‐κB pathway facilitated collagen accumulation in fibroblasts, resulting in lung fibrosis. In conclusion, our study supports the notion that as an initial step in IPF, the senescence process in AECs may be a potential therapeutic target, and the PTEN/NF‐κB pathway may be a promising candidate for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine KunShan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Kunshan China
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Yingwei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuxi People’s Hospital Nanjing Medical University Wuxi China
| | - Hourong Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
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14
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Calcinotto A, Kohli J, Zagato E, Pellegrini L, Demaria M, Alimonti A. Cellular Senescence: Aging, Cancer, and Injury. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1047-1078. [PMID: 30648461 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest that occurs in proliferating cells subjected to different stresses. Senescence is, therefore, a cellular defense mechanism that prevents the cells to acquire an unnecessary damage. The senescent state is accompanied by a failure to re-enter the cell cycle in response to mitogenic stimuli, an enhanced secretory phenotype and resistance to cell death. Senescence takes place in several tissues during different physiological and pathological processes such as tissue remodeling, injury, cancer, and aging. Although senescence is one of the causative processes of aging and it is responsible of aging-related disorders, senescent cells can also play a positive role. In embryogenesis and tissue remodeling, senescent cells are required for the proper development of the embryo and tissue repair. In cancer, senescence works as a potent barrier to prevent tumorigenesis. Therefore, the identification and characterization of key features of senescence, the induction of senescence in cancer cells, or the elimination of senescent cells by pharmacological interventions in aging tissues is gaining consideration in several fields of research. Here, we describe the known key features of senescence, the cell-autonomous, and noncell-autonomous regulators of senescence, and we attempt to discuss the functional role of this fundamental process in different contexts in light of the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Calcinotto
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; University of Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands ; IOR, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Lugano , Italy ; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne UNIL , Lausanne , Switzerland ; and Department of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Jaskaren Kohli
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; University of Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands ; IOR, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Lugano , Italy ; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne UNIL , Lausanne , Switzerland ; and Department of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Elena Zagato
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; University of Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands ; IOR, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Lugano , Italy ; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne UNIL , Lausanne , Switzerland ; and Department of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Laura Pellegrini
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; University of Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands ; IOR, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Lugano , Italy ; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne UNIL , Lausanne , Switzerland ; and Department of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Marco Demaria
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; University of Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands ; IOR, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Lugano , Italy ; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne UNIL , Lausanne , Switzerland ; and Department of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; University of Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands ; IOR, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland , Bellinzona , Switzerland ; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Lugano , Italy ; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne UNIL , Lausanne , Switzerland ; and Department of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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15
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Mandel A, Larsson P, Sarwar M, Semenas J, Syed Khaja AS, Persson JL. The interplay between AR, EGF receptor and MMP-9 signaling pathways in invasive prostate cancer. Mol Med 2018; 24:34. [PMID: 30134822 PMCID: PMC6020326 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic Prostate cancer (PCa) cells have gained survival and invasive advantages. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase, which may mediate signalling to promote progression and invasion of various cancers. In this study, we uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying the interconnection among the androgen receptor (AR), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and EGFR in promoting PCa progression. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue microarrays consisting of primary and metastatic PCa tissues was performed. The clinical importance of EGFR and its association with survivals were analyzed using three cohorts from MSKCC Prostate Oncogenome Project dataset (For primary tumors, n = 181; for metastatic tumors n = 37) and The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma Provisional dataset (n = 495). Targeted overexpression or inhibition of the proteins of interests was introduced into PCa cell lines. Treatment of PCa cell lines with the compounds was conducted. Immunoblot analysis was performed. Results We showed that AR, MMP-9 and EGFR are interconnect factors, which may cooperatively promote PCa progression. Altered EGFR expression was associated with poor disease-free survival in PCa patients. Induced overexpression of AR led to an increase in the expression of EGFR, p-GSK-3β and decrease in p27 expression in PCa cell lines in the presence of androgen stimulation. Overexpression of MMP9 significantly induced EGFR expression in PCa cells. Inhibition of PIP5K1α, a lipid kinase that acts upstream of PI3K/AKT greatly reduced expressions of AR, MMP-9 and EGFR. Conclusions Our findings also suggest that PCa cells may utilize AR, EGFR and MMP-9 pathways in androgen-dependent as well as in castration-resistant conditions. Our data suggest a new therapeutic potential to block cancer metastasis by targeting AR, EGFR and MMP-9 pathways in subsets of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mandel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martuza Sarwar
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gatan 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julius Semenas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny L Persson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden. .,Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gatan 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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16
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Soheilypour M, Mofrad MRK. Agent-Based Modeling in Molecular Systems Biology. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800020. [PMID: 29882969 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular systems orchestrating the biology of the cell typically involve a complex web of interactions among various components and span a vast range of spatial and temporal scales. Computational methods have advanced our understanding of the behavior of molecular systems by enabling us to test assumptions and hypotheses, explore the effect of different parameters on the outcome, and eventually guide experiments. While several different mathematical and computational methods are developed to study molecular systems at different spatiotemporal scales, there is still a need for methods that bridge the gap between spatially-detailed and computationally-efficient approaches. In this review, we summarize the capabilities of agent-based modeling (ABM) as an emerging molecular systems biology technique that provides researchers with a new tool in exploring the dynamics of molecular systems/pathways in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soheilypour
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mohammad R K Mofrad
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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17
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Ahmad I, Sansom OJ. Role of Wnt signalling in advanced prostate cancer. J Pathol 2018; 245:3-5. [PMID: 29314004 DOI: 10.1002/path.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent next-generation sequencing studies demonstrate that multiple pathways are often deregulated in advanced and metastatic prostate cancer (PC). In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, an elegant study by Jefferies et al used in vivo modelling to demonstrate how activation of the PI3K, WNT, and MAPK pathway converges on mTORC1 signalling to drive aggressive disease. The study also highlights that approaches to target advanced PC require intelligent combination of agents to target single/multiple signalling pathways in combination with androgen receptor (AR) blockade. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Patel R, Fleming J, Mui E, Loveridge C, Repiscak P, Blomme A, Harle V, Salji M, Ahmad I, Teo K, Hamdy FC, Hedley A, van den Broek N, Mackay G, Edwards J, Sansom OJ, Leung HY. Sprouty2 loss-induced IL6 drives castration-resistant prostate cancer through scavenger receptor B1. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8347. [PMID: 29540470 PMCID: PMC5887544 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a lethal form of treatment-resistant prostate cancer and poses significant therapeutic challenges. Deregulated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling mediated by loss of tumour suppressor Sprouty2 (SPRY2) is associated with treatment resistance. Using pre-clinical human and murine mCRPC models, we show that SPRY2 deficiency leads to an androgen self-sufficient form of CRPC Mechanistically, HER2-IL6 signalling axis enhances the expression of androgen biosynthetic enzyme HSD3B1 and increases SRB1-mediated cholesterol uptake in SPRY2-deficient tumours. Systemically, IL6 elevated the levels of circulating cholesterol by inducing host adipose lipolysis and hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. SPRY2-deficient CRPC is dependent on cholesterol bioavailability and SRB1-mediated tumoral cholesterol uptake for androgen biosynthesis. Importantly, treatment with ITX5061, a clinically safe SRB1 antagonist, decreased treatment resistance. Our results indicate that cholesterol transport blockade may be effective against SPRY2-deficient CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ernest Mui
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Salji
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katy Teo
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Hing Y Leung
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
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19
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Nowacka JD, Baumgartner C, Pelorosso C, Roth M, Zuber J, Baccarini M. MEK1 is required for the development of NRAS-driven leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80113-80130. [PMID: 27741509 PMCID: PMC5348309 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual-specificity kinases MEK1 and MEK2 act downstream of RAS/RAF to induce ERK activation, which is generally considered protumorigenic. Activating MEK mutations have not been discovered in leukemia, in which pathway activation is caused by mutations in upstream components such as RAS or Flt3. The anti-leukemic potential of MEK inhibitors is being tested in clinical trials; however, downregulation of MEK1 promotes Eμ-Myc-driven lymphomagenesis and MEK1 ablation induces myeloproliferative disease in mice, raising the concern that MEK inhibitors may be inefficient or counterproductive in this context. We investigated the role of MEK1 in the proliferation of human leukemic cell lines and in retroviral models of leukemia. Our data show that MEK1 suppression via RNA interference and genomic engineering does not affect the proliferation of human leukemic cell lines in culture; similarly, MEK1 ablation does not impact the development of MYC-driven leukemia in vivo. In contrast, MEK1 ablation significantly reduces tumorigenesis driven by Nras alone or in combination with Myc. Thus, while MEK1 restricts proliferation and tumorigenesis in some cellular and genetic contexts, it cannot be considered a tumor suppressor in the context of leukemogenesis. On the contrary, its role in NRAS-driven leukemogenesis advocates the use of MEK inhibitors, particularly in combination with PI3K/AKT inhibitors, in hematopoietic malignancies involving RAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna D Nowacka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Baumgartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristiana Pelorosso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children's Hospital-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mareike Roth
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Jefferies MT, Cox AC, Shorning BY, Meniel V, Griffiths D, Kynaston HG, Smalley MJ, Clarke AR. PTEN loss and activation of K-RAS and β-catenin cooperate to accelerate prostate tumourigenesis. J Pathol 2017; 243:442-456. [PMID: 29134654 PMCID: PMC6128396 DOI: 10.1002/path.4977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and WNT signalling are emerging as key events in the multistep nature of prostate tumourigenesis and progression. Here, we report a compound prostate cancer murine model in which these signalling pathways cooperate to produce a more aggressive prostate cancer phenotype. Using Cre-LoxP technology and the probasin promoter, we combined the loss of Pten (Ptenfl/fl ), to activate the PI3K signalling pathway, with either dominant stabilized β-catenin [Catnb+/lox(ex3) ] or activated K-RAS (K-Ras+/V12 ) to aberrantly activate WNT and MAPK signalling, respectively. Synchronous activation of all three pathways (triple mutants) significantly reduced survival (median 96 days) as compared with double mutants [median: 140 days for Catnb+/lox(ex3) Ptenfl/fl ; 182 days for Catnb+/lox(ex3) K-Ras+/V12 ; 238 days for Ptenfl/fl K-Ras+/V12 ], and single mutants [median: 383 days for Catnb+/lox(ex3) ; 407 days for Ptenfl/fl ], reflecting the accelerated tumourigenesis. Tumours followed a stepwise progression from mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive adenocarcinoma, similar to that seen in human disease. There was significantly elevated cellular proliferation, tumour growth and percentage of invasive adenocarcinoma in triple mutants as compared with double mutants and single mutants. Triple mutants showed not only activated AKT, extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2, and nuclear β-catenin, but also significantly elevated signalling through mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In summary, we show that combined deregulation of the PI3K, MAPK and WNT signalling pathways drives rapid progression of prostate tumourigenesis, and that deregulation of all three pathways results in tumours showing aberrant mTORC1 signalling. As mTORC1 signalling is emerging as a key driver of androgen deprivation therapy resistance, our findings are important for understanding the biology of therapy-resistant prostate cancer and identifying potential approaches to overcome this. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Jefferies
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adam C. Cox
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
- Department of Urology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Boris Y. Shorning
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Valerie Meniel
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - David Griffiths
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Howard G. Kynaston
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff
| | - Matthew J. Smalley
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Alan R. Clarke
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
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21
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Loveridge CJ, van 't Hof RJ, Charlesworth G, King A, Tan EH, Rose L, Daroszewska A, Prior A, Ahmad I, Welsh M, Mui EJ, Ford C, Salji M, Sansom O, Blyth K, Leung HY. Analysis of Nkx3.1:Cre-driven Erk5 deletion reveals a profound spinal deformity which is linked to increased osteoclast activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13241. [PMID: 29038439 PMCID: PMC5643304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5) has been implicated during development and carcinogenesis. Nkx3.1-mediated Cre expression is a useful strategy to genetically manipulate the mouse prostate. While grossly normal at birth, we observed an unexpected phenotype of spinal protrusion in Nkx3.1:Cre;Erk5 fl/fl (Erk5 fl/fl) mice by ~6-8 weeks of age. X-ray, histological and micro CT (µCT) analyses showed that 100% of male and female Erk5 fl/fl mice had a severely deformed curved thoracic spine, with an associated loss of trabecular bone volume. Although sex-specific differences were observed, histomorphometry measurements revealed that both bone resorption and bone formation parameters were increased in male Erk5 fl/fl mice compared to wild type (WT) littermates. Osteopenia occurs where the rate of bone resorption exceeds that of bone formation, so we investigated the role of the osteoclast compartment. We found that treatment of RANKL-stimulated primary bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) cultures with small molecule ERK5 pathway inhibitors increased osteoclast numbers. Furthermore, osteoclast numbers and expression of osteoclast marker genes were increased in parallel with reduced Erk5 expression in cultures generated from Erk5 fl/fl mice compared to WT mice. Collectively, these results reveal a novel role for Erk5 during bone maturation and homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Loveridge
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rob J van 't Hof
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, WH Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Gemma Charlesworth
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, WH Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Ayala King
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ee Hong Tan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lorraine Rose
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Anna Daroszewska
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, WH Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Amanda Prior
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, WH Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michelle Welsh
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ernest J Mui
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Catriona Ford
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mark Salji
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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22
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Wang S, Liu JC, Ju Y, Pellecchia G, Voisin V, Wang DY, Leha L R, Ben-David Y, Bader GD, Zacksenhaus E. microRNA-143/145 loss induces Ras signaling to promote aggressive Pten-deficient basal-like breast cancer. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93313. [PMID: 28768903 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN is frequently inactivated in breast and other cancers; yet, germ-line mutations in this gene induce nonmalignant hamartomas, indicating dependency on additional cooperating events. Here we show that most tumors derived from conditional deletion of mouse pten in mammary epithelium are highly differentiated and lack transplantable tumor-initiating cells (TICs) capable of seeding new tumors following orthotopic injection of FACS-sorted or tumorsphere cells. A rare group of poorly differentiated tumors did harbor transplantable TICs. These transplantable tumors exhibited distinct molecular classification, signaling pathways, chromosomal aberrations, and mutational landscape, as well as reduced expression of microRNA-143/145 (miR-143/145). Stable knockdown of miR-143/145 conferred tumorigenic potential upon poorly transplantable pten-deficient tumor cells through a mechanism involving induction of RAS signaling, leading to increased sensitivity to MEK inhibition. In humans, miR-145 deficiency significantly correlated with elevated RAS-pathway activity in basal-like breast cancer, and patients with combined PTEN/miR-145 loss or PTEN-loss/high RAS-pathway activity exhibited poor clinical outcome. These results underscore a selective pressure for combined PTEN loss together with RAS-pathway activation, either through miR-145 loss or other mechanisms, in basal-like breast cancer, and a need to identify and prioritize these tumors for aggressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Wang
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, and
| | - Jeff C Liu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - YoungJun Ju
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Veronique Voisin
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dong-Yu Wang
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajwinder Leha L
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- The Key laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, and State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, and
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, and.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Loveridge CJ, Mui EJ, Patel R, Tan EH, Ahmad I, Welsh M, Galbraith J, Hedley A, Nixon C, Blyth K, Sansom O, Leung HY. Increased T-cell Infiltration Elicited by Erk5 Deletion in a Pten-Deficient Mouse Model of Prostate Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3158-3168. [PMID: 28515147 PMCID: PMC5474317 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer does not appear to respond to immune checkpoint therapies where T-cell infiltration may be a key limiting factor. Here, we report evidence that ablating the growth regulatory kinase Erk5 can increase T-cell infiltration in an established Pten-deficient mouse model of human prostate cancer. Mice that were doubly mutant in prostate tissue for Pten and Erk5 (prostate DKO) exhibited a markedly increased median survival with reduced tumor size and proliferation compared with control Pten-mutant mice, the latter of which exhibited increased Erk5 mRNA expression. A comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation in prostate DKO mice of the chemokines Ccl5 and Cxcl10, two potent chemoattractants for T lymphocytes. Consistent with this effect, we observed a relative increase in a predominantly CD4+ T-cell infiltrate in the prostate epithelial and stroma of tumors from DKO mice. Collectively, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for ERK5 as a target to enhance T-cell infiltrates in prostate cancer, with possible implications for leveraging immune therapy in this disease. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3158-68. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Loveridge
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest J Mui
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachana Patel
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ee Hong Tan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Welsh
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Galbraith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Hedley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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24
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Brandmaier A, Hou SQ, Shen WH. Cell Cycle Control by PTEN. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2265-2277. [PMID: 28602818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Continuous and error-free chromosome inheritance through the cell cycle is essential for genomic stability and tumor suppression. However, accumulation of aberrant genetic materials often causes the cell cycle to go awry, leading to malignant transformation. In response to genotoxic stress, cells employ diverse adaptive mechanisms to halt or exit the cell cycle temporarily or permanently. The intrinsic machinery of cycling, resting, and exiting shapes the cellular response to extrinsic stimuli, whereas prevalent disruption of the cell cycle machinery in tumor cells often confers resistance to anticancer therapy. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor and a guardian of the genome that is frequently mutated or deleted in human cancer. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that PTEN deficiency disrupts the fundamental processes of genetic transmission. Cells lacking PTEN exhibit cell cycle deregulation and cell fate reprogramming. Here, we review the role of PTEN in regulating the key processes in and out of cell cycle to optimize genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brandmaier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sheng-Qi Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wen H Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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25
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Tanase CP, Codrici E, Popescu ID, Mihai S, Enciu AM, Necula LG, Preda A, Ismail G, Albulescu R. Prostate cancer proteomics: Current trends and future perspectives for biomarker discovery. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18497-18512. [PMID: 28061466 PMCID: PMC5392345 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical and fundamental research in prostate cancer - the most common urological cancer in men - is currently entering the proteomic and genomic era. The focus has switched from one single marker (PSA) to panels of biomarkers (including proteins involved in ribosomal function and heat shock proteins). Novel genetic markers (such as Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)-ERG fusion gene mRNA) or prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) had already entered the clinical practice, raising the question whether subsequent protein changes impact the evolution of the disease and the response to treatment. Proteomic technologies such as MALDI-MS, SELDI-MS, i-TRAQ allow a qualitative/quantitative analysis of the proteome variations, in both serum and tumor tissue. A new trend in prostate cancer research is proteomic analysis of prostasomes (prostate-specific exosomes), for the discovery of new biomarkers. This paper provides an update of novel clinical tests used in research and clinical diagnostic, as well as of potential tissue or fluid biomarkers provided by extensive proteomic research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Pistol Tanase
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Titu Maiorescu University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Codrici
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Daniela Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Mihai
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Georgiana Necula
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Preda
- Center for Uronephrology and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gener Ismail
- Center of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Albulescu
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D, Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Das AA, Ajayakumar Darsana T, Jacob E. Agent-based re-engineering of ErbB signaling: a modeling pipeline for integrative systems biology. Bioinformatics 2017; 33:726-732. [PMID: 27998938 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Experiments in systems biology are generally supported by a computational model which quantitatively estimates the parameters of the system by finding the best fit to the experiment. Mathematical models have proved to be successful in reverse engineering the system. The data generated is interpreted to understand the dynamics of the underlying phenomena. The question we have sought to answer is that - is it possible to use an agent-based approach to re-engineer a biological process, making use of the available knowledge from experimental and modelling efforts? Can the bottom-up approach benefit from the top-down exercise so as to create an integrated modelling formalism for systems biology? We propose a modelling pipeline that learns from the data given by reverse engineering, and uses it for re-engineering the system, to carry out in-silico experiments. Results A mathematical model that quantitatively predicts co-expression of EGFR-HER2 receptors in activation and trafficking has been taken for this study. The pipeline architecture takes cues from the population model that gives the rates of biochemical reactions, to formulate knowledge-based rules for the particle model. Agent-based simulations using these rules, support the existing facts on EGFR-HER2 dynamics. We conclude that, re-engineering models, built using the results of reverse engineering, opens up the possibility of harnessing the power pack of data which now lies scattered in literature. Virtual experiments could then become more realistic when empowered with the findings of empirical cell biology and modelling studies. Availability and Implementation Implemented on the Agent Modelling Framework developed in-house. C ++ code templates available in Supplementary material . Contact liz.csir@gmail.com. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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27
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Abstract
Cancers induced by gene mutation, deletion, and genome instability might be related to aging. With similar pathways of aging but distinct functions, senescence at the cellular level is an irreversible arrest of cell cycle. Senescence has long been believed as a barrier to restrict tumor expansion. However, more and more evidence has been shown that senescence inducers regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cell self-renewal, inflammatory response, crosstalk with the oncogenic bypass signaling, and conversion of oncogene to tumor suppressor. Here we will discuss the most recent findings of the oncogenic aspects of senescence which crosstalk with multiple pathways in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- a Department of Biology , School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University , Astana , Kazakhstan
| | - Yingqiu Xie
- a Department of Biology , School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University , Astana , Kazakhstan
| | - Lixia Miao
- b College of Basic Medicine, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
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28
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Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL. The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1866:23-36. [PMID: 27264242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptors are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily and are so named because their endogenous physiological ligands are either unknown or may not exist. Because of their important regulatory roles in many key physiological processes, dysregulation of signalings controlled by these receptors is associated with many diseases including cancer. Over years, studies of orphan NRs have become an area of great interest because their specific physiological and pathological roles have not been well-defined, and some of them are promising drug targets for diseases. The recently identified synthetic small molecule ligands, acting as agonists or antagonists, to these orphan NRs not only help to understand better their functional roles but also highlight that the signalings mediated by these ligand-independent NRs in diseases could be therapeutically intervened. This review is a summary of the recent advances in elucidating the emerging functional roles of orphan NRs in cancers, especially prostate cancer. In particular, some orphan NRs, RORγ, TR2, TR4, COUP-IFII, ERRα, DAX1 and SHP, exhibit crosstalk or interference with androgen receptor (AR) signaling in either normal or malignant prostatic cells, highlighting their involvement in prostate cancer progression as androgen and AR signaling pathway play critical roles in this process. We also propose that a better understanding of the mechanism of actions of these orphan NRs in prostate gland or prostate cancer could help to evaluate their potential value as therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alyson Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Franky L Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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29
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Green WJF, Ball G, Powe D. Does the molecular classification of breast cancer point the way for biomarker identification in prostate cancer? World J Clin Urol 2016; 5:80-89. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v5.i2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant variation in clinical outcome between patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP). Although useful, statistical nomograms and risk stratification tools alone do not always accurately predict an individual’s need for and response to treatment. The factors that determine this variation are not fully elucidated. In particular, cellular response to androgen ablation and subsequent paracrine/autocrine adaptation is poorly understood and despite best therapies, median survival in castrate resistant patients is only approximately 35 mo. We propose that one way of understanding this is to look for correlates in other comparable malignancies, such as breast cancer, where markers of at least 4 distinct gene clusters coding for 4 different phenotypic subtypes have been identified. These subtypes have been shown to demonstrate prognostic significance and successfully guide appropriate treatment regimens. In this paper we assess and review the evidence demonstrating parallels in the biology and treatment approach between breast and CaP, and consider the feasibility of patients with CaP being stratified into different molecular classes that could be used to complement prostate specific antigen and histological grading for clinical decision making. We show that there are significant correlations between the molecular classification of breast and CaP and explain how techniques used successfully to predict response to treatment in breast cancer can be applied to the prostate. Molecular phenotyping is possible in CaP and identification of distinct subtypes may allow personalised risk stratification way beyond that currently available.
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30
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Ahmad I, Mui E, Galbraith L, Patel R, Tan EH, Salji M, Rust AG, Repiscak P, Hedley A, Markert E, Loveridge C, van der Weyden L, Edwards J, Sansom OJ, Adams DJ, Leung HY. Sleeping Beauty screen reveals Pparg activation in metastatic prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8290-5. [PMID: 27357679 PMCID: PMC4961202 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601571113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common adult male cancer in the developed world. The paucity of biomarkers to predict prostate tumor biology makes it important to identify key pathways that confer poor prognosis and guide potential targeted therapy. Using a murine forward mutagenesis screen in a Pten-null background, we identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg), encoding a ligand-activated transcription factor, as a promoter of metastatic CaP through activation of lipid signaling pathways, including up-regulation of lipid synthesis enzymes [fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)]. Importantly, inhibition of PPARG suppressed tumor growth in vivo, with down-regulation of the lipid synthesis program. We show that elevated levels of PPARG strongly correlate with elevation of FASN in human CaP and that high levels of PPARG/FASN and PI3K/pAKT pathway activation confer a poor prognosis. These data suggest that CaP patients could be stratified in terms of PPARG/FASN and PTEN levels to identify patients with aggressive CaP who may respond favorably to PPARG/FASN inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom;
| | - Ernest Mui
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Galbraith
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachana Patel
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ee Hong Tan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Salji
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Repiscak
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Markert
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Loveridge
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom;
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31
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Biomarkers for prostate cancer: present challenges and future opportunities. Future Sci OA 2015; 2:FSO72. [PMID: 28031932 PMCID: PMC5137959 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has variable biological potential with multiple treatment options. A more personalized approach, therefore, is needed to better define men at higher risk of developing PCa, discriminate indolent from aggressive disease and improve risk stratification after treatment by predicting the likelihood of progression. This may improve clinical decision-making regarding management, improve selection for active surveillance protocols and minimize morbidity from treatment. Discovery of new biomarkers associated with prostate carcinogenesis present an opportunity to provide patients with novel genetic signatures to better understand their risk of developing PCa and help forecast their clinical course. In this review, we examine the current literature evaluating biomarkers in PCa. We also address current limitations and present several ideas for future studies.
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32
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Liu J, Cho SN, Akkanti B, Jin N, Mao J, Long W, Chen T, Zhang Y, Tang X, Wistub II, Creighton CJ, Kheradmand F, DeMayo FJ. ErbB2 Pathway Activation upon Smad4 Loss Promotes Lung Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1599-1613. [PMID: 25753424 PMCID: PMC7405934 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. Genome sequencing of lung tumors from patients with squamous cell carcinoma has identified SMAD4 to be frequently mutated. Here, we use a mouse model to determine the molecular mechanisms by which Smad4 loss leads to lung cancer progression. Mice with ablation of Pten and Smad4 in airway epithelium develop metastatic adenosquamous tumors. Comparative transcriptomic and in vivo cistromic analyses determine that loss of PTEN and SMAD4 results in ELF3 and ErbB2 pathway activation due to decreased expression of ERRFI1, a negative regulator of ERBB2 in mouse and human cells. The combinatorial inhibition of ErbB2 and Akt signaling attenuate tumor progression and cell invasion, respectively. Expression profile analysis of human lung tumors substantiated the importance of the ErbB2/Akt/ELF3 signaling pathway as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic drug target for treating lung cancer. Liu et al. now show that ablation of Smad4 and Pten in the pulmonary epithelium results in the development of metastatic adenosquamous lung tumors through activation of the ErbB2/ELF3/AKT pathway. ErbB2 activation in mice is due to downregulation of Errfi1 expression, a direct target of SMAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung-Nam Cho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bindu Akkanti
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nili Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianqiang Mao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Tenghui Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ximing Tang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistub
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wu D, Yu S, Jia L, Zou C, Xu Z, Xiao L, Wong KB, Ng CF, Chan FL. Orphan nuclear receptor TLX functions as a potent suppressor of oncogene-induced senescence in prostate cancer via its transcriptional co-regulation of the CDKN1A
(p21WAF1
/
CIP1
) and SIRT1
genes. J Pathol 2015; 236:103-15. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinglan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jia
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Zou
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Xiao
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- School of Life Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- Department of Surgery; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
| | - Franky L Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; People's Republic of China
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Poovassery JS, Kang JC, Kim D, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Antibody targeting of HER2/HER3 signaling overcomes heregulin-induced resistance to PI3K inhibition in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:267-77. [PMID: 25471734 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated expression and/or mutations of the various components of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway occur with high frequency in prostate cancer and are associated with the development and progression of castration resistant tumors. However, small molecule kinase inhibitors that target this signaling pathway have limited efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth, primarily due to compensatory survival signals through receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Although members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), or HER, family of RTKs are strongly implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer, targeting individual members of this family such as EGFR or HER2 has resulted in limited success in clinical trials. Multiple studies indicate a critical role for HER3 in the development of resistance against both HER-targeted therapies and PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors. In this study, we found that the growth inhibitory effect of GDC-0941, a class I PI3K inhibitor, is markedly reduced in the presence of heregulin. Interestingly, this effect is more pronounced in cells lacking phosphatase and tensin homolog function. Heregulin-mediated resistance to GDC-0941 is associated with reactivation of Akt downstream of HER3 phosphorylation. Importantly, combined blockade of HER2 and HER3 signaling by an anti-HER2/HER3 bispecific antibody or a mixture of anti-HER2 and anti-HER3 antibodies restores sensitivity to GDC-0941 in heregulin-treated androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells. These studies indicate that the combination of PI3K inhibitors with HER2/HER3 targeting antibodies may constitute a promising therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey C Kang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX
| | - Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - E Sally Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX
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35
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Hammarsten P, Winther J, Rudolfsson SH, Häggström J, Karalija A, Egevad L, Granfors T, Fowler CJ. ErbB2 receptor immunoreactivity in prostate cancer: relationship to the androgen receptor, disease severity at diagnosis and disease outcome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105063. [PMID: 25215939 PMCID: PMC4162542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ErbB2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor family of tyrosine kinases that is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and several studies have reported that a high expression of this protein has prognostic value. In the present study, we have investigated whether tumour ErbB2 immunoreactivity (ErbB2-IR) has clinically useful prognostic value, i.e. that it provides additional prognostic information to that provided by routine clinical tests (Gleason score, tumour stage). Methodology/Principal Findings ErbB2-IR was measured in a well-characterised tissue microarray of tumour and non-malignant samples obtained at diagnosis. Additionally, mRNA levels of ErbB2-IR in the prostate were determined in the rat following manipulation of circulating androgen levels. Tumour ErbB2-IR was significantly associated with the downstream signalling molecule phosphorylated-Akt and with the cell proliferation marker Ki-67. The significant association of tumour ErbB2-IR with the Gleason score at diagnosis was lost when controlled for the association of both parameters with Ki-67. In the rat prostate, mRNA for ErbB2 was inversely associated with circulating androgen levels. There was no association between ErbB2-IR and the androgen receptor (AR)-IR in the tumours, but an interaction between the two parameters was seen with respect to their association with the tumour stage. Tumour ErbB2-IR was confirmed to be a prognostic marker for disease-specific survival, but it did not provide significant additive information to the Gleason score or to Ki-67. Conclusions/Significance It is concluded that tumour ErbB2-IR is of limited clinical value as a prognostic marker to aid treatment decisions, but could be of pathophysiological importance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanna Winther
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina H. Rudolfsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny Häggström
- Umeå School of Business and Economics, Department of Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amar Karalija
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J. Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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36
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Toren P, Zoubeidi A. Targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer: challenges and opportunities (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1793-801. [PMID: 25120209 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt pathway is an actively pursued therapeutic target in oncology. In prostate cancer, the activation of this pathway appears to be characteristic of many aggressive prostate cancers. Further, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is more frequently observed as prostate cancer progresses toward a resistant, metastatic disease. Signalling from this pathway activates numerous survival, growth, metabolic and metastatic functions characteristic of aggressive cancer. Biomarkers of this pathway have correlated activation of this pathway to high grade disease and higher risk of disease progression. Therefore there is significant interest in developing effective strategies to target this pathway in prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the pre-clinical and clinical data relevant to targeting of the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer. In particular, we review the rationale and relevance of co-targeting approaches against the PI3K/Akt pathway. It is anticipated that through an improved understanding of the biology of the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer, relevant biomarkers and rationale combination therapies will optimize targeting of this pathway to improve outcomes among patients with aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Toren
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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37
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Stockley J, Villasevil MEM, Nixon C, Ahmad I, Leung HY, Rajan P. The RNA-binding protein hnRNPA2 regulates β-catenin protein expression and is overexpressed in prostate cancer. RNA Biol 2014; 11:755-65. [PMID: 24823909 PMCID: PMC4156506 DOI: 10.4161/rna.28800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The RNA-binding protein hnRNPA2 (HNRNPA2B1) is upregulated in cancer, where it controls alternative pre-mRNA splicing of cancer-relevant genes. Cytoplasmic hnRNPA2 is reported in aggressive cancers, but is functionally uncharacterized. We explored the role of hnRNPA2 in prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS hnRNPA2 function/localization/expression in PCa was determined using biochemical approaches (colony forming/proliferation/luciferase reporter assays/flow cytometry/immunohistocytochemistry). Binding of hnRNPA2 within cancer-relevant 3'-UTR mRNAs was identified by bioinformatics. RESULTS RNAi-mediated knockdown of hnRNPA2 reduced colony forming and proliferation, while hnRNPA2 overexpression increased proliferation of PCa cells. Nuclear hnRNPA2 is overexpressed in high-grade clinical PCa, and is also observed in the cytoplasm in some cases. Ectopic expression of a predominantly cytoplasmic variant hnRNPA2-ΔRGG also increased PCa cell proliferation, suggesting that cytoplasmic hnRNPA2 may also be functionally relevant in PCa. Consistent with its known cytoplasmic roles, hnRNPA2 was associated with 3'-UTR mRNAs of several cancer-relevant mRNAs including β-catenin (CTNNB1). Both wild-type hnRNPA2 and hnRNPA2-ΔRGG act on CTNNB1 3'-UTR mRNA, increasing endogenous CTNNB1 mRNA expression and β-catenin protein expression and nuclear localization. CONCLUSION Nuclear and cytoplasmic hnRNPA2 are present in PCa and appear to be functionally important. Cytoplasmic hnRNPA2 may affect the cancer cell phenotype through 3'-UTR mRNA-mediated regulation of β-catenin expression and other cancer-relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Stockley
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; Bearsden, UK
| | - M Eugenia M Villasevil
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; Bearsden, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Bearsden, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; Bearsden, UK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; Bearsden, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Bearsden, UK
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; Bearsden, UK
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in US males. Clinically, locally confined disease is treated surgically and/or with radiation therapy. Invasive disease, however, must be treated with pharmacological inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) activity, since disease progression is fundamentally reliant on AR activation. However, despite initially effective treatment options, recurrent castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) often occurs due to aberrant reactivation of AR. Additionally, it is appreciated that many other signaling molecules, such as transcription factors, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors, are often perturbed and significantly contribute to PCa initiation and progression to incurable disease. Understanding the interplay between AR signaling and other signaling networks altered in PCa will advance therapeutic approaches. Overall, comprehension of the molecular composition promoting neoplastic growth and formation of CRPC is paramount for developing durable treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Schrecengost
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Inoue K, Fry EA, Taneja P. Recent progress in mouse models for tumor suppressor genes and its implications in human cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2013; 7:103-22. [PMID: 23843721 PMCID: PMC3682694 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSG) lead to cancer. In most human cancers, these mutations occur in somatic tissues. However, hereditary forms of cancer exist for which individuals are heterozygous for a germline mutation in a TSG locus at birth. The second allele is frequently inactivated by gene deletion, point mutation, or promoter methylation in classical TSGs that meet Knudson's two-hit hypothesis. Conversely, the second allele remains as wild-type, even in tumors in which the gene is haplo-insufficient for tumor suppression. This article highlights the importance of PTEN, APC, and other tumor suppressors for counteracting aberrant PI3K, β-catenin, and other oncogenic signaling pathways. We discuss the use of gene-engineered mouse models (GEMM) of human cancer focusing on Pten and Apc knockout mice that recapitulate key genetic events involved in initiation and progression of human neoplasia. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting these tumor suppressor and oncogene signaling networks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fry
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pankaj Taneja
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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40
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Modelling synergistic interactions between HER2, Sprouty2 and PTEN in driving prostate carcinogenesis. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:323-7. [PMID: 23584380 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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41
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Patel R, Gao M, Ahmad I, Fleming J, Singh LB, Rai TS, McKie AB, Seywright M, Barnetson RJ, Edwards J, Sansom OJ, Leung HY. Sprouty2, PTEN, and PP2A interact to regulate prostate cancer progression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1157-75. [PMID: 23434594 PMCID: PMC3582117 DOI: 10.1172/jci63672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent activation of RAS/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways is implicated in prostate cancer progression. The negative regulators of these pathways, including sprouty2 (SPRY2), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), are commonly inactivated in prostate cancer. The molecular basis of cooperation between these genetic alterations is unknown. Here, we show that SPRY2 deficiency alone triggers activation of AKT and ERK, but this is insufficient to drive tumorigenesis. In addition to AKT and ERK activation, SPRY2 loss also activates a PP2A-dependent tumor suppressor checkpoint. Mechanistically, the PP2A-mediated growth arrest depends on GSK3β and is ultimately mediated by nuclear PTEN. In murine prostate cancer models, Pten haploinsufficiency synergized with Spry2 deficiency to drive tumorigenesis, including metastasis. Together, these results show that loss of Pten cooperates with Spry2 deficiency by bypassing a novel tumor suppressor checkpoint. Furthermore, loss of SPRY2 expression correlates strongly with loss of PTEN and/or PP2A subunits in human prostate cancer. This underlines the cooperation between SPRY2 deficiency and PTEN or PP2A inactivation in promoting tumorigenesis. Overall, we propose SPRY2, PTEN, and PP2A status as an important determinant of prostate cancer progression. Characterization of this trio may facilitate patient stratification for targeted therapies and chemopreventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Patel
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Meiling Gao
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Ahmad
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Janis Fleming
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lukram B. Singh
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Taranjit Singh Rai
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur B. McKie
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Morag Seywright
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Barnetson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Pathology, National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2013; 25:99-104. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32835c1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pin E, Fredolini C, Petricoin EF. The role of proteomics in prostate cancer research: biomarker discovery and validation. Clin Biochem 2012; 46:524-38. [PMID: 23266295 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate Cancer (PCa) represents the second most frequent type of tumor in men worldwide. Incidence increases with patient age and represents the most important risk factor. PCa is mostly characterized by indolence, however in a small percentage of cases (3%) the disease progresses to a metastatic state. To date, the most important issue concerning PCa research is the difficulty in distinguishing indolent from aggressive disease. This problem frequently results in low-grade PCa patient overtreatment and, in parallel; an effective treatment for distant and aggressive disease is not yet available. RESULT Proteomics represents a promising approach for the discovery of new biomarkers able to improve the management of PCa patients. Markers more specific and sensitive than PSA are needed for PCa diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment. Moreover, proteomics could represent an important tool to identify new molecular targets for PCa tailored therapy. Several possible PCa biomarkers sources, each with advantages and limitations, are under investigation, including tissues, urine, serum, plasma and prostatic fluids. Innovative high-throughput proteomic platforms are now identifying and quantifying new specific and sensitive biomarkers for PCa detection, stratification and treatment. Nevertheless, many putative biomarkers are still far from being applied in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS This review aims to discuss the recent advances in PCa proteomics, emphasizing biomarker discovery and their application to clinical utility for diagnosis and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pin
- George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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McCall P, Bennett L, Ahmad I, Mackenzie LM, Forbes IWG, Leung HY, Sansom OJ, Orange C, Seywright M, Underwood MA, Edwards J. NFκB signalling is upregulated in a subset of castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients and correlates with disease progression. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1554-63. [PMID: 23093296 PMCID: PMC3493754 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell line models suggest that activation of NFκB is associated with progression of prostate cancer. This pathway may be a therapeutic target if these observations translate to clinical specimens. METHODS Immunohistochemistry measured NFκBp65 (p65), NFκBp65 nuclear localisation signal (NLS), NFκBp65 phosphorylated at ser 276 (p65(ser276)), NFκBp65 phosphorylated at ser 536 (p65(ser536)), IκBα phosphorylated at ser 32/36 (pIκBα(ser32/36)) and MMP-9 protein expression in 61 matched hormone naive prostate cancer (HNPC) and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tumours. Animal and cell models were used to investigate the role of NFκB inhibition in prostate carcinogenesis. RESULTS In HNPC tumours, NLS expression significantly associated with a shorter time to disease recurrence and disease-specific death. In CRPC tumours p65, pIκBα(ser32/36) and MMP-9 expression significantly associated with shorter time to death from disease recurrence and shorter disease-specific death. MMP-9 and pIκBα(ser32/36) expression significantly associated with metastases at recurrence and were independent of Gleason sum and prostate-specific antigen at recurrence. Expression of phosphorylated Akt was associated with increased p65 activation in mouse models and inhibition of NFκB in LNCaP cells significantly reduced cellular proliferation and induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION These results provide further evidence that the NFκB pathway could be exploited as a target for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McCall
- Unit of Experimental therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ UK.
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Choudhury AD, Eeles R, Freedland SJ, Isaacs WB, Pomerantz MM, Schalken JA, Tammela TLJ, Visakorpi T. The role of genetic markers in the management of prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2012; 62:577-87. [PMID: 22695242 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite widespread screening for prostate cancer (PCa) and major advances in the treatment of metastatic disease, PCa remains the second most common cause of cancer death for men in the Western world. In addition, the use of prostate-specific antigen testing has led to the diagnosis of many potentially indolent cancers, and aggressive treatment of these cancers has caused significant morbidity without clinical benefit in many cases. The recent discoveries of inherited and acquired genetic markers associated with PCa initiation and progression provide an opportunity to apply these findings to guide clinical decision making. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss the potential use of genetic markers to better define groups of men at high risk of developing PCa, to improve screening techniques, to discriminate indolent versus aggressive disease, and to improve therapeutic strategies in patients with advanced disease. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed-based literature searches and abstracts through January 2012 provided the basis for this literature review. We also examined secondary sources from reference lists of retrieved articles and data presented at recent congresses. Cited review articles are only from the years 2007-2012, favoring more recent discussions because of the rapidly changing field. Original research articles were curated based on favoring large sample sizes, independent validation, frequent citations, and basic science directly related to potentially clinically relevant prognostic or predictive markers. In addition, all authors on the manuscript evaluated and interpreted the data acquired. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We address the use of inherited genetic variants to assess risk of PCa development, risk of advanced disease, and duration of response to hormonal therapies. The potential for using urine measurements such as prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) RNA and the transmembrane protease, serine 2 v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (avian) (TMPRSS2-ERG) gene fusion to aid screening is discussed. Multiple groups have developed gene expression signatures from primary prostate tumors correlating with poor prognosis, and attempts to improve and standardize these signatures as diagnostic tests are presented. Massive sequencing efforts are underway to define important somatic genetic alterations (amplifications, deletions, point mutations, translocations) in PCa, and these alterations hold great promise as prognostic markers and for predicting response to therapy. We provide a rationale for assessing genetic markers in metastatic disease for guiding choice of therapy and for stratifying patients in clinical trials, and discuss challenges in clinical trial design incorporating the use of these markers. CONCLUSIONS The use of genetic markers has the potential to aid disease screening, improve prognostic discrimination, and prediction of response to treatment. However, most markers have not been prospectively validated for providing useful prognostic or predictive information or improvement upon clinicopathologic parameters already in use. Significant efforts are underway to develop these research findings into clinically useful diagnostic tests in order to improve clinical decision making.
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Blyth K, Morton JP, Sansom OJ. The right time, the right place: will targeting human cancer-associated mutations to the mouse provide the perfect preclinical model? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:28-35. [PMID: 22406017 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years the realisation that genetic mouse models of cancer may play a key role in preclinical drug development has gained strong momentum. Moreover sequencing studies of human tumours have provided key insights into the mutational complexity of epithelial cancer, unleashing important clues for researchers to generate accurate genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of cancer. Thus by targeting multiple cancer associated human mutations to the appropriate murine epithelia, mice develop tumours that more closely recapitulate the human disease. As a number of excellent models now exist, the next 5-10 years will ascertain whether these models will predict response of human cancer to intervention. If so they might become the 'gold standard' where all drugs are required to be tested in mouse models of disease before proceeding into the patient. However, although this principle is very attractive, it is relatively untested and here, using examples of prevalent human cancers, we will review the latest data on preclinical GEM studies and comment on what challenges are left to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Blyth
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men, with a markedly variable clinical course. Somatic alterations in DNA drive the growth of prostate cancers and may underlie the behavior of aggressive versus indolent tumors. The accelerating application of genomic technologies over the last two decades has identified mutations that drive prostate cancer formation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Here, we discuss exemplary somatic mutations in prostate cancer, and highlight mutated cellular pathways with biological and possible therapeutic importance. Examples include mutated genes involved in androgen signaling, cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and development. Some genetic alterations may also predict the clinical course of disease or response to therapy, although the molecular heterogeneity of prostate tumors poses challenges to genomic biomarker identification. The widespread application of massively parallel sequencing technology to the analysis of prostate cancer genomes should continue to advance both discovery-oriented and diagnostic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvan C. Baca
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,MA, USA
| | - Levi A. Garraway
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,Boston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Levi A. Garraway, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. e-mail:
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