1
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Wang X, Yang Y, Wang Y, Lu C, Hu X, Kawazoe N, Yang Y, Chen G. Focal adhesion and actin orientation regulated by cellular geometry determine stem cell differentiation via mechanotransduction. Acta Biomater 2024; 182:81-92. [PMID: 38734287 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Tuning cell adhesion geometry can affect cytoskeleton organization and the distribution of cytoskeleton forces, which play critical roles in controlling cell functions. To elucidate the geometrical relationship with cytoskeleton force distribution, it is necessary to control cell morphology. In this study, a series of dextral vortex micropatterns were prepared to precisely control cell morphology for investigating the influence of the curvature degree of adhesion curves on intracellular force distribution and stem cell differentiation at a sub-cellular level. Peripherial actin filaments of micropatterned cells were assembled along the adhesion curves and showed different orientations, filament thicknesses and densities. Focal adhesion and cytoskeleton force distribution were dependent on the curvature degree. Intracellular force distribution was also regulated by adhesion curves. The cytoskeleton and force distribution affected the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through a YAP/TAZ-mediated mechanotransduction process. Thus, regulation of cell adhesion curvature, especially at cytoskeletal filament level, is critical for cell function manipulation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, a series of dextral micro-vortexes were prepared and used for the culture of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to precisely control adhesive curvatures (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°). The single MSCs on the micropatterns had the same size and shape but showed distinct focal adhesion (FA) and cytoskeleton orientations. Cellular nanomechanics were observed to be correlated with the curvature degrees, subsequently influencing nuclear morphological features. As a consequence, the localization of the mechanotransduction sensor and activator-YAP/TAZ was affected, influencing osteogenic differentiation. The results revealed the pivotal role of adhesive curvatures in the manipulation of stem cell differentiation via the machanotransduction process, which has rarely been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yingjun Yang
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Chengyu Lu
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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2
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Li X, Chen B. Dynamics of multicellular swirling on micropatterned substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400804121. [PMID: 38900800 PMCID: PMC11214149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400804121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chirality plays a crucial role in biology, as it is highly conserved and fundamentally important in the developmental process. To better understand the relationship between the chirality of individual cells and that of tissues and organisms, we develop a generalized mechanics model of chiral polarized particles to investigate the swirling dynamics of cell populations on substrates. Our analysis reveals that cells with the same chirality can form distinct chiral patterns on ring-shaped or rectangular substrates. Interestingly, our studies indicate that an excessively strong or weak individual cellular chirality hinders the formation of such chiral patterns. Our studies also indicate that there exists the influence distance of substrate boundaries in chiral patterns. Smaller influence distances are observed when cell-cell interactions are weaker. Conversely, when cell-cell interactions are too strong, multiple cells tend to be stacked together, preventing the formation of chiral patterns on substrates in our analysis. Additionally, we demonstrate that the interaction between cells and substrate boundaries effectively controls the chiral distribution of cellular orientations on ring-shaped substrates. This research highlights the significance of coordinating boundary features, individual cellular chirality, and cell-cell interactions in governing the chiral movement of cell populations and provides valuable mechanics insights into comprehending the intricate connection between the chirality of single cells and that of tissues and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Skillin NP, Kirkpatrick BE, Herbert KM, Nelson BR, Hach GK, Günay KA, Khan RM, DelRio FW, White TJ, Anseth KS. Stiffness anisotropy coordinates supracellular contractility driving long-range myotube-ECM alignment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0235. [PMID: 38820155 PMCID: PMC11141631 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The ability of cells to organize into tissues with proper structure and function requires the effective coordination of proliferation, migration, polarization, and differentiation across length scales. Skeletal muscle is innately anisotropic; however, few biomaterials can emulate mechanical anisotropy to determine its influence on tissue patterning without introducing confounding topography. Here, we demonstrate that substrate stiffness anisotropy coordinates contractility-driven collective cellular dynamics resulting in C2C12 myotube alignment over millimeter-scale distances. When cultured on mechanically anisotropic liquid crystalline polymer networks (LCNs) lacking topography, C2C12 myoblasts collectively polarize in the stiffest direction. Cellular coordination is amplified through reciprocal cell-ECM dynamics that emerge during fusion, driving global myotube-ECM ordering. Conversely, myotube alignment was restricted to small local domains with no directional preference on mechanically isotropic LCNs of the same chemical formulation. These findings provide valuable insights for designing biomaterials that mimic anisotropic microenvironments and underscore the importance of stiffness anisotropy in orchestrating tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P. Skillin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bruce E. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katie M. Herbert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Grace K. Hach
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Kemal Arda Günay
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Ryan M. Khan
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Frank W. DelRio
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Timothy J. White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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4
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Dong H, Hu F, Ma X, Yang J, Pan L, Xu J. Collective Cell Radial Ordered Migration in Spatial Confinement. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307487. [PMID: 38520715 PMCID: PMC11132034 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Collective cells, a typical active matter system, exhibit complex coordinated behaviors fundamental for various developmental and physiological processes. The present work discovers a collective radial ordered migration behavior of NIH3T3 fibroblasts that depends on persistent top-down regulation with 2D spatial confinement. Remarkably, individual cells move in a weak-oriented, diffusive-like rather than strong-oriented ballistic manner. Despite this, the collective movement is spatiotemporal heterogeneous and radial ordering at supracellular scale, manifesting as a radial ordered wavefront originated from the boundary and propagated toward the center of pattern. Combining bottom-up cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction strategy, numerical simulations based on a developed mechanical model well reproduce and explain above observations. The model further predicts the independence of geometric features on this ordering behavior, which is validated by experiments. These results together indicate such radial ordered collective migration is ascribed to the couple of top-down regulation with spatial restriction and bottom-up cellular endogenous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Weak‐Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education MinistrySchool of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied PhysicsNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Fen Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak‐Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education MinistrySchool of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied PhysicsNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Xuehe Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Weak‐Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education MinistrySchool of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied PhysicsNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Jianyu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak‐Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education MinistrySchool of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied PhysicsNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Leiting Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Weak‐Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education MinistrySchool of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied PhysicsNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518083China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme OpticsShanxi UniversityTaiyuanShanxi030006China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak‐Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education MinistrySchool of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied PhysicsNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518083China
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5
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Zambuto SG, Jain I, Theriault HS, Underhill GH, Harley BAC. Cell Chirality of Micropatterned Endometrial Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303928. [PMID: 38291861 PMCID: PMC11076162 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Chirality is an intrinsic cellular property that describes cell polarization biases along the left-right axis, apicobasal axis, or front-rear axes. Cell chirality plays a significant role in the arrangement of organs in the body as well as in the orientation of organelles, cytoskeletons, and cells. Vascular networks within the endometrium, the mucosal inner lining of the uterus, commonly display spiral architectures that rapidly form across the menstrual cycle. Herein, the role of endometrial-relevant extracellular matrix stiffness, composition, and soluble signals on endometrial endothelial cell chirality is systematically examined using a high-throughput microarray. Endometrial endothelial cells display marked patterns of chirality as individual cells and as cohorts in response to substrate stiffness and environmental cues. Vascular networks formed from endometrial endothelial cells also display shifts in chirality as a function of exogenous hormones. Changes in cellular-scale chirality correlate with changes in vascular network parameters, suggesting a critical role for cellular chirality in directing endometrial vessel network organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Zambuto
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ishita Jain
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hannah S Theriault
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gregory H Underhill
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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6
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Utsunomiya S, Takebayashi K, Yamaguchi A, Sasamura T, Inaki M, Ueda M, Matsuno K. Left-right Myosin-Is, Myosin1C, and Myosin1D exhibit distinct single molecule behaviors on the plasma membrane of Drosophila macrophages. Genes Cells 2024; 29:380-396. [PMID: 38454557 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Left-right (LR) asymmetry is crucial for animal development, particularly in Drosophila where LR-asymmetric morphogenesis of organs hinges on cellular-level chirality, termed cell chirality. In this species, two class I myosins, Myosin1D (Myo1D), and Myosin1C (Myo1C), respectively determine dextral (wild type) and sinistral (mirror image) cell chirality. Previous studies demonstrated Myo1D's ability to propel F-actin in leftward circles during in vitro gliding assays, suggesting its mechanochemical role in defining dextral chirality. Conversely, Myo1C propels F-actin without exhibiting LR-directional preference in this assay, suggesting at other properties governing sinistral chirality. Given the interaction of Myo1D and Myo1C with the membrane, we hypothesized that differences in their membrane behaviors might be critical in dictating their dextral or sinistral activities. In this study, employing single-molecule imaging analyses, we investigated the dynamic behaviors of Myo1D and Myo1C on the plasma membrane. Our findings revealed that Myo1C exhibits a significantly greater proportion of slow-diffusing population compared to Myo1D. Importantly, this characteristic was contingent upon both head and tail domains of Myo1C. The distinct diffusion patterns of Myo1D and Myo1C did not exert mutual influence on each other. This divergence in membrane diffusion between Myo1D and Myo1C may be crucial for dictating cell and organ chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Utsunomiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takebayashi
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Asuka Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Mikiko Inaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
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7
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Schamberger B, Ehrig S, Dechat T, Spitzer S, Bidan CM, Fratzl P, Dunlop JWC, Roschger A. Twisted-plywood-like tissue formation in vitro. Does curvature do the twist? PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae121. [PMID: 38590971 PMCID: PMC10999733 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of 3D surface geometry to the development of multilayered tissues containing fibrous extracellular matrix components, such as those found in bone. In this study, we elucidate the role of curvature in the formation of chiral, twisted-plywood-like structures. Tissues consisting of murine preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) were grown on 3D scaffolds with constant-mean curvature and negative Gaussian curvature for up to 32 days. Using 3D fluorescence microscopy, the influence of surface curvature on actin stress-fiber alignment and chirality was investigated. To gain mechanistic insights, we did experiments with MC3T3-E1 cells deficient in nuclear A-type lamins or treated with drugs targeting cytoskeleton proteins. We find that wild-type cells form a thick tissue with fibers predominantly aligned along directions of negative curvature, but exhibiting a twist in orientation with respect to older tissues. Fiber orientation is conserved below the tissue surface, thus creating a twisted-plywood-like material. We further show that this alignment pattern strongly depends on the structural components of the cells (A-type lamins, actin, and myosin), showing a role of mechanosensing on tissue organization. Our data indicate the importance of substrate curvature in the formation of 3D tissues and provide insights into the emergence of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schamberger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Ehrig
- Laboratory of Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str. 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dechat
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Spitzer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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8
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Yang Z, Jaiswal A, Yin Q, Lin X, Liu L, Li J, Liu X, Xu Z, Li JJ, Yong KT. Chiral nanomaterials in tissue engineering. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5014-5041. [PMID: 38323627 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05003c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Addressing significant medical challenges arising from tissue damage and organ failure, the field of tissue engineering has evolved to provide revolutionary approaches for regenerating functional tissues and organs. This involves employing various techniques, including the development and application of novel nanomaterials. Among them, chiral nanomaterials comprising non-superimposable nanostructures with their mirror images have recently emerged as innovative biomaterial candidates to guide tissue regeneration due to their unique characteristics. Chiral nanomaterials including chiral fibre supramolecular hydrogels, polymer-based chiral materials, self-assembling peptides, chiral-patterned surfaces, and the recently developed intrinsically chiroptical nanoparticles have demonstrated remarkable ability to regulate biological processes through routes such as enantioselective catalysis and enhanced antibacterial activity. Despite several recent reviews on chiral nanomaterials, limited attention has been given to the specific potential of these materials in facilitating tissue regeneration processes. Thus, this timely review aims to fill this gap by exploring the fundamental characteristics of chiral nanomaterials, including their chiroptical activities and analytical techniques. Also, the recent advancements in incorporating these materials in tissue engineering applications are highlighted. The review concludes by critically discussing the outlook of utilizing chiral nanomaterials in guiding future strategies for tissue engineering design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The Biophotonics and Mechanobioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Arun Jaiswal
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The Biophotonics and Mechanobioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Qiankun Yin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
- The Biophotonics and Mechanobioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Xiaoqi Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jiarong Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The Biophotonics and Mechanobioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zhejun Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The Biophotonics and Mechanobioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The Biophotonics and Mechanobioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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9
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Hachem Z, Hadrian C, Aldbaisi L, Alkaabi M, Wan LQ, Fan J. Asymmetrical positioning of cell organelles reflects the cell chirality of mouse myoblast cells. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:016119. [PMID: 38495528 PMCID: PMC10942803 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell chirality is crucial for the chiral morphogenesis of biological tissues, yet its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Cell organelle polarization along multiple axes in a cell body, namely, apical-basal, front-rear, and left-right, is known to direct cell behavior such as orientation, rotation, and migration. Among these axes, the left-right bias holds significant sway in determining the chiral directionality of these behaviors. Normally, mouse myoblast (C2C12) cells exhibit a strong counterclockwise chirality on a ring-shaped micropattern, whereas they display a clockwise dominant chirality under Latrunculin A treatment. To investigate the relationship between multicellular chirality and organelle positioning in single cells, we studied the left-right positioning of cell organelles under distinct cell chirality in single cells via micropatterning technique, fluorescent microscopy, and imaging analysis. We found that on a "T"-shaped micropattern, a C2C12 cell adopts a triangular shape, with its nucleus-centrosome axis pointing toward the top-right direction of the "T." Several other organelles, including the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, actin filaments, and microtubules, showed a preference to polarize on one side of the axis, indicating the universality of the left-right asymmetrical organelle positioning. Interestingly, upon reversing cell chirality with Latrunculin A, the organelles correspondingly reversed their left-right positioning bias, as suggested by the consistently biased metabolism and contractile properties at the leading edge. This left-right asymmetry in organelle positioning may help predict cell migration direction and serve as a potential marker for identifying cell chirality in biological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Hachem
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | - Courtney Hadrian
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | - Lina Aldbaisi
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | - Muslim Alkaabi
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | | | - Jie Fan
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
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10
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Glazenburg MM, Hettema NM, Laan L, Remy O, Laloux G, Brunet T, Chen X, Tee YH, Wen W, Rizvi MS, Jolly MK, Riddell M. Perspectives on polarity - exploring biological asymmetry across scales. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261987. [PMID: 38441500 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this Perspective, Journal of Cell Science invited researchers working on cell and tissue polarity to share their thoughts on unique, emerging or open questions relating to their field. The goal of this article is to feature 'voices' from scientists around the world and at various career stages, to bring attention to innovative and thought-provoking topics of interest to the cell biology community. These voices discuss intriguing questions that consider polarity across scales, evolution, development and disease. What can yeast and protists tell us about the evolution of cell and tissue polarity in animals? How are cell fate and development influenced by emerging dynamics in cell polarity? What can we learn from atypical and extreme polarity systems? How can we arrive at a more unified biophysical understanding of polarity? Taken together, these pieces demonstrate the broad relevance of the fascinating phenomenon of cell polarization to diverse fundamental biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Margaretha Glazenburg
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Marije Hettema
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Liedewij Laan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ophélie Remy
- Institut de Duve, UCLouvain, 75 avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Laloux
- Institut de Duve, UCLouvain, 75 avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, 25-28 rue du docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xin Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Levi Hall 137, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685, USA
| | - Yee Han Tee
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mohd Suhail Rizvi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy 502284, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
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11
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Zhang H, Rahman T, Lu S, Adam AP, Wan LQ. Helical vasculogenesis driven by cell chirality. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3582. [PMID: 38381835 PMCID: PMC10881055 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The cellular helical structure is well known for its crucial role in development and disease. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism governing this phenomenon remains largely unexplored, particularly in recapitulating it in well-controlled engineering systems. Leveraging advanced microfluidics, we present compelling evidence of the spontaneous emergence of helical endothelial tubes exhibiting robust right-handedness governed by inherent cell chirality. To strengthen our findings, we identify a consistent bias toward the same chirality in mouse vascular tissues. Manipulating endothelial cell chirality using small-molecule drugs produces a dose-dependent reversal of the handedness in engineered vessels, accompanied by non-monotonic changes in vascular permeability. Moreover, our three-dimensional cell vertex model provides biomechanical insights into the chiral morphogenesis process, highlighting the role of cellular torque and tissue fluidity in its regulation. Our study unravels an intriguing mechanism underlying vascular chiral morphogenesis, shedding light on the broader implications and distinctive perspectives of tubulogenesis within biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Tasnif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Shuhan Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alejandro Pablo Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Leo Q. Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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12
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Mierke CT. Extracellular Matrix Cues Regulate Mechanosensing and Mechanotransduction of Cancer Cells. Cells 2024; 13:96. [PMID: 38201302 PMCID: PMC10777970 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular biophysical properties have particular implications for a wide spectrum of cellular behaviors and functions, including growth, motility, differentiation, apoptosis, gene expression, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion, and signal transduction including mechanotransduction. Cells not only react to unambiguously mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM), but can occasionally manipulate the mechanical features of the matrix in parallel with biological characteristics, thus interfering with downstream matrix-based cues in both physiological and pathological processes. Bidirectional interactions between cells and (bio)materials in vitro can alter cell phenotype and mechanotransduction, as well as ECM structure, intentionally or unintentionally. Interactions between cell and matrix mechanics in vivo are of particular importance in a variety of diseases, including primarily cancer. Stiffness values between normal and cancerous tissue can range between 500 Pa (soft) and 48 kPa (stiff), respectively. Even the shear flow can increase from 0.1-1 dyn/cm2 (normal tissue) to 1-10 dyn/cm2 (cancerous tissue). There are currently many new areas of activity in tumor research on various biological length scales, which are highlighted in this review. Moreover, the complexity of interactions between ECM and cancer cells is reduced to common features of different tumors and the characteristics are highlighted to identify the main pathways of interaction. This all contributes to the standardization of mechanotransduction models and approaches, which, ultimately, increases the understanding of the complex interaction. Finally, both the in vitro and in vivo effects of this mechanics-biology pairing have key insights and implications for clinical practice in tumor treatment and, consequently, clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Biological Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Li Y, Jiang W, Zhou X, Long Y, Sun Y, Zeng Y, Yao X. Advances in Regulating Cellular Behavior Using Micropatterns. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2023; 96:527-547. [PMID: 38161579 PMCID: PMC10751872 DOI: 10.59249/uxoh1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Micropatterns, characterized as distinct physical microstructures or chemical adhesion matrices on substance surfaces, have emerged as a powerful tool for manipulating cellular activity. By creating specific extracellular matrix microenvironments, micropatterns can influence various cell behaviors, including orientation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the use of micropatterns for cell behavior regulation. It discusses the influence of micropattern morphology and coating on cell behavior and the underlying mechanisms. It also highlights future research directions in this field, aiming to inspire new investigations in materials medicine, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The review underscores the potential of micropatterns as a novel approach for controlling cell behavior, which could pave the way for breakthroughs in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National
Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral
Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R.
China
| | - Wenli Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Xintong Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Yicen Long
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Yujia Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Xinghong Yao
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,
Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan
Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital
of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R.
China
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14
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Zambuto SG, Jain I, Theriault HS, Underhill GH, Harley BAC. Cell Chirality of Micropatterned Endometrial Microvascular Endothelial Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563368. [PMID: 37961315 PMCID: PMC10634711 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is an intrinsic cellular property that describes cell polarization biases along the left-right axis, apicobasal axis, or front-rear axes. Cell chirality plays a significant role in the arrangement of organs in the body as well as the orientation of organelles, cytoskeletons, and cells. Vascular networks within the endometrium, the mucosal inner lining of the uterus, commonly display spiral architectures that rapidly form across the menstrual cycle. Herein, we systematically examine the role of endometrial-relevant extracellular matrix stiffness, composition, and soluble signals on endometrial endothelial cell chirality using a high-throughput microarray. Endometrial endothelial cells display marked patterns of chirality as individual cells and as cohorts in response to substrate stiffness and environmental cues. Vascular networks formed from endometrial endothelial cells also display shifts in chirality as a function of exogenous hormones. Changes in cellular-scale chirality correlate with changes in vascular network parameters, suggesting a critical role for cellular chirality in directing endometrial vessel network organization.
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15
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Wang Y, Tong X, Shi X, Keswani T, Chatterjee E, Chen L, Li G, Lee K, Guo T, Yu Y. Chiral Cell Nanomechanics Originated in Clockwise/Counterclockwise Biofunctional Microarrays to Govern the Nuclear Mechanotransduction of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48038-48049. [PMID: 37812566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell chirality is extremely important for the evolution of cell morphogenesis to manipulate cell performance due to left-right asymmetry. Although chiral micro- and nanoscale biomaterials have been developed to regulate cell functions, how cell chirality affects cell nanomechanics to command nuclear mechanotransduction was ambiguous. In this study, chiral engineered microcircle arrays were prepared by photosensitive cross-linking synthesis on cell culture plates to control the clockwise/counterclockwise geometric topology of stem cells. Asymmetric focal adhesion and cytoskeleton structures could induce chiral cell nanomechanics measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation in left-/right-handed stem cells. Cell nanomechanics could be enhanced when the construction of mature focal adhesion and the assembly of actin and myosin cytoskeletons were well organized in chiral engineered stem cells. Curvature angles had a negative effect on cell nanomechanics, while cell chirality did not change cytoskeletal mechanics. The biased cytoskeleton tension would engender different nuclear mechanotransductions by yes-associated protein (YAP) evaluation. The chiral stimuli were delivered into the nuclei to oversee nuclear behaviors. A strong cell modulus could activate high nuclear DNA synthesis activity by mechanotransduction. The results will bring the possibility of understanding the interplay of chiral cell nanomechanics and mechanotransduction in nanomedicines and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaolan Tong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaohui Shi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tarun Keswani
- Center for Immunological and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Emeli Chatterjee
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Center for Immunological and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Kyubae Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
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16
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Li W, Chung WL, Kozlov MM, Medalia O, Geiger B, Bershadsky AD. Chiral growth of adherent filopodia. Biophys J 2023; 122:3704-3721. [PMID: 37301982 PMCID: PMC10541518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent filopodia are elongated finger-like membrane protrusions, extending from the edges of diverse cell types and participating in cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and environmental sensing. The formation and elongation of filopodia are driven by the polymerization of parallel actin filaments, comprising the filopodia cytoskeletal core. Here, we report that adherent filopodia, formed during the spreading of cultured cells on galectin-8-coated substrates, tend to change the direction of their extension in a chiral fashion, acquiring a left-bent shape. Cryoelectron tomography examination indicated that turning of the filopodia tip to the left is accompanied by the displacement of the actin core bundle to the right of the filopodia midline. Reduction of the adhesion to galectin-8 by treatment with thiodigalactoside abolished this filopodia chirality. By modulating the expression of a variety of actin-associated filopodia proteins, we identified myosin-X and formin DAAM1 as major filopodia chirality promoting factors. Formin mDia1, actin filament elongation factor VASP, and actin filament cross-linker fascin were also shown to be involved. Thus, the simple actin cytoskeleton of filopodia, together with a small number of associated proteins are sufficient to drive a complex navigation process, manifested by the development of left-right asymmetry in these cellular protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wen-Lu Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Zhang H, Fan J, Maclin JM, Wan LQ. The Actin Crosslinker Fascin Regulates Cell Chirality. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200240. [PMID: 36658789 PMCID: PMC10293081 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The left-right (L-R) asymmetry of the cells, or cell chirality, is a well-known intrinsic property derived from the dynamic organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Cell chirality can be regulated by actin-binding proteins such as α-actinin-1 and can also be mediated by certain signaling pathways, such as protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. Fascin, an actin crosslinker known to mediate parallel bundling of actin filaments, appears as a prominent candidate in cell chirality regulation, given its role in facilitating cell migration as an important PKC substrate. Here, it is shown that the chirality of NIH/3T3 cells can be altered by PKC activation and fascin manipulation. With either small-molecule drug inhibition or genetic knockdown of fascin, the chirality of 3T3 cells is reversed from a clockwise (CW) bias to a counterclockwise (CCW) bias on ring-shaped micropatterns, accompanied by the reversal in cell directional migration. The Ser-39 fascin-actin binding sites are further explored in cell chirality regulation. The findings of this study reveal the critical role of fascin as an important intermediator in cell chirality, shedding novel insights into the mechanisms of L-R asymmetric cell migration and multicellular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Joshua M.A. Maclin
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Leo Q. Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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18
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Wu S, Ruan L, Wu J, Wu M, Chu LT, Kwong HK, Lam ML, Chen TH. Scalable pattern formation of skeletal myotubes by synergizing microtopographic cues and chiral nematics of cells. Biofabrication 2023; 15. [PMID: 36791461 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acbc4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Topographical cues have been widely used to facilitate cell fusion in skeletal muscle formation. However, an unexpected yet consistent chiral orientation of myotubes deviating from the groove boundaries is commonly observed but has long been unattended. In this study, we report a method to guide the formation of skeletal myotubes into scalable and controlled patterns. By inducing C2C12 myoblasts onto grooved patterns with different widths (from 0.4 to 200μm), we observed an enhanced chiral orientation of cells developing on wide grooves (50 and 100μm width) since the first day of induction. Active chiral nematics of cells involving cell migration and chiral rotation of the cell nucleus subsequently led to a unified chiral orientation of the myotubes. Importantly, these chiral myotubes were formed with enhanced length, diameter, and contractility on wide grooves. Treatment of latrunculin A (Lat A) suppressed the chiral rotation and migration of cells as well as the myotube formation, suggesting the essence of chiral nematics of cells for myogenesis. Finally, by arranging wide grooved/striped patterns with corresponding compensation angles to synergize microtopographic cues and chiral nematics of cells, intricate and scalable patterns of myotubes were formed, providing a strategy for engineering skeletal muscle tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Ruan
- School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Lok Ting Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hoi Kwan Kwong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Miu Ling Lam
- School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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19
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Schamberger B, Ziege R, Anselme K, Ben Amar M, Bykowski M, Castro APG, Cipitria A, Coles RA, Dimova R, Eder M, Ehrig S, Escudero LM, Evans ME, Fernandes PR, Fratzl P, Geris L, Gierlinger N, Hannezo E, Iglič A, Kirkensgaard JJK, Kollmannsberger P, Kowalewska Ł, Kurniawan NA, Papantoniou I, Pieuchot L, Pires THV, Renner LD, Sageman-Furnas AO, Schröder-Turk GE, Sengupta A, Sharma VR, Tagua A, Tomba C, Trepat X, Waters SL, Yeo EF, Roschger A, Bidan CM, Dunlop JWC. Curvature in Biological Systems: Its Quantification, Emergence, and Implications across the Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206110. [PMID: 36461812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface curvature both emerges from, and influences the behavior of, living objects at length scales ranging from cell membranes to single cells to tissues and organs. The relevance of surface curvature in biology is supported by numerous experimental and theoretical investigations in recent years. In this review, first, a brief introduction to the key ideas of surface curvature in the context of biological systems is given and the challenges that arise when measuring surface curvature are discussed. Giving an overview of the emergence of curvature in biological systems, its significance at different length scales becomes apparent. On the other hand, summarizing current findings also shows that both single cells and entire cell sheets, tissues or organisms respond to curvature by modulating their shape and their migration behavior. Finally, the interplay between the distribution of morphogens or micro-organisms and the emergence of curvature across length scales is addressed with examples demonstrating these key mechanistic principles of morphogenesis. Overall, this review highlights that curved interfaces are not merely a passive by-product of the chemical, biological, and mechanical processes but that curvature acts also as a signal that co-determines these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schamberger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ricardo Ziege
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karine Anselme
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Ben Amar
- Department of Physics, Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
- ESTS, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2914-761, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Amaia Cipitria
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Group of Bioengineering in Regeneration and Cancer, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rhoslyn A Coles
- Cluster of Excellence, Matters of Activity, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrig
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Myfanwy E Evans
- Institute for Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paulo R Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (Boku), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jacob J K Kirkensgaard
- Condensed Matter Physics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
- Ingredients and Dairy Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Philip Kollmannsberger
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Stadiou Str., 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tiago H V Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lars D Renner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research and the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Gerd E Schröder-Turk
- School of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Anupam Sengupta
- Physics of Living Matter, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg City, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Vikas R Sharma
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Tagua
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Tomba
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Trepat
- ICREA at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Edwina F Yeo
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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20
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Xie W, Wei X, Kang H, Jiang H, Chu Z, Lin Y, Hou Y, Wei Q. Static and Dynamic: Evolving Biomaterial Mechanical Properties to Control Cellular Mechanotransduction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204594. [PMID: 36658771 PMCID: PMC10037983 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic system that constantly offers physical, biological, and chemical signals to embraced cells. Increasing evidence suggests that mechanical signals derived from the dynamic cellular microenvironment are essential controllers of cell behaviors. Conventional cell culture biomaterials, with static mechanical properties such as chemistry, topography, and stiffness, have offered a fundamental understanding of various vital biochemical and biophysical processes, such as cell adhesion, spreading, migration, growth, and differentiation. At present, novel biomaterials that can spatiotemporally impart biophysical cues to manipulate cell fate are emerging. The dynamic properties and adaptive traits of new materials endow them with the ability to adapt to cell requirements and enhance cell functions. In this review, an introductory overview of the key players essential to mechanobiology is provided. A biophysical perspective on the state-of-the-art manipulation techniques and novel materials in designing static and dynamic ECM-mimicking biomaterials is taken. In particular, different static and dynamic mechanical cues in regulating cellular mechanosensing and functions are compared. This review to benefit the development of engineering biomechanical systems regulating cell functions is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Xie
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841South Korea
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences)The University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
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21
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Luo S, Furuya K, Matsuda K, Tsukasa Y, Usui T, Uemura T. E-cadherin-dependent coordinated epithelial rotation on a two-dimensional discoidal pattern. Genes Cells 2023; 28:175-187. [PMID: 36562594 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, cells collectively migrate in a variety of developmental and pathological contexts. Coordinated epithelial rotation represents a unique type of collective cell migrations, which has been modeled in vitro under spatially confined conditions. Although it is known that the coordinated rotation depends on intercellular interactions, the contribution of E-cadherin, a major cell-cell adhesion molecule, has not been directly addressed on two-dimensional (2D) confined substrates. Here, using well-controlled fibronectin-coated surfaces, we tracked and compared the migratory behaviors of MDCK cells expressing or lacking E-cadherin. We observed that wild-type MDCK II cells exhibited persistent and coordinated rotations on discoidal patterns, while E-cadherin knockout cells migrated in a less coordinated manner without large-scale rotation. Our comparison of the collective dynamics between these two cell types revealed a series of changes in migratory behavior caused by the loss of E-cadherin, including a decreased global migration speed, less regularity in quantified coordination, and increased average density of topological defects. Taken together, these data demonstrate that spontaneous initiation of collective epithelial rotations depends on E-cadherin under 2D discoidal confinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Luo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Furuya
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiya Matsuda
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuma Tsukasa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadao Usui
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Actin polymerisation and crosslinking drive left-right asymmetry in single cell and cell collectives. Nat Commun 2023; 14:776. [PMID: 36774346 PMCID: PMC9922260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Deviations from mirror symmetry in the development of bilateral organisms are common but the mechanisms of initial symmetry breaking are insufficiently understood. The actin cytoskeleton of individual cells self-organises in a chiral manner, but the molecular players involved remain essentially unidentified and the relationship between chirality of an individual cell and cell collectives is unclear. Here, we analysed self-organisation of the chiral actin cytoskeleton in individual cells on circular or elliptical patterns, and collective cell alignment in confined microcultures. Screening based on deep-learning analysis of actin patterns identified actin polymerisation regulators, depletion of which suppresses chirality (mDia1) or reverses chirality direction (profilin1 and CapZβ). The reversed chirality is mDia1-independent but requires the function of actin-crosslinker α-actinin1. A robust correlation between the effects of a variety of actin assembly regulators on chirality of individual cells and cell collectives is revealed. Thus, actin-driven cell chirality may underlie tissue and organ asymmetry.
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23
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Ascione F, Caserta S, Esposito S, Villella VR, Maiuri L, Nejad MR, Doostmohammadi A, Yeomans JM, Guido S. Collective rotational motion of freely expanding T84 epithelial cell colonies. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220719. [PMID: 36872917 PMCID: PMC9943890 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated rotational motion is an intriguing, yet still elusive mode of collective cell migration, which is relevant in pathological and morphogenetic processes. Most of the studies on this topic have been carried out on epithelial cells plated on micropatterned substrates, where cell motion is confined in regions of well-defined shapes coated with extracellular matrix adhesive proteins. The driver of collective rotation in such conditions has not been clearly elucidated, although it has been speculated that spatial confinement can play an essential role in triggering cell rotation. Here, we study the growth of epithelial cell colonies freely expanding (i.e. with no physical constraints) on the surface of cell culture plates and focus on collective cell rotation in such conditions, a case which has received scarce attention in the literature. One of the main findings of our work is that coordinated cell rotation spontaneously occurs in cell clusters in the free growth regime, thus implying that cell confinement is not necessary to elicit collective rotation as previously suggested. The extent of collective rotation was size and shape dependent: a highly coordinated disc-like rotation was found in small cell clusters with a round shape, while collective rotation was suppressed in large irregular cell clusters generated by merging of different clusters in the course of their growth. The angular motion was persistent in the same direction, although clockwise and anticlockwise rotations were equally likely to occur among different cell clusters. Radial cell velocity was quite low as compared to the angular velocity, in agreement with the free expansion regime where cluster growth is essentially governed by cell proliferation. A clear difference in morphology was observed between cells at the periphery and the ones in the core of the clusters, the former being more elongated and spread out as compared to the latter. Overall, our results, to our knowledge, provide the first quantitative and systematic evidence that coordinated cell rotation does not require a spatial confinement and occurs spontaneously in freely expanding epithelial cell colonies, possibly as a mechanism for the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Ascione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Caserta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Speranza Esposito
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Rachela Villella
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Maiuri
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mehrana R. Nejad
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | | | - Julia M. Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Stefano Guido
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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24
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Rahman T, Peters F, Wan LQ. Cell jamming regulates epithelial chiral morphogenesis. J Biomech 2023; 147:111435. [PMID: 36641827 PMCID: PMC10020895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Internal organs such as the heart demonstrate apparent left-right (LR) asymmetric morphology and positioning. Cellular chirality and associated LR biased mechanical behavior such as cell migration have been attributed to LR symmetry breaking during embryonic development. Mathematical models have shown that chiral directional migration can be driven by cellular intrinsic torque. Tissue jamming state (i.e., solid-like vs fluid-like state) strongly regulates collective migratory behavior, but how it might affect chiral morphogenesis is still unknown. Here, we develop a cell vertex model to study the role of tissue rigidity or jamming state on chiral morphogenesis of the cells on a patterned ring-shaped tissue, simulating a previously reported experimental setup for measuring cell chirality. We simulate chirality as torsional forces acting on cell vertices. As expected, the cells undergo bidirectional migration at the opposing (inner and outer) boundaries of the ring-shaped tissue. We discover that more fluid-like tissues (unjammed) demonstrate a stronger chiral cell alignment and elongation than more solid-like (jammed) tissues and maintain a bigger difference in migration velocity between opposing tissue boundaries. Finally, we find that fluid-like tissues undergo more cell-neighbor exchange events. This study reveals that chiral torque is sufficient to achieve a biased cellular alignment as seen in vitro. It further sheds light on the mechanical regulation of chiral morphogenesis of tissues and reveals a role of cell density-independent tissue rigidity in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Frank Peters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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25
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Fratzl P, Fischer FD, Zickler GA, Dunlop JWC. On shape forming by contractile filaments in the surface of growing tissues. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgac292. [PMID: 36712928 PMCID: PMC9832972 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing tissues are highly dynamic, and flow on sufficiently long timescales due to cell proliferation, migration, and tissue remodeling. As a consequence, growing tissues can often be approximated as viscous fluids. This means that the shape of microtissues growing in vitro is governed by their surface stress state, as in fluid droplets. Recent work showed that cells in the near-surface region of fibroblastic or osteoblastic microtissues contract with highly oriented actin filaments, thus making the surface properties highly anisotropic, in contrast to what is expected for an isotropic fluid. Here, we develop a model that includes mechanical anisotropy of the surface generated by contractile fibers and we show that mechanical equilibrium requires contractile filaments to follow geodesic lines on the surface. Constant pressure in the fluid forces these contractile filaments to be along geodesics with a constant normal curvature. We then take this into account to determine equilibrium shapes of rotationally symmetric bodies subjected to anisotropic surface stress states and derive a family of surfaces of revolution. A comparison with recently published shapes of microtissues shows that this theory accurately predicts both the surface shape and the direction of the actin filaments on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam Science Park, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - F Dieter Fischer
- Institute of Mechanics, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Gerald A Zickler
- Institute of Mechanics, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Morphophysics Group, Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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26
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Hang B, Jassem E, Mohammed H, Wan LQ, Herschkowitz JI, Fan J. Interacting with tumor cells weakens the intrinsic clockwise chirality of endothelial cells. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:046107. [PMID: 36505506 PMCID: PMC9729015 DOI: 10.1063/5.0115827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) possess a strong intrinsic clockwise (CW, or rightward) chirality under normal conditions. Enervating this chirality of ECs significantly impairs the function of the endothelial barrier. Malignant tumor cells (TCs) undergo metastasis by playing upon the abnormal leakage of blood vessels. However, the impact of TCs on EC chirality is still poorly understood. Using a transwell model, we co-cultured the human umbilical vein endothelial cells or human lung microvascular endothelial cells and breast epithelial tumor cell lines to simulate the TC-EC interaction. Using a micropatterning method, we assessed the EC chirality changes induced by paracrine signaling of and physical contact with TCs. We found that the intrinsic clockwise chirality of ECs was significantly compromised by the TC's physical contact, while the paracrine signaling (i.e., without physical contact) of TCs causes minimal changes. In addition, ECs neighboring TCs tend to possess a left bias, while ECs spaced apart from TCs are more likely to preserve the intrinsic right bias. Finally, we found the chirality change of ECs could result from physical binding between CD44 and E-selectin, which activates protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) and induces pseudopodial movement of EC toward TC. Our findings together suggest the crucial role of EC-TC physical interaction in EC chirality and that weakening the EC chirality could potentially compromise the overall endothelial integrity which increases the probability of metastatic cancer spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Hang
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | - Eman Jassem
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | - Hanan Mohammed
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | | | - Jason I. Herschkowitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-SUNY, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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27
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Porras Hernández AM, Tenje M, Antfolk M. Cell chirality exhibition of brain microvascular endothelial cells is dependent on micropattern width. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30135-30144. [PMID: 36329947 PMCID: PMC9585451 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-right asymmetry is a conserved property in nature and observed in the human body, a property known as cell chirality. Cell chirality is often studied using micropatterned in vitro models. However, micropattern geometry and size often varies across different studies, making it challenging to compare results. Here, we utilized micropatterned RGD-peptide lines on hyaluronic acid hydrogels to investigate the effect of the micropattern width on the exhibited cell chirality bias of brain microvascular endothelial cells. Overall, this cell type exhibited a negative chirality bias on micropatterned lines ranging from 10 μm to 400 μm in width, where the negative bias was most pronounced on the 100 μm wide lines. We also observed that this exhibited chirality bias varied across the line width. This work serves as a guide to determine optimal micropattern width for further investigations on cell chirality bias and its prominence in e.g., disease states or upon exposure to toxic substances. Brain endothelial microvascular cell chirality is dependent on micropattern width and spatial localization. Finding the optimal micropattern width and including only the centre cells in the analysis for chirality-based experiments might improve further experimental results.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Porras Hernández
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Tenje
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Antfolk
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University Lund Sweden .,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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28
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Kim T, Kwak S, Hwang M, Hong J, Choi J, Yeom B, Kim Y. Recognition of 3D Chiral Microenvironments for Myoblast Differentiation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4230-4235. [PMID: 36169613 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell chirality plays a critical role in the linkage between molecular chirality and the asymmetrical biological functions of body organs. However, enantioselective interactions between cell chirality and the extracellular environment are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of structurally chiral extracellular microenvironments on cellular alignments and differentiations. Twisted wrinkle-shaped chiral micropatterns were prepared using biaxial and asymmetric buckling methods, wherein structural handedness was determined from the orientation of the tilt angle between the first and second microwrinkles. Myoblasts were separately cultured on two enantiomeric chiral micropatterns in a mirror-reflected shape. Cells cultured on the left-handed chiral micropatterns preferred alignments along the direction of the second microwrinkle, with a relatively deeper valley than that of the first microwrinkle. The aligned cells on the left-handed pattern showed higher differentiation rates, as assessed by fusion indices and marker protein expression levels, than those cultured on right-handed chiral micropatterns. These results suggest that myoblasts exhibit enantioselective recognition of structurally chiral microenvironments, which can promote cellular alignments and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seran Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Myonghoo Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hong
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Yeom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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29
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Nakanishi J, Yamamoto S. Static and photoresponsive dynamic materials to dissect physical regulation of cellular functions. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6116-6134. [PMID: 36111810 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00789d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in mechanobiology has highlighted the importance of physical cues, such as mechanics, geometry (size), topography, and porosity, in the determination of cellular activities and fates, in addition to biochemical factors derived from their surroundings. In this review, we will first provide an overview of how such fundamental insights are identified by synchronizing the hierarchical nature of biological systems and static materials with tunable physical cues. Thereafter, we will explain the photoresponsive dynamic biomaterials to dissect the spatiotemporal aspects of the dependence of biological functions on physical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakanishi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. .,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Shota Yamamoto
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. .,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Singh AV, Chandrasekar V, Laux P, Luch A, Dakua SP, Zamboni P, Shelar A, Yang Y, Pandit V, Tisato V, Gemmati D. Micropatterned Neurovascular Interface to Mimic the Blood–Brain Barrier’s Neurophysiology and Micromechanical Function: A BBB-on-CHIP Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182801. [PMID: 36139383 PMCID: PMC9497163 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid blood–brain barrier (BBB)-on-chip cell culture device is proposed in this study by integrating microcontact printing and perfusion co-culture to facilitate the study of BBB function under high biological fidelity. This is achieved by crosslinking brain extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to the transwell membrane at the luminal surface and adapting inlet–outlet perfusion on the porous transwell wall. While investigating the anatomical hallmarks of the BBB, tight junction proteins revealed tortuous zonula occludens (ZO-1), and claudin expressions with increased interdigitation in the presence of astrocytes were recorded. Enhanced adherent junctions were also observed. This junctional phenotype reflects in-vivo-like features related to the jamming of cell borders to prevent paracellular transport. Biochemical regulation of BBB function by astrocytes was noted by the transient intracellular calcium effluxes induced into endothelial cells. Geometry-force control of astrocyte–endothelial cell interactions was studied utilizing traction force microscopy (TFM) with fluorescent beads incorporated into a micropatterned polyacrylamide gel (PAG). We observed the directionality and enhanced magnitude in the traction forces in the presence of astrocytes. In the future, we envisage studying transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the effect of chemomechanical stimulations on drug/ligand permeability and transport. The BBB-on-chip model presented in this proposal should serve as an in vitro surrogate to recapitulate the complexities of the native BBB cellular milieus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (S.P.D.)
| | | | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarada Prasad Dakua
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha 3050, Qatar
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (S.P.D.)
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Yin Yang
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 24404, Qatar
| | - Vaibhav Pandit
- Dynex Technologies, 14340 Sullyfield Circle, Chantilly, VA 20151, USA
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Centre Hemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Donato Gemmati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Centre Hemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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31
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How torque on formins is relaxed strongly affects cellular swirling. Biophys J 2022; 121:2952-2961. [PMID: 35773996 PMCID: PMC9388394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a common and essential characteristic at varied scales of living organisms. By adapting the rotational clutch-filament model we previously developed, we investigate the effect of torque relaxation of a formin on cellular chiral swirling. Since it is still unclear how the torque on a formin is exactly relaxed, we probe three types of torque relaxation, as suggested in the literature. Our analysis indicates that, when a formin periodically undergoes positive and negative rotation during processive capping to relax the torque, cells hardly rotate. When the switch between the positive and the negative rotation during the processive capping is randomly regulated by the torque, our analysis indicates that cells can only slightly rotate either counterclockwise or clockwise. When a formin relaxes the torque by transiently loosening its contact either with the membrane at its anchored site or with the actin filament, we find that cells can prominently rotate either counterclockwise or clockwise, in good consistency with the experiment. Thus, our studies indicate that how the torque on a formin is relaxed strongly affects cellular swirling and suggest an efficient type of torque relaxation in switching cellular swirling.
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Zhang H, Ronaldson-Bouchard K, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Wan LQ. A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/63105. [PMID: 35343954 PMCID: PMC9008871 DOI: 10.3791/63105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is an intrinsic cellular property, which depicts the asymmetry in terms of polarization along the left-right axis of the cell. As this unique property attracts increasing attention due to its important roles in both development and disease, a standardized quantification method for characterizing cell chirality would advance research and potential applications. In this protocol, we describe a multicellular chirality characterization assay that utilizes micropatterned arrays of cells. Cellular micropatterns are fabricated on titanium/gold-coated glass slides via microcontact printing. After seeding on the geometrically defined (e.g., ring-shaped), protein-coated islands, cells directionally migrate and form a biased alignment toward either the clockwise or the counterclockwise direction, which can be automatically analyzed and quantified by a custom-written MATLAB program. Here we describe in detail the fabrication of micropatterned substrates, cell seeding, image collection, and data analysis and show representative results obtained using the NIH/3T3 cells. This protocol has previously been validated in multiple published studies and is an efficient and reliable tool for studying cell chirality in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | | | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University; Department of Medicine, Columbia University
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute;
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Zhao Y, Godier-Furnemont A, Bax NA, Bouten CV, Brown LM, Fine B, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Changes in extracellular matrix in failing human non-ischemic and ischemic hearts with mechanical unloading. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 166:137-151. [PMID: 35219725 PMCID: PMC9035113 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies have distinct etiologies and underlying disease mechanisms, which require in-depth investigation for improved therapeutic interventions. The goal of this study was to use clinically obtained myocardium from healthy and heart failure patients, and characterize the changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) in ischemic and non-ischemic failing hearts, with and without mechanical unloading. Using tissue engineering methodologies, we also investigated how diseased human ECM, in the absence of systemic factors, can influence cardiomyocyte function. Heart tissues from heart failure patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy were compared to explore differential disease phenotypes and reverse remodeling potential of left ventricular assisted device (LVAD) support at transcriptomic, proteomic and structural levels. The collected data demonstrated that the differential ECM compositions recapitulated the disease microenvironment and induced cardiomyocytes to undergo disease-like functional alterations. In addition, our study also revealed molecular profiles of non-ischemic and ischemic heart failure patients and explored the underlying mechanisms of etiology-specific impact on clinical outcome of LVAD support and tendency towards reverse remodeling.
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Zhang H, Wan LQ. Cell Chirality as a Novel Measure for Cytotoxicity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101088. [PMID: 34796704 PMCID: PMC9008805 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity assessment has great importance in both research and pharmaceutical development. The mainstream in vitro cytotoxicity assays are mostly biochemical assays that evaluate a specific cellular activity such as proliferation and apoptosis. Few assays assess toxicity by characterizing overall functional outcomes in cellular physiology such as multicellular morphogenesis. The intrinsic cellular chiral bias (also known as cell chirality, left-right asymmetry, or handedness), which determines cellular polarization along the left-right axis, is demonstrated to play important roles in development and disease. This chiral property of cells gives insights not only into functions of individual cells, such as motility and polarity but also into emerging behaviors of cell clusters, such as collective cell migration. Therefore, cell chirality characterization can be potentially used as a biomarker for assessing the overall effects of pharmaceutical drugs and environmental factors on the health of the cell. In this review article, the current in vitro techniques for cell chirality characterization and their applications are discussed and the advantages and limitations of these cell chirality assays as potential tools for detecting cytotoxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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35
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Matsuo K, Tamura R, Hotta K, Okada M, Takeuchi A, Wu Y, Hashimoto K, Takano H, Momose A, Nishino A. Bilaterally Asymmetric Helical Myofibrils in Ascidian Tadpole Larvae. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:800455. [PMID: 34950666 PMCID: PMC8688927 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The locomotor system is highly bilateral at the macroscopic level. Homochirality of biological molecules is fully compatible with the bilateral body. However, whether and how single-handed cells contribute to the bilateral locomotor system is obscure. Here, exploiting the small number of cells in the swimming tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona, we analyzed morphology of the tail at cellular and subcellular scales. Quantitative phase-contrast X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed a high-density midline structure ventral to the notochord in the tail. Muscle cell nuclei on each side of the notochord were roughly bilaterally aligned. However, fluorescence microscopy detected left-right asymmetry of myofibril inclination relative to the longitudinal axis of the tail. Zernike phase-contrast X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed the presence of left-handed helices of myofibrils in muscle cells on both sides. Therefore, the locomotor system of ascidian larvae harbors symmetry-breaking left-handed helical cells, while maintaining bilaterally symmetrical cell alignment. These results suggest that bilateral animals can override cellular homochirality to generate the bilateral locomotor systems at the supracellular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayu Okada
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takeuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koh Hashimoto
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takano
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nishino
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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36
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Xie T, St Pierre SR, Olaranont N, Brown LE, Wu M, Sun Y. Condensation tendency and planar isotropic actin gradient induce radial alignment in confined monolayers. eLife 2021; 10:e60381. [PMID: 34542405 PMCID: PMC8478414 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A monolayer of highly motile cells can establish long-range orientational order, which can be explained by hydrodynamic theory of active gels and fluids. However, it is less clear how cell shape changes and rearrangement are governed when the monolayer is in mechanical equilibrium states when cell motility diminishes. In this work, we report that rat embryonic fibroblasts (REF), when confined in circular mesoscale patterns on rigid substrates, can transition from the spindle shapes to more compact morphologies. Cells align radially only at the pattern boundary when they are in the mechanical equilibrium. This radial alignment disappears when cell contractility or cell-cell adhesion is reduced. Unlike monolayers of spindle-like cells such as NIH-3T3 fibroblasts with minimal intercellular interactions or epithelial cells like Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) with strong cortical actin network, confined REF monolayers present an actin gradient with isotropic meshwork, suggesting the existence of a stiffness gradient. In addition, the REF cells tend to condense on soft substrates, a collective cell behavior we refer to as the 'condensation tendency'. This condensation tendency, together with geometrical confinement, induces tensile prestretch (i.e. an isotropic stretch that causes tissue to contract when released) to the confined monolayer. By developing a Voronoi-cell model, we demonstrate that the combined global tissue prestretch and cell stiffness differential between the inner and boundary cells can sufficiently define the cell radial alignment at the pattern boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfa Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Sarah R St Pierre
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Nonthakorn Olaranont
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterUnited States
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterUnited States
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
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Tessadori F, Tsingos E, Colizzi ES, Kruse F, van den Brink SC, van den Boogaard M, Christoffels VM, Merks RM, Bakkers J. Twisting of the zebrafish heart tube during cardiac looping is a tbx5-dependent and tissue-intrinsic process. eLife 2021; 10:61733. [PMID: 34372968 PMCID: PMC8354640 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ laterality refers to the left-right asymmetry in disposition and conformation of internal organs and is established during embryogenesis. The heart is the first organ to display visible left-right asymmetries through its left-sided positioning and rightward looping. Here, we present a new zebrafish loss-of-function allele for tbx5a, which displays defective rightward cardiac looping morphogenesis. By mapping individual cardiomyocyte behavior during cardiac looping, we establish that ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes rearrange in distinct directions. As a consequence, the cardiac chambers twist around the atrioventricular canal resulting in torsion of the heart tube, which is compromised in tbx5a mutants. Pharmacological treatment and ex vivo culture establishes that the cardiac twisting depends on intrinsic mechanisms and is independent from cardiac growth. Furthermore, genetic experiments indicate that looping requires proper tissue patterning. We conclude that cardiac looping involves twisting of the chambers around the atrioventricular canal, which requires correct tissue patterning by Tbx5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tessadori
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Erika Tsingos
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Enrico Sandro Colizzi
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Origins Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kruse
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Malou van den Boogaard
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roeland Mh Merks
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Origins Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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38
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Lavrentovich OD. Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2021; 8:59-129. [PMID: 34956738 PMCID: PMC8698256 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2021.1919576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of small particles, both living such as swimming bacteria and inanimate, such as colloidal spheres, has fascinated scientists for centuries. If one could learn how to control and streamline their chaotic motion, that would open technological opportunities in the transformation of stored or environmental energy into systematic motion, with applications in micro-robotics, transport of matter, guided morphogenesis. This review presents an approach to command microscale dynamics by replacing an isotropic medium with a liquid crystal. Orientational order and associated properties, such as elasticity, surface anchoring, and bulk anisotropy, enable new dynamic effects, ranging from the appearance and propagation of particle-like solitary waves to self-locomotion of an active droplet. By using photoalignment, the liquid crystal can be patterned into predesigned structures. In the presence of the electric field, these patterns enable the transport of solid and fluid particles through nonlinear electrokinetics rooted in anisotropy of conductivity and permittivity. Director patterns command the dynamics of swimming bacteria, guiding their trajectories, polarity of swimming, and distribution in space. This guidance is of a higher level of complexity than a simple following of the director by rod-like microorganisms. Namely, the director gradients mediate hydrodynamic interactions of bacteria to produce an active force and collective polar modes of swimming. The patterned director could also be engraved in a liquid crystal elastomer. When an elastomer coating is activated by heat or light, these patterns produce a deterministic surface topography. The director gradients define an activation force that shapes the elastomer in a manner similar to the active stresses triggering flows in active nematics. The patterned elastomer substrates could be used to define the orientation of cells in living tissues. The liquid-crystal guidance holds a major promise in achieving the goal of commanding microscale active flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Department of Physics, Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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39
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Abstract
Increased control of biological growth and form is an essential gateway to transformative medical advances. Repairing of birth defects, restoring lost or damaged organs, normalizing tumors, all depend on understanding how cells cooperate to make specific, functional large-scale structures. Despite advances in molecular genetics, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the meso-scale rules of morphogenesis. An engineering approach to this problem is the creation of novel synthetic living forms, greatly extending available model systems beyond evolved plant and animal lineages. Here, we review recent advances in the emerging field of synthetic morphogenesis, the bioengineering of novel multicellular living bodies. Emphasizing emergent self-organization, tissue-level guided self-assembly, and active functionality, this work is the essential next generation of synthetic biology. Aside from useful living machines for specific functions, the rational design and analysis of new, coherent anatomies will greatly increase our understanding of foundational questions in evolutionary developmental and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo R. Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, A809B Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Identification and elimination of cancer cells by folate-conjugated CdTe/CdS Quantum Dots Chiral Nano-Sensors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 560:199-204. [PMID: 34000469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The specific identification and elimination of cancer cells has been a great challenge in the past few decades. In this study, the circular dichroism (CD) of cells was measured by a self-designed special system through the folate-conjugated chiral nano-sensor. A novel method was established to recognize cancer cells from normal cells according to the chirality of cells based on their CD signals. After a period of interaction between the nano-sensor and cells, the sharp weakening of CD signals was induced in cancer cells but normal cells remained unchanged. The biocompatibility of the nano-sensor was evaluated and the result showed that it exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against cancer cells while no obvious damage on normal cells. Notably, the research indicated that the nano-sensor may selectively cause apoptosis in cancer cells, and thus, have the potential to act as an antitumor agent.
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Yao X, Wang X, Ding J. Exploration of possible cell chirality using material techniques of surface patterning. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:92-108. [PMID: 33684535 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Consistent left-right (LR) asymmetry or chirality is critical for embryonic development and function maintenance. While chirality on either molecular or organism level has been well established, that on the cellular level has remained an open question for a long time. Although it remains unclear whether chirality exists universally on the cellular level, valuable efforts have recently been made to explore this fundamental topic pertinent to both cell biology and biomaterial science. The development of material fabrication techniques, surface patterning, in particular, has afforded a unique platform to study cell-material interactions. By using patterning techniques, chirality on the cellular level has been examined for cell clusters and single cells in vitro in well-designed experiments. In this review, we first introduce typical fabrication techniques of surface patterning suitable for cell studies and then summarize the main aspects of preliminary evidence of cell chirality on patterned surfaces to date. We finally indicate the limitations of the studies conducted thus far and describe the perspectives of future research in this challenging field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While both biomacromolecules and organisms can exhibit chirality, it is not yet conclusive whether a cell has left-right (LR) asymmetry. It is important yet challenging to study and reveal the possible existence of cell chirality. By using the technique of surface patterning, the recent decade has witnessed progress in the exploration of possible cell chirality within cell clusters and single cells. Herein, some important preliminary evidence of cell chirality is collected and analyzed. The open questions and perspectives are also described to promote further investigations of cell chirality in biomaterials.
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Shin D, Nakamura M, Morishita Y, Eiraku M, Yamakawa T, Sasamura T, Akiyama M, Inaki M, Matsuno K. Collective nuclear behavior shapes bilateral nuclear symmetry for subsequent left-right asymmetric morphogenesis in Drosophila. Development 2021; 148:260539. [PMID: 34097729 PMCID: PMC8126412 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proper organ development often requires nuclei to move to a specific position within the cell. To determine how nuclear positioning affects left-right (LR) development in the Drosophila anterior midgut (AMG), we developed a surface-modeling method to measure and describe nuclear behavior at stages 13-14, captured in three-dimensional time-lapse movies. We describe the distinctive positioning and a novel collective nuclear behavior by which nuclei align LR symmetrically along the anterior-posterior axis in the visceral muscles that overlie the midgut and are responsible for the LR-asymmetric development of this organ. Wnt4 signaling is crucial for the collective behavior and proper positioning of the nuclei, as are myosin II and the LINC complex, without which the nuclei fail to align LR symmetrically. The LR-symmetric positioning of the nuclei is important for the subsequent LR-asymmetric development of the AMG. We propose that the bilaterally symmetrical positioning of these nuclei may be mechanically coupled with subsequent LR-asymmetric morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsun Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Morishita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Department of Biosystems Science, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masakazu Akiyama
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, 4-21-1 Nakano, Nakanoku, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan
| | - Mikiko Inaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Zhang H, Fan J, Zhao Z, Wang C, Wan LQ. Effects of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Proteins on the Chirality of Brain Endothelial Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:231-240. [PMID: 34109002 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell chirality is an intrinsic cellular property that determines the directionality of cellular polarization along the left-right axis. We recently show that endothelial cell chirality can influence intercellular junction formation and alter trans-endothelial permeability, depending on the uniformity of the chirality of adjacent cells, which suggests a potential role for cell chirality in neurodegenerative diseases with blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunctions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we determined the effects of AD-related proteins amyloid-β (Aβ), tau, and apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) on the chiral bias of the endothelial cell component in BBB. Methods We first examined the chiral bias and effects of protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated chiral alterations of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) using the ring micropattern chirality assay. We then investigated the effects of Aβ, tau, and ApoE4 on hBMEC chirality using chirality assay and biased organelle positions. Results The hBMECs have a strong clockwise chiral bias, which can be reversed by protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Treatment with tau significantly disrupted the chiral bias of hBMECs with altered cellular polarization. In contrast, neither ApoE4 nor Aβ-42 caused significant changes in cell chirality. Conclusions We conclude that tau might cause BBB dysfunction by disrupting cell polarization and chiral morphogenesis, while the effects of ApoE4 and Aβ-42 on BBB integrity might be chirality-independent. The potential involvement of chiral morphogenesis in tau-mediated BBB dysfunction in AD provides a novel perspective in vascular dysfunction in tauopathies such as AD, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal dementia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00669-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
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44
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Das A, Adhikary S, Chowdhury AR, Barui A. Substrate-dependent control of the chiral orientation of mesenchymal stem cells: image-based quantitative profiling. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:034102. [PMID: 33657017 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abce4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell (SC) chirality or left-right (LR) asymmetry is an essential attribute, observed during tissue regeneration. The ability to control the LR orientation of cells by biophysical manipulation is a promising approach for recapitulating their inherent function. Despite remarkable progress in tissue engineering, the development of LR chirality in SCs has been largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the role of substrate stiffness on the LR asymmetry of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We found that MSCs acquired higher asymmetricity when cultured on stiffer PCL/collagen matrices. To confirm cellular asymmetry, different parameters such as the aspect ratio, orientation angle and intensity of polarized proteins (Par) were investigated. The results showed a significant (p < 0.01) difference in the average orientation angle, the cellular aspect ratio, and the expression of actin and Par proteins in MSCs cultured on matrices with different stiffnesses. Furthermore, a Gaussian support-vector machine was applied to classify cells cultured on both (2% and 10% PCL/Collagen) matrices, with a resulting accuracy of 96.2%. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first that interrelates and quantifies MSC asymmetricity with matrix properties using a simple 2D model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, IIEST, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India
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Zebrafish Melanophores Suggest Novel Functions of Cell Chirality in Tissue Formation. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of cells show left–right asymmetric behavior, unidirectional rotation, or spiral movements. For example, neutrophil-like differentiated HL60 (dHL60) cells show leftward bias in response to chemoattractant. Neurons extend neurites, creating a clockwise spiral. Platelet cells shows unidirectional spiral arrangements of actin fibers. In the microfabricated culture environment, groups of C2C12 cells (mouse myoblast cell line) were autonomously aligned in a counter-clockwise spiral pattern, and isolated C2C12 cells showed unidirectional spiral pattern of the actin skeleton. This biased directionality suggested that these cells have inherent cell chirality. In addition to these cells, we recently found that melanophores of zebrafish also have an intrinsic cellular chirality that was shown by their counter-clockwise self-rotation. Although this cell chirality is obvious, the function of the cell chirality is still unclear. In this review, we compare the cell chirality of melanophores of zebrafish with other cell chirality and consider the function of cell chirality in morphogenesis.
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Singh AV, Maharjan RS, Kanase A, Siewert K, Rosenkranz D, Singh R, Laux P, Luch A. Machine-Learning-Based Approach to Decode the Influence of Nanomaterial Properties on Their Interaction with Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1943-1955. [PMID: 33373205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In an in vitro nanotoxicity system, cell-nanoparticle (NP) interaction leads to the surface adsorption, uptake, and changes into nuclei/cell phenotype and chemistry, as an indicator of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Different types of nanomaterials and their chemical composition or "corona" have been widely studied in context with nanotoxicology. However, rare reports are available, which delineate the details of the cell shape index (CSI) and nuclear area factors (NAFs) as a descriptor of the type of nanomaterials. In this paper, we propose a machine-learning-based graph modeling and correlation-establishing approach using tight junction protein ZO-1-mediated alteration in the cell/nuclei phenotype to quantify and propose it as indices of cell-NP interactions. We believe that the phenotypic variation (CSI and NAF) in the epithelial cell is governed by the physicochemical descriptors (e.g., shape, size, zeta potential, concentration, diffusion coefficients, polydispersity, and so on) of the different classes of nanomaterials, which critically determines the intracellular uptake or cell membrane interactions when exposed to the epithelial cells at sub-lethal concentrations. The intrinsic and extrinsic physicochemical properties of the representative nanomaterials (NMs) were measured using optical (dynamic light scattering, NP tracking analysis) methods to create a set of nanodescriptors contributing to cell-NM interactions via phenotype adjustments. We used correlation function as a machine-learning algorithm to successfully predict cell and nuclei shapes and polarity functions as phenotypic markers for five different classes of nanomaterials studied herein this report. The CSI and NAF as nanodescriptors can be used as intuitive cell phenotypic parameters to define the safety of nanomaterials extensively used in consumer products and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Romi-Singh Maharjan
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anurag Kanase
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rosenkranz
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rishabh Singh
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, 411007 Pune, India
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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47
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Strauss RE, Gourdie RG. Cx43 and the Actin Cytoskeleton: Novel Roles and Implications for Cell-Cell Junction-Based Barrier Function Regulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1656. [PMID: 33321985 PMCID: PMC7764618 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier function is a vital homeostatic mechanism employed by epithelial and endothelial tissue. Diseases across a wide range of tissue types involve dynamic changes in transcellular junctional complexes and the actin cytoskeleton in the regulation of substance exchange across tissue compartments. In this review, we focus on the contribution of the gap junction protein, Cx43, to the biophysical and biochemical regulation of barrier function. First, we introduce the structure and canonical channel-dependent functions of Cx43. Second, we define barrier function and examine the key molecular structures fundamental to its regulation. Third, we survey the literature on the channel-dependent roles of connexins in barrier function, with an emphasis on the role of Cx43 and the actin cytoskeleton. Lastly, we discuss findings on the channel-independent roles of Cx43 in its associations with the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion structures highlighted by PI3K signaling, in the potential modulation of cellular barriers. Mounting evidence of crosstalk between connexins, the cytoskeleton, focal adhesion complexes, and junctional structures has led to a growing appreciation of how barrier-modulating mechanisms may work together to effect solute and cellular flux across tissue boundaries. This new understanding could translate into improved therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of barrier-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy E. Strauss
- Virginia Tech, Translational Biology Medicine and Health (TBMH) Program, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Robert G. Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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48
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Statistical Validation Verifies That Enantiomorphic States of Chiral Cells Are Determinant Dictating the Left- or Right-Handed Direction of the Hindgut Rotation in Drosophila. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12121991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the left–right (LR) asymmetric development of invertebrates, cell chirality is crucial. A left- or right-handed cell structure directs morphogenesis with corresponding LR-asymmetry. In Drosophila, cell chirality is thought to drive the LR-asymmetric development of the embryonic hindgut and other organs. This hypothesis is supported only by an apparent concordance between the LR-directionality of cell chirality and hindgut rotation and by computer simulations that connect the two events. In this article, we mathematically evaluated the causal relationship between the chirality of the hindgut epithelial cells and the LR-direction of hindgut rotation. Our logistic model, drawn from several Drosophila genotypes, significantly explained the correlation between the enantiomorphic (sinistral or dextral) state of chiral cells and the LR-directionality of hindgut rotation—even in individual live mutant embryos with stochastically determined cell chirality and randomized hindgut rotation, suggesting that the mechanism by which cell chirality forms is irrelevant to the direction of hindgut rotation. Thus, our analysis showed that cell chirality, which forms before hindgut rotation, is both sufficient and required for the subsequent rotation, validating the hypothesis that cell chirality causally defines the LR-directionality of hindgut rotation.
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Cui X, Tong J, Yau J, Bajpai A, Yang J, Peng Y, Singh M, Qian W, Ma X, Chen W. Mechanical Forces Regulate Asymmetric Vascular Cell Alignment. Biophys J 2020; 119:1771-1780. [PMID: 33086046 PMCID: PMC7677134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces between cells and their microenvironment critically regulate the asymmetric morphogenesis and physiological functions in vascular systems. Here, we investigated the asymmetric cell alignment and cellular forces simultaneously in micropatterned endothelial cell ring-shaped sheets and studied how the traction and intercellular forces are involved in the asymmetric vascular morphogenesis. Tuning the traction and intercellular forces using different topographic geometries of symmetric and asymmetric ring-shaped patterns regulated the vascular asymmetric morphogenesis in vitro. Moreover, pharmacologically suppressing the cell traction force and intercellular force disturbed the force-dependent asymmetric cell alignment. We further studied this phenomenon by modeling the vascular sheets with a mechanical force-propelled active particle model and confirmed that mechanical forces synergistically drive the asymmetric endothelial cell alignments in different tissue geometries. Further study using mouse diabetic aortic endothelial cells indicated that diseased endothelial cells exhibited abnormal cell alignments, traction, and intercellular forces, indicating the importance of mechanical forces in physiological vascular morphogenesis and functions. Overall, we have established a controllable micromechanical platform to study the force-dependent vascular asymmetric morphogenesis and thus provide a direct link between single-cell mechanical processes and collective behaviors in a multicellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jimmy Yau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Apratim Bajpai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Yansong Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Mrinalini Singh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.
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50
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Effect of design geometry, exposure energy, cytophilic molecules, cell type and load in fabrication of single-cell arrays using micro-contact printing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15213. [PMID: 32938987 PMCID: PMC7494944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study a range of factors influencing the fabrication of single-cell arrays (SCAs) are identified and investigated. Micro-contact printing was used to introduce spots coated with polyethyleneimine or Matrigel on glass surfaces pre-coated with polyethylene glycol. Unmodified E. coli, Synechococcus sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as well as diverse mammalian cells including HUVEC, AAV293, U87, OHS, PC3, SW480, HepG2 and AY-27 were successfully immobilised onto the chemically coated spots. The developed SCAs show high cell viability and probability for capturing single-cells. A discrepancy between the size and shape of the squares described in the design file and the actual structures obtained in the final PDMS structure is characterised and quantified. The discrepancy is found to be depending on the exposure energy used in the photolithography process as well as the size of the squares and their separation distance as detailed in the design file. In addition to these factors, the effect of the cell density loaded onto the patterned surfaces is also characterised. The systematic characterisation of key parameters that need to be optimised prior to the fabrication of SCAs is essential in order to increase the efficiency and reproducibility of future fabrication of SCAs for single-cell studies.
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