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Sadeghinia MJ, Persson RM, Ellensen VS, Haaverstad R, Holzapfel GA, Skallerud B, Prot V, Urheim S. Quantified planar collagen distribution in healthy and degenerative mitral valve: biomechanical and clinical implications. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15670. [PMID: 38977735 PMCID: PMC11231298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Degenerative mitral valve disease is a common valvular disease with two arguably distinct phenotypes: fibroelastic deficiency and Barlow's disease. These phenotypes significantly alter the microstructures of the leaflets, particularly the collagen fibers, which are the main mechanical load carriers. The predominant method of investigation is histological sections. However, the sections are cut transmurally and provide a lateral view of the microstructure of the leaflet, while the mechanics and function are determined by the planar arrangement of the collagen fibers. This study, for the first time, quantitatively examined planar collagen distribution quantitatively in health and disease using second harmonic generation microscopy throughout the thickness of the mitral valve leaflets. Twenty diseased samples from eighteen patients and six control samples were included in this study. Healthy tissue had highly aligned collagen fibers. In fibroelastic deficiency they are less aligned and in Barlow's disease they are completely dispersed. In both diseases, collagen fibers have two preferred orientations, which, in contrast to the almost constant one orientation in healthy tissues, also vary across the thickness. The results indicate altered in vivo mechanical stresses and strains on the mitral valve leaflets as a result of disease-related collagen remodeling, which in turn triggers further remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Sadeghinia
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands Vei 1A, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert Matongo Persson
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Science, Medical Faculty, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Rune Haaverstad
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Science, Medical Faculty, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gerhard A Holzapfel
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands Vei 1A, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Biomechanics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Bjørn Skallerud
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands Vei 1A, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Victorien Prot
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands Vei 1A, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Stig Urheim
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Science, Medical Faculty, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Wu X, Cesarovic N, Falk V, Mazza E, Giampietro C. Mechanical factors influence β-catenin localization and barrier properties. Integr Biol (Camb) 2024; 16:zyae013. [PMID: 38952079 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are of major importance in regulating vascular homeostasis by influencing endothelial cell behavior and functions. Adherens junctions are critical sites for mechanotransduction in endothelial cells. β-catenin, a component of adherens junctions and the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, plays a role in mechanoactivation. Evidence suggests that β-catenin is involved in flow sensing and responds to tensional forces, impacting junction dynamics. The mechanoregulation of β-catenin signaling is context-dependent, influenced by the type and duration of mechanical loads. In endothelial cells, β-catenin's nuclear translocation and signaling are influenced by shear stress and strain, affecting endothelial permeability. The study investigates how shear stress, strain, and surface topography impact adherens junction dynamics, regulate β-catenin localization, and influence endothelial barrier properties. Insight box Mechanical loads are potent regulators of endothelial functions through not completely elucidated mechanisms. Surface topography, wall shear stress and cyclic wall deformation contribute overlapping mechanical stimuli to which endothelial monolayer respond to adapt and maintain barrier functions. The use of custom developed flow chamber and bioreactor allows quantifying the response of mature human endothelial to well-defined wall shear stress and gradients of strain. Here, the mechanoregulation of β-catenin by substrate topography, wall shear stress, and cyclic stretch is analyzed and linked to the monolayer control of endothelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- ETH Zürich, DMAVT, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- ETH Zürich, DMAVT, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- ETH Zürich, DMAVT, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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3
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Yin Z, Wang L. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tumour progression and its potential roles in tumour therapy. Ann Med 2023; 55:1058-1069. [PMID: 36908260 PMCID: PMC10795639 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2180155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated endothelial cells (TECs) are a critical stromal cell type in the tumour microenvironment and play central roles in tumour angiogenesis. Notably, TECs have phenotypic plasticity, as they have the potential to transdifferentiate into cells with a mesenchymal phenotype through a process termed endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Many studies have reported that EndoMT influences multiple malignant biological properties of tumours, such as abnormal angiogenesis and tumour metabolism, growth, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Thus, the value of targeting EndoMT in tumour treatment has received increased attention. In this review, we comprehensively explore the phenomenon of EndoMT in the tumour microenvironment and identify influencing factors and molecular mechanisms responsible for EndoMT induction. Furthermore, the pathological functions of EndoMT in tumour progression and potential therapeutic strategies for targeting EndoMT in tumour treatment are also discussed to highlight the pivotal roles of EndoMT in tumour progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeli Yin
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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4
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Han Y, Zhang J, Yang Z, Jian W, Zhu Y, Gao S, Liu Y, Li Y, He S, Zhang C, Li Y, You B, Liu J, Du J. Palmdelphin Deficiency Evokes NF-κB Signaling in Valvular Endothelial Cells and Aggravates Aortic Valvular Remodeling. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1457-1472. [PMID: 38093741 PMCID: PMC10714178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Palmd-deficient mice of advanced age manifest increased aortic valve peak velocity, thickened aortic valve leaflets, and excessive extracellular matrix deposition, which are key features of calcific aortic valve disease. PALMD is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells of aortic valves, and PALMD-silenced valvular endothelial cells are prone to oscillatory shear stress-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mechanistically, PALMD is associated with TNFAIP3 interaction protein 1, a binding protein of TNFAIP3 and IKBKG in NF-κB signaling. Loss of PALMD impairs TNFAIP3-dependent deubiquitinating activity and promotes the ubiquitination of IKBKG and subsequent NF-κB activation. Adeno-associated virus-mediated PALMD overexpression ameliorates aortic valvular remodeling in mice with calcific aortic valve disease, indicating protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Han
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jichao Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Jian
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Zhu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shijuan Gao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yingkai Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songyuan He
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bin You
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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5
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Aizarna-Lopetegui U, García-Astrain C, Renero-Lecuna C, González-Callejo P, Villaluenga I, Del Pozo MA, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Henriksen-Lacey M, Jimenez de Aberasturi D. Remodeling arteries: studying the mechanical properties of 3D-bioprinted hybrid photoresponsive materials. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9431-9442. [PMID: 37655486 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01480k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
3D-printed cell models are currently in the spotlight of medical research. Whilst significant advances have been made, there are still aspects that require attention to achieve more realistic models which faithfully represent the in vivo environment. In this work we describe the production of an artery model with cyclic expansive properties, capable of mimicking the different physical forces and stress factors that cells experience in physiological conditions. The artery wall components are reproduced using 3D printing of thermoresponsive polymers with inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) representing the outer tunica adventitia, smooth muscle cells embedded in extracellular matrix representing the tunica media, and finally a monolayer of endothelial cells as the tunica intima. Cyclic expansion can be induced thanks to the inclusion of photo-responsive plasmonic NPs embedded within the thermoresponsive ink composition, resulting in changes in the thermoresponsive polymer hydration state and hence volume, in a stimulated on-off manner. By changing the thermoresponsive polymer composition, the transition temperature and pulsatility can be efficiently tuned. We show the direct effect of cyclic expansion and contraction on the overlying cell layers by analyzing transcriptional changes in mechanoresponsive mesenchymal genes associated with such microenvironmental physical cues. The technique described herein involving stimuli-responsive 3D printed tissue constructs, also described as four- dimensional (4D) printing, offers a novel approach for the production of dynamic biomodels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxue Aizarna-Lopetegui
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Clara García-Astrain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Carlos Renero-Lecuna
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Callejo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
| | - Irune Villaluenga
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolar Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolar Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Metabolic and Immunity Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Malou Henriksen-Lacey
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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6
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Guo X, Wang Z, Gao L, Zhang C. Parametric optimization of culture chamber for cell mechanobiology research. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1708-1717. [PMID: 37837381 PMCID: PMC10792420 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231198079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical signals influence the morphology, function, differentiation, proliferation, and growth of cells. Due to the small size of cells, it is essential to analyze their mechanobiological responses with an in vitro mechanical loading device. Cells are cultured on an elastic silicone membrane substrate, and mechanical signals are transmitted to the cells by the substrate applying mechanical loads. However, large areas of non-uniform strain fields are generated on the elastic membrane, affecting the experiment's accuracy. In the study, finite-element analysis served as the basis of optimization, with uniform strain as the objective. The thickness of the basement membrane and loading constraints were parametrically adjusted. Through finite-element cycle iteration, the "M" profile basement membrane structure of the culture chamber was obtained to enhance the uniform strain field of the membrane. The optimized strain field of culture chamber was confirmed by three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) technology. The results showed that the optimized chamber improved the strain uniformity factor. The uniform strain area proportion of the new chamber reached 90%, compared to approximately 70% of the current chambers. The new chamber further improved the uniformity and accuracy of the strain, demonstrating promising application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lilan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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7
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Dittfeld C, Winkelkotte M, Scheer A, Voigt E, Schmieder F, Behrens S, Jannasch A, Matschke K, Sonntag F, Tugtekin SM. Challenges of aortic valve tissue culture - maintenance of viability and extracellular matrix in the pulsatile dynamic microphysiological system. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:60. [PMID: 37770970 PMCID: PMC10538250 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) causes an increasing health burden in the 21st century due to aging population. The complex pathophysiology remains to be understood to develop novel prevention and treatment strategies. Microphysiological systems (MPSs), also known as organ-on-chip or lab-on-a-chip systems, proved promising in bridging in vitro and in vivo approaches by applying integer AV tissue and modelling biomechanical microenvironment. This study introduces a novel MPS comprising different micropumps in conjunction with a tissue-incubation-chamber (TIC) for long-term porcine and human AV incubation (pAV, hAV). RESULTS Tissue cultures in two different MPS setups were compared and validated by a bimodal viability analysis and extracellular matrix transformation assessment. The MPS-TIC conjunction proved applicable for incubation periods of 14-26 days. An increased metabolic rate was detected for pulsatile dynamic MPS culture compared to static condition indicated by increased LDH intensity. ECM changes such as an increase of collagen fibre content in line with tissue contraction and mass reduction, also observed in early CAVD, were detected in MPS-TIC culture, as well as an increase of collagen fibre content. Glycosaminoglycans remained stable, no significant alterations of α-SMA or CD31 epitopes and no accumulation of calciumhydroxyapatite were observed after 14 days of incubation. CONCLUSIONS The presented ex vivo MPS allows long-term AV tissue incubation and will be adopted for future investigation of CAVD pathophysiology, also implementing human tissues. The bimodal viability assessment and ECM analyses approve reliability of ex vivo CAVD investigation and comparability of parallel tissue segments with different treatment strategies regarding the AV (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dittfeld
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstr. 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Winkelkotte
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstr. 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Scheer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstr. 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmely Voigt
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstr. 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Schmieder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Behrens
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anett Jannasch
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstr. 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Matschke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstr. 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sems-Malte Tugtekin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstr. 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Khang A, Nguyen Q, Feng X, Howsmon DP, Sacks MS. Three-dimensional analysis of hydrogel-imbedded aortic valve interstitial cell shape and its relation to contractile behavior. Acta Biomater 2023; 163:194-209. [PMID: 35085795 PMCID: PMC9309197 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-shape is a conglomerate of mechanical, chemical, and biological mechanisms that reflects the cell biophysical state. In a specific application, we consider aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs), which maintain the structure and function of aortic heart valve leaflets. Actomyosin stress fibers help determine AVIC shape and facilitate processes such as adhesion, contraction, and mechanosensing. However, detailed 3D assessment of stress fiber architecture and function is currently impractical. Herein, we assessed AVIC shape and contractile behaviors using hydrogel-based 3D traction force microscopy to intuit the orientation and behavior of AVIC stress fibers. We utilized spherical harmonics (SPHARM) to quantify AVIC geometries through three days of incubation, which demonstrated a shift from a spherical shape to forming substantial protrusions. Furthermore, we assessed changes in post-three day AVIC shape and contractile function within two testing regimes: (1) normal contractile level to relaxation (cytochalasin D), and (2) normal contractile level to hyper-contraction (endothelin-1). In both scenarios, AVICs underwent isovolumic shape changes and produced complex displacement fields within the hydrogel. AVICs were more elongated when relaxed and more spherical in hyper-contraction. Locally, AVIC protrusions contracted along their long axis and expanded in their circumferential direction, indicating predominately axially aligned stress fibers. Furthermore, the magnitude of protrusion displacements was correlated with protrusion length and approached a consistent displacement plateau at a similar critical length across all AVICs. This implied that stress fiber behavior is conserved, despite great variations in AVIC shapes. We anticipate our findings will bolster future investigations into AVIC stress fiber architecture and function. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Within the aortic valve there exists a population of aortic valve interstitial cells, which orchestrate the turnover, secretion, and remodeling of its extracellular matrix, maintaining tissue integrity and ultimately sustaining the proper mechanical function. Alterations in these processes are thought to underlie diseases of the aortic valve, which affect hundreds of thousands domestically and world-wide. Yet, to date, there are no non-surgical treatments for aortic heart valve disease, in part due to our limited understanding of the underlying disease processes. In the present study, we built upon our previous study to include a full 3D analysis of aortic valve interstitial cell shapes at differing contractile levels. The resulting detailed shape and deformation analysis provided insight into the underlying stress-fiber structures and mechanical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Khang
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th St, Stop C0200, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA
| | - Quan Nguyen
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th St, Stop C0200, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA
| | - Xinzeng Feng
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th St, Stop C0200, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA
| | - Daniel P Howsmon
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th St, Stop C0200, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th St, Stop C0200, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA.
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9
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van Kampen A, Morningstar JE, Goudot G, Ingels N, Wenk JF, Nagata Y, Yaghoubian KM, Norris RA, Borger MA, Melnitchouk S, Levine RA, Jensen MO. Utilization of Engineering Advances for Detailed Biomechanical Characterization of the Mitral-Ventricular Relationship to Optimize Repair Strategies: A Comprehensive Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:601. [PMID: 37237671 PMCID: PMC10215167 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The geometrical details and biomechanical relationships of the mitral valve-left ventricular apparatus are very complex and have posed as an area of research interest for decades. These characteristics play a major role in identifying and perfecting the optimal approaches to treat diseases of this system when the restoration of biomechanical and mechano-biological conditions becomes the main target. Over the years, engineering approaches have helped to revolutionize the field in this regard. Furthermore, advanced modelling modalities have contributed greatly to the development of novel devices and less invasive strategies. This article provides an overview and narrative of the evolution of mitral valve therapy with special focus on two diseases frequently encountered by cardiac surgeons and interventional cardiologists: ischemic and degenerative mitral regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia van Kampen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Leipzig Heart Centre, University Clinic of Cardiac Surgery, 02189 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jordan E. Morningstar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Guillaume Goudot
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Neil Ingels
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jonathan F. Wenk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA;
| | - Yasufumi Nagata
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Koushiar M. Yaghoubian
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Michael A. Borger
- Leipzig Heart Centre, University Clinic of Cardiac Surgery, 02189 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Serguei Melnitchouk
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert A. Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Morten O. Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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10
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Cordoves EM, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Kalfa DM. Designing Biocompatible Tissue Engineered Heart Valves In Situ: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:994-1003. [PMID: 36889879 PMCID: PMC10666973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Valvular heart disease is a globally prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality, with both congenital and acquired clinical presentations. Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs) have the potential to radically shift the treatment landscape for valvular disease by functioning as life-long valve replacements that overcome the current limitations of bioprosthetic and mechanical valves. TEHVs are envisioned to meet these goals by functioning as bioinstructive scaffolds that guide the in situ generation of autologous valves capable of growth, repair, and remodeling within the patient. Despite their promise, clinical translation of in situ TEHVs has proven challenging largely because of the unpredictable and patient-specific nature of the TEHV and host interaction following implantation. In light of this challenge, we propose a framework for the development and clinical translation of biocompatible TEHVs, wherein the native valvular environment actively informs the valve's design parameters and sets the benchmarks by which it is functionally evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Cordoves
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
| | - David M Kalfa
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Section of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, New-York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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11
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Abstract
The endothelium is one of the largest organ systems in the body, and data continue to emerge regarding the importance of endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction in vascular aging and a range of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Over the last two decades and as a process intimately related to EC dysfunction, an increasing number of studies have also implicated endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) as a potentially disease-causal pathobiologic process that is involved in a multitude of differing CVDs. However, EndMT is also involved in physiologic processes (e.g., cardiac development), and transient EndMT may contribute to vascular regeneration in certain contexts. Given that EndMT involves a major alteration in the EC-specific molecular program, and that it potentially contributes to CVD pathobiology, the clinical translation opportunities are significant, but further molecular and translational research is needed to see these opportunities realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; .,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Mostert D, Groenen B, Klouda L, Passier R, Goumans MJ, Kurniawan NA, Bouten CVC. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes align under cyclic strain when guided by cardiac fibroblasts. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:046108. [PMID: 36567768 PMCID: PMC9771596 DOI: 10.1063/5.0108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocardium is a mechanically active tissue typified by anisotropy of the resident cells [cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs)] and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Upon ischemic injury, the anisotropic tissue is replaced by disorganized scar tissue, resulting in loss of coordinated contraction. Efforts to re-establish tissue anisotropy in the injured myocardium are hampered by a lack of understanding of how CM and/or cFB structural organization is affected by the two major physical cues inherent in the myocardium: ECM organization and cyclic mechanical strain. Herein, we investigate the singular and combined effect of ECM (dis)organization and cyclic strain in a two-dimensional human in vitro co-culture model of the myocardial microenvironment. We show that (an)isotropic ECM protein patterning can guide the orientation of CMs and cFBs, both in mono- and co-culture. Subsequent application of uniaxial cyclic strain-mimicking the local anisotropic deformation of beating myocardium-causes no effect when applied parallel to the anisotropic ECM. However, when cultured on isotropic substrates, cFBs, but not CMs, orient away from the direction of cyclic uniaxial strain (strain avoidance). In contrast, CMs show strain avoidance via active remodeling of their sarcomeres only when co-cultured with at least 30% cFBs. Paracrine signaling or N-cadherin-mediated communication between CMs and cFBs was no contributing factor. Our findings suggest that the mechanoresponsive cFBs provide structural guidance for CM orientation and elongation. Our study, therefore, highlights a synergistic mechanobiological interplay between CMs and cFBs in shaping tissue organization, which is of relevance for regenerating functionally organized myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Groenen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leda Klouda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie-Jose Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Effect of Cyclic Uniaxial Mechanical Strain on Endothelial Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2022; 13:872-885. [PMID: 35501625 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-022-00623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been used as an autologous or allogeneic source in multiple tissue engineering applications. EPCs possess high proliferative and tissue regeneration potential. The effect of shear stress on EPCs has been extensively studied but the role of cyclic mechanical strain on EPCs remains to be understood. In this study, we focused on examining the role of uniaxial cyclic strain on EPCs cultured on three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic composites that mimic healthy and diseased aortic valve tissue matrix compositions. METHODS AND RESULTS The composites were fabricated by combining centrifugal jet spun fibers with photocrosslinkable gelatin and glycosaminoglycan hydrogels. A custom-designed uniaxial cyclic stretcher was used to provide the necessary cyclic stimulation to the EPC-seeded 3D composites. The samples were cyclically strained at a rate of 1 Hz at 15% strain mimicking the physiological condition experienced by aortic valve, with static conditions serving as controls. Cell viability was high in all conditions. Immunostaining revealed reduced endothelial marker (CD31) expression with increased smooth muscle cell marker, SM22α, expression when subjected to cyclic strain. Functional analysis through Matrigel assay agreed with the immunostaining findings with reduced tubular structure formation in strained conditions compared to EPC controls. Additionally, the cells showed reduced acLDL uptake compared to controls which are in alignment with the EPCs undergoing differentiation. CONCLUSION Overall, we show that EPCs lose their endothelial progenitor phenotype, and have the potential to be differentiated into mesenchymal-like cells through cyclic mechanical stimulation.
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14
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Liu H, Fan P, Jin F, Huang G, Guo X, Xu F. Dynamic and static biomechanical traits of cardiac fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042030. [PMID: 36394025 PMCID: PMC9659743 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in cardiovascular diseases which are reported as the leading cause of death globally. In recent decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the biomechanical traits of fibrosis play important roles in cardiac fibrosis initiation, progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the four main distinct biomechanical traits (i.e., stretch, fluid shear stress, ECM microarchitecture, and ECM stiffness) and categorize them into two different types (i.e., static and dynamic), mainly consulting the unique characteristic of the heart. Moreover, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of different biomechanical traits on cardiac fibrosis, their transduction mechanisms, and in-vitro engineered models targeting biomechanical traits that will aid the identification and prediction of mechano-based therapeutic targets to ameliorate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbei Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fanli Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
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15
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Sasaki K, Takeshita N, Fukunaga T, Seiryu M, Sakamoto M, Oyanagi T, Maeda T, Takano-Yamamoto T. Vibration accelerates orthodontic tooth movement by inducing osteoclastogenesis via transforming growth factor-β signalling in osteocytes. Eur J Orthod 2022; 44:698-704. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
We previously found the conditions of supplementary vibration that accelerated tooth movement and induced bone resorption in an experimental rat tooth movement model. However, the molecular biological mechanisms underlying supplementary vibration-induced orthodontic tooth movement are not fully understood. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β upregulates osteoclastogenesis via induction of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand expression, thus TGF-β is considered an essential cytokine to induce bone resorption.
Objectives
The aim of this study is to examine the role of TGF-β during the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by supplementary vibration.
Materials and methods
In experimental tooth movement, 15 g of orthodontic force was loaded onto the maxillary right first molar for 28 days. Supplementary vibration (3 g, 70 Hz) was applied to the maxillary first molar for 3 min on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB431542 was injected into the submucosal palatal and buccal areas of the maxillary first molars once every other day. The co-culture of RAW264.7 cells and MLO-Y4 cells was used as an in vitro osteoclastogenesis model.
Results
SB431542 suppressed the acceleration of tooth movement and the increase in the number of osteoclasts by supplementary vibration in our experimental rat tooth movement model. Immunohistochemical analysis showed supplementary vibration increased the number of TGF-β1-positive osteocytes in the alveolar bone on the compression side during the experimental tooth movement. Moreover, vibration-upregulated TGF-β1 in MLO-Y4 cells induced osteoclastogenesis.
Conclusions
Orthodontic tooth movement was accelerated by supplementary vibration through the promotion of the production of TGF-β1 in osteocytes and subsequent osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyo Sasaki
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
| | - Nobuo Takeshita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
| | - Masahiro Seiryu
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
| | - Mayuri Sakamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
| | - Toshihito Oyanagi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Maeda
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido , Japan
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16
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Integrin-Linked Kinase Expression in Human Valve Endothelial Cells Plays a Protective Role in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091736. [PMID: 36139812 PMCID: PMC9495882 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is highly prevalent during aging. CAVD initiates with endothelial dysfunction, leading to lipid accumulation, inflammation, and osteogenic transformation. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) participates in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, such as endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. However, ILK role in CAVD is unknown. First, we determined that ILK expression is downregulated in aortic valves from patients with CAVD compared to non-CAVD, especially at the valve endothelium, and negatively correlated with calcification markers. Silencing ILK expression in human valve endothelial cells (siILK-hVECs) induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and promoted a switch to an osteoblastic phenotype; SiILK-hVECs expressed increased RUNX2 and developed calcified nodules. siILK-hVECs exhibited decreased NO production and increased nitrosative stress, suggesting valvular endothelial dysfunction. NO treatment of siILK-hVECs prevented VEC transdifferentiation, while treatment with an eNOS inhibitor mimicked ILK-silencing induction of EndMT. Accordingly, NO treatment inhibited VEC calcification. Mechanistically, siILK-hVECs showed increased Smad2 phosphorylation, suggesting a TGF-β-dependent mechanism, and NO treatment decreased Smad2 activation and RUNX2. Experiments performed in eNOS KO mice confirmed the involvement of the ILK-eNOS signaling pathway in valve calcification, since aortic valves from these animals showed decreased ILK expression, increased RUNX2, and calcification. Our study demonstrated that ILK endothelial expression participates in human CAVD development by preventing endothelial osteogenic transformation.
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17
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Singh VK, Seed TM. Acute radiation syndrome drug discovery using organ-on-chip platforms. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:865-878. [PMID: 35838021 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2099833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : The high attrition rate during drug development remains a challenge that costs a significant amount of time and money. Improving the probabilities of success during the early stages of radiation medical countermeasure (MCM) development for approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) following the Animal Rule will reduce this burden. For optimal development of MCMs, we need suitable and efficient radiation injury models with high biological relevance for evaluating drug efficacy as well as biomarker discovery and validation. AREA COVERED This article focuses on new technologies involving various organs-on-chip platforms. Of late, there have been rapid development of these technologies, especially in terms of mimicking both normal and abnormal physiological conditions. Here, we suggest possible applications of these novel systems for the discovery and development of radiation MCMs for the acute radiation syndrome (ARS). We offer preliminary information on the utility of one such system for MCM research and discovery for the ARS condition. EXPERT OPINION : Each organ-on-a-chip system has its own strengths and shortcomings. As such, the system selected for MCM discovery, development, and regulatory approval should be carefully considered and optimized to the fullest extent in order to augment successful drug testing and the minimization of attrition rates of candidate agents. The recent encouraging progress with organ-on-a-chip technology will likely lead to additional radiation MCMs for ARS approved by the US FDA. The acceptance of organ-on-a-chip technology may be a promising step toward improving the success rate of pharmaceuticals in MCM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Seed
- Tech Micro Services, 4417 Maple Avenue, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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The Haemodynamic and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061317. [PMID: 35740339 PMCID: PMC9220142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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Basu A, Paul MK, Alioscha-Perez M, Grosberg A, Sahli H, Dubinett SM, Weiss S. Statistical parametrization of cell cytoskeleton reveals lung cancer cytoskeletal phenotype with partial EMT signature. Commun Biol 2022; 5:407. [PMID: 35501466 PMCID: PMC9061773 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a multi-step process that involves cytoskeletal rearrangement. Here, developing and using an image quantification tool, Statistical Parametrization of Cell Cytoskeleton (SPOCC), we have identified an intermediate EMT state with a specific cytoskeletal signature. We have been able to partition EMT into two steps: (1) initial formation of transverse arcs and dorsal stress fibers and (2) their subsequent conversion to ventral stress fibers with a concurrent alignment of fibers. Using the Orientational Order Parameter (OOP) as a figure of merit, we have been able to track EMT progression in live cells as well as characterize and quantify their cytoskeletal response to drugs. SPOCC has improved throughput and is non-destructive, making it a viable candidate for studying a broad range of biological processes. Further, owing to the increased stiffness (and by inference invasiveness) of the intermediate EMT phenotype compared to mesenchymal cells, our work can be instrumental in aiding the search for future treatment strategies that combat metastasis by specifically targeting the fiber alignment process. A computational method for automated quantification of actin stress fiber alignment in fluorescence images of cultured cells is presented, used to detect changes in stress fiber organization during EMT, with pathways regulating actin dynamics manipulated leading to the discovery of a cytoskeletal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprabha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manash K Paul
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angles, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchel Alioscha-Perez
- Electronics and Informatics Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Anna Grosberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hichem Sahli
- Electronics and Informatics Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angles, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Alvandi Z, Nagata Y, Passos LSA, Hashemi Gheinani A, Guerrero JL, Wylie‐Sears J, Romero DC, Morris BA, Sullivan SM, Yaghoubian KM, Alvandi A, Adam RM, Aikawa E, Levine RA, Bischoff J. Wnt Site Signaling Inhibitor Secreted Frizzled‐Related Protein 3 Protects Mitral Valve Endothelium From Myocardial Infarction–Induced Endothelial‐to‐Mesenchymal Transition. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023695. [PMID: 35348006 PMCID: PMC9075477 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background
The onset and mechanisms of endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in mitral valve (MV) leaflets following myocardial infarction (MI) are unknown, yet these events are closely linked to stiffening of leaflets and development of ischemic mitral regurgitation. We investigated whether circulating molecules present in plasma within days after MI incite EndMT in MV leaflets.
Methods and Results
We examined the onset of EndMT in MV leaflets from 9 sheep with inferior MI, 8 with sham surgery, and 6 naïve controls. Ovine MVs 8 to 10 days after inferior MI displayed EndMT, shown by increased vascular endothelial cadherin/α‐smooth muscle actin–positive cells. The effect of plasma on EndMT in MV endothelial cells (VECs) was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, migration assays, and immunofluorescence. In vitro, post‐MI plasma induced EndMT marker expression and enhanced migration of mitral VECs; sham plasma did not. Analysis of sham versus post‐MI plasma revealed a significant drop in the Wnt signaling antagonist sFRP3 (secreted frizzled‐related protein 3) in post‐MI plasma. Addition of recombinant sFRP3 to post‐MI plasma reversed its EndMT‐inducing effect on mitral VECs. RNA‐sequencing analysis of mitral VECs exposed to post‐MI plasma showed upregulated FOXM1 (forkhead box M1). Blocking FOXM1 reduced EndMT transcripts in mitral VECs treated with post‐MI plasma. Finally, FOXM1 induced by post‐MI plasma was downregulated by sFRP3.
Conclusions
Reduced sFRP3 in post‐MI plasma facilitates EndMT in mitral VECs by increasing the transcription factor FOXM1. Restoring sFRP3 levels or inhibiting FOXM1 soon after MI may provide a novel strategy to modulate EndMT in the MV to prevent ischemic mitral regurgitation and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alvandi
- Vascular Biology Program Boston Children’s Hospital Boston MA
- Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Yasufumi Nagata
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | | | - Ali Hashemi Gheinani
- Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA
- Department of Urology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston MA
| | - J. Luis Guerrero
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | | | - Dayana Carolina Romero
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Brittan A. Morris
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Suzanne M. Sullivan
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Koushiar M. Yaghoubian
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Amirhossein Alvandi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Massachusetts Amherst MA
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston MA
- Department of Urology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Cardiovascular MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Robert A. Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program Boston Children’s Hospital Boston MA
- Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston MA
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21
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Latif N, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Yacoub MH, Chester AH. Atypical Expression of Smooth Muscle Markers and Co-activators and Their Regulation in Rheumatic Aortic and Calcified Bicuspid Valves. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:793666. [PMID: 35369286 PMCID: PMC8968087 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.793666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We have previously reported that human calcified aortic cusps have abundant expression of smooth muscle (SM) markers and co-activators. We hypothesised that cells in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) cusps and those affected by rheumatic heart valve (RHV) disease may follow a similar phenotypic transition into smooth muscle cells, a process that could be regulated by transforming growth factors (TGFs). Aims Cusps from eight patients with BAV and seven patients with RHV were analysed for early and late SM markers and regulators of SM gene expression by immunocytochemistry and compared to healthy aortic valves from 12 unused heart valve donors. The ability of TGFs to induce these markers in valve endothelial cells (VECs) on two substrates was assessed. Results In total, 7 out of 8 BAVs and all the RHVs showed an increased and atypical expression of early and late SM markers α-SMA, calponin, SM22 and SM-myosin. The SM marker co-activators were aberrantly expressed in six of the BAV and six of the RHV, in a similar regional pattern to the expression of SM markers. Additionally, regions of VECs, and endothelial cells lining the vessels within the cusps were found to be positive for SM markers and co-activators in three BAV and six RHV. Both BAVs and RHVs were significantly thickened and HIF1α expression was prominent in four BAVs and one RHV. The ability of TGFβs to induce the expression of SM markers and myocardin was greater in VECs cultured on fibronectin than on gelatin. Fibronectin was shown to be upregulated in BAVs and RHVs, within the cusps as well as in the basement membrane. Conclusion Bicuspid aortic valves and RHVs expressed increased numbers of SM marker-positive VICs and VECs. Concomittantly, these cells expressed MRTF-A and myocardin, key regulators of SM gene expression. TGFβ1 was able to preferentially upregulate SM markers and myocardin in VECs on fibronectin, and fibronectin was found to be upregulated in BAVs and RHVs. These findings suggest a role of VEC as a source of cells that express SM cell markers in BAVs and RHVs. The similarity between SM marker expression in BAVs and RHVs with our previous study with cusps from patients with aortic stenosis suggests the existance of a common pathological pathway between these different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Latif
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Najma Latif,
| | | | - Ann McCormack
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian H. Chester
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Zhou Q, Cao H, Hang X, Liang H, Zhu M, Fan Y, Shi J, Dong N, He X. Midkine Prevents Calcification of Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells via Intercellular Crosstalk. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:794058. [PMID: 34977035 PMCID: PMC8714929 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.794058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD), the most common valvular heart disease, lacks pharmaceutical treatment options because its pathogenesis remains unclear. This disease with a complex macroenvironment characterizes notable cellular heterogeneity. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of cellular diversity and cell-to-cell communication are essential for elucidating the mechanisms driving CAVD progression and developing therapeutic targets. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis to describe the comprehensive transcriptomic landscape and cell-to-cell interactions. The transitional valvular endothelial cells (tVECs), an intermediate state during the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), could be a target to interfere with EndMT progression. Moreover, matrix valvular interstitial cells (mVICs) with high expression of midkine (MDK) interact with activated valvular interstitial cells (aVICs) and compliment-activated valvular interstitial cells (cVICs) through the MK pathway. Then, MDK inhibited calcification of VICs that calcification was validated by Alizarin Red S staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blotting assays in vitro. Therefore, we speculated that mVICs secreted MDK to prevent VICs’ calcification. Together, these findings delineate the aortic valve cells’ heterogeneity, underlining the importance of intercellular cross talk and MDK, which may offer a potential therapeutic strategy as a novel inhibitor of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huamin Liang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixian Fan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ximiao He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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23
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Tandon I, Ozkizilcik A, Ravishankar P, Balachandran K. Aortic valve cell microenvironment: Considerations for developing a valve-on-chip. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 2:041303. [PMID: 38504720 PMCID: PMC10903420 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac valves are sophisticated, dynamic structures residing in a complex mechanical and hemodynamic environment. Cardiac valve disease is an active and progressive disease resulting in severe socioeconomic burden, especially in the elderly. Valve disease also leads to a 50% increase in the possibility of associated cardiovascular events. Yet, valve replacement remains the standard of treatment with early detection, mitigation, and alternate therapeutic strategies still lacking. Effective study models are required to further elucidate disease mechanisms and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Organ-on-chip models offer a unique and powerful environment that incorporates the ease and reproducibility of in vitro systems along with the complexity and physiological recapitulation of the in vivo system. The key to developing effective valve-on-chip models is maintaining the cell and tissue-level microenvironment relevant to the study application. This review outlines the various components and factors that comprise and/or affect the cell microenvironment that ought to be considered while constructing a valve-on-chip model. This review also dives into the advancements made toward constructing valve-on-chip models with a specific focus on the aortic valve, that is, in vitro studies incorporating three-dimensional co-culture models that incorporate relevant extracellular matrices and mechanical and hemodynamic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tandon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Asya Ozkizilcik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Prashanth Ravishankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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24
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Bartoli-Leonard F, Zimmer J, Aikawa E. Innate and adaptive immunity: the understudied driving force of heart valve disease. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2506-2524. [PMID: 34432007 PMCID: PMC8783388 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), and its clinical manifestation that is calcific aortic valve stenosis, is the leading cause for valve disease within the developed world, with no current pharmacological treatment available to delay or halt its progression. Characterized by progressive fibrotic remodelling and subsequent pathogenic mineralization of the valve leaflets, valve disease affects 2.5% of the western population, thus highlighting the need for urgent intervention. Whilst the pathobiology of valve disease is complex, involving genetic factors, lipid infiltration, and oxidative damage, the immune system is now being accepted to play a crucial role in pathogenesis and disease continuation. No longer considered a passive degenerative disease, CAVD is understood to be an active inflammatory process, involving a multitude of pro-inflammatory mechanisms, with both the adaptive and the innate immune system underpinning these complex mechanisms. Within the valve, 15% of cells evolve from haemopoietic origin, and this number greatly expands following inflammation, as macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and innate immune cells infiltrate the valve, promoting further inflammation. Whether chronic immune infiltration or pathogenic clonal expansion of immune cells within the valve or a combination of the two is responsible for disease progression, it is clear that greater understanding of the immune systems role in valve disease is required to inform future treatment strategies for control of CAVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoli-Leonard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonas Zimmer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Deb N, Lacerda CMR. The Individual and Combined Effects of Shear, Tension, and Flexure on Aortic Heart Valve Endothelial Cells in Culture. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 13:443-451. [PMID: 34811659 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The necessity of living engineered heart valves to treat patients with severe heart disease poses a challenge to tissue engineers. To reach such goal it is crucial to fully understand the role and the activities of valvular endothelial cells (VECs) when they face different types of mechanical stimuli. This study focuses on decomposing the roles of different mechanical stimuli on heart valve endothelial surfaces and the response of VECs in terms of morphology and phenotype change. METHODS This study utilizes soft hydrogel-based scaffolds to use as a substrate for cell culture to mimic heart valve tissue leaflet. VECs were cultured as a monolayer on the gel surface and different types of mechanical stimuli were applied. Finally, the response of cells was investigated in terms of morphology and protein expression changes. RESULTS Single stimuli introduces actin fibers reorganization in VECs, change in cell morphology, and higher mesenchymal protein expression. On the other hand, combined stimuli application has lower impact on actin fibers reorganization and cell morphology change, with lower mesenchymal protein expression. CONCLUSIONS When VECs face a single mechanical stimuli, they undergo transdifferentiation and transform into mesenchymal cells. However, when these cells face a combination of mechanical stimuli, the rate of transformation decreases compared to single stimuli applications. This indicates that a single stimulus induces endothelial to mesenchymal transition in VECs while the process is slower under the combination of multiple mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Deb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3121, USA
| | - Carla M R Lacerda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3121, USA. .,The Jasper Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA.
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26
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Farrar EJ, Hiriart E, Mahmut A, Jagla B, Peal DS, Milan DJ, Butcher JT, Puceat M. OCT4-mediated inflammation induces cell reprogramming at the origin of cardiac valve development and calcification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf7910. [PMID: 34739324 PMCID: PMC8570594 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell plasticity plays a key role in embryos by maintaining the differentiation potential of progenitors. Whether postnatal somatic cells revert to an embryonic-like naïve state regaining plasticity and redifferentiate into a cell type leading to a disease remains intriguing. Using genetic lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing, we reveal that Oct4 is induced by nuclear factor κB (NFκB) at embyronic day 9.5 in a subset of mouse endocardial cells originating from the anterior heart forming field at the onset of endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition. These cells acquired a chondro-osteogenic fate. OCT4 in adult valvular aortic cells leads to calcification of mouse and human valves. These calcifying cells originate from the Oct4 embryonic lineage. Genetic deletion of Pou5f1 (Pit-Oct-Unc, OCT4) in the endocardial cell lineage prevents aortic stenosis and calcification of ApoE−/− mouse valve. We established previously unidentified self-cell reprogramming NFκB- and OCT4-mediated inflammatory pathway triggering a dose-dependent mechanism of valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Farrar
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Emilye Hiriart
- INSERM U1251, Aix-Marseille University, MMG, Marseille, France
| | - Ablajan Mahmut
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bernd Jagla
- Pasteur Institute, Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service, C2RT, & Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique–Département Biologie Computationnelle, Paris, France
| | - David S. Peal
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David J. Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Butcher
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Michel Puceat
- INSERM U1251, Aix-Marseille University, MMG, Marseille, France
- Corresponding author. (M.P.); (J.B.)
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27
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Ciszewski WM, Wawro ME, Sacewicz-Hofman I, Sobierajska K. Cytoskeleton Reorganization in EndMT-The Role in Cancer and Fibrotic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111607. [PMID: 34769036 PMCID: PMC8583721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes endothelial plasticity, leading to the development of several diseases, including fibrosis and cancer in numerous organs. The basis of those processes is a phenomenon called the endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which results in the delamination of tightly connected endothelial cells that acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. EndMT-derived cells, known as the myofibroblasts or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are characterized by the loss of cell–cell junctions, loss of endothelial markers, and gain in mesenchymal ones. As a result, the endothelium ceases its primary ability to maintain patent and functional capillaries and induce new blood vessels. At the same time, it acquires the migration and invasion potential typical of mesenchymal cells. The observed modulation of cell shape, increasedcell movement, and invasion abilities are connected with cytoskeleton reorganization. This paper focuses on the review of current knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in the modulation of each cytoskeleton element (microfilaments, microtubule, and intermediate filaments) during EndMT and their role as the potential targets for cancer and fibrosis treatment.
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28
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Deb N, Lacerda CMR. Valvular Endothelial Cell Response to the Mechanical Environment-A Review. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:695-709. [PMID: 34661855 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve leaflets are complex structures containing valve endothelial cells, interstitial cells, and extracellular matrix. Heart valve endothelial cells sense mechanical stimuli, and communicate amongst themselves and the surrounding cells and extracellular matrix to maintain tissue homeostasis. In the presence of abnormal mechanical stimuli, endothelial cell communication is triggered in defense and such processes may eventually lead to cardiac disease progression. This review focuses on the role of mechanical stimuli on heart valve endothelial surfaces-from heart valve development and maintenance of tissue integrity to disease progression with related signal pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Deb
- Jasper Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, 75799, TX, US
| | - Carla M R Lacerda
- Jasper Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, 75799, TX, US.
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29
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Karakaya C, van Asten JGM, Ristori T, Sahlgren CM, Loerakker S. Mechano-regulated cell-cell signaling in the context of cardiovascular tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 21:5-54. [PMID: 34613528 PMCID: PMC8807458 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular tissue engineering (CVTE) aims to create living tissues, with the ability to grow and remodel, as replacements for diseased blood vessels and heart valves. Despite promising results, the (long-term) functionality of these engineered tissues still needs improvement to reach broad clinical application. The functionality of native tissues is ensured by their specific mechanical properties directly arising from tissue organization. We therefore hypothesize that establishing a native-like tissue organization is vital to overcome the limitations of current CVTE approaches. To achieve this aim, a better understanding of the growth and remodeling (G&R) mechanisms of cardiovascular tissues is necessary. Cells are the main mediators of tissue G&R, and their behavior is strongly influenced by both mechanical stimuli and cell-cell signaling. An increasing number of signaling pathways has also been identified as mechanosensitive. As such, they may have a key underlying role in regulating the G&R of tissues in response to mechanical stimuli. A more detailed understanding of mechano-regulated cell-cell signaling may thus be crucial to advance CVTE, as it could inspire new methods to control tissue G&R and improve the organization and functionality of engineered tissues, thereby accelerating clinical translation. In this review, we discuss the organization and biomechanics of native cardiovascular tissues; recent CVTE studies emphasizing the obtained engineered tissue organization; and the interplay between mechanical stimuli, cell behavior, and cell-cell signaling. In addition, we review past contributions of computational models in understanding and predicting mechano-regulated tissue G&R and cell-cell signaling to highlight their potential role in future CVTE strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karakaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy G M van Asten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Ristori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia M Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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30
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Islam S, Boström KI, Di Carlo D, Simmons CA, Tintut Y, Yao Y, Hsu JJ. The Mechanobiology of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:734215. [PMID: 34566697 PMCID: PMC8458763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.734215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the cardiovascular system are subjected to a highly dynamic microenvironment resulting from pulsatile pressure and circulating blood flow. Endothelial cells are remarkably sensitive to these forces, which are transduced to activate signaling pathways to maintain endothelial homeostasis and respond to changes in the environment. Aberrations in these biomechanical stresses, however, can trigger changes in endothelial cell phenotype and function. One process involved in this cellular plasticity is endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). As a result of EndMT, ECs lose cell-cell adhesion, alter their cytoskeletal organization, and gain increased migratory and invasive capabilities. EndMT has long been known to occur during cardiovascular development, but there is now a growing body of evidence also implicating it in many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), often associated with alterations in the cellular mechanical environment. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of shear stress, cyclic strain, matrix stiffness, and composition associated with EndMT in CVD. We first provide an overview of EndMT and context for how ECs sense, transduce, and respond to certain mechanical stimuli. We then describe the biomechanical features of EndMT and the role of mechanically driven EndMT in CVD. Finally, we indicate areas of open investigation to further elucidate the complexity of EndMT in the cardiovascular system. Understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of the mechanobiology of EndMT in CVD can provide insight into new opportunities for identification of novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrin Islam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yin Tintut
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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31
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Endothelial Heterogeneity in Development and Wound Healing. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092338. [PMID: 34571987 PMCID: PMC8469713 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasculature is comprised of endothelial cells that are heterogeneous in nature. From tissue resident progenitors to mature differentiated endothelial cells, the diversity of these populations allows for the formation, maintenance, and regeneration of the vascular system in development and disease, particularly during situations of wound healing. Additionally, the de-differentiation and plasticity of different endothelial cells, especially their capacity to undergo endothelial to mesenchymal transition, has also garnered significant interest due to its implication in disease progression, with emphasis on scarring and fibrosis. In this review, we will pinpoint the seminal discoveries defining the phenotype and mechanisms of endothelial heterogeneity in development and disease, with a specific focus only on wound healing.
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32
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Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a dynamic process in which endothelial cells suppress constituent endothelial properties and take on mesenchymal cell behaviors. To begin the process, endothelial cells loosen their cell-cell junctions, degrade the basement membrane, and migrate out into the perivascular surroundings. These initial endothelial behaviors reflect a transient modulation of cellular phenotype, that is, a phenotypic modulation, that is sometimes referred to as partial endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Loosening of endothelial junctions and migration are also seen in inflammatory and angiogenic settings such that endothelial cells initiating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition have overlapping behaviors and gene expression with endothelial cells responding to inflammatory signals or sprouting to form new blood vessels. Reduced endothelial junctions increase permeability, which facilitates leukocyte trafficking, whereas endothelial migration precedes angiogenic sprouting and neovascularization; both endothelial barriers and quiescence are restored as inflammatory and angiogenic stimuli subside. Complete endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition proceeds beyond phenotypic modulation such that mesenchymal characteristics become prominent and endothelial functions diminish. In proadaptive, regenerative settings the new mesenchymal cells produce extracellular matrix and contribute to tissue integrity whereas in maladaptive, pathologic settings the new mesenchymal cells become fibrotic, overproducing matrix to cause tissue stiffness, which eventually impacts function. Here we will review what is known about how TGF (transforming growth factor) β influences this continuum from junctional loosening to cellular migration and its relevance to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alvandi
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA
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33
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34
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Kawatsu M, Takeshita N, Takimoto A, Yoshimoto Y, Seiryu M, Ito A, Kimura S, Kawamoto T, Hiraki Y, Shukunami C, Takano-Yamamoto T. Scleraxis upregulated by transforming growth factor-β1 signaling inhibits tension-induced osteoblast differentiation of priodontal ligament cells via ephrin A2. Bone 2021; 149:115969. [PMID: 33892176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During tooth movement in orthodontic treatment, bone formation and resorption occur on the tension and compression sides of the alveolar bone, respectively. Although the bone formation activity increases in the periodontal ligament (PDL) on the tension side, the PDL itself is not ossified and maintains its homeostasis, indicating that there are negative regulators of bone formation in the PDL. Our previous report suggested that scleraxis (Scx) has an inhibitory effect on ossification of the PDL on the tension side through the suppression of calcified extracellular matrix formation. However, the molecular biological mechanisms of Scx-modulated inhibition of ossification in the tensioned PDL are not fully understood. The aim of the present study is to clarify the inhibitory role of Scx in osteoblast differentiation of PDL cells and its underlying mechanism. Our in vivo experiment using a mouse experimental tooth movement model showed that Scx expression was increased during early response of the PDL to tensile force. Scx knockdown upregulated expression of alkaline phosphatase, an early osteoblast differentiation marker, in the tensile force-loaded PDL cells in vitro. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-Smad3 signaling in the PDL was activated by tensile force and inhibitors of TGF-β receptor and Smad3 suppressed the tensile force-induced Scx expression in PDL cells. Tensile force induced ephrin A2 (Efna2) expression in the PDL and Efna2 knockdown upregulated alkaline phosphatase expression in PDL cells under tensile force loading. Scx knockdown eliminated the tensile force-induced Efna2 expression in PDL cells. These findings suggest that the TGF-β1-Scx-Efna2 axis is a novel molecular mechanism that negatively regulates the tensile force-induced osteoblast differentiation of PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Kawatsu
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0875, Japan; Laboratory of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuo Takeshita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0875, Japan
| | - Aki Takimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masahiro Seiryu
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0875, Japan
| | - Arata Ito
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0875, Japan
| | - Seiji Kimura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0875, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kawamoto
- Radioisotope Research Institute, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiraki
- Laboratory of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Laboratory of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0875, Japan; Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan.
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Deb N, Ali MS, Mathews A, Chang YW, Lacerda CM. Shear type and magnitude affect aortic valve endothelial cell morphology, orientation, and differentiation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2278-2289. [PMID: 34260291 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211023359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Valvular endothelial cells line the outer layer of heart valves and can withstand shear forces caused by blood flow. In contrast to vascular endothelial cells, there is limited amount of research over valvular endothelial cells. For this reason, the exact physiologic behavior of valvular endothelial cells is unclear. Prior studies have concluded that valvular endothelial cells align perpendicularly to the direction of blood flow, while vascular endothelial cells align parallel to blood flow. Other studies have suggested that different ranges of shear stress uniquely impact the behavior of valvular endothelial cells. The goal of this study was to characterize the response of valvular endothelial cell under different types, magnitudes, and durations of shear stress. In this work, the results demonstrated that with increased shear rate and duration of exposure, valvular endothelial cells no longer possessed the traditional cuboidal morphology. Instead through the change in cell circularity and aspect ratio, valvular endothelial cells aligned in an organized manner. In addition, different forms of shear exposure caused the area and circularity of valvular endothelial cells to decrease while inducing mesenchymal transformation validated through αSMA and TGFβ1 expression. This is the first investigation showing that valvular endothelial cells alignment is not as straightforward as once thought (perpendicular to flow). Different types and magnitudes of shear induce different local behaviors. This is also the first demonstration of valvular endothelial cells undergoing EndMT without chemical inducers on a soft surface in vitro. Findings from this study provide insights to understanding the pathophysiology of valvular endothelial cells which can potentially propel future artificial engineered heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Deb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Mir S Ali
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ashley Mathews
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Carla Mr Lacerda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
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Dessalles CA, Leclech C, Castagnino A, Barakat AI. Integration of substrate- and flow-derived stresses in endothelial cell mechanobiology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:764. [PMID: 34155305 PMCID: PMC8217569 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining all blood vessels are subjected to large mechanical stresses that regulate their structure and function in health and disease. Here, we review EC responses to substrate-derived biophysical cues, namely topography, curvature, and stiffness, as well as to flow-derived stresses, notably shear stress, pressure, and tensile stresses. Because these mechanical cues in vivo are coupled and are exerted simultaneously on ECs, we also review the effects of multiple cues and describe burgeoning in vitro approaches for elucidating how ECs integrate and interpret various mechanical stimuli. We conclude by highlighting key open questions and upcoming challenges in the field of EC mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Dessalles
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire Leclech
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alessia Castagnino
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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37
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Niazy N, Barth M, Selig JI, Feichtner S, Shakiba B, Candan A, Albert A, Preuß K, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Degeneration of Aortic Valves in a Bioreactor System with Pulsatile Flow. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050462. [PMID: 33922670 PMCID: PMC8145810 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease is the most common valvular heart disease in industrialized countries. Pulsatile pressure, sheer and bending stress promote initiation and progression of aortic valve degeneration. The aim of this work is to establish an ex vivo model to study the therein involved processes. Ovine aortic roots bearing aortic valve leaflets were cultivated in an elaborated bioreactor system with pulsatile flow, physiological temperature, and controlled pressure and pH values. Standard and pro-degenerative treatment were studied regarding the impact on morphology, calcification, and gene expression. In particular, differentiation, matrix remodeling, and degeneration were also compared to a static cultivation model. Bioreactor cultivation led to shrinking and thickening of the valve leaflets compared to native leaflets while gross morphology and the presence of valvular interstitial cells were preserved. Degenerative conditions induced considerable leaflet calcification. In comparison to static cultivation, collagen gene expression was stable under bioreactor cultivation, whereas expression of hypoxia-related markers was increased. Osteopontin gene expression was differentially altered compared to protein expression, indicating an enhanced protein turnover. The present ex vivo model is an adequate and effective system to analyze aortic valve degeneration under controlled physiological conditions without the need of additional growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Niazy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Mareike Barth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Jessica I. Selig
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Sabine Feichtner
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Babak Shakiba
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Asya Candan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Alexander Albert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstraße 40, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Preuß
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Bioprocessing, Modulation and Simulation, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.I.S.); (S.F.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.A.)
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38
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Maxey AP, McCain ML. Tools, techniques, and future opportunities for characterizing the mechanobiology of uterine myometrium. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1025-1035. [PMID: 33554648 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221989259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The myometrium is the smooth muscle layer of the uterus that generates the contractions that drive processes such as menstruation and childbirth. Aberrant contractions of the myometrium can result in preterm birth, insufficient progression of labor, or other difficulties that can lead to maternal or fetal complications or even death. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of these conditions, the most common model systems have conventionally been animal models and human tissue strips, which have limitations mostly related to relevance and scalability, respectively. Myometrial smooth muscle cells have also been isolated from patient biopsies and cultured in vitro as a more controlled experimental system. However, in vitro approaches have focused primarily on measuring the effects of biochemical stimuli and neglected biomechanical stimuli, despite the extensive evidence indicating that remodeling of tissue rigidity or excessive strain is associated with uterine disorders. In this review, we first describe the existing approaches for modeling human myometrium with animal models and human tissue strips and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Next, we introduce existing in vitro techniques and assays for assessing contractility and summarize their applications in elucidating the role of biochemical or biomechanical stimuli on human myometrium. Finally, we conclude by proposing the translation of "organ on chip" approaches to myometrial smooth muscle cells as new paradigms for establishing their fundamental mechanobiology and to serve as next-generation platforms for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina P Maxey
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Megan L McCain
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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39
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Summerhill VI, Moschetta D, Orekhov AN, Poggio P, Myasoedova VA. Sex-Specific Features of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165620. [PMID: 32781508 PMCID: PMC7460640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common valvular heart disease in developed countries predominantly affecting the elderly population therefore posing a large economic burden. It is a gradually progressive condition ranging from mild valve calcification and thickening, without the hemodynamic obstruction, to severe calcification impairing leaflet motion, known as aortic stenosis (AS). The progression of CAVD occurs over many years, and it is extremely variable among individuals. It is also associated with an increased risk of coronary events and mortality. The recent insights into the CAVD pathophysiology included an important role of sex. Accumulating evidence suggests that, in patients with CAVD, sex can determine important differences in the relationship between valvular calcification process, fibrosis, and aortic stenosis hemodynamic severity between men and women. Consequently, it has implications on the development of different valvular phenotypes, left ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiovascular outcomes in men and women. Along these lines, taking into account the sex-related differences in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment outcomes is of profound importance. In this review, the sex-related differences in patients with CAVD, in terms of pathobiology, clinical phenotypes, and outcomes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volha I. Summerhill
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Donato Moschetta
- Unit for the Study of Aortic, Valvular and Coronary Pathologies, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (P.P.); (V.A.M.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Paolo Poggio
- Unit for the Study of Aortic, Valvular and Coronary Pathologies, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (P.P.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Veronika A. Myasoedova
- Unit for the Study of Aortic, Valvular and Coronary Pathologies, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (P.P.); (V.A.M.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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40
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Meador WD, Mathur M, Sugerman GP, Jazwiec T, Malinowski M, Bersi MR, Timek TA, Rausch MK. A detailed mechanical and microstructural analysis of ovine tricuspid valve leaflets. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:100-113. [PMID: 31760220 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The tricuspid valve ensures unidirectional blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The three tricuspid leaflets operate within a dynamic stress environment of shear, bending, tensile, and compressive forces, which is cyclically repeated nearly three billion times in a lifetime. Ostensibly, the microstructural and mechanical properties of the tricuspid leaflets have mechanobiologically evolved to optimally support their function under those forces. Yet, how the tricuspid leaflet microstructure determines its mechanical properties and whether this relationship differs between the three leaflets is unknown. Here we perform a microstructural and mechanical analysis in matched ovine tricuspid leaflet samples. We found that the microstructure and mechanical properties vary among the three tricuspid leaflets in sheep. Specifically, we found that tricuspid leaflet composition, collagen orientation, and valve cell nuclear morphology are spatially heterogeneous and vary across leaflet type. Furthermore, under biaxial tension, the leaflets' mechanical behaviors exhibited unequal degrees of mechanical anisotropy. Most importantly, we found that the septal leaflet was stiffer in the radial direction and not the circumferential direction as with the other two leaflets. The differences we observed in leaflet microstructure coincide with the varying biaxial mechanics among leaflets. Our results demonstrate the structure-function relationship for each leaflet in the tricuspid valve. We anticipate our results to be vital toward developing more accurate, leaflet-specific tricuspid valve computational models. Furthermore, our results may be clinically important, informing differential surgical treatments of the tricuspid valve leaflets. Finally, the identified structure-function relationships may provide insight into the homeostatic and remodeling potential of valvular cells in altered mechanical environments, such as in diseased or repaired tricuspid valves. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Our work is significant as we investigated the structure-function relationship of ovine tricuspid valve leaflets. This is important as tricuspid valves fail frequently and our current approach to repairing them is suboptimal. Specifically, we related the distribution of structural and cellular elements, such as collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and cell nuclei, to each leaflet's mechanical properties. We found that leaflets have different structures and that their mechanics differ. This may, in the future, inform leaflet-specific treatment strategies and help optimize surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Meador
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | - Mrudang Mathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | - Gabriella P Sugerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | - Tomasz Jazwiec
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Department of Cardiac, Vascular, and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia School of Medicine in Katowice, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marcin Malinowski
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia School of Medicine in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Matthew R Bersi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Tomasz A Timek
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Manuel K Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA; Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA.
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41
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Gee T, Farrar E, Wang Y, Wu B, Hsu K, Zhou B, Butcher J. NFκB (Nuclear Factor κ-Light-Chain Enhancer of Activated B Cells) Activity Regulates Cell-Type-Specific and Context-Specific Susceptibility to Calcification in the Aortic Valve. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:638-655. [PMID: 31893948 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although often studied independently, little is known about how aortic valve endothelial cells and valve interstitial cells interact collaborate to maintain tissue homeostasis or drive valve calcific pathogenesis. Inflammatory signaling is a recognized initiator of valve calcification, but the cell-type-specific downstream mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, we test how inflammatory signaling via NFκB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells) activity coordinates unique and shared mechanisms of valve endothelial cells and valve interstitial cells differentiation during calcific progression. Approach and Results: Activated NFκB was present throughout the calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) process in both endothelial and interstitial cell populations in an established mouse model of hypercholesterolemia-induced CAVD and in human CAVD. NFκB activity induces endothelial to mesenchymal transformation in 3-dimensional cultured aortic valve endothelial cells and subsequent osteogenic calcification of transformed cells. Similarly, 3-dimensional cultured valve interstitial cells calcified via NFκB-mediated osteogenic differentiation. NFκB-mediated endothelial to mesenchymal transformation was directly demonstrated in vivo during CAVD via genetic lineage tracking. Genetic deletion of NFκB in either whole valves or valve endothelium only was sufficient to prevent valve-specific molecular and cellular mechanisms of CAVD in vivo despite the persistence of a CAVD inducing environment. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify NFκB signaling as an essential molecular regulator for both valve endothelial and interstitial participation in CAVD pathogenesis. Direct demonstration of valve endothelial cell endothelial to mesenchymal transformation transmigration in vivo during CAVD highlights a new cellular population for further investigation in CAVD morbidity. The efficacy of valve-specific NFκB modulation in inhibiting hypercholesterolemic CAVD suggests potential benefits of multicell type integrated investigation for biological therapeutic development and evaluation for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Gee
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (T.G., E.F., K.H., J.B.)
| | - Emily Farrar
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (T.G., E.F., K.H., J.B.)
| | - Yidong Wang
- Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.W., B.W., B.Z.)
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.W., B.W., B.Z.)
| | - Kevin Hsu
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (T.G., E.F., K.H., J.B.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.W., B.W., B.Z.)
| | - Jonathan Butcher
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (T.G., E.F., K.H., J.B.)
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42
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Van den Bergh G, Opdebeeck B, D'Haese PC, Verhulst A. The Vicious Cycle of Arterial Stiffness and Arterial Media Calcification. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:1133-1146. [PMID: 31522956 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arterial media calcification and arterial stiffness are independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality. Both processes reinforce one another, creating a vicious cycle in which transdifferentiation of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells play a central role. Physiological functioning of vascular smooth muscle cells in the arterial medial layer greatly depends on normal endothelial cell behavior. Endothelial or intimal layer cells are the primary sensors of pathological triggers circulating in the blood during, for example, ageing or inflammation, and often can be seen as initiators of this vicious cycle. As such, the search for treatment of arterial media calcification, which until now has been mainly concentrated at the level of the vascular smooth cell, may need to be expanded to intimal layer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Britt Opdebeeck
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Patrick C D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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43
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Microfluidic models of physiological or pathological flow shear stress for cell biology, disease modeling and drug development. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Physiology and in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1281-1324. [PMID: 30864875 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells are capable of undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a newly recognized type of cellular transdifferentiation. EndMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype displaying typical mesenchymal cell morphology and functions, including the acquisition of cellular motility and contractile properties. Endothelial cells undergoing EndMT lose the expression of endothelial cell-specific proteins such as CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, and vascular-endothelial cadherin and initiate the expression of mesenchymal cell-specific genes and the production of their encoded proteins including α-smooth muscle actin, extra domain A fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibroblast specific protein-1, also known as S100A4 protein, and fibrillar type I and type III collagens. Transforming growth factor-β1 is considered the main EndMT inducer. However, EndMT involves numerous molecular and signaling pathways that are triggered and modulated by multiple and often redundant mechanisms depending on the specific cellular context and on the physiological or pathological status of the cells. EndMT participates in highly important embryonic development processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of numerous genetically determined and acquired human diseases including malignant, vascular, inflammatory, and fibrotic disorders. Despite intensive investigation, many aspects of EndMT remain to be elucidated. The identification of molecules and regulatory pathways involved in EndMT and the discovery of specific EndMT inhibitors should provide novel therapeutic approaches for various human disorders mediated by EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Nehrenheim L, Raschke S, Stefanski A, Barth M, Isabel Selig J, Barbian A, Fernández-Colino A, Stühler K, Mela P, Albert A, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Native aortic valve derived extracellular matrix hydrogel for three dimensional culture analyses with improved biomimetic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 14:035014. [PMID: 30769335 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common acquired heart valve disease with complex underlying pathomechanisms that are yet not fully understood. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models as opposed to conventional two-dimensional (2D) techniques may reveal new aspects of CAVD and serve as a transitional platform between conventional 2D cell culture and in vivo experiments. METHODS Here we report on fabrication and characterization of a novel 3D hydrogel derived from cell-free native aortic valves. A detailed analysis containing protein composition, rheological behavior, cytotoxic and proliferative effects as well as results of 3D cell culture experiments are presented. Moreover, this aortic valve derived hydrogel (AVdH) is compared to commercially available biological extracellular matrix (ECM) components to evaluate and classify AVdH with respect to other currently used ECM solutions, i.e. Collagen type I and Matrigel®. RESULTS On the biochemical level, a complex composition of native proteins was detected. Using different techniques, including mass spectrometry with Gene Ontology network and enrichment analysis, different fundamental biological functions of AVdH were identified, including peptidase-, peptidase inhibitor-, growth- and binding activity. No cytotoxic effects were detected and AVdH showed positive effects on cell growth and proliferation in vitro when compared to Collagen type I and Matrigel®. CONCLUSION These results suggest AVdH as an organotypic ECM supporting sophisticated 3D cell culture model studies, while mimicking the native environment of the aortic valve to a greater level for enhanced in vitro analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nehrenheim
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Kim DH, Heo R, Handschumacher MD, Lee S, Choi YS, Kim KR, Shin Y, Park HK, Bischoff J, Aikawa E, Song JM, Kang DH, Levine RA, Song JK. Mitral Valve Adaptation to Isolated Annular Dilation: Insights Into the Mechanism of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:665-677. [PMID: 29248661 PMCID: PMC5993562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study hypothesized that compensatory mitral leaflet area (MLA) adaptation occurs in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) without left ventricular (LV) dysfunction but has limitations that augment mitral regurgitation (MR). The study also explored whether asymmetrical annular dilation is matched by relative leaflet enlargement. BACKGROUND Functional MR occurs in patients with AF and isolated annular dilation, but the relationship of MLA adaptation with annular area (AA) is unknown. METHODS Three-dimensional echocardiographic images were acquired from 86 patients with quantified MR: 53 with nonvalvular persistent AF (23 MR+ with moderate or greater MR, 30 MR-) without LV dysfunction or dilation and 33 normal controls. Comprehensive 3-dimensional analysis included total diastolic MLA, adaptation ratios of MLA to annular area and MLA to leaflet closure area, and annular and tenting geometry. RESULTS Total MLA was 22% larger in patients with AF than in controls, thus paralleling the increased AA. However, as AA increased, adaptive indices (MLA/AA ratio and ratio of MLA to closure area) plateaued, becoming lowest in MR+ patients (ratio of MLA to closure area = 1.63 ± 0.17 controls, 1.60 ± 0.11 MR-, 1.32 ± 0.10 MR+; p < 0.001). MR increased as the ratio of MLA to closure area decreased (R2 = 0.68; p < 0.001). The posterior-to-anterior MLA ratio remained constant, whereas the posterior-to-anterior mitral annulus perimeter increased (1.21 ± 0.16 controls, 1.32 ± 0.20 MR-, 1.46 ± 0.19 MR+; p < 0.001). Multivariate MR determinants were annular area, total MLA to closure area, and posterior-to-anterior perimeter ratios. CONCLUSIONS MLA adaptively increases in AF with isolated annular dilation and normal LV function. This compensatory enlargement becomes insufficient with greater annular dilation, and the leaflets fail to match asymmetrical annular remodeling, thereby increasing MR. These findings can potentially help optimize therapeutic options and motivate basic studies of adaptive growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hee Kim
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ran Heo
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mark D Handschumacher
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sahmin Lee
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Choi
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Ri Kim
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yewon Shin
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Kyung Park
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jong-Min Song
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duk-Hyun Kang
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jae-Kwan Song
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Ali MS, Wang X, Lacerda CM. The effect of physiological stretch and the valvular endothelium on mitral valve proteomes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:241-251. [PMID: 30722697 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219829006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This work is important to the field of heart valve pathophysiology as it provides new insights into molecular markers of mechanically induced valvular degeneration as well as the protective role of the valvular endothelium. These discoveries reported here advance our current knowledge of the valvular endothelium and how its removal essentially takes valve leaflets into an environmental shock. In addition, it shows that static conditions represent a mild pathological state for valve leaflets, while 10% cyclic stretch provides valvular cell quiescence. These findings impact the field by informing disease stages and by providing potential new drug targets to reverse or slow down valvular change before it affects cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir S Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Xinmei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Carla Mr Lacerda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
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Kovacic JC, Dimmeler S, Harvey RP, Finkel T, Aikawa E, Krenning G, Baker AH. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:190-209. [PMID: 30654892 PMCID: PMC6865825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a process whereby an endothelial cell undergoes a series of molecular events that lead to a change in phenotype toward a mesenchymal cell (e.g., myofibroblast, smooth muscle cell). EndMT plays a fundamental role during development, and mounting evidence indicates that EndMT is involved in adult cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, and fibroelastosis. Therefore, the targeting of EndMT may hold therapeutic promise for treating CVD. However, the field faces a number of challenges, including the lack of a precise functional and molecular definition, a lack of understanding of the causative pathological role of EndMT in CVDs (versus being a "bystander-phenomenon"), and a lack of robust human data corroborating the extent and causality of EndMT in adult CVDs. Here, we review this emerging but exciting field, and propose a framework for its systematic advancement at the molecular and translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Baker
- UoE/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Levine RA, Nagata Y, Dal-Bianco JP. Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony and the Mitral Valve Apparatus: An Orchestra That Needs to Play in Sync. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:1738-1740. [PMID: 30660517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Yasufumi Nagata
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Cardiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Jacob P Dal-Bianco
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Reustle A, Torzewski M. Role of p38 MAPK in Atherosclerosis and Aortic Valve Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123761. [PMID: 30486366 PMCID: PMC6321637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are cardiovascular diseases with an increasing prevalence in western societies. Statins are widely applied in atherosclerosis therapy, whereas no pharmacological interventions are available for the treatment of aortic valve sclerosis. Therefore, valve replacement surgery to prevent acute heart failure is the only option for patients with severe aortic stenosis. Both atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are not simply the consequence of degenerative processes, but rather diseases driven by inflammatory processes in response to lipid-deposition in the blood vessel wall and the aortic valve, respectively. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in inflammatory signaling and activated in response to various intracellular and extracellular stimuli, including oxidative stress, cytokines, and growth factors, all of which are abundantly present in atherosclerotic and aortic valve sclerotic lesions. The responses generated by p38 MAPK signaling in different cell types present in the lesions are diverse and might support the progression of the diseases. This review summarizes experimental findings relating to p38 MAPK in atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis and discusses potential functions of p38 MAPK in the diseases with the aim of clarifying its eligibility as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reustle
- Dr. Margarete-Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
- University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Torzewski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Hospital Hygiene, Robert Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
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