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Liu Y, Jackson E, Liu X, Huang X, van der Hoorn RAL, Zhang Y, Li X. Proteolysis in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3099-3115. [PMID: 38723588 PMCID: PMC11371161 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Compared with transcription and translation, protein degradation machineries can act faster and be targeted to different subcellular compartments, enabling immediate regulation of signaling events. It is therefore not surprising that proteolysis has been used extensively to control homeostasis of key regulators in different biological processes and pathways. Over the past decades, numerous studies have shown that proteolysis, where proteins are broken down to peptides or amino acids through ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems and proteases, is a key regulatory mechanism to control plant immunity output. Here, we briefly summarize the roles various proteases play during defence activation, focusing on recent findings. We also update the latest progress of ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems in modulating immunity by targeting plant membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors, intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors, and downstream signaling components. Additionally, we highlight recent studies showcasing the importance of proteolysis in maintaining broad-spectrum resistance without obvious yield reduction, opening new directions for engineering elite crops that are resistant to a wide range of pathogens with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Edan Jackson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xingchuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100, China
| | | | - Yuelin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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2
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Sun B, Huang J, Kong L, Gao C, Zhao F, Shen J, Wang T, Li K, Wang L, Wang Y, Halterman DA, Dong S. Alternative splicing of a potato disease resistance gene maintains homeostasis between growth and immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3729-3750. [PMID: 38941447 PMCID: PMC11371151 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Plants possess a robust and sophisticated innate immune system against pathogens and must balance growth with rapid pathogen detection and defense. The intracellular receptors with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) motifs recognize pathogen-derived effector proteins and thereby trigger the immune response. The expression of genes encoding NLR receptors is precisely controlled in multifaceted ways. The alternative splicing (AS) of introns in response to infection is recurrently observed but poorly understood. Here we report that the potato (Solanum tuberosum) NLR gene RB undergoes AS of its intron, resulting in 2 transcriptional isoforms, which coordinately regulate plant immunity and growth homeostasis. During normal growth, RB predominantly exists as an intron-retained isoform RB_IR, encoding a truncated protein containing only the N-terminus of the NLR. Upon late blight infection, the pathogen induces intron splicing of RB, increasing the abundance of RB_CDS, which encodes a full-length and active R protein. By deploying the RB splicing isoforms fused with a luciferase reporter system, we identified IPI-O1 (also known as Avrblb1), the RB cognate effector, as a facilitator of RB AS. IPI-O1 directly interacts with potato splicing factor StCWC15, resulting in altered localization of StCWC15 from the nucleoplasm to the nucleolus and nuclear speckles. Mutations in IPI-O1 that eliminate StCWC15 binding also disrupt StCWC15 re-localization and RB intron splicing. Thus, our study reveals that StCWC15 serves as a surveillance facilitator that senses the pathogen-secreted effector and regulates the trade-off between RB-mediated plant immunity and growth, expanding our understanding of molecular plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chuyun Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayong Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kangping Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen Branch, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dennis A Halterman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI 53706-1514, USA
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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3
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Zhang D, Yang X, Wen Z, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhong C, She J, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Li W, Zhao X, Xu M, Su Z, Li D, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Zhang Y. Proxitome profiling reveals a conserved SGT1-NSL1 signaling module that activates NLR-mediated immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1369-1391. [PMID: 39066482 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Suppressor of G2 allele of skp1 (SGT1) is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein that plays a vital role in growth, development, and immunity in both animals and plants. Although some SGT1 interactors have been identified, the molecular regulatory network of SGT1 remains unclear. SGT1 serves as a co-chaperone to stabilize protein complexes such as the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class of immune receptors, thereby positively regulating plant immunity. SGT1 has also been found to be associated with the SKP1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. However, whether SGT1 targets immune repressors to coordinate plant immune activation remains elusive. In this study, we constructed a toolbox for TurboID- and split-TurboID-based proximity labeling (PL) assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and used the PL toolbox to explore the SGT1 interactome during pre- and post-immune activation. The comprehensive SGT1 interactome network we identified highlights a dynamic shift from proteins associated with plant development to those linked with plant immune responses. We found that SGT1 interacts with Necrotic Spotted Lesion 1 (NSL1), which negatively regulates salicylic acid-mediated defense by interfering with the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) during N NLR-mediated response to tobacco mosaic virus. SGT1 promotes the SCF-dependent degradation of NSL1 to facilitate immune activation, while salicylate-induced protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of SGT1 further potentiates this process. Besides N NLR, NSL1 also functions in several other NLR-mediated immunity. Collectively, our study unveils the regulatory landscape of SGT1 and reveals a novel SGT1-NSL1 signaling module that orchestrates plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenchen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiajie She
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianshen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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4
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Wang C, Zhu M, Hong H, Li J, Zuo C, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Liu S, Yu H, Yan Y, Chen J, Shangguan L, Zhi A, Chen R, Devendrakumar KT, Tao X. A viral effector blocks the turnover of a plant NLR receptor to trigger a robust immune response. EMBO J 2024; 43:3650-3676. [PMID: 39020150 PMCID: PMC11377725 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) play a key role in activating a strong pathogen defense response. Plant NLR proteins are tightly regulated and accumulate at very low levels in the absence of pathogen effectors. However, little is known about how this low level of NLR proteins is able to induce robust immune responses upon recognition of pathogen effectors. Here, we report that, in the absence of effector, the inactive form of the tomato NLR Sw-5b is targeted for ubiquitination by the E3 ligase SBP1. Interaction of SBP1 with Sw-5b via only its N-terminal domain leads to slow turnover. In contrast, in its auto-active state, Sw-5b is rapidly turned over as SBP1 is upregulated and interacts with both its N-terminal and NB-LRR domains. During infection with the tomato spotted wilt virus, the viral effector NSm interacts with Sw-5b and disrupts the interaction of Sw-5b with SBP1, thereby stabilizing the active Sw-5b and allowing it to induce a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Chongkun Zuo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Suyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Haohua Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lingna Shangguan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Aiping Zhi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Rongzhen Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Karen Thulasi Devendrakumar
- Department of Botany and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China.
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5
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Cheng YT, Thireault CA, Zhang L, Paasch BC, Sohrabi R, He SY. Roles of microbiota in autoimmunity in Arabidopsis leaves. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1363-1376. [PMID: 39242981 PMCID: PMC11410663 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, researchers have isolated plant mutants that show constitutively activated defence responses in the absence of pathogen infection. These mutants are called autoimmune mutants and are typically dwarf and/or bearing chlorotic/necrotic lesions. Here, from a genetic screen for Arabidopsis genes involved in maintaining a normal leaf microbiota, we identified TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE 1 (TIP1), which encodes an S-acyltransferase, as a key player in guarding leaves against abnormal microbiota level and composition under high-humidity conditions. The tip1 mutant has several characteristic phenotypes of classical autoimmune mutants, including a dwarf stature, showing lesions, and having a high basal level of defence gene expression. Gnotobiotic experiments revealed that the autoimmune phenotypes of the tip1 mutant are largely dependent on the presence of microbiota as axenic tip1 plants have markedly reduced autoimmune phenotypes. We found that the microbiota dependency of autoimmune phenotypes is shared by several 'lesion mimic'-type autoimmune mutants in Arabidopsis. It is worth noting that autoimmune phenotypes caused by mutations in two Nucleotide-Binding, Leucine-Rich Repeat (NLR) genes do not require the presence of microbiota and can even be partially alleviated by microbiota. Our results therefore suggest the existence of at least two classes of autoimmunity (microbiota-dependent versus microbiota-independent) in plants. The observed interplay between autoimmunity and microbiota in the lesion mimic class of autoimmunity is reminiscent of the interactions between autoimmunity and dysbiosis in the animal kingdom. These parallels highlight the intricate relationship between host immunity and microbial communities across various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ti Cheng
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Caitlin A Thireault
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Reza Sohrabi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Zhao Y, Zhong X, Xu G, Zhu X, Shi Y, Liu M, Wang R, Kang H, You X, Ning Y, Wang G, Wang X. The F-box protein OsFBX156 positively regulates rice defence against the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae by mediating ubiquitination-dependent degradation of OsHSP71.1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13459. [PMID: 38808386 PMCID: PMC11134189 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
F-box protein is a subunit of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which plays a critical role in regulating different pathways in plant immunity. In this study, we identified the rice (Oryza sativa) F-box protein OsFBX156, which targets the heat shock protein 70 (OsHSP71.1) to regulate resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Overexpression of OsFBX156 or knockout of OsHSP71.1 in rice resulted in the elevation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and an induction burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after flg22 and chitin treatments, thereby enhancing resistance to M. oryzae. Furthermore, OsFBX156 can promote the degradation of OsHSP71.1 through the 26S proteasome pathway. This study sheds lights on a novel mechanism wherein the F-box protein OsFBX156 targets OsHSP71.1 for degradation to promote ROS production and PR gene expression, thereby positively regulating rice innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xionghui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanlong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Minghao Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Houxiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guo‐Liang Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Zhang N, Dong X, Jain R, Ruan D, de Araujo Junior AT, Li Y, Lipzen A, Martin J, Barry K, Ronald PC. XA21-mediated resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is dose dependent. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17323. [PMID: 38726377 PMCID: PMC11080989 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The rice receptor kinase XA21 confers broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of rice bacterial blight disease. To investigate the relationship between the expression level of XA21 and resulting resistance, we generated independent HA-XA21 transgenic rice lines accumulating the XA21 immune receptor fused with an HA epitope tag. Whole-genome sequence analysis identified the T-DNA insertion sites in sixteen independent T0 events. Through quantification of the HA-XA21 protein and assessment of the resistance to Xoo strain PXO99 in six independent transgenic lines, we observed that XA21-mediated resistance is dose dependent. In contrast, based on the four agronomic traits quantified in these experiments, yield is unlikely to be affected by the expression level of HA-XA21. These findings extend our knowledge of XA21-mediated defense and contribute to the growing number of well-defined genomic landing pads in the rice genome that can be targeted for gene insertion without compromising yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoou Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Plant Genome Editing, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Division, The Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Deling Ruan
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Division, The Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Yan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anna Lipzen
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joel Martin
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Division, The Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
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8
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Xue Y, Pan S, Zhang Q, Dai F, Zhang J. A Colletotrichum tabacum Effector Cte1 Targets and Stabilizes NbCPR1 to Suppress Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:477-484. [PMID: 38377033 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-23-0197-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Colletotrichum tabacum, causing anthracnose in tobacco, is a notorious plant pathogen threatening tobacco production globally. The underlying mechanisms of C. tabacum effectors that interfere with plant defense are not well known. Here, we identified a novel effector, Cte1, from C. tabacum, and its expression was upregulated in the biotrophic stage. We found that Cte1 depresses plant cell death initiated by BAX and inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts triggered by flg22 and chitin in Nicotiana benthamiana. The CTE1 knockout mutants decrease the virulence of C. tabacum to N. benthamiana, and the Cte1 transgenic N. benthamiana increase susceptibility to C. tabacum, verifying that Cte1 is involved in the pathogenicity of C. tabacum. We demonstrated that Cte1 interacted with NbCPR1, a Constitutive expresser of Plant Resistance (CPR) protein in plants. Silencing of NbCPR1 expression attenuated the infection of C. tabacum, indicating that NbCPR1 negatively regulates plant immune responses. Cte1 stabilizes NbCPR1 in N. benthamiana. Our study shows that Cte1 suppresses plant immunity to facilitate C. tabacum infection by intervening in the native function of NbCPR1. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Anshun Tobacco Technology Center, Anshun Tobacco Subsidiary, Guizhou Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Shouhui Pan
- Anshun Tobacco Technology Center, Anshun Tobacco Subsidiary, Guizhou Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Anshun Tobacco Technology Center, Anshun Tobacco Subsidiary, Guizhou Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Fei Dai
- Anshun Tobacco Technology Center, Anshun Tobacco Subsidiary, Guizhou Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
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9
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Pandey MK, Gangurde SS, Shasidhar Y, Sharma V, Kale SM, Khan AW, Shah P, Joshi P, Bhat RS, Janila P, Bera SK, Varshney RK. High-throughput diagnostic markers for foliar fungal disease resistance and high oleic acid content in groundnut. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:262. [PMID: 38594614 PMCID: PMC11005153 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foliar diseases namely late leaf spot (LLS) and leaf rust (LR) reduce yield and deteriorate fodder quality in groundnut. Also the high oleic acid content has emerged as one of the most important traits for industries and consumers due to its increased shelf life and health benefits. RESULTS Genetic mapping combined with pooled sequencing approaches identified candidate resistance genes (LLSR1 and LLSR2 for LLS and LR1 for LR) for both foliar fungal diseases. The LLS-A02 locus housed LLSR1 gene for LLS resistance, while, LLS-A03 housed LLSR2 and LR1 genes for LLS and LR resistance, respectively. A total of 49 KASPs markers were developed from the genomic regions of important disease resistance genes, such as NBS-LRR, purple acid phosphatase, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein, and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase. Among the 49 KASP markers, 41 KASPs were validated successfully on a validation panel of contrasting germplasm and breeding lines. Of the 41 validated KASPs, 39 KASPs were designed for rust and LLS resistance, while two KASPs were developed using fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes to control high oleic acid levels. These validated KASP markers have been extensively used by various groundnut breeding programs across the world which led to development of thousands of advanced breeding lines and few of them also released for commercial cultivation. CONCLUSION In this study, high-throughput and cost-effective KASP assays were developed, validated and successfully deployed to improve the resistance against foliar fungal diseases and oleic acid in groundnut. So far deployment of allele-specific and KASP diagnostic markers facilitated development and release of two rust- and LLS-resistant varieties and five high-oleic acid groundnut varieties in India. These validated markers provide opportunities for routine deployment in groundnut breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India.
| | - Sunil S Gangurde
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Yaduru Shasidhar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandip M Kale
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Aamir W Khan
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Priya Shah
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pushpesh Joshi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Pasupuleti Janila
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandip K Bera
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India.
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.
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10
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Salojärvi J, Rambani A, Yu Z, Guyot R, Strickler S, Lepelley M, Wang C, Rajaraman S, Rastas P, Zheng C, Muñoz DS, Meidanis J, Paschoal AR, Bawin Y, Krabbenhoft TJ, Wang ZQ, Fleck SJ, Aussel R, Bellanger L, Charpagne A, Fournier C, Kassam M, Lefebvre G, Métairon S, Moine D, Rigoreau M, Stolte J, Hamon P, Couturon E, Tranchant-Dubreuil C, Mukherjee M, Lan T, Engelhardt J, Stadler P, Correia De Lemos SM, Suzuki SI, Sumirat U, Wai CM, Dauchot N, Orozco-Arias S, Garavito A, Kiwuka C, Musoli P, Nalukenge A, Guichoux E, Reinout H, Smit M, Carretero-Paulet L, Filho OG, Braghini MT, Padilha L, Sera GH, Ruttink T, Henry R, Marraccini P, Van de Peer Y, Andrade A, Domingues D, Giuliano G, Mueller L, Pereira LF, Plaisance S, Poncet V, Rombauts S, Sankoff D, Albert VA, Crouzillat D, de Kochko A, Descombes P. The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars. Nat Genet 2024; 56:721-731. [PMID: 38622339 PMCID: PMC11018527 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Coffea arabica, an allotetraploid hybrid of Coffea eugenioides and Coffea canephora, is the source of approximately 60% of coffee products worldwide, and its cultivated accessions have undergone several population bottlenecks. We present chromosome-level assemblies of a di-haploid C. arabica accession and modern representatives of its diploid progenitors, C. eugenioides and C. canephora. The three species exhibit largely conserved genome structures between diploid parents and descendant subgenomes, with no obvious global subgenome dominance. We find evidence for a founding polyploidy event 350,000-610,000 years ago, followed by several pre-domestication bottlenecks, resulting in narrow genetic variation. A split between wild accessions and cultivar progenitors occurred ~30.5 thousand years ago, followed by a period of migration between the two populations. Analysis of modern varieties, including lines historically introgressed with C. canephora, highlights their breeding histories and loci that may contribute to pathogen resistance, laying the groundwork for future genomics-based breeding of C. arabica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Salojärvi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Aditi Rambani
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhe Yu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romain Guyot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Susan Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maud Lepelley
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Tours, France
| | - Cui Wang
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sitaram Rajaraman
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chunfang Zheng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniella Santos Muñoz
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - João Meidanis
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rossi Paschoal
- Department of Computer Science, The Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Cornélio Procópio, Brazil
| | - Yves Bawin
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Zhen Qin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Fleck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rudy Aussel
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Tours, France
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Aline Charpagne
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Fournier
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Kassam
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Lefebvre
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Métairon
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Déborah Moine
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rigoreau
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Tours, France
| | - Jens Stolte
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Perla Hamon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Couturon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Minakshi Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tianying Lan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jan Engelhardt
- Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Stadler
- Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Ucu Sumirat
- Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, Indonesia
| | - Ching Man Wai
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicolas Dauchot
- Research Unit in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Simon Orozco-Arias
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Andrea Garavito
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Catherine Kiwuka
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pascal Musoli
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Anne Nalukenge
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Erwan Guichoux
- Biodiversité Gènes & Communautés, INRA, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Martin Smit
- Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Oliveiro Guerreiro Filho
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC) Centro de Café 'Alcides Carvalho', Fazenda Santa Elisa, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Masako Toma Braghini
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC) Centro de Café 'Alcides Carvalho', Fazenda Santa Elisa, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lilian Padilha
- Embrapa Café/Instituto Agronômico (IAC) Centro de Café 'Alcides Carvalho', Fazenda Santa Elisa, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Tom Ruttink
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pierre Marraccini
- CIRAD - UMR DIADE (IRD-CIRAD-Université de Montpellier) BP 64501, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alan Andrade
- Embrapa Café/Inovacafé Laboratory of Molecular Genetics Campus da UFLA-MG, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Douglas Domingues
- Group of Genomics and Transcriptomes in Plants, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Lukas Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Luiz Filipe Pereira
- Embrapa Café/Lab. Biotecnologia, Área de Melhoramento Genético, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Valerie Poncet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Sankoff
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | | | - Alexandre de Kochko
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Zheng C, Zhou J, Yuan X, Zheng E, Liu X, Cui W, Yan C, Wu Y, Ruan W, Yi K, Chen J, Wang X. Elevating plant immunity by translational regulation of a rice WRKY transcription factor. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1033-1048. [PMID: 37997501 PMCID: PMC10955491 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants have intricate mechanisms that tailor their defence responses to pathogens. WRKY transcription factors play a pivotal role in plant immunity by regulating various defence signalling pathways. Many WRKY genes are transcriptionally activated upon pathogen attack, but how their functions are regulated after transcription remains elusive. Here, we show that OsWRKY7 functions as a crucial positive regulator of rice basal immunity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The activity of OsWRKY7 was regulated at both translational and post-translational levels. Two translational products of OsWRKY7 were generated by alternative initiation. The full-length OsWRKY7 protein is normally degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system but was accumulated following elicitor or pathogen treatment, whereas the alternate product initiated from the downstream in-frame start codon was stable. Both the full and alternate OsWRKY7 proteins have transcriptional activities in yeast and rice cells, and overexpression of each form enhanced resistance to Xoo infection. Furthermore, disruption of the main AUG in rice increased the endogenous translation of the alternate stabilized form of OsWRKY7 and enhanced bacterial blight resistance. This study provides insights into the coordination of alternative translation and protein stability in the regulation of plant growth and basal defence mediated by the OsWRKY7 transcription factor, and also suggests a promising strategy to breed disease-resistant rice by translation initiation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouP. R. China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouP. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouP. R. China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP.R. China
| | - Ersong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouP. R. China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP.R. China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouP. R. China
| | - Weijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouP. R. China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Institute of BiotechnologyNingbo Academy of Agricultural SciencesNingboP.R. China
| | - Yueyan Wu
- Zhejiang Wan Li UniversityNingboP.R. China
| | - Wenyuan Ruan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Keke Yi
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouP. R. China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboP. R. China
| | - Xuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouP. R. China
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12
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Sun Y, Liu F, Zeng M, Zhang X, Cui Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Xu Y, Wu J, Guo S, Dong X, Dong S, Wang Y, Wang Y. The ETI-dependent receptor-like kinase 1 positively regulates effector-triggered immunity by stabilizing NLR-required for cell death 4 in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:576-591. [PMID: 38362937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) comprise the largest class of membrane-localized receptor-like kinases in plants. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases are key immune sectors contributing to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), but whether LRR-RLK mediates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the function of LRR-RLKs in regulating ETI by using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-based reverse genetic screening assay, and identified a LRR-RLK named ETI-dependent receptor-like kinase 1 (EDK1) required for ETI triggered by the avirulence effector AVRblb2 secreted by Phytophthora infestans and its cognate receptor Rpi-blb2. Silencing or knockout of EDK1 compromised immunity mediated by Rpi-blb2 and the cell death triggered by recognition of AVRblb2. NLR-required for cell death 4 (NRC4), a signaling component acts downstream of Rpi-blb2, was identified that interacts with EDK1 using the LC-MS analysis and the interaction was further evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation. EDK1 promotes protein accumulation of NRC4 in a kinase-dependent manner and positively regulates resistance to P. infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our study revealed that EDK1 positively regulates plant ETI through modulating accumulation of the NLR signaling component NRC4, representing a new regulatory role of the membrane-localized LRR-RLKs in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengzhu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhaodan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengya Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xian Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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13
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Diao Z, Yang R, Wang Y, Cui J, Li J, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Yu X, Gong B, Huang Y, Yu G, Yao H, Guo J, Zhang H, Shen J, Gust AA, Cai Y. Functional screening of the Arabidopsis 2C protein phosphatases family identifies PP2C15 as a negative regulator of plant immunity by targeting BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13447. [PMID: 38561315 PMCID: PMC10984862 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genetic engineering using negative regulators of plant immunity has the potential to provide a huge impetus in agricultural biotechnology to achieve a higher degree of disease resistance without reducing yield. Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) represent the largest group of protein phosphatases in plants, with a high potential for negative regulatory functions by blocking the transmission of defence signals through dephosphorylation. Here, we established a PP2C functional protoplast screen using pFRK1::luciferase as a reporter and found that 14 of 56 PP2Cs significantly inhibited the immune response induced by flg22. To verify the reliability of the system, a previously reported MAPK3/4/6-interacting protein phosphatase, PP2C5, was used; it was confirmed to be a negative regulator of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). We further identified PP2C15 as an interacting partner of BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), which is the most well-known co-receptor of plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and a central component of PTI. PP2C15 dephosphorylates BAK1 and negatively regulates BAK1-mediated PTI responses such as MAPK3/4/6 activation, defence gene expression, reactive oxygen species bursts, stomatal immunity, callose deposition, and pathogen resistance. Although plant growth and 1000-seed weight of pp2c15 mutants were reduced compared to those of wild-type plants, pp2c5 mutants did not show any adverse effects. Thus, our findings strengthen the understanding of the mechanism by which PP2C family members negatively regulate plant immunity at multiple levels and indicate a possible approach to enhance plant resistance by eliminating specific PP2Cs without affecting plant growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Diao
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Rongqian Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Junmei Cui
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Chengdu Lusyno Biotechnology Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Chengdu Lusyno Biotechnology Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Xiaosong Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Benqiang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Guozhi Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Huipeng Yao
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Jinya Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Jinbo Shen
- Zhejiang A&F University State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant BiochemistryEberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
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14
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Locci F, Parker JE. Plant NLR immunity activation and execution: a biochemical perspective. Open Biol 2024; 14:230387. [PMID: 38262605 PMCID: PMC10805603 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy cell-surface and intracellular receptors to detect pathogen attack and trigger innate immune responses. Inside host cells, families of nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins serve as pathogen sensors or downstream mediators of immune defence outputs and cell death, which prevent disease. Established genetic underpinnings of NLR-mediated immunity revealed various strategies plants adopt to combat rapidly evolving microbial pathogens. The molecular mechanisms of NLR activation and signal transmission to components controlling immunity execution were less clear. Here, we review recent protein structural and biochemical insights to plant NLR sensor and signalling functions. When put together, the data show how different NLR families, whether sensors or signal transducers, converge on nucleotide-based second messengers and cellular calcium to confer immunity. Although pathogen-activated NLRs in plants engage plant-specific machineries to promote defence, comparisons with mammalian NLR immune receptor counterparts highlight some shared working principles for NLR immunity across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Wang MY, Chen JB, Wu R, Guo HL, Chen Y, Li ZJ, Wei LY, Liu C, He SF, Du MD, Guo YL, Peng YL, Jones JDG, Weigel D, Huang JH, Zhu WS. The plant immune receptor SNC1 monitors helper NLRs targeted by a bacterial effector. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1792-1803.e7. [PMID: 37944492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy intracellular receptors to counteract pathogen effectors that suppress cell-surface-receptor-mediated immunity. To what extent pathogens manipulate intracellular receptor-mediated immunity, and how plants tackle such manipulation, remains unknown. Arabidopsis thaliana encodes three similar ADR1 class helper nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (ADR1, ADR1-L1, and ADR1-L2), which are crucial in plant immunity initiated by intracellular receptors. Here, we report that Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPtoB suppresses ADR1-L1- and ADR1-L2-mediated cell death. ADR1, however, evades such suppression by diversifying into two ubiquitination sites targeted by AvrPtoB. The intracellular sensor SNC1 interacts with and guards the CCR domains of ADR1-L1/L2. Removal of ADR1-L1/L2 or delivery of AvrPtoB activates SNC1, which then signals through ADR1 to trigger immunity. Our work elucidates the long-sought-after function of SNC1 in defense, and also how plants can use dual strategies, sequence diversification, and a multi-layered guard-guardee system, to counteract pathogen's attack on core immunity functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun-Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hai-Long Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen-Ju Li
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu-Yang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sheng-Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mei-Da Du
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Wang-Sheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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You X, Zhu S, Sheng H, Liu Z, Wang D, Wang M, Xu X, He F, Fang H, Zhang F, Wang D, Hao Z, Wang R, Xiao Y, Wan J, Wang GL, Ning Y. The rice peroxisomal receptor PEX5 negatively regulates resistance to rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113315. [PMID: 37862164 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor protein PEX5, an important component of peroxisomes, regulates growth, development, and immunity in yeast and mammals. PEX5 also influences growth and development in plants, but whether it participates in plant immunity has remained unclear. Here, we report that knockdown of OsPEX5 enhances resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We demonstrate that OsPEX5 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase APIP6, a positive regulator of plant immunity. APIP6 ubiquitinates OsPEX5 in vitro and promotes its degradation in vivo via the 26S proteasome pathway. In addition, OsPEX5 interacts with the aldehyde dehydrogenase OsALDH2B1, which functions in growth-defense trade-offs in rice. OsPEX5 stabilizes OsALDH2B1 to enhance its repression of the defense-related gene OsAOS2. Our study thus uncovers a previously unrecognized hierarchical regulatory mechanism in which an E3 ubiquitin ligase targets a peroxisome receptor protein that negatively regulates immunity in rice by stabilizing an aldehyde dehydrogenase that suppresses defense gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haowen Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Debao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zeyun Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinghui Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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17
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López-Márquez D, Del-Espino Á, Ruiz-Albert J, Bejarano ER, Brodersen P, Beuzón CR. Regulation of plant immunity via small RNA-mediated control of NLR expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6052-6068. [PMID: 37449766 PMCID: PMC10575705 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use different receptors to detect potential pathogens: membrane-anchored pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activated upon perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that elicit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI); and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) activated by detection of pathogen-derived effectors, activating effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The interconnections between PTI and ETI responses have been increasingly reported. Elevated NLR levels may cause autoimmunity, with symptoms ranging from fitness cost to developmental arrest, sometimes combined with run-away cell death, making accurate control of NLR dosage key for plant survival. Small RNA-mediated gene regulation has emerged as a major mechanism of control of NLR dosage. Twenty-two nucleotide miRNAs with the unique ability to trigger secondary siRNA production from target transcripts are particularly prevalent in NLR regulation. They enhance repression of the primary NLR target, but also bring about repression of NLRs only complementary to secondary siRNAs. We summarize current knowledge on miRNAs and siRNAs in the regulation of NLR expression with an emphasis on 22 nt miRNAs and propose that miRNA and siRNA regulation of NLR levels provides additional links between PTI and NLR defense pathways to increase plant responsiveness against a broad spectrum of pathogens and control an efficient deployment of defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López-Márquez
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Ángel Del-Espino
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Peter Brodersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
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18
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Devendrakumar KT, Copeland C, Adamchek C, Zhong X, Huang X, Gendron JM, Li X. Arabidopsis Tubby domain-containing F-box proteins positively regulate immunity by modulating PI4Kβ protein levels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:354-371. [PMID: 37571862 PMCID: PMC11114105 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tubby domain, named after the TUBBY protein in mice, binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Arabidopsis has 11 Tubby domain-containing proteins referred to as Tubby-Like Proteins (TLPs). Of the 11 TLPs, 10 possess the N-terminal F-box domain, which can interact with SKP-like proteins and form SKP1-Cullin-F-box E3 ligase complexes. Although mice TUBBY has been extensively studied, plant TLPs' functions are scarcely detailed. In this study, we show that the Arabidopsis Tubby-like protein 6 (TLP6) and its redundant homologs, TLP1, TLP2, TLP5, and TLP10, positively regulate Arabidopsis immune responses. Furthermore, in an immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry analysis to search for ubiquitination substrates of the TLPs, we identified two redundant phosphoinositide biosynthesis enzymes, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase β proteins (PI4Kβs), PI4Kβ1 and PI4Kβ2, as TLP interactors. Importantly, TLP6 overexpression lines fully phenocopy the phenotypes of the pi4kβ1,2 mutant, while TLP6 overexpression also leads to increased PI4Kβ2 ubiquitination and reduction in its protein level in a proteasome-dependent manner. Most significantly, TLP6 overexpression does not further enhance the autoimmunity of the pi4kβ1,2 double mutant, supporting the hypothesis that TLP6 targets the PI4Kβs for ubiquitination and degradation. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism where TLPs promote plant immune responses by modulating the PI4Kβs protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Thulasi Devendrakumar
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Charles Copeland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher Adamchek
- Yale Science Building, Yale University, 260 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xionghui Zhong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xingchuan Huang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joshua M. Gendron
- Yale Science Building, Yale University, 260 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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19
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Gao H, Guo Y, Ren M, Tang L, Gao W, Tian S, Shao G, Peng Q, Gu B, Miao J, Liu X. Phytophthora RxLR effector PcSnel4B promotes degradation of resistance protein AtRPS2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1547-1560. [PMID: 37429009 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici deploys effector proteins to manipulate host immunity and facilitate its colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that a Sne-like (Snel) RxLR effector gene PcSnel4 is highly expressed at the early stages of P. capsici infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Knocking out both alleles of PcSnel4 attenuated the virulence of P. capsici, while expression of PcSnel4 promoted its colonization in N. benthamiana. PcSnel4B could suppress the hypersensitive reaction (HR) induced by Avr3a-R3a and RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE 2 (AtRPS2), but it did not suppress cell death elicited by Phytophthora infestin 1 (INF1) and Crinkler 4 (CRN4). COP9 signalosome 5 (CSN5) in N. benthamiana was identified as a host target of PcSnel4. Silencing NbCSN5 compromised the cell death induced by AtRPS2. PcSnel4B impaired the interaction and colocalization of Cullin1 (CUL1) and CSN5 in vivo. Expression of AtCUL1 promoted the degradation of AtRPS2 and disrupted HR, while AtCSN5a stabilized AtRPS2 and promoted HR, regardless of the expression of AtCUL1. PcSnel4 counteracted the effect of AtCSN5 and enhanced the degradation of AtRPS2, resulting in HR suppression. This study deciphered the underlying mechanism of PcSnel4-mediated suppression of HR induced by AtRPS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huhu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Song Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangda Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Biao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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20
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Langin G, González-Fuente M, Üstün S. The Plant Ubiquitin-Proteasome System as a Target for Microbial Manipulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:351-375. [PMID: 37253695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system perceives pathogens to trigger defense responses. In turn, pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert these defense responses. The initiation and maintenance of defense responses involve not only de novo synthesis of regulatory proteins and enzymes but also their regulated degradation. The latter is achieved through protein degradation pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS regulates all stages of immunity, from the perception of the pathogen to the execution of the response, and, therefore, constitutes an ideal candidate for microbial manipulation of the host. Pathogen effector molecules interfere with the plant UPS through several mechanisms. This includes hijacking general UPS functions or perturbing its ability to degrade specific targets. In this review, we describe how the UPS regulates different immunity-related processes and how pathogens subvert this to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Langin
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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21
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Şahin ES, Talapov T, Ateş D, Can C, Tanyolaç MB. Genome wide association study of genes controlling resistance to Didymella rabiei Pathotype IV through genotyping by sequencing in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). Genomics 2023; 115:110699. [PMID: 37597791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Ascochyta blight (AB) is a major disease in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) that can cause a yield loss of up to 100%. Chickpea germplasm collections at the center of origin offer great potential to discover novel sources of resistance to pests and diseases. Herein, 189 Cicer arietinum samples were genotyped via genotyping by sequencing. This chickpea collection was phenotyped for resistance to an aggressive Turkish Didymella rabiei Pathotype IV isolate. Genome-wide association studies based on different models revealed 19 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8. Although eight of these SNPs have been previously reported, to the best of our knowledge, the remaining ten were associated with AB resistance for the first time. The regions identified in this study can be addressed in future studies to reveal the genetic mechanism underlying AB resistance and can also be utilized in chickpea breeding programs to improve AB resistance in new chickpea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Sefa Şahin
- Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Bioengineering, Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Talap Talapov
- Department of Biology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Duygu Ateş
- Department of Bioengineering, Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Canan Can
- Department of Biology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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22
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Shi W, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Misas Villamil JC, Saur IML, Doehlemann G. Combination of in vivo proximity labeling and co-immunoprecipitation identifies the host target network of a tumor-inducing effector in the fungal maize pathogen Ustilago maydis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4736-4750. [PMID: 37225161 PMCID: PMC10433927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete effectors, which target host proteins to facilitate infection. The Ustilago maydis effector UmSee1 is required for tumor formation in the leaf during infection of maize. UmSee1 interacts with maize SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of skp1) and blocks its phosphorylation in vivo. In the absence of UmSee1, U. maydis cannot trigger tumor formation in the bundle sheath. However, it remains unclear which host processes are manipulated by UmSee1 and the UmSee1-SGT1 interaction to cause the observed phenotype. Proximity-dependent protein labeling involving the turbo biotin ligase tag (TurboID) for proximal labeling of proteins is a powerful tool for identifying the protein interactome. We have generated transgenic U. maydis that secretes biotin ligase-fused See1 effector (UmSee1-TurboID-3HA) directly into maize cells. This approach, in combination with conventional co-immunoprecipitation, allowed the identification of additional UmSee1 interactors in maize cells. Collectively, our data identified three ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-related proteins (ZmSIP1, ZmSIP2, and ZmSIP3) that either interact with or are close to UmSee1 during host infection of maize with U. maydis. ZmSIP3 represents a cell cycle regulator whose degradation appears to be promoted in the presence of UmSee1. Our data provide a possible explanation of the requirement for UmSee1 in tumor formation during U. maydis-Zea mays interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johana C Misas Villamil
- Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
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23
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Jacob P, Hige J, Dangl JL. Is localized acquired resistance the mechanism for effector-triggered disease resistance in plants? NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1184-1190. [PMID: 37537398 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are intracellular immune receptors that are activated by their direct or indirect interactions with virulence effectors. NLR activation triggers a strong immune response and consequent disease resistance. However, the NLR-driven immune response can be targeted by virulence effectors. It is thus unclear how immune activation can occur concomitantly with virulence effector suppression of immunity. Recent observations suggest that the activation of effector-triggered immunity does not sustain defence gene expression in tissues in contact with the hemi-biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Instead, strong defence was observed on the border of the infection area. This response is reminiscent of localized acquired resistance (LAR). LAR is a strong defence response occurring in a ~2 mm area around cells in contact with the pathogen and probably serves to prevent the spread of pathogens. Here we propose that effector-triggered immunity is essentially a quarantining mechanism to prevent systemic pathogen spread and disease, and that the induction of LAR is a key component of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Jacob
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Junko Hige
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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24
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Cheng YT, Thireault CA, Paasch BC, Zhang L, He SY. Roles of microbiota in autoimmunity in Arabidopsis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.531303. [PMID: 36945461 PMCID: PMC10028843 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, researchers have isolated plant mutants that display constitutively activated defense responses in the absence of pathogen infection. These mutants are called autoimmune mutants and are typically dwarf and/or bearing chlorotic/necrotic lesions. From a genetic screen for Arabidopsis genes involved in maintaining a normal leaf microbiota, we identified TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE 1 (TIP1), which encodes a S-acyltransferase, as a key player in guarding leaves against abnormal microbiota level and composition under high humidity conditions. The tip1 mutant has several characteristic phenotypes of classical autoimmune mutants, including a dwarf stature, displaying lesions, and having a high basal level of defense gene expression. Gnotobiotic experiments revealed that the autoimmune phenotypes of the tip1 mutant are largely dependent on the presence of microbiota as axenic tip1 plants have markedly reduced autoimmune phenotypes. We found that the microbiota dependency of autoimmune phenotypes is shared by several "lesion mimic"-type autoimmune mutants in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, autoimmune phenotypes caused by mutations in NLR genes do not require the presence of microbiota and can even be partially alleviated by microbiota. Our results therefore suggest the existence of two classes of autoimmunity (microbiota-dependent vs. microbiota-independent) in plants. The observed interplay between autoimmunity and microbiota in the lesion mimic class of autoimmunity is reminiscent of the interactions between autoimmunity and dysbiosis in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ti Cheng
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Caitlin A. Thireault
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bradley C. Paasch
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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25
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Guo L, Mu Y, Wang D, Ye C, Zhu S, Cai H, Zhu Y, Peng Y, Liu J, He X. Structural mechanism of heavy metal-associated integrated domain engineering of paired nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat proteins in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1187372. [PMID: 37448867 PMCID: PMC10338059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1187372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are immune sensors that detect pathogen effectors and initiate a strong immune response. In many cases, single NLR proteins are sufficient for both effector recognition and signaling activation. These proteins possess a conserved architecture, including a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a central nucleotide-binding (NB) domain, and a variable N-terminal domain. Nevertheless, many paired NLRs linked in a head-to-head configuration have now been identified. The ones carrying integrated domains (IDs) can recognize pathogen effector proteins by various modes; these are known as sensor NLR (sNLR) proteins. Structural and biochemical studies have provided insights into the molecular basis of heavy metal-associated IDs (HMA IDs) from paired NLRs in rice and revealed the co-evolution between pathogens and hosts by combining naturally occurring favorable interactions across diverse interfaces. Focusing on structural and molecular models, here we highlight advances in structure-guided engineering to expand and enhance the response profile of paired NLR-HMA IDs in rice to variants of the rice blast pathogen MAX-effectors (Magnaporthe oryzae AVRs and ToxB-like). These results demonstrate that the HMA IDs-based design of rice materials with broad and enhanced resistance profiles possesses great application potential but also face considerable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Youyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Youliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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26
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Saxena H, Negi H, Sharma B. Role of F-box E3-ubiquitin ligases in plant development and stress responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023:10.1007/s00299-023-03023-8. [PMID: 37195503 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE F-box E3-ubiquitin ligases regulate critical biological processes in plant development and stress responses. Future research could elucidate why and how plants have acquired a large number of F-box genes. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a predominant regulatory mechanism employed by plants to maintain the protein turnover in the cells and involves the interplay of three classes of enzymes, E1 (ubiquitin-activating), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating), and E3 ligases. The diverse and most prominent protein family among eukaryotes, F-box proteins, are a vital component of the multi-subunit SCF (Skp1-Cullin 1-F-box) complex among E3 ligases. Several F-box proteins with multifarious functions in different plant systems have evolved rapidly over time within closely related species, but only a small part has been characterized. We need to advance our understanding of substrate-recognition regulation and the involvement of F-box proteins in biological processes and environmental adaptation. This review presents a background of E3 ligases with particular emphasis on the F-box proteins, their structural assembly, and their mechanism of action during substrate recognition. We discuss how the F-box proteins regulate and participate in the signaling mechanisms of plant development and environmental responses. We highlight an urgent need for research on the molecular basis of the F-box E3-ubiquitin ligases in plant physiology, systems biology, and biotechnology. Further, the developments and outlooks of the potential technologies targeting the E3-ubiquitin ligases for developing crop improvement strategies have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Saxena
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia Griffin Campus, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - Harshita Negi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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27
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Ao K, Rohmann PFW, Huang S, Li L, Lipka V, Chen S, Wiermer M, Li X. Puncta-localized TRAF domain protein TC1b contributes to the autoimmunity of snc1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:591-612. [PMID: 36799433 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors play important roles in the perception of pathogens and initiation of immune responses in both plants and animals. Intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type receptors constitute a major class of receptors in vascular plants. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1), a gain-of-function mutation in the NLR gene SNC1 leads to SNC1 overaccumulation and constitutive activation of defense responses. From a CRISPR/Cas9-based reverse genetics screen in the snc1 autoimmune background, we identified that mutations in TRAF CANDIDATE 1b (TC1b), a gene encoding a protein with four tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) domains, can suppress snc1 phenotypes. TC1b does not appear to be a general immune regulator as it is not required for defense mediated by other tested immune receptors. TC1b also does not physically associate with SNC1, affect SNC1 accumulation, or affect signaling of the downstream helper NLRs represented by ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1-L2 (ADR1-L2), suggesting that TC1b impacts snc1 autoimmunity in a unique way. TC1b can form oligomers and localizes to punctate structures of unknown function. The puncta localization of TC1b strictly requires its coiled-coil (CC) domain, whereas the functionality of TC1b requires the four TRAF domains in addition to the CC. Overall, we uncovered the TRAF domain protein TC1b as a novel positive contributor to plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Philipp F W Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Central Microscopy Facility of the Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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28
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Yu H, Yang L, Li Z, Sun F, Li B, Guo S, Wang YF, Zhou T, Hua J. In situ deletions reveal regulatory components for expression of an intracellular immune receptor gene and its co-expressed genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:621-634. [PMID: 36368774 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular immune receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) are highly regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally for balanced plant defence and growth. NLR genes often exist in gene clusters and are usually co-expressed under various conditions. Despite of intensive studies of regulation of NLR proteins, cis-acting elements for NLR gene induction, repression or co-expression are largely unknown due to a larger than usual cis-region for their expression regulation. Here we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate a series of in situ deletions at the endogenous location of a NLR gene SNC1 residing in the RPP5 gene cluster. These deletions that made in the wild type and the SNC1 constitutive expressing autoimmune mutant bon1 revealed both positive and negative cis-acting elements for SNC1 expression. Two transcription factors that could bind to these elements were found to have an impact on the expression of SNC1. In addition, co-expression of two genes with SNC1 in the same cluster is found to be mostly dependent on the SNC1 function. Therefore, SNC1 expression is under complex local regulation involving multiple cis elements and SNC1 itself is a critical regulator of gene expression of other NLR genes in the same gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhan Li
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengsong Guo
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- International Rice Research Institute and Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School Of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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29
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Advances in Biological Control and Resistance Genes of Brassicaceae Clubroot Disease-The Study Case of China. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010785. [PMID: 36614228 PMCID: PMC9821010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot disease is a soil-borne disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. It occurs in cruciferous crops exclusively, and causes serious damage to the economic value of cruciferous crops worldwide. Although different measures have been taken to prevent the spread of clubroot disease, the most fundamental and effective way is to explore and use disease-resistance genes to breed resistant varieties. However, the resistance level of plant hosts is influenced both by environment and pathogen race. In this work, we described clubroot disease in terms of discovery and current distribution, life cycle, and race identification systems; in particular, we summarized recent progress on clubroot control methods and breeding practices for resistant cultivars. With the knowledge of these identified resistance loci and R genes, we discussed feasible strategies for disease-resistance breeding in the future.
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30
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Yu X, Lin Y, Zhu Y, Chen J, Xie H, Zhang Q, Wang L, Wei Y, Xiao Y, Cai Q, Zheng Y, Wang M, Xie H, Zhang J. SH3P2, an SH3 domain-containing protein that interacts with both Pib and AvrPib, suppresses effector-triggered, Pib-mediated immunity in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1931-1946. [PMID: 36321201 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants usually keep resistance (R) proteins in a static state under normal conditions to avoid autoimmunity and save energy for growth, but R proteins can be rapidly activated upon perceiving pathogen invasion. Pib, the first cloned blast disease R gene in rice, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein, mediates resistance to the blast fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae) isolates carrying the avirulence gene AvrPib. However, the molecular mechanisms about how Pib recognizes AvrPib and how it is inactivated and activated remain largely unclear. In this study, through map-based cloning and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we proved that Pib contributes to the blast disease resistance of rice cultivar Yunyin (YY). Furthermore, an SH3 domain-containing protein, SH3P2, was found to associate with Pib mainly at clathrin-coated vesicles in rice cells, via direct binding with the coiled-coil (CC) domain of Pib. Interestingly, overexpression of SH3P2 in YY compromised Pib-mediated resistance to M. oryzae isolates carrying AvrPib and Pib-AvrPib recognition-induced cell death. SH3P2 competitively inhibits the self-association of the Pib CC domain in vitro, suggesting that binding of SH3P2 with Pib undermines its homodimerization. Moreover, SH3P2 can also interact with AvrPib and displays higher affinity to AvrPib than to Pib, which leads to dissociation of SH3P2 from Pib in the presence of AvrPib. Taken together, our results suggest that SH3P2 functions as a "protector" to keep Pib in a static state by direct interaction during normal growth but could be triggered off by the invasion of AvrPib-carrying M. oryzae isolates. Our study reveals a new mechanism about how an NLR protein is inactivated under normal conditions but is activated upon pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xiangzhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yuelong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Hongguang Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lanning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yanjia Xiao
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Mo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China.
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China.
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31
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Tian L, Lu J, Li X. Differential requirement of TIR enzymatic activities in TIR-type immune receptor SNC1-mediated immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2094-2098. [PMID: 36149306 PMCID: PMC9706416 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana TIR-type immune receptor SNC1 (Suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1) requires NADase, but not the 2′,3′-cAMP/cGMP synthetase activity to trigger in planta immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Junxing Lu
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xin Li
- Author for correspondence:
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32
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Choi C, Im JH, Lee J, Kwon SI, Kim WY, Park SR, Hwang DJ. OsDWD1 E3 ligase-mediated OsNPR1 degradation suppresses basal defense in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:966-981. [PMID: 36168109 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Many ubiquitin E3 ligases function in plant immunity. Here, we show that Oryza sativa (rice) DDB1 binding WD (OsDWD1) suppresses immune responses by targeting O. sativa non-expresser of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (OsNPR1) for degradation. Knock-down and overexpression experiments in rice plants showed that OsDWD1 is a negative regulator of the immune response and that OsNPR1 is a substrate of OsDWD1 and a substrate receptor of OsCRL4. After constructing the loss-of-function mutant OsDWD1R239A , we showed that the downregulation of OsNPR1 seen in rice lines overexpressing wild-type (WT) OsDWD1 (OsDWD1WT -ox) was compromised in OsDWD1R239A -ox lines, and that OsNPR1 upregulation enhanced resistance to pathogen infection, confirming that OsCRL4OsDWD1 regulates OsNPR1 protein levels. The enhanced disease resistance seen in OsDWD1 knock-down (OsDWD1-kd) lines contrasted with the reduced disease resistance in double knock-down (OsDWD1/OsNPR1-kd) lines, indicating that the enhanced disease resistance of OsDWD1-kd resulted from the accumulation of OsNPR1. Moreover, an in vivo heterologous protein degradation assay in Arabidopsis thaliana ddb1 mutants confirmed that the CUL4-based E3 ligase system can also influence OsNPR1 protein levels in Arabidopsis. Although OsNPR1 was degraded by the OsCRL4OsDWD1 -mediated ubiquitination system, the phosphodegron-motif-mutated NPR1 was partially degraded in the DWD1-ox protoplasts. This suggests that there might be another degradation process for OsNPR1. Taken together, these results indicate that OsDWD1 regulates OsNPR1 protein levels in rice to suppress the untimely activation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Choi
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Im
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjeong Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Il Kwon
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52825, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryeol Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Ju Hwang
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
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33
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Kourelis J, Adachi H. Activation and Regulation of NLR Immune Receptor Networks. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1366-1377. [PMID: 35941738 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have many types of immune receptors that recognize diverse pathogen molecules and activate the innate immune system. The intracellular immune receptor family of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) perceives translocated pathogen effector proteins and executes a robust immune response, including programmed cell death. Many plant NLRs have functionally specialized to sense pathogen effectors (sensor NLRs) or to execute immune signaling (helper NLRs). Sub-functionalized NLRs form a network-type receptor system known as the NLR network. In this review, we highlight the concept of NLR networks, discussing how they are formed, activated and regulated. Two main types of NLR networks have been described in plants: the ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1/N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 network and the NLR-REQUIRED FOR CELL DEATH network. In both networks, multiple helper NLRs function as signaling hubs for sensor NLRs and cell-surface-localized immune receptors. Additionally, the networks are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and are also modulated by other host proteins to ensure proper network activation and prevent autoimmunity. Plant pathogens in turn have converged on suppressing NLR networks, thereby facilitating infection and disease. Understanding the NLR immune system at the network level could inform future breeding programs by highlighting the appropriate genetic combinations of immunoreceptors to use while avoiding deleterious autoimmunity and suppression by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto, 617-0001 Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
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34
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Yang K, Xiao W. Functions and mechanisms of the Ubc13-UEV complex and lysine 63-linked polyubiquitination in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5372-5387. [PMID: 35640002 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the best-known post-translational modifications in eukaryotes, in which different linkage types of polyubiquitination result in different outputs of the target proteins. Distinct from the well-characterized K48-linked polyubiquitination that usually serves as a signal for degradation of the target protein, K63-linked polyubiquitination often requires a unique E2 heterodimer Ubc13-UEV and alters the target protein activity instead of marking it for degradation. This review focuses on recent advances on the roles of Ubc13-UEV-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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35
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Varshney V, Majee M. Emerging roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in enhancing crop yield by optimizing seed agronomic traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1805-1826. [PMID: 35678849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has the potential to modulate crop productivity by influencing agronomic traits. Being sessile, the plant often uses the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to maintain the stability of different regulatory proteins to survive in an ever-changing environment. The ubiquitin system influences plant reproduction, growth, development, responses to the environment, and processes that control critical agronomic traits. E3 ligases are the major players in this pathway, and they are responsible for recognizing and tagging the targets/substrates. Plants have a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose functions have been studied extensively, ranging from plant growth to defense strategies. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: seed size and weight, seed germination, and accessory plant agronomic traits particularly panicle architecture, tillering in rice, and tassels branch number in maize. This review article highlights some recent progress on how the ubiquitin system influences the stability/modification of proteins that determine seed agronomic properties like size, weight, germination and filling, and ultimately agricultural productivity and quality. Further research into the molecular basis of the aforementioned processes might lead to the identification of genes that could be modified or selected for crop development. Likewise, we also propose advances and future perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Varshney
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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36
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Zou JP, Zhao QF, Yang T, Shang YF, Ahammed GJ, Zhou J. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RING1 interacts with COP9 Signalosome Subunit 4 to positively regulate resistance to root-knot nematodes in Solanum lycopersicum L. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111344. [PMID: 35659944 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause massive production losses in all major crops. E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in plant growth, development and immune response. But their roles in plant defense against RKNs are largely unclear. Here, we show that tomato E3 ubiquitin ligase RING1 interacts with COP9 Signalosome Subunit 4 (CSN4) which is essential for jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent basal defense against RKNs. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that RING1 expression was the highest in tomato roots and the expression was significantly increased with RKN (Meloidogyne incognita) infection. Compared with the wild-type plants, the number of egg masses in roots significantly increased in the ring1 mutants, while RING1 overexpression conferred resistance against RKNs. Furthermore, RKN infection increased the accumulation of CSN4 protein in the roots of wild-type plants, which was largely compromised in the ring1 mutants but was enhanced in the RING1 overexpressing plants. The RKN-induced transcripts of JA biosynthetic and signaling genes as well as the accumulation of JA and JA-isoleucine were compromised in ring1 mutants but were increased in RING1 overexpressing plants. These results suggest that RING1 positively regulates JA-dependent basal defense against RKNs by interacting with CSN4 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Zou
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiu-Feng Zhao
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Fen Shang
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China.
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37
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Yu H, Yang L, Li Z, Sun F, Li B, Guo S, Wang YF, Zhou T, Hua J. In situ deletions reveal regulatory components for expression of an intracellular immune receptor gene and its co-expressed genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1862-1875. [PMID: 35150136 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular immune receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) are highly regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally for balanced plant defense and growth. NLR genes often exist in gene clusters and are usually co-expressed under various conditions. Despite intensive studies of the regulation of NLR proteins, cis-acting elements for NLR gene induction, repression or co-expression are largely unknown due to a larger than usual cis-region for their expression regulation. Here we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate a series of in situ deletions at the endogenous location of an NLR gene SNC1 residing in the RPP5 gene cluster. These deletions that made in the wild type and the SNC1 constitutive expressing autoimmune mutant bon1 revealed both positive and negative cis-acting elements for SNC1 expression. Two transcription factors that could bind to these elements were found to have an impact on the expression of SNC1. In addition, co-expression of two genes with SNC1 in the same cluster is found to be mostly dependent on the SNC1 function. Therefore, SNC1 expression is under complex local regulation involving multiple cis-elements and SNC1 itself is a critical regulator of gene expression of other NLR genes in the same gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhan Li
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengsong Guo
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- International Rice Research Institute and Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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38
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Trenner J, Monaghan J, Saeed B, Quint M, Shabek N, Trujillo M. Evolution and Functions of Plant U-Box Proteins: From Protein Quality Control to Signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:93-121. [PMID: 35226816 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-012310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications add complexity and diversity to cellular proteomes. One of the most prevalent modifications across eukaryotes is ubiquitination, which is orchestrated by E3 ubiquitin ligases. U-box-containing E3 ligases have massively expanded in the plant kingdom and have diversified into plant U-box proteins (PUBs). PUBs likely originated from two or three ancestral forms, fusing with diverse functional subdomains that resulted in neofunctionalization. Their emergence and diversification may reflect adaptations to stress during plant evolution, reflecting changes in the needs of plant proteomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Through their close association with protein kinases, they are physically linked to cell signaling hubs and activate feedback loops by dynamically pairing with E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to generate distinct ubiquitin polymers that themselves act as signals. Here, we complement current knowledgewith comparative genomics to gain a deeper understanding of PUB function, focusing on their evolution and structural adaptations of key U-box residues, as well as their various roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Trenner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ,
| | | | - Bushra Saeed
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ,
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ,
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ,
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39
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Saini R, Nandi AK. TOPLESS in the regulation of plant immunity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1-12. [PMID: 35347548 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the multiple ways how topless and topless-related proteins regulate defense activation in plants and help in optimizing the defense-growth tradeoff. Eukaryotic gene expression is tightly regulated at various levels by hormones, transcription regulators, post-translational modifications, and transcriptional coregulators. TOPLESS (TPL)/TOPLESS-related (TPR) corepressors regulate gene expression by interacting with other transcription factors. TPRs regulate auxin, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, strigolactone, and brassinosteroid signaling in plants. In general, except for GA, TPLs suppress these signaling pathways to prevent unwanted activation of hormone signaling. The association of TPL/TPRs in these hormonal signaling reflects a wide role of this class of corepressors in plants' normal and stress physiology. The involvement of TPL in immune responses was first demonstrated a decade ago as a repressor of DND1 and DND2 that are negative regulators of plant immune response. Over the last decade, several research groups have established a larger role of TPL/TPRs in plant immunity during both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. Very recent research unraveled the significant involvement of TPRs in balancing the growth and defense trade-off. TPRs, along with proteasomal degradation complex, miRNA, and phasiRNA, suppress the activation of autoimmunity in plants under normal conditions and promote defense under pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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40
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Wu Z, Tian L, Liu X, Huang W, Zhang Y, Li X. The N-terminally truncated helper NLR NRG1C antagonizes immunity mediated by its full-length neighbors NRG1A and NRG1B. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1621-1640. [PMID: 34871452 PMCID: PMC9048947 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Both plants and animals utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) to perceive the presence of pathogen-derived molecules and induce immune responses. NLR genes are far more abundant and diverse in vascular plants than in animals. Truncated NLRs, which lack one or more of the canonical domains, are also commonly encoded in plant genomes. However, little is known about their functions, especially the N-terminally truncated ones. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana N-terminally truncated helper NLR (hNLR) gene N REQUIREMENT GENE1 (NRG1C) is highly induced upon pathogen infection and in autoimmune mutants. The immune response and cell death conferred by some Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-type NLRs (TNLs) were compromised in Arabidopsis NRG1C overexpression lines. Detailed genetic analysis revealed that NRG1C antagonizes the immunity mediated by its full-length neighbors NRG1A and NRG1B. Biochemical tests suggested that NRG1C might interfere with the EDS1-SAG101 complex, which functions in immunity signaling together with NRG1A/1B. Interestingly, Brassicaceae NRG1Cs are functionally exchangeable and that the Nicotiana benthamiana N-terminally truncated hNLR NRG2 also antagonizes NRG1 activity. Together, our study uncovers an unexpected negative role of N-terminally truncated hNLRs in immunity in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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41
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Lapin D, Johanndrees O, Wu Z, Li X, Parker JE. Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1479-1496. [PMID: 35143666 PMCID: PMC9153377 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
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42
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Qiu J, Xie J, Chen Y, Shen Z, Shi H, Naqvi NI, Qian Q, Liang Y, Kou Y. Warm temperature compromises JA-regulated basal resistance to enhance Magnaporthe oryzae infection in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:723-739. [PMID: 35217224 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in global temperatures profoundly affect the occurrence of plant diseases. It is well known that rice blast can easily become epidemic in relatively warm weather. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we show that enhanced blast development at a warm temperature (22°C) compared with the normal growth temperature (28°C) is rice plant-determined. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling genes in rice could be effectively induced by Magnaporthe oryzae at 28°C but not at 22°C. Phenotypic analyses of the osaoc1 and osmyc2 mutants, OsCOI1 RNAi lines, and OsMYC2-OE plants further demonstrated that compromised M. oryzae-induced JA biosynthesis and signaling lead to enhanced blast susceptibility at the warm temperature. Consistent with these results, we found that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate served as an effective strategy for improving blast resistance under the warm environmental conditions. Furthermore, decreased activation of JA signaling resulted in the downregulated expression of some key basal resistance genes at 22°C when compared with 28°C. Among these affected genes, OsCEBiP (chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor) was found to be directly regulated by OsMYB22 and its interacting protein OsMYC2, a key component of JA signaling, and this contributed to temperature-modulated blast resistance. Taken together, these results suggest that warm temperature compromises basal resistance in rice and enhances M. oryzae infection by reducing JA biosynthesis and signaling, providing potential new strategies for managing rice blast disease under warm climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Junhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhenan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, and Department of Biological Sciences, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
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43
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Ubiquitination of Receptorsomes, Frontline of Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062937. [PMID: 35328358 PMCID: PMC8948693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sessile plants are constantly exposed to myriads of unfavorable invading organisms with different lifestyles. To survive, plants have evolved plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to initiate sophisticated downstream immune responses. Ubiquitination serves as one of the most important and prevalent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to fine-tune plant immune responses. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in delineating the critical roles of ubiquitination in plant immunity. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of ubiquitination in the modulation of plant immunity, with a particular focus on ubiquitination in the regulation of receptorsomes, and discuss how ubiquitination and other PTMs act in concert to ensure rapid, proper, and robust immune responses.
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44
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Ortiz-Morea FA, Liu J, Shan L, He P. Malectin-like receptor kinases as protector deities in plant immunity. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:27-37. [PMID: 34931075 PMCID: PMC9059209 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant malectin-like receptor kinases (MLRs), also known as Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase-1-like proteins, are well known for their functions in pollen tube reception and tip growth, cell wall integrity sensing, and hormonal responses. Recently, mounting evidence has indicated a critical role for MLRs in plant immunity. Here we focus on the emerging functions of MLRs in modulating the two-tiered immune system mediated by cell-surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). MLRs complex with PRRs and NLRs and regulate immune receptor complex formation and stability. Rapid alkalinization factor peptide ligands, LORELEI-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and cell-wall-associated leucine-rich repeat extensins coordinate with MLRs to orchestrate PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. We discuss the common theme and unique features of MLR complexes concatenating different branches of plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Amazonian Research Center Cimaz-Macagual, University of the Amazon, Florencia, Colombia
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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45
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Huang J, Wu X, Gao Z. The RING-type protein BOI negatively regulates the protein level of a CC-NBS-LRR in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 578:104-109. [PMID: 34560579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play pivotal roles in plant immunity. The regulation of NLR stability is essential to ensure effective immunity, whereas the exact mechanism is largely unclear. The Arabidopsis CC-NBS-LRR protein L5 (At1g12290) can induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, but not in Arabidopsis thaliana. We screened the interactors of L5 by yeast two-hybrid, and found that the BOI can interact with the CC domain of L5. Transiently expressed BOI reduced the protein level of L5, and suppressed the auoactivity of L5 in N. benthamiana. BOI can interact and ubiquitinate L5 in vitro, and mediate the proteasomal degradation of L5 in N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis. The Lys425 in the NBS domain of L5 is the critical unbiquitin site for the degradation. In conclusion, our results reveal a mechanism for the control of the stability of L5 protein and for the suppressed of L5-triggered cell death by a RING-type E3 ligase through the ubiquitin proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Huang
- Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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46
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Ninh TT, Gao W, Trusov Y, Zhao J, Long L, Song C, Botella JR. Tomato and cotton G protein beta subunit mutants display constitutive autoimmune responses. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e359. [PMID: 34765865 PMCID: PMC8573408 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein Gβ-deficient mutants in rice and maize display constitutive immune responses, whereas Arabidopsis Gβ mutants show impaired defense, suggesting the existence of functional differences between monocots and dicots. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we produced one hemizygous tomato line with a mutated SlGB1 Gβ gene. Homozygous slgb1 knockout mutants exhibit all the hallmarks of autoimmune mutants, including development of necrotic lesions, constitutive expression of defense-related genes, and high endogenous levels of salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species, resulting in early seedling lethality. Virus-induced silencing of Gβ in cotton reproduced the symptoms observed in tomato mutants, confirming that the autoimmune phenotype is not limited to monocot species but is also shared by dicots. Even though multiple genes involved in SA and ethylene signaling are highly induced by Gβ silencing in tomato and cotton, co-silencing of SA or ethylene signaling components in cotton failed to suppress the lethal phenotype, whereas co-silencing of the oxidative burst oxidase RbohD can repress lethality. Despite the autoimmune response observed in slgb1 mutants, we show that SlGB1 is a positive regulator of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) response in tomato. We speculate that the phenotypic differences observed between Arabidopsis and tomato/cotton/rice/maize Gβ knockouts do not necessarily reflect divergences in G protein-mediated defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thao Ninh
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of BiotechnologyVietnam National University of AgricultureHanoiVietnam
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Yuri Trusov
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Jing‐Ruo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Chun‐Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Jose Ramon Botella
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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47
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Huang J, Wu X, Gao Z. A nucleocytoplasmic-localized E3 ligase affects the NLR receptor stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 583:1-6. [PMID: 34715495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a pivotal post-translational modification that regulates turnover of nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). As a RING-type E3 ligase, BOI (Botrytis susceptible1 interactor) has been reported to interact with different proteins, and function in the nucleus. New studies have identified that BOI can interact and ubiquitinate L5 (AT1G12290), a CC-NBS-LRR protein in vitro, and mediate the proteasomal degradation of L5 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there still remains an unanswered question about where the degradation occurs at the subcellular level. In this study, the ubiquitination of L5 by BOI was determined in N. benthamiana. Meanwhile, we discovered that BOI exhibited nucleocytoplasmic localization and mediated the degradation of the plasma membrane localized L5 outside the nucleus. BOI and its homologs BRG1 and BRG3 function redundantly in negatively regulate the protein level of L5. Overall, this report reveals BOI and its homologs have multiple targets and function at different subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Huang
- Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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48
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Jia M, Shen X, Tang Y, Shi X, Gu Y. A karyopherin constrains nuclear activity of the NLR protein SNC1 and is essential to prevent autoimmunity in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1733-1744. [PMID: 34153500 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins comprise a major class of intracellular immune receptors that are capable of detecting pathogen-derived molecules and activating immunity and cell death in plants. The activity of some NLRs, particularly the Toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) type, is highly correlated with their nucleocytoplasmic distribution. However, whether and how the nucleocytoplasmic homeostasis of NLRs is coordinated through a bidirectional nuclear shuttling mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified a nuclear transport receptor, KA120, which is capable of affecting the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of an NLR protein and is essential in preventing its autoactivation. We showed that the ka120 mutant displays an autoimmune phenotype and NLR-induced transcriptome features. Through a targeted genetic screen using an artificial NLR microRNA library, we identified the TIR-NLR gene SNC1 as a genetic interactor of KA120. Loss-of-function snc1 mutations as well as compromising SNC1 protein activities all substantially suppressed ka120-induced autoimmune activation, and the enhanced SNC1 activity upon loss of KA120 functionappeared to occur at the protein level. Overexpression of KA120 efficiently repressed SNC1 activity and led to a nearly complete suppression of the autoimmune phenotype caused by the gain-of-function snc1-1 mutation or SNC1 overexpression in transgenic plants. Further florescence imaging analysis indicated that SNC1 undergoes altered nucleocytoplasmic distribution with significantly reduced nuclear signal when KA120 is constitutively expressed, supporting a role of KA120 in coordinating SNC1 nuclear abundance and activity. Consistently, compromising the SNC1 nuclear level by disrupting the nuclear pore complex could also partially rescue ka120-induced autoimmunity. Collectively, our study demonstrates that KA120 is essential to avoid autoimmune activation in the absence of pathogens and is required to constrain the nuclear activity of SNC1, possibly through coordinating SNC1 nucleocytoplasmic homeostasis as a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xueqi Shen
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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49
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Hessler G, Portheine SM, Gerlach EM, Lienemann T, Koch G, Voigt CA, Hoth S. PMR4-dependent cell wall depositions are a consequence but not the cause of temperature-induced autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021:erab423. [PMID: 34519761 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess a well-balanced immune system that is required for defense against pathogen infections. In autoimmune mutants or necrotic crosses, an intrinsic temperature-dependent imbalance leads to constitutive immune activation, resulting in severe damage or even death of plants. Recently, cell wall depositions were described as one of the symptoms following induction of the autoimmune phenotype in Arabidopsis saul1-1 mutants. However, the regulation and function of these depositions remained unclear. Here, we show that cell wall depositions, containing lignin and callose, were a common autoimmune feature and were deposited in proportion to the severity of the autoimmune phenotype at reduced ambient temperatures. When plants were exposed to reduced temperature for periods insufficient to induce an autoimmune phenotype, the cell wall depositions were not present. After low temperature intervals, sufficient to induce autoimmune responses, cell wall depositions correlated with a point of no return in saul1-1 autoimmunity. Although cell wall depositions were largely abolished in saul1-1 pmr4-1 double mutants lacking SAUL1 and the callose synthase gene GSL5/PMR4, their phenotype remained unchanged compared to that of the saul1-1 single mutant. Our data showed that cell wall depositions generally occur in autoimmunity, but appear not to be the cause of autoimmune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Hessler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Michael Portheine
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Gerlach
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lienemann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Koch
- Thuenen-Institute of Wood Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian A Voigt
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stefan Hoth
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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50
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Liu S, Wang C, Liu X, Navas-Castillo J, Zang L, Fan Z, Zhu X, Zhou T. Tomato chlorosis virus-encoded p22 suppresses auxin signalling to promote infection via interference with SKP1-Cullin-F-box TIR1 complex assembly. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3155-3172. [PMID: 34105183 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone auxin plays a fundamental role in plant growth and defense against pathogens. However, how auxin signalling is regulated during virus infection in plants remains largely unknown. Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) is the repressor of auxin signalling and can be recognized by an F-box protein transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1). Ubiquitination and degradation of Aux/IAA by SKP1-Cullin-F-boxTIR1 (SCFTIR1 ) complex can trigger auxin signalling. Here, with an emerging important plant virus worldwide, we showed that tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) infection or stable transgenic overexpression of its p22 protein does not alter auxin accumulation level but significantly decreases the expression of auxin signalling-responsive genes, suggesting that p22 can attenuate host auxin signalling. Further, p22 could bind the C-terminal of SKP1.1 and compete with TIR1 to interfere with the SCFTIR1 complex assembly, leading to a suppression of Aux/IAA degradation. Silencing and over-expression assays suggested that both NbSKP1.1 and NbTIR1 suppress ToCV accumulation and disease symptoms. Altogether, ToCV p22 disrupts the auxin signalling through destabilizing SCFTIR1 by interacting with the C-terminal of NbSKP1.1 to promote ToCV infection. Our findings uncovered a previously unknown molecular mechanism employed by a plant virus to manipulate SCF complex-mediated ubiquitin pathway and to reprogram auxin signalling for efficient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuilin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xuedong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Lianyi Zang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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