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Michel M, Skourtanioti E, Pierini F, Guevara EK, Mötsch A, Kocher A, Barquera R, Bianco RA, Carlhoff S, Coppola Bove L, Freilich S, Giffin K, Hermes T, Hiß A, Knolle F, Nelson EA, Neumann GU, Papac L, Penske S, Rohrlach AB, Salem N, Semerau L, Villalba-Mouco V, Abadie I, Aldenderfer M, Beckett JF, Brown M, Campus FGR, Chenghwa T, Cruz Berrocal M, Damašek L, Duffett Carlson KS, Durand R, Ernée M, Fântăneanu C, Frenzel H, García Atiénzar G, Guillén S, Hsieh E, Karwowski M, Kelvin D, Kelvin N, Khokhlov A, Kinaston RL, Korolev A, Krettek KL, Küßner M, Lai L, Look C, Majander K, Mandl K, Mazzarello V, McCormick M, de Miguel Ibáñez P, Murphy R, Németh RE, Nordqvist K, Novotny F, Obenaus M, Olmo-Enciso L, Onkamo P, Orschiedt J, Patrushev V, Peltola S, Romero A, Rubino S, Sajantila A, Salazar-García DC, Serrano E, Shaydullaev S, Sias E, Šlaus M, Stančo L, Swanston T, Teschler-Nicola M, Valentin F, Van de Vijver K, Varney TL, Vigil-Escalera Guirado A, Waters CK, Weiss-Krejci E, Winter E, Lamnidis TC, Prüfer K, Nägele K, Spyrou M, Schiffels S, Stockhammer PW, Haak W, Posth C, Warinner C, Bos KI, Herbig A, Krause J. Ancient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria. Nature 2024; 631:125-133. [PMID: 38867050 PMCID: PMC11222158 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Malaria-causing protozoa of the genus Plasmodium have exerted one of the strongest selective pressures on the human genome, and resistance alleles provide biomolecular footprints that outline the historical reach of these species1. Nevertheless, debate persists over when and how malaria parasites emerged as human pathogens and spread around the globe1,2. To address these questions, we generated high-coverage ancient mitochondrial and nuclear genome-wide data from P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae from 16 countries spanning around 5,500 years of human history. We identified P. vivax and P. falciparum across geographically disparate regions of Eurasia from as early as the fourth and first millennia BCE, respectively; for P. vivax, this evidence pre-dates textual references by several millennia3. Genomic analysis supports distinct disease histories for P. falciparum and P. vivax in the Americas: similarities between now-eliminated European and peri-contact South American strains indicate that European colonizers were the source of American P. vivax, whereas the trans-Atlantic slave trade probably introduced P. falciparum into the Americas. Our data underscore the role of cross-cultural contacts in the dissemination of malaria, laying the biomolecular foundation for future palaeo-epidemiological research into the impact of Plasmodium parasites on human history. Finally, our unexpected discovery of P. falciparum in the high-altitude Himalayas provides a rare case study in which individual mobility can be inferred from infection status, adding to our knowledge of cross-cultural connectivity in the region nearly three millennia ago.
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MESH Headings
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Altitude
- Americas/epidemiology
- Asia/epidemiology
- Biological Evolution
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- DNA, Ancient/analysis
- Europe/epidemiology
- Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Genome, Protozoan/genetics
- History, Ancient
- Malaria/parasitology
- Malaria/history
- Malaria/transmission
- Malaria/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/history
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/transmission
- Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology
- Malaria, Vivax/history
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/transmission
- Plasmodium/genetics
- Plasmodium/classification
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification
- Plasmodium malariae/genetics
- Plasmodium malariae/isolation & purification
- Plasmodium vivax/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Michel
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, .
| | - Eirini Skourtanioti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Federica Pierini
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evelyn K Guevara
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angela Mötsch
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Arthur Kocher
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raffaela A Bianco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Selina Carlhoff
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lorenza Coppola Bove
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karen Giffin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taylor Hermes
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Alina Hiß
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Knolle
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Microbial Palaeogenomics Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gunnar U Neumann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Luka Papac
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Penske
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Data Science Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nada Salem
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Lena Semerau
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón, IUCA-Aragosaurus, Universitity of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabelle Abadie
- Inrap - Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives, Paris, France
- Centre Michel de Boüard, Centre de recherches archéologiques et historiques anciennes et médiévales, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Mark Aldenderfer
- Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Brown
- Sociology and Anthropology Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY, USA
| | - Franco G R Campus
- Department of History, Human Sciences, and Education, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Tsang Chenghwa
- Institute of Anthropology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - María Cruz Berrocal
- Institute of Heritage Sciences (INCIPIT), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ladislav Damašek
- Institute of Classical Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Raphaël Durand
- Service d'archéologie préventive Bourges plus, Bourges, France
- UMR 5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Michal Ernée
- Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hannah Frenzel
- Anatomy Institute, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriel García Atiénzar
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain
| | | | - Ellen Hsieh
- Institute of Anthropology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Maciej Karwowski
- Institut für Urgeschichte und Historische Archäologie, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nikki Kelvin
- Division of Ancient Pathogens, BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, Nove Scotia, Canada
| | - Alexander Khokhlov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Rebecca L Kinaston
- BioArch South, Waitati, New Zealand
- Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arkadii Korolev
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Kim-Louise Krettek
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Küßner
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, Weimar, Germany
| | - Luca Lai
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Cory Look
- Sociology and Anthropology Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY, USA
| | - Kerttu Majander
- Department of Environmental Science, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael McCormick
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Initiative for the Science of the Human Past at Harvard, Department of History, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patxuka de Miguel Ibáñez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain
- Servicio de Obstetricia, Hospital Virgen de los Lirios-Fisabio, Alcoi, Spain
- Sección de Antropología, Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Reg Murphy
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Kerkko Nordqvist
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Friederike Novotny
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Obenaus
- Silva Nortica Archäologische Dienstleistungen, Thunau am Kamp, Austria
| | - Lauro Olmo-Enciso
- Department of History, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Päivi Onkamo
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jörg Orschiedt
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, Germany
- Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valerii Patrushev
- Centre of Archaeological and Ethnographical Investigation, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Sanni Peltola
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Domingo C Salazar-García
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elena Serrano
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- TAR Arqueología, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Emanuela Sias
- Centro Studi sulla Civiltà del Mare, Stintino, Italy
| | - Mario Šlaus
- Anthropological Center, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ladislav Stančo
- Institute of Classical Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Treena Swanston
- Department of Anthropology, Economics and Political Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Katrien Van de Vijver
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dienst Archeologie - Stad Mechelen, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Tamara L Varney
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christopher K Waters
- Heritage Department, National Parks of Antigua and Barbuda, St. Paul's Parish, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Estella Weiss-Krejci
- Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduard Winter
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thiseas C Lamnidis
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nägele
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kirsten I Bos
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, .
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2
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Mertens JE. A History of Malaria and Conflict. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:165. [PMID: 38504009 PMCID: PMC10951023 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
It is supposed that in all armed conflicts until World War II more humans died of infectious diseases than of the actual violence. Especially malaria left a crucial imprint on wars throughout history. The disease aggravates wartime conditions, is thus responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in conflict zones, and is at the same time more commonly found in these areas. Malaria has halted many military campaigns in the past, with prominent examples ranging from antiquity through the medieval period and into the modern era. The parasitosis still continues to play an important role in the outcome of warfare and follow-up events today and is of special public health importance in areas of the Global South, where most of its endemicity and some of the most brutal conflicts of our time are located. Vice versa, wars and ensuing population movements increase malaria transmission and morbidity as well as impede control efforts. Awareness of this and the development of strategies to overcome both malaria and wars will massively improve the well-being of the population affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas E Mertens
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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3
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Ghansah A, Tiedje KE, Argyropoulos DC, Onwona CO, Deed SL, Labbé F, Oduro AR, Koram KA, Pascual M, Day KP. Comparison of molecular surveillance methods to assess changes in the population genetics of Plasmodium falciparum in high transmission. FRONTIERS IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 2:1067966. [PMID: 38031549 PMCID: PMC10686283 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2023.1067966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A major motivation for developing molecular methods for malaria surveillance is to measure the impact of control interventions on the population genetics of Plasmodium falciparum as a potential marker of progress towards elimination. Here we assess three established methods (i) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) barcoding (panel of 24-biallelic loci), (ii) microsatellite genotyping (panel of 12-multiallelic loci), and (iii) varcoding (fingerprinting var gene diversity, akin to microhaplotyping) to identify changes in parasite population genetics in response to a short-term indoor residual spraying (IRS) intervention. Typical of high seasonal transmission in Africa, multiclonal infections were found in 82.3% (median 3; range 1-18) and 57.8% (median 2; range 1-12) of asymptomatic individuals pre- and post-IRS, respectively, in Bongo District, Ghana. Since directly phasing multilocus haplotypes for population genetic analysis is not possible for biallelic SNPs and microsatellites, we chose ~200 low-complexity infections biased to single and double clone infections for analysis. Each genotyping method presented a different pattern of change in diversity and population structure as a consequence of variability in usable data and the relative polymorphism of the molecular markers (i.e., SNPs < microsatellites < var). Varcoding and microsatellite genotyping showed the overall failure of the IRS intervention to significantly change the population structure from pre-IRS characteristics (i.e., many diverse genomes of low genetic similarity). The 24-SNP barcode provided limited information for analysis, largely due to the biallelic nature of SNPs leading to a high proportion of double-allele calls and a view of more isolate relatedness compared to microsatellites and varcoding. Relative performance, suitability, and cost-effectiveness of the methods relevant to sample size and local malaria elimination in high-transmission endemic areas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ghansah
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dionne C. Argyropoulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christiana O. Onwona
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Samantha L. Deed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Frédéric Labbé
- Department Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Abraham R. Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo A. Koram
- Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Karen P. Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Ortega DC, Cárdenas H, González R, Barreto G. Ancestral reconstruction and correlation of the frequencies of the hemoglobin S allele and the Duffy blood group alleles in human populations. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23832. [PMID: 36376949 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malaria is an important selective force for human genetic adaptation due to the sustained, lethal impact it has had on populations worldwide. High frequencies of both hemoglobin S and the null allele FYBES of the Duffy blood group have been found in areas where this disease is endemic, attributed to the protective action of the carriers of these variants against malaria infection. The objective of this work was to perform ancestral reconstruction and analyze the correlation of the frequencies of these alleles throughout the phylogeny of 24 human populations. METHODS A tree topology and the allelic frequencies reported in the literature for the 24 populations were used. The ancestral frequencies for the two alleles were reconstructed using the maximum likelihood method and the Brownian model of evolution (CI = 95%), and the correlation analysis was performed using phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs). Statistical analyses were performed with the statistical software R version 3.4.1. RESULTS For both alleles, a correspondence was found in the reconstruction of the ancestral frequencies, and a significant statistical correlation (p = .001) was observed between the S and FYBES alleles. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of an epistatic relationship between the two alleles, which may influence the fitness of the individuals who present with them when they are subjected to a selective force such as malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heiber Cárdenas
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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5
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Tan MH, Shim H, Chan YB, Day KP. Unravelling var complexity: Relationship between DBLα types and var genes in Plasmodium falciparum. FRONTIERS IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 1. [PMID: 36998722 PMCID: PMC10060044 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2022.1006341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The enormous diversity and complexity of var genes that diversify rapidly by recombination has led to the exclusion of assembly of these genes from major genome initiatives (e.g., Pf6). A scalable solution in epidemiological surveillance of var genes is to use a small ‘tag’ region encoding the immunogenic DBLα domain as a marker to estimate var diversity. As var genes diversify by recombination, it is not clear the extent to which the same tag can appear in multiple var genes. This relationship between marker and gene has not been investigated in natural populations. Analyses of in vitro recombination within and between var genes have suggested that this relationship would not be exclusive. Using a dataset of publicly-available assembled var sequences, we test this hypothesis by studying DBLα-var relationships for four study sites in four countries: Pursat (Cambodia) and Mae Sot (Thailand), representing low malaria transmission, and Navrongo (Ghana) and Chikwawa (Malawi), representing high malaria transmission. In all study sites, DBLα-var relationships were shown to be predominantly 1-to-1, followed by a second largest proportion of 1-to-2 DBLα-var relationships. This finding indicates that DBLα tags can be used to estimate not just DBLα diversity but var gene diversity when applied in a local endemic area. Epidemiological applications of this result are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Hua Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Heejung Shim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics/Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yao-ban Chan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics/Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen P. Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- CORRESPONDENCE Karen P. Day,
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6
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Carrasquilla M, Early AM, Taylor AR, Knudson Ospina A, Echeverry DF, Anderson TJC, Mancilla E, Aponte S, Cárdenas P, Buckee CO, Rayner JC, Sáenz FE, Neafsey DE, Corredor V. Resolving drug selection and migration in an inbred South American Plasmodium falciparum population with identity-by-descent analysis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010993. [PMID: 36542676 PMCID: PMC9815574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is globally widespread, but its prevalence varies significantly between and even within countries. Most population genetic studies in P. falciparum focus on regions of high transmission where parasite populations are large and genetically diverse, such as sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding population dynamics in low transmission settings, however, is of particular importance as these are often where drug resistance first evolves. Here, we use the Pacific Coast of Colombia and Ecuador as a model for understanding the population structure and evolution of Plasmodium parasites in small populations harboring less genetic diversity. The combination of low transmission and a high proportion of monoclonal infections means there are few outcrossing events and clonal lineages persist for long periods of time. Yet despite this, the population is evolutionarily labile and has successfully adapted to changes in drug regime. Using newly sequenced whole genomes, we measure relatedness between 166 parasites, calculated as identity by descent (IBD), and find 17 distinct but highly related clonal lineages, six of which have persisted in the region for at least a decade. This inbred population structure is captured in more detail with IBD than with other common population structure analyses like PCA, ADMIXTURE, and distance-based trees. We additionally use patterns of intra-chromosomal IBD and an analysis of haplotypic variation to explore past selection events in the region. Two genes associated with chloroquine resistance, crt and aat1, show evidence of hard selective sweeps, while selection appears soft and/or incomplete at three other key resistance loci (dhps, mdr1, and dhfr). Overall, this work highlights the strength of IBD analyses for studying parasite population structure and resistance evolution in regions of low transmission, and emphasizes that drug resistance can evolve and spread in small populations, as will occur in any region nearing malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Carrasquilla
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Early
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aimee R. Taylor
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angélica Knudson Ospina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego F. Echeverry
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Timothy J. C. Anderson
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institution, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elvira Mancilla
- Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Samanda Aponte
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pablo Cárdenas
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline O. Buckee
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fabián E. Sáenz
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel E. Neafsey
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Corredor
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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7
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Rougeron V, Daron J, Fontaine MC, Prugnolle F. Evolutionary history of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium simium in the Americas. Malar J 2022; 21:141. [PMID: 35505431 PMCID: PMC9066938 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent human-infecting species in the Americas. However, the origins of this parasite in this continent are still debated. Similarly, it is now accepted that the existence of Plasmodium simium is explained by a P. vivax transfer from humans to monkey in America. However, many uncertainties still exist concerning the origin of the transfer and whether several transfers occurred. In this review, the most recent studies that addressed these questions using genetic and genomic approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- International Research Laboratory, REHABS, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa.
| | - Josquin Daron
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900, rue Jean-François Breton, 34900, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900, rue Jean-François Breton, 34900, Montpellier, France.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- International Research Laboratory, REHABS, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
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8
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LaVerriere E, Schwabl P, Carrasquilla M, Taylor AR, Johnson ZM, Shieh M, Panchal R, Straub TJ, Kuzma R, Watson S, Buckee CO, Andrade CM, Portugal S, Crompton PD, Traore B, Rayner JC, Corredor V, James K, Cox H, Early AM, MacInnis BL, Neafsey DE. Design and implementation of multiplexed amplicon sequencing panels to serve genomic epidemiology of infectious disease: a malaria case study. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:2285-2303. [PMID: 35437908 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed PCR amplicon sequencing (AmpSeq) is an increasingly popular application for cost-effective monitoring of threatened species and managed wildlife populations, and shows strong potential for genomic epidemiology of infectious disease. AmpSeq data from infectious microbes can inform disease control in multiple ways, including measuring drug resistance marker prevalence, distinguishing imported from local cases, and determining the effectiveness of therapeutics. We describe the design and comparative evaluation of two new AmpSeq assays for Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites: a four-locus panel ('4CAST') composed of highly diverse antigens, and a 129-locus panel ('AMPLseq') composed of drug resistance markers, highly diverse loci for inferring relatedness, and a locus to detect Plasmodium vivax co-infection. We explore the performance of each panel in various public health use cases with in silico simulations as well as empirical experiments. The 4CAST panel appears highly suitable for evaluating the number of distinct parasite strains within samples (complexity of infection), showing strong performance across a wide range of parasitemia levels without a DNA pre-amplification step. For relatedness inference, the larger AMPLseq panel performs similarly to two existing panels of comparable size, despite differences in the data and approach used for designing each panel. Finally, we describe an R package (paneljudge) that facilitates the design and comparative evaluation of genetic panels for relatedness estimation, and we provide general guidance on the design and implementation of AmpSeq panels for genomic epidemiology of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily LaVerriere
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp Schwabl
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manuela Carrasquilla
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aimee R Taylor
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary M Johnson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meg Shieh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruchit Panchal
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy J Straub
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Kuzma
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean Watson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline O Buckee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolina M Andrade
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Centre of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, BP 1805, Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Corredor
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kashana James
- Guyana National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, 0592, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Horace Cox
- Guyana Vector Control Services, Ministry of Health, 0592, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Angela M Early
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bronwyn L MacInnis
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Neafsey
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Platt RN, Le Clec'h W, Chevalier FD, McDew‐White M, LoVerde PT, Ramiro de Assis R, Oliveira G, Kinung'hi S, Djirmay AG, Steinauer ML, Gouvras A, Rabone M, Allan F, Webster BL, Webster JP, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Anderson TJC. Genomic analysis of a parasite invasion: Colonization of the Americas by the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2242-2263. [PMID: 35152493 PMCID: PMC9305930 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni, a snail-borne, blood fluke that infects humans, was introduced into the Americas from Africa during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. As this parasite shows strong specificity to the snail intermediate host, we expected that adaptation to South American Biomphalaria spp. snails would result in population bottlenecks and strong signatures of selection. We scored 475,081 single nucleotide variants in 143 S. mansoni from the Americas (Brazil, Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico) and Africa (Cameroon, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda), and used these data to ask: (i) Was there a population bottleneck during colonization? (ii) Can we identify signatures of selection associated with colonization? (iii) What were the source populations for colonizing parasites? We found a 2.4- to 2.9-fold reduction in diversity and much slower decay in linkage disequilibrium (LD) in parasites from East to West Africa. However, we observed similar nuclear diversity and LD in West Africa and Brazil, suggesting no strong bottlenecks and limited barriers to colonization. We identified five genome regions showing selection in the Americas, compared with three in West Africa and none in East Africa, which we speculate may reflect adaptation during colonization. Finally, we infer that unsampled populations from central African regions between Benin and Angola, with contributions from Niger, are probably the major source(s) for Brazilian S. mansoni. The absence of a bottleneck suggests that this is a rare case of a serendipitous invasion, where S. mansoni parasites were pre-adapted to the Americas and able to establish with relative ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy N. Platt
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou—Fiocruz/MGBelo HorizonteBrazil
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
| | | | - Amadou Garba Djirmay
- Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnemental Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL)NiameyNiger
| | | | | | | | - Fiona Allan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic DiseasesUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic DiseasesUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - David Rollinson
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
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10
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Shaw WR, Marcenac P, Catteruccia F. Plasmodium development in Anopheles: a tale of shared resources. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:124-135. [PMID: 34548252 PMCID: PMC8758519 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between the Anopheles mosquito vector and Plasmodium parasites shape how malaria is transmitted in endemic regions. The long association of these two organisms has led to evolutionary processes that minimize fitness costs of infection and benefit both players through shared nutrient resources, parasite immune suppression, and mosquito tolerance to infection. In this review we explore recent data describing how Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite, associates with one of its most important natural mosquito hosts, Anopheles gambiae, and we discuss the implications of these findings for parasite transmission and vector control strategies currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Robert Shaw
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Perrine Marcenac
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Onyango SA, Ochwedo KO, Machani MG, Omondi CJ, Debrah I, Ogolla SO, Lee MC, Zhou G, Kokwaro E, Kazura JW, Afrane YA, Githeko AK, Zhong D, Yan G. Genetic diversity and population structure of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum surface protein Pfs47 in isolates from the lowlands in Western Kenya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260434. [PMID: 34843560 PMCID: PMC8629314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum parasites have evolved genetic adaptations to overcome immune responses mounted by diverse Anopheles vectors hindering malaria control efforts. Plasmodium falciparum surface protein Pfs47 is critical in the parasite’s survival by manipulating the vector’s immune system hence a promising target for blocking transmission in the mosquito. This study aimed to examine the genetic diversity, haplotype distribution, and population structure of Pfs47 and its implications on malaria infections in endemic lowlands in Western Kenya. Cross-sectional mass blood screening was conducted in malaria endemic regions in the lowlands of Western Kenya: Homa Bay, Kombewa, and Chulaimbo. Dried blood spots and slide smears were simultaneously collected in 2018 and 2019. DNA was extracted using Chelex method from microscopic Plasmodium falciparum positive samples and used to genotype Pfs47 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Thirteen observed haplotypes of the Pfs47 gene were circulating in Western Kenya. Population-wise, haplotype diversity ranged from 0.69 to 0.77 and the nucleotide diversity 0.10 to 0.12 across all sites. All the study sites displayed negative Tajima’s D values although not significant. However, the negative and significant Fu’s Fs statistical values were observed across all the study sites, suggesting population expansion or positive selection. Overall genetic differentiation index was not significant (FST = -0.00891, P > 0.05) among parasite populations. All Nm values revealed a considerable gene flow in these populations. These results could have important implications for the persistence of high levels of malaria transmission and should be considered when designing potential targeted control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley A. Onyango
- Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Kevin O. Ochwedo
- Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa Bay, Kenya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maxwell G. Machani
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Collince J. Omondi
- Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa Bay, Kenya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaiah Debrah
- Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa Bay, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sidney O. Ogolla
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kokwaro
- Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James W. Kazura
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yaw A. Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew K. Githeko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DZ); (GY)
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DZ); (GY)
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12
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de-Dios T, Carrión P, Olalde I, Llovera Nadal L, Lizano E, Pàmies D, Marques-Bonet T, Balloux F, van Dorp L, Lalueza-Fox C. Salmonella enterica from a soldier from the 1652 siege of Barcelona (Spain) supports historical transatlantic epidemic contacts. iScience 2021; 24:103021. [PMID: 34527890 PMCID: PMC8430385 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient pathogen genomics is an emerging field allowing reconstruction of past epidemics. The demise of post-contact American populations may, at least in part, have been caused by paratyphoid fever brought by Europeans. We retrieved genome-wide data from two Spanish soldiers who were besieging the city of Barcelona in 1652, during the Reapers' War. Their ancestry derived from the Basque region and Sardinia, respectively, (at that time, this island belonged to the Spanish kingdom). Despite the proposed plague epidemic, we could not find solid evidence for the presence of the causative plague agent in these individuals. However, we retrieved from one individual a substantial fraction of the Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi C lineage linked to paratyphoid fever in colonial period Mexico. Our results support a growing body of evidence that Paratyphi C enteric fever was more prevalent in Europe and the Americas in the past than it is today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni de-Dios
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Carrión
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Lizano
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dídac Pàmies
- Antequem. Arqueologia-Patrimoni Cultural, 08301 Mataró, Spain
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - François Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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13
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Rougeron V, Boundenga L, Arnathau C, Durand P, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. A population genetic perspective on the origin, spread and adaptation of the human malaria agents Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6373923. [PMID: 34550355 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is considered one of the most important scourges that humanity has faced during its history, being responsible every year for numerous deaths worldwide. The disease is caused by protozoan parasites, among which two species are responsible of the majority of the burden, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. For these two parasite species, the questions of their origin (how and when they appeared in humans), of their spread throughout the world, as well as how they have adapted to humans have long been of interest to the scientific community. Here, we review the current knowledge that has accumulated on these different questions, thanks in particular to the analysis of the genetic and genomic variability of these parasites and comparison with related Plasmodium species infecting other host species (like non-human primates). In this paper we review the existing body of knowledge, including current research dealing with these questions, focusing particularly on genetic analysis and genomic variability of these parasites and comparison with related Plasmodium species infecting other species of host (such as non-human primates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Larson Boundenga
- CIRMF, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
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14
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Argyropoulos DC, Ruybal‐Pesántez S, Deed SL, Oduro AR, Dadzie SK, Appawu MA, Asoala V, Pascual M, Koram KA, Day KP, Tiedje KE. The impact of indoor residual spraying on Plasmodium falciparum microsatellite variation in an area of high seasonal malaria transmission in Ghana, West Africa. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3974-3992. [PMID: 34143538 PMCID: PMC8456823 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the first population genetic study to examine the impact of indoor residual spraying (IRS) on Plasmodium falciparum in humans. This study was conducted in an area of high seasonal malaria transmission in Bongo District, Ghana. IRS was implemented during the dry season (November-May) in three consecutive years between 2013 and 2015 to reduce transmission and attempt to bottleneck the parasite population in humans towards lower diversity with greater linkage disequilibrium. The study was done against a background of widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets, typical for contemporary malaria control in West Africa. Microsatellite genotyping with 10 loci was used to construct 392 P. falciparum multilocus infection haplotypes collected from two age-stratified cross-sectional surveys at the end of the wet seasons pre- and post-IRS. Three-rounds of IRS, under operational conditions, led to a >90% reduction in transmission intensity and a 35.7% reduction in the P. falciparum prevalence (p < .001). Despite these declines, population genetic analysis of the infection haplotypes revealed no dramatic changes with only a slight, but significant increase in genetic diversity (He : pre-IRS = 0.79 vs. post-IRS = 0.81, p = .048). Reduced relatedness of the parasite population (p < .001) was observed post-IRS, probably due to decreased opportunities for outcrossing. Spatiotemporal genetic differentiation between the pre- and post-IRS surveys (D = 0.0329 [95% CI: 0.0209 - 0.0473], p = .034) was identified. These data provide a genetic explanation for the resilience of P. falciparum to short-term IRS programmes in high-transmission settings in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne C. Argyropoulos
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyBio21 Institute and Peter Doherty InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Shazia Ruybal‐Pesántez
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Present address:
Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVic.Australia
- Present address:
Department of Medical Biology and Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Present address:
Burnet InstituteMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Samantha L. Deed
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyBio21 Institute and Peter Doherty InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Abraham R. Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research CentreGhana Health ServiceNavrongoGhana
| | - Samuel K. Dadzie
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Maxwell A. Appawu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Victor Asoala
- Navrongo Health Research CentreGhana Health ServiceNavrongoGhana
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUSA
| | - Kwadwo A. Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Karen P. Day
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyBio21 Institute and Peter Doherty InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyBio21 Institute and Peter Doherty InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
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15
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Exchanging fluids The sociocultural implications of microbial, cultural, and ethnic admixture in Latin America. Politics Life Sci 2021; 39:56-86. [PMID: 32697057 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2020.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of evolutionary influences on patterns of human mating, social interactions, and differential health is increasing, yet these insights have rarely been applied to historical analyses of human population dynamics. The genetic and evolutionary forces behind biases in interethnic mating and in the health of individuals of different ethnic groups in Latin America and the Caribbean since the European colonization of America are still largely ignored. We discuss how historical and contemporary sociocultural interactions and practices are strongly influenced by population-level evolutionary forces. Specifically, we discuss the historical implications of functional (de facto) polygyny, sex-biased admixture, and assortative mating in Latin America. We propose that these three evolutionary mechanisms influenced mating patterns, shaping the genetic and cultural landscape across Latin America and the Caribbean. Further, we discuss how genetic differences between the original populations that migrated at different times into Latin America contributed to their accommodation to and survival in the different local ecologies and interethnic interactions. Relevant medical and social implications follow from the genetic and cultural changes reviewed.
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16
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Tonkin-Hill G, Ruybal-Pesántez S, Tiedje KE, Rougeron V, Duffy MF, Zakeri S, Pumpaibool T, Harnyuttanakorn P, Branch OH, Ruiz-Mesía L, Rask TS, Prugnolle F, Papenfuss AT, Chan YB, Day KP. Evolutionary analyses of the major variant surface antigen-encoding genes reveal population structure of Plasmodium falciparum within and between continents. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009269. [PMID: 33630855 PMCID: PMC7906310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem in many countries. Unlike influenza and HIV, where diversity in immunodominant surface antigens is understood geographically to inform disease surveillance, relatively little is known about the global population structure of PfEMP1, the major variant surface antigen of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The complexity of the var multigene family that encodes PfEMP1 and that diversifies by recombination, has so far precluded its use in malaria surveillance. Recent studies have demonstrated that cost-effective deep sequencing of the region of var genes encoding the PfEMP1 DBLα domain and subsequent classification of within host sequences at 96% identity to define unique DBLα types, can reveal structure and strain dynamics within countries. However, to date there has not been a comprehensive comparison of these DBLα types between countries. By leveraging a bioinformatic approach (jumping hidden Markov model) designed specifically for the analysis of recombination within var genes and applying it to a dataset of DBLα types from 10 countries, we are able to describe population structure of DBLα types at the global scale. The sensitivity of the approach allows for the comparison of the global dataset to ape samples of Plasmodium Laverania species. Our analyses show that the evolution of the parasite population emerging out of Africa underlies current patterns of DBLα type diversity. Most importantly, we can distinguish geographic population structure within Africa between Gabon and Ghana in West Africa and Uganda in East Africa. Our evolutionary findings have translational implications in the context of globalization. Firstly, DBLα type diversity can provide a simple diagnostic framework for geographic surveillance of the rapidly evolving transmission dynamics of P. falciparum. It can also inform efforts to understand the presence or absence of global, regional and local population immunity to major surface antigen variants. Additionally, we identify a number of highly conserved DBLα types that are present globally that may be of biological significance and warrant further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Tonkin-Hill
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Shazia Ruybal-Pesántez
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael F. Duffy
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tepanata Pumpaibool
- Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Malaria Research Programme, College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn
- Malaria Research Programme, College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - OraLee H. Branch
- Concordia University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú
| | | | - Thomas S. Rask
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony T. Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yao-ban Chan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen P. Day
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Guery MA, Claessens A. Order within chaos: Harnessing Plasmodium falciparum var gene extreme polymorphism for malaria epidemiology. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009344. [PMID: 33630881 PMCID: PMC7906395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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Schwabl P, Boité MC, Bussotti G, Jacobs A, Andersson B, Moreira O, Freitas-Mesquita AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Telleria EL, Traub-Csekö Y, Vaselek S, Leštinová T, Volf P, Morgado FN, Porrozzi R, Llewellyn M, Späth GF, Cupolillo E. Colonization and genetic diversification processes of Leishmania infantum in the Americas. Commun Biol 2021; 4:139. [PMID: 33514858 PMCID: PMC7846609 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum causes visceral leishmaniasis, a deadly vector-borne disease introduced to the Americas during the colonial era. This non-native trypanosomatid parasite has since established widespread transmission cycles using alternative vectors, and human infection has become a significant concern to public health, especially in Brazil. A multi-kilobase deletion was recently detected in Brazilian L. infantum genomes and is suggested to reduce susceptibility to the anti-leishmanial drug miltefosine. We show that deletion-carrying strains occur in at least 15 Brazilian states and describe diversity patterns suggesting that these derive from common ancestral mutants rather than from recurrent independent mutation events. We also show that the deleted locus and associated enzymatic activity is restored by hybridization with non-deletion type strains. Genetic exchange appears common in areas of secondary contact but also among closely related parasites. We examine demographic and ecological scenarios underlying this complex L. infantum population structure and discuss implications for disease control. Philipp Schwabl, Mariana Boité, and colleagues analyze 126 Leishmania infantum genomes to determine how demographic and selective consequences of the parasite’s invasive history have contributed to intricate population genetic heterogeneity across Brazil. Their data suggest a complex interplay of population expansion, secondary contact and genetic exchange events underlying diversity patterns at short and long-distance scales. These processes also appear pivotal to the proliferation of a drug resistance-associated multi-gene deletion on chromosome 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schwabl
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mariana C Boité
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, 21040-365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Giovanni Bussotti
- Institut Pasteur-Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub-C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, 75015, Paris, France.,Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitology moléculaire et Signalisation, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Arne Jacobs
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bjorn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 9C, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Otacilio Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anita L Freitas-Mesquita
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Erich L Telleria
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yara Traub-Csekö
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Slavica Vaselek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leštinová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, 21040-365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, 21040-365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Llewellyn
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitology moléculaire et Signalisation, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, 21040-365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Tagliamonte MS, Yowell CA, Elbadry MA, Boncy J, Raccurt CP, Okech BA, Goss EM, Salemi M, Dame JB. Genetic Markers of Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to Transmission by American Vectors Identified in the Genomes of Parasites from Haiti and South America. mSphere 2020; 5:e00937-20. [PMID: 33087522 PMCID: PMC7580960 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00937-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, was introduced into Hispaniola and other regions of the Americas through the slave trade spanning the 16th through the 19th centuries. During this period, more than 12 million Africans were brought across the Atlantic to the Caribbean and other regions of the Americas. Since malaria is holoendemic in West Africa, a substantial percentage of these individuals carried the parasite. St. Domingue on Hispaniola, now modern-day Haiti, was a major port of disembarkation, and malaria is still actively transmitted there. We undertook a detailed study of the phylogenetics of the Haitian parasites and those from Colombia and Peru utilizing whole-genome sequencing. Principal-component and phylogenetic analyses, based upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein coding regions, indicate that, despite the potential for millions of introductions from Africa, the Haitian parasites share an ancestral relationship within a well-supported monophyletic clade with parasites from South America, while belonging to a distinct lineage. This result, in stark contrast to the historical record of parasite introductions, is best explained by a severe population bottleneck experienced by the parasites introduced into the Americas. Here, evidence is presented for targeted selection of rare African alleles in genes which are expressed in the mosquito stages of the parasite's life cycle. These genetic markers support the hypothesis that the severe population bottleneck was caused by the required adaptation of the parasite to transmission by new definitive hosts among the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) spp. found in the Caribbean and South America.IMPORTANCE Historical data suggest that millions of P. falciparum parasite lineages were introduced into the Americas during the trans-Atlantic slave trade, which would suggest a paraphyletic origin of the extant isolates in the Western Hemisphere. Our analyses of whole-genome variants show that the American parasites belong to a well-supported monophyletic clade. We hypothesize that the required adaptation to American vectors created a severe bottleneck, reducing the effective introduction to a few lineages. In support of this hypothesis, we discovered genes expressed in the mosquito stages of the life cycle that have alleles with multiple, high-frequency or fixed, nonsynonymous mutations in the American populations which are rarely found in African isolates. These alleles appear to be in gene products critical for transmission through the anopheline vector. Thus, these results may inform efforts to develop novel transmission-blocking vaccines by identifying parasite proteins functionally interacting with the vector that are important for successful transmission. Further, to the best of our knowledge, these are the first whole-genome data available from Haitian P. falciparum isolates. Defining the genome of these parasites provides genetic markers useful for mapping parasite populations and monitoring parasite movements/introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano S Tagliamonte
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Charles A Yowell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maha A Elbadry
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Christian P Raccurt
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Quisqueya, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Bernard A Okech
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John B Dame
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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20
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Abstract
The global spread of parasites is unquestionably linked with human activities. Migration in all its different forms played a major role in the introduction of parasites into new areas. In ancient times, mass migrations were the main causes for the spread of parasites while in the recent past and present, emigration, immigration, displacement, external and internal migration, and labor migration were the reasons for the dispersal of parasites. With the advent of seagoing ships, long-distance trading became another important mode of spreading parasites. This review summarizes the spread of parasites using notable examples. In addition, the different hypotheses explaining the arrival of Plasmodium vivax and soil-transmitted helminths in pre-Columbian America are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich, UK
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21
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Garcia S. Pandemics and Traditional Plant-Based Remedies. A Historical-Botanical Review in the Era of COVID19. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571042. [PMID: 32983220 PMCID: PMC7485289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pandemics are as old as humanity and since ancient times we have turned to plants to find solutions to health-related problems. Traditional medicines based mostly on plants are still the only therapeutic possibility in many developing countries, but even in the richest ones, herbal formulation currently receives increased attention. Plants are natural laboratories whose complex secondary metabolism produces a wealth of chemical compounds, leading to drug discovery - 25% of widespread use drugs are indeed of plant origin. Their therapeutic potential is even bigger: although many plant-based compounds show inhibitory effects against a myriad of pathogens, few reach the stage of clinical trials. Their mechanism of action is often unknown, yet traditional plant-based remedies have the advantage of a long-term experience in their use, usually of hundreds to thousands of years, and thus a precious experience on their safety and effects. Here I am providing a non-systematic historical-botanical review of some of the most devastating pandemics that humanity has faced, with a focus on plant therapeutic uses. I will revisit the Middle Ages black death, in which a plant-based lotion (the four thieves vinegar) showed some effectiveness; the smallpox, a viral disease that lead to the discovery of vaccination but for which the native Americans had a plant ally, an interesting carnivorous plant species; tuberculosis and the use of garlic; the Spanish flu and the widespread recommendation of eating onions, among other plant-based treatments; and malaria, whose first effective treatment, quinine, came from the bark of a Peruvian tree, properties already known by the Quechua people. Synthetic analogues of quinine such as chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine are now being revisited for the treatment of COVID19 symptoms, as they are artemisinin and derivatives, other plant-based compounds effective against malaria. Finally, I will give some hints on another facet of plants to aid us in the prevention of infectious diseases: the production of biotechnological plant-based vaccines. Altogether, my aim is to stress the significant role of plants in global health (past, present and future) and the need of enhancing and protecting the botanical knowledge, from systematics to conservation, from ecology to ethnobotany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Mathieu LC, Cox H, Early AM, Mok S, Lazrek Y, Paquet JC, Ade MP, Lucchi NW, Grant Q, Udhayakumar V, Alexandre JS, Demar M, Ringwald P, Neafsey DE, Fidock DA, Musset L. Local emergence in Amazonia of Plasmodium falciparum k13 C580Y mutants associated with in vitro artemisinin resistance. eLife 2020; 9:51015. [PMID: 32394893 PMCID: PMC7217694 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance has historically arisen through convergent de novo mutations in Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in Southeast Asia and South America. For the past decade in Southeast Asia, artemisinins, the core component of first-line antimalarial therapies, have experienced delayed parasite clearance associated with several pfk13 mutations, primarily C580Y. We report that mutant pfk13 has emerged independently in Guyana, with genome analysis indicating an evolutionary origin distinct from Southeast Asia. Pfk13 C580Y parasites were observed in 1.6% (14/854) of samples collected in Guyana in 2016-2017. Introducing pfk13 C580Y or R539T mutations by gene editing into local parasites conferred high levels of in vitro artemisinin resistance. In vitro growth competition assays revealed a fitness cost associated with these pfk13 variants, potentially explaining why these resistance alleles have not increased in frequency more quickly in South America. These data place local malaria control efforts at risk in the Guiana Shield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana C Mathieu
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre Nationale de Référence du Paludisme, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Ecole Doctorale n°587, Diversités, Santé, et Développement en Amazonie, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Horace Cox
- Ministry of Public Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Angela M Early
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Sachel Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Yassamine Lazrek
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre Nationale de Référence du Paludisme, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jeanne-Celeste Paquet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Maria-Paz Ade
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, United States
| | - Naomi W Lucchi
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Quacy Grant
- Ministry of Public Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - Magalie Demar
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPAT), EA3593, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pascal Ringwald
- Global Malaria Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Neafsey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Lise Musset
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre Nationale de Référence du Paludisme, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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23
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Development of Nested PCR-Heteroduplex Mobility Assay for Determination of Genetic Diversity in the Block 2 Region of the Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1 Gene. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:9520326. [PMID: 32328299 PMCID: PMC7168720 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9520326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium parasite has significantly related to malaria control and vaccine development. The P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (Pfmsp1) gene is a commonly used molecular marker to differentiate genetic diversity. This study is aimed at developing a nested PCR-Heteroduplex Mobility Assay (nPCR-HMA) for determination of the block 2 of the Pfmsp1 gene. The MAD20 family allele of P. falciparum was used as a control for optimization of the annealing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis conditions. In order to evaluate the developed nPCR-HMA, 8 clinical P. falciparum isolates were examined for allelic variants. The results revealed 9 allelic variants. Our study indicated that the successful nPCR-HMA with good precision and accuracy offers a more rapid, efficient, and cheap method for large-scale molecular epidemiological studies as compared to nucleotide sequencing.
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24
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Knudson A, González-Casabianca F, Feged-Rivadeneira A, Pedreros MF, Aponte S, Olaya A, Castillo CF, Mancilla E, Piamba-Dorado A, Sanchez-Pedraza R, Salazar-Terreros MJ, Lucchi N, Udhayakumar V, Jacob C, Pance A, Carrasquilla M, Apráez G, Angel JA, Rayner JC, Corredor V. Spatio-temporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum transmission within a spatial unit on the Colombian Pacific Coast. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3756. [PMID: 32111872 PMCID: PMC7048816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As malaria control programmes concentrate their efforts towards malaria elimination a better understanding of malaria transmission patterns at fine spatial resolution units becomes necessary. Defining spatial units that consider transmission heterogeneity, human movement and migration will help to set up achievable malaria elimination milestones and guide the creation of efficient operational administrative control units. Using a combination of genetic and epidemiological data we defined a malaria transmission unit as the area contributing 95% of malaria cases diagnosed at the catchment facility located in the town of Guapi in the South Pacific Coast of Colombia. We provide data showing that P. falciparum malaria transmission is heterogeneous in time and space and analysed, using topological data analysis, the spatial connectivity, at the micro epidemiological level, between parasite populations circulating within the unit. To illustrate the necessity to evaluate the efficacy of malaria control measures within the transmission unit in order to increase the efficiency of the malaria control effort, we provide information on the size of the asymptomatic reservoir, the nature of parasite genotypes associated with drug resistance as well as the frequency of the Pfhrp2/3 deletion associated with false negatives when using Rapid Diagnostic Tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Knudson
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felipe González-Casabianca
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Gestión y desarrollo urbanos, Facultad de Ciencia Política, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Pedreros
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Samanda Aponte
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Olaya
- Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | | | - Elvira Mancilla
- Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | | | - Ricardo Sanchez-Pedraza
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Myriam Janeth Salazar-Terreros
- Post-doctoral fellow, Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (HEMOCENTRO), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Naomi Lucchi
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30030, GA, United States of America
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30030, GA, United States of America
| | - Chris Jacob
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Pance
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Carrasquilla
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Apráez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Jairo Andrés Angel
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom.
| | - Vladimir Corredor
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Moser KA, Drábek EF, Dwivedi A, Stucke EM, Crabtree J, Dara A, Shah Z, Adams M, Li T, Rodrigues PT, Koren S, Phillippy AM, Munro JB, Ouattara A, Sparklin BC, Dunning Hotopp JC, Lyke KE, Sadzewicz L, Tallon LJ, Spring MD, Jongsakul K, Lon C, Saunders DL, Ferreira MU, Nyunt MM, Laufer MK, Travassos MA, Sauerwein RW, Takala-Harrison S, Fraser CM, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Plowe CV, Silva JC. Strains used in whole organism Plasmodium falciparum vaccine trials differ in genome structure, sequence, and immunogenic potential. Genome Med 2020; 12:6. [PMID: 31915075 PMCID: PMC6950926 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) whole-organism sporozoite vaccines have been shown to provide significant protection against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) in clinical trials. Initial CHMI studies showed significantly higher durable protection against homologous than heterologous strains, suggesting the presence of strain-specific vaccine-induced protection. However, interpretation of these results and understanding of their relevance to vaccine efficacy have been hampered by the lack of knowledge on genetic differences between vaccine and CHMI strains, and how these strains are related to parasites in malaria endemic regions. METHODS Whole genome sequencing using long-read (Pacific Biosciences) and short-read (Illumina) sequencing platforms was conducted to generate de novo genome assemblies for the vaccine strain, NF54, and for strains used in heterologous CHMI (7G8 from Brazil, NF166.C8 from Guinea, and NF135.C10 from Cambodia). The assemblies were used to characterize sequences in each strain relative to the reference 3D7 (a clone of NF54) genome. Strains were compared to each other and to a collection of clinical isolates (sequenced as part of this study or from public repositories) from South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. RESULTS While few variants were detected between 3D7 and NF54, we identified tens of thousands of variants between NF54 and the three heterologous strains. These variants include SNPs, indels, and small structural variants that fall in regulatory and immunologically important regions, including transcription factors (such as PfAP2-L and PfAP2-G) and pre-erythrocytic antigens that may be key for sporozoite vaccine-induced protection. Additionally, these variants directly contributed to diversity in immunologically important regions of the genomes as detected through in silico CD8+ T cell epitope predictions. Of all heterologous strains, NF135.C10 had the highest number of unique predicted epitope sequences when compared to NF54. Comparison to global clinical isolates revealed that these four strains are representative of their geographic origin despite long-term culture adaptation; of note, NF135.C10 is from an admixed population, and not part of recently formed subpopulations resistant to artemisinin-based therapies present in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. CONCLUSIONS These results will assist in the interpretation of vaccine efficacy of whole-organism vaccines against homologous and heterologous CHMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A. Moser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Present address: Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Elliott F. Drábek
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Ankit Dwivedi
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Emily M. Stucke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Jonathan Crabtree
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Antoine Dara
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Zalak Shah
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Matthew Adams
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Tao Li
- Sanaria, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Priscila T. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergey Koren
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Adam M. Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - James B. Munro
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Amed Ouattara
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Benjamin C. Sparklin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Julie C. Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Kirsten E. Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Lisa Sadzewicz
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Luke J. Tallon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Michele D. Spring
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krisada Jongsakul
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanthap Lon
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David L. Saunders
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- Present address: Warfighter Expeditionary Medicine and Treatment, US Army Medical Material Development Activity, Frederick, USA
| | - Marcelo U. Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Myaing M. Nyunt
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Present address: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Miriam K. Laufer
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Mark A. Travassos
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Robert W. Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Shannon Takala-Harrison
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Claire M. Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | | | | | - Christopher V. Plowe
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Present address: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Joana C. Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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Martinez-Villegas L, Assis-Geraldo J, Koerich LB, Collier TC, Lee Y, Main BJ, Rodrigues NB, Orfano AS, Pires ACAM, Campolina TB, Nacif-Pimenta R, Baia-da-Silva DC, Duarte APM, Bahia AC, Rios-Velásquez CM, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Lanzaro GC, Secundino NFC, Pimenta PFP. Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Anopheles aquasalis, and phylogenetic divergences among Anopheles from diverse geographic zones. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219523. [PMID: 31479460 PMCID: PMC6720026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole mitogenome sequences (mtDNA) have been exploited for insect ecology studies, using them as molecular markers to reconstruct phylogenies, or to infer phylogeographic relationships and gene flow. Recent Anopheles phylogenomic studies have provided information regarding the time of deep lineage divergences within the genus. Here we report the complete 15,393 bp mtDNA sequences of Anopheles aquasalis, a Neotropical human malaria vector. When comparing its structure and base composition with other relevant and available anopheline mitogenomes, high similarity and conserved genomic features were observed. Furthermore, 22 mtDNA sequences comprising anopheline and Dipteran sibling species were analyzed to reconstruct phylogenies and estimate dates of divergence between taxa. Phylogenetic analysis using complete mtDNA sequences suggests that A. aquasalis diverged from the Anopheles albitarsis complex ~28 million years ago (MYA), and ~38 MYA from Anopheles darlingi. Bayesian analysis suggests that the most recent ancestor of Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles + Cellia was extant ~83 MYA, corroborating current estimates of ~79–100 MYA. Additional sampling and publication of African, Asian, and North American anopheline mitogenomes would improve the resolution of the Anopheles phylogeny and clarify early continental dispersal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martinez-Villegas
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Assis-Geraldo
- Biosystems Informatics and Genomics Group, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Koerich
- Laboratory of Physiology of Haematophagous Insects, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Travis C Collier
- Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley J Main
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nilton B Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Orfano
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C A M Pires
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais B Campolina
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Djane C Baia-da-Silva
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Duarte
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana C Bahia
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Institute Leonidas and Maria Deane, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nagila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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27
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Vera-Arias CA, Castro LE, Gómez-Obando J, Sáenz FE. Diverse origin of Plasmodium falciparum in northwest Ecuador. Malar J 2019; 18:251. [PMID: 31349843 PMCID: PMC6660669 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecuador plans to eliminate malaria by 2020, and the country has already seen a decrease in the number of cases from more than 100,000 in 2000 to only 618 in 2015. Around 30% of malaria infections in Ecuador are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Most malaria population genetics studies performed in Latin America, especially in the Pacific Coast, indicate a high clonality and a clear structure of P. falciparum populations. It was shown that an outbreak of P. falciparum in northwest Ecuador was the result of a clonal expansion of parasites circulating at low levels in the country or re-invading Ecuador from neighbouring territories. However, general characteristics of P. falciparum circulating in the northwest coast of Ecuador have not been determined. The main goal of this study was to genetically characterize the population structure of P. falciparum in coastal Ecuadorian localities bordering with Colombia. METHODS Molecular investigation of 41 samples collected from 2013 to 2016 in San Lorenzo County, northwest Ecuador was performed using seven neutral microsatellite markers. RESULTS The genetic population structure of P. falciparum in northwest Ecuador is clearly defined as three different genetic groups previously reported in Ecuador, Peru and Colombia. CONCLUSIONS The limited number of P. falciparum clonal types that are circulating in northwest Ecuador, are related to ancestral parasite clonal lineages reported in the Pacific Coast. These parasites could be a product of migration from neighbouring regions or residual clonal types circulating in the country in low proportions. Studies of the genetic characterization of P. falciparum in eliminating areas help determine the possible origin of parasites in order to create strategies to prevent the entrance of new lineages and achieve local elimination of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Vera-Arias
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de octubre 1076, Apartado: 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Javier Gómez-Obando
- Ministerio de Salud Pública, Distrito de Salud de San Lorenzo, San Lorenzo, Ecuador
| | - Fabián E Sáenz
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de octubre 1076, Apartado: 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador.
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Schmedes SE, Patel D, Kelley J, Udhayakumar V, Talundzic E. Using the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome for classifying mixed-species infections and inferring the geographical origin of P. falciparum parasites imported to the U.S. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215754. [PMID: 31039178 PMCID: PMC6490880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to identify mixed-species infections and track the origin of Plasmodium parasites can further enhance the development of treatment and prevention recommendations as well as outbreak investigations. Here, we explore the utility of using the full Plasmodium mitochondrial genome to classify Plasmodium species, detect mixed infections, and infer the geographical origin of imported P. falciparum parasites to the United States (U.S.). Using the recently developed standardized, high-throughput Malaria Resistance Surveillance (MaRS) protocol, the full Plasmodium mitochondrial genomes of 265 malaria cases imported to the U.S. from 2014-2017 were sequenced and analyzed. P. falciparum infections were found in 94.7% (251/265) of samples. Five percent (14/265) of samples were identified as mixed- Plasmodium species or non-P. falciparum, including P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, and P. ovale wallikeri. P. falciparum mitochondrial haplotypes analysis revealed greater than eighteen percent of samples to have at least two P. falciparum mitochondrial genome haplotypes, indicating either heteroplasmy or multi-clonal infections. Maximum-likelihood phylogenies of 912 P. falciparum mitochondrial genomes with known country origin were used to infer the geographical origin of thirteen samples from persons with unknown travel histories as: Africa (country unspecified) (n = 10), Ghana (n = 1), Southeast Asia (n = 1), and the Philippines (n = 1). We demonstrate the utility and current limitations of using the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome to classify samples with mixed-infections and infer the geographical origin of imported P. falciparum malaria cases to the U.S. with unknown travel history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Schmedes
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States America
| | - Dhruviben Patel
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
- Williams Consulting LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, United States America
| | - Julia Kelley
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
| | - Eldin Talundzic
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
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Moreno-Madriñán MJ, Turell M. History of Mosquitoborne Diseases in the United States and Implications for New Pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:821-826. [PMID: 29664379 PMCID: PMC5938790 DOI: 10.3201/eid2405.171609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction and spread of West Nile virus and the recent introduction of chikungunya and Zika viruses into the Americas have raised concern about the potential for various tropical pathogens to become established in North America. A historical analysis of yellow fever and malaria incidences in the United States suggests that it is not merely a temperate climate that keeps these pathogens from becoming established. Instead, socioeconomic changes are the most likely explanation for why these pathogens essentially disappeared from the United States yet remain a problem in tropical areas. In contrast to these anthroponotic pathogens that require humans in their transmission cycle, zoonotic pathogens are only slightly affected by socioeconomic factors, which is why West Nile virus became established in North America. In light of increasing globalization, we need to be concerned about the introduction of pathogens such as Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses.
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Origin of the New World Plasmodium vivax: Facts and New Approaches. Int Microbiol 2019; 22:337-342. [PMID: 30810995 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most important human diseases throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Global distribution and ample host range have contributed to the genetic diversity of the etiological agent, Plasmodium. Phylogeographical analyses demonstrated that Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax follow an Out of Africa (OOA) expansion, having a higher genetic diversity in African populations and a low genetic diversity in South American populations. Modeling the evolutionary rate of conserved genes for both P. falciparum and P. vivax determined the approximate arrival of human malaria in South America. Bayesian computational methods suggest that P. falciparum originated in Africa and arrived in South America through multiple independent introductions by the transatlantic African slave trade; however, in South America, P. vivax could have been introduced through an alternate migratory route. Alignments of P. vivax mitogenomes have revealed low genetic variation between the South American and Southeast Asian populations suggesting introduction through either pre-Columbian human migration or post-colonization events. To confirm the findings of these phylogeographical analyses, molecular methods were used to diagnose malaria infection in archeological remains of pre-Columbian ethnic groups. Immunohistochemistry tests were used and identified P. vivax but not P. falciparum in histologically prepared tissues from pre-Columbian Peruvian mummies, whereas shotgun metagenomics sequencing of DNA isolated from pre-Columbian Caribbean coprolites revealed Plasmodium-homologous reads; current evidence suggests that only P. vivax might have been present in pre-Columbian South America.
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31
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Lo E, Bonizzoni M, Hemming-Schroeder E, Ford A, Janies DA, James AA, Afrane Y, Etemesi H, Zhou G, Githeko A, Yan G. Selection and Utility of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers to Reveal Fine-Scale Population Structure in Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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32
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Rodrigues PT, Valdivia HO, de Oliveira TC, Alves JMP, Duarte AMRC, Cerutti-Junior C, Buery JC, Brito CFA, de Souza JC, Hirano ZMB, Bueno MG, Catão-Dias JL, Malafronte RS, Ladeia-Andrade S, Mita T, Santamaria AM, Calzada JE, Tantular IS, Kawamoto F, Raijmakers LRJ, Mueller I, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, Felger I, Ferreira MU. Human migration and the spread of malaria parasites to the New World. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1993. [PMID: 29386521 PMCID: PMC5792595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the mitogenomes of a large global collection of human malaria parasites to explore how and when Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax entered the Americas. We found evidence of a significant contribution of African and South Asian lineages to present-day New World malaria parasites with additional P. vivax lineages appearing to originate from Melanesia that were putatively carried by the Australasian peoples who contributed genes to Native Americans. Importantly, mitochondrial lineages of the P. vivax-like species P. simium are shared by platyrrhine monkeys and humans in the Atlantic Forest ecosystem, but not across the Amazon, which most likely resulted from one or a few recent human-to-monkey transfers. While enslaved Africans were likely the main carriers of P. falciparum mitochondrial lineages into the Americas after the conquest, additional parasites carried by Australasian peoples in pre-Columbian times may have contributed to the extensive diversity of extant local populations of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila T Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Laboratory of Immunology and Parasite Genomics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Thais C de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria R C Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Superintendency for the Control of Endemics (SUCEN), State Secretary of Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julyana C Buery
- Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Cristiana F A Brito
- Laboratory of Malaria, René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Júlio César de Souza
- Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
- Center of Biological Research of Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
| | - Zelinda M B Hirano
- Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
- Center of Biological Research of Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
| | - Marina G Bueno
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosely S Malafronte
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Ladeia-Andrade
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Toshihiro Mita
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ana Maria Santamaria
- Department of Parasitology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health, Panama City, Panama
| | - José E Calzada
- Department of Parasitology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health, Panama City, Panama
| | - Indah S Tantular
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fumihiko Kawamoto
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Scientific Research, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Leonie R J Raijmakers
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M Andreina Pacheco
- Department of Biology, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ananias A Escalante
- Department of Biology, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Simpalipan P, Pattaradilokrat S, Harnyuttanakorn P. Global sequence diversity of the lactate dehydrogenase gene in Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2018; 17:16. [PMID: 29316927 PMCID: PMC5761093 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been recommended by the World Health Organization for use in remote areas to improve malaria case management. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of Plasmodium falciparum is one of the main parasite antigens employed by various commercial RDTs. It has been hypothesized that the poor detection of LDH-based RDTs is attributed in part to the sequence diversity of the gene. To test this, the present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of the P. falciparum ldh gene in Thailand and to construct the map of LDH sequence diversity in P. falciparum populations worldwide. METHODS The ldh gene was sequenced for 50 P. falciparum isolates in Thailand and compared with hundreds of sequences from P. falciparum populations worldwide. Several indices of molecular variation were calculated, including the proportion of polymorphic sites, the average nucleotide diversity index (π), and the haplotype diversity index (H). Tests of positive selection and neutrality tests were performed to determine signatures of natural selection on the gene. Mean genetic distance within and between species of Plasmodium ldh was analysed to infer evolutionary relationships. RESULTS Nucleotide sequences of P. falciparum ldh could be classified into 9 alleles, encoding 5 isoforms of LDH. L1a was the most common allelic type and was distributed in P. falciparum populations worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum ldh sequences were highly conserved, with haplotype and nucleotide diversity values of 0.203 and 0.0004, respectively. The extremely low genetic diversity was maintained by purifying selection, likely due to functional constraints. Phylogenetic analysis inferred the close genetic relationship of P. falciparum to malaria parasites of great apes, rather than to other human malaria parasites. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the global genetic variation of the ldh gene in P. falciparum, providing knowledge for improving detection of LDH-based RDTs and supporting the candidacy of LDH as a therapeutic drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumin Simpalipan
- Zoology Ph.D. Programme, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Abstract
Despite the incessant efforts to decrease exorbitant number of daily deaths, malaria remains a major threat to the public health in many countries. Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, it is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites that have become resistant to many antimalarial drugs. In this context, series of metal-based compounds have been screened for optimal activity against different Plasmodium species and strains. This chapter briefly reviews current and potential uses of metal complexes (such as iron, cobalt, nickel, gallium, copper, gold, and silver), metal chelators, and organometallic compounds, as interesting medicinal agents that greatly benefits the fight against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Rai
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra India
| | - Avinash P. Ingle
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra India
| | - Serenella Medici
- Departmento Di Chimica Farmacia, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Rougeron V, Tiedje KE, Chen DS, Rask TS, Gamboa D, Maestre A, Musset L, Legrand E, Noya O, Yalcindag E, Renaud F, Prugnolle F, Day KP. Evolutionary structure of Plasmodium falciparum major variant surface antigen genes in South America: Implications for epidemic transmission and surveillance. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9376-9390. [PMID: 29187975 PMCID: PMC5696401 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong founder effects resulting from human migration out of Africa have led to geographic variation in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites (MS) of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This is particularly striking in South America where two major founder populations of P. falciparum have been identified that are presumed to have arisen from the transatlantic slave trade. Given the importance of the major variant surface antigen of the blood stages of P. falciparum as both a virulence factor and target of immunity, we decided to investigate the population genetics of the genes encoding “Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1” (PfEMP1) among several countries in South America, in order to evaluate the transmission patterns of malaria in this continent. Deep sequencing of the DBLα domain of var genes from 128 P. falciparum isolates from five locations in South America was completed using a 454 high throughput sequencing protocol. Striking geographic variation in var DBLα sequences, similar to that seen for SNPs and MS markers, was observed. Colombia and French Guiana had distinct var DBLα sequences, whereas Peru and Venezuela showed an admixture. The importance of such geographic variation to herd immunity and malaria vaccination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA.,MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224 Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier France
| | - Kathryn E Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA.,School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Donald S Chen
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Thomas S Rask
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA.,School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt and Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Peru
| | - Amanda Maestre
- Grupo Salud y Comunidad Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Antioquía Medellín Colombia
| | - Lise Musset
- Parasitology UnitInstitut Pasteur de Guyane Cayenne Cedex French Guiana
| | - Eric Legrand
- Parasitology UnitInstitut Pasteur de Guyane Cayenne Cedex French Guiana.,Unit of Genetics and Genomics on Insect Vectors Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Oscar Noya
- Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud "Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón" Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas Venezuela
| | - Erhan Yalcindag
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224 Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier France
| | - François Renaud
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224 Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224 Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier France
| | - Karen P Day
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA.,School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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Ruybal-Pesántez S, Tiedje KE, Rorick MM, Amenga-Etego L, Ghansah A, R. Oduro A, Koram KA, Day KP. Lack of Geospatial Population Structure Yet Significant Linkage Disequilibrium in the Reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in Bongo District, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1180-1189. [PMID: 28722587 PMCID: PMC5637601 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria control in West Africa is impeded by the large reservoir of chronic asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in the human population. This study aimed to assess the extent of diversity in the P. falciparum reservoir in Bongo District (BD), Ghana, at the end of the dry season, the lowest point in malaria transmission over the course of the year. Analysis of the variation in 12 microsatellite loci was completed for 200 P. falciparum isolates collected from a cross-sectional survey of residents of all ages from two catchment areas in BD. Analysis of the multilocus haplotypes showed high levels of genetic diversity (He = 0.74), no population differentiation yet significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) (ISA = 0.0127, P = 0.006) in BD. Multilocus LD was significant between and within catchment areas even though every haplotype in the population was unique and the majority of individuals (84.0%) harbored multiple-clone infections. The linkage structure among multilocus haplotypes was not associated with sampling location. These data provide the first study with deep sampling of the P. falciparum reservoir in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in West Africa. The co-occurrence of high multiplicity of infection (multiple-clone infections) with significant multilocus LD is surprising given the likelihood of high recombination rates in BD. The results suggest that the linkage structure among multilocus haplotypes has not been shaped by geographic separation of parasite populations. Furthermore, the observed LD levels provide a baseline population genetic metric with putatively neutral markers to evaluate the effects of seasonality and malaria control efforts in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Ruybal-Pesántez
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute/The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute/The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Mary M. Rorick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Anita Ghansah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Kwadwo A. Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Karen P. Day
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute/The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York
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Genetic analysis of ID1-DBL2X predicts its validity as a vaccine candidate in Colombia and supports at least two independently introduced Plasmodium falciparum populations in the region. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:175-185. [PMID: 28893687 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) poses a threat to both the mother and fetus, increasing the risk of severe maternal anemia, fetal growth restriction and low birth weight infants. Two vaccines are currently in development to protect women from Plasmodium falciparum in pregnancy. Both vaccine constructs target the ID1-DBL2X domain of VAR2CSA, a protein expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes (IEs) that mediates parasite sequestration in the placenta. Although development of an effective vaccine may be hampered by ID1-DBL2X polymorphisms expressed by field isolates, a recent study showed that genetic variation of this domain in South American parasite populations is much lower than in other geographical locations. This suggests that a recombinant vaccine designed to be efficacious in Africa and Asia is likely to be efficacious in South America. However, these studies did not include Colombian parasite populations in their analyses, which are known to be genetically distinct from other South American parasite populations due to their independent introduction from Africa. Therefore, we sought to determine the genetic variation of the ID1-DBL2X domain in Colombian parasites to assess the potential efficacy of the vaccine against PAM in this region. Through sequence analysis and population genetics, we show that there is a low degree of genetic variation amongst Colombian parasite populations and that a vaccine containing conserved antigen variants for worldwide populations is likely to be protective against PAM in Colombia. Our analysis also points towards an African origin for Colombian parasite populations, and suggests that their introduction into Colombia was a recurrent process encompassing multiple introduction events.
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Microsatellites Reveal Genetic Homogeneity among Outbreak Populations of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris) on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. DIVERSITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/d9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Modeling of the ecological niches of the anopheles spp in Ecuador by the use of geo-informatic tools. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2016; 21:1-11. [PMID: 28552183 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ecuador in the northwestern edge of South America is struggling by vector-borne diseases with an endemic-epidemic behavior leading to an enormous public health problem. Malaria, which has a cyclicality in its dynamics, is closely related to climatic, ecological and socio-economic phenomena. The main objective of this research has been to compare three different prediction species models, the so-called Maxent, logistic regression and multi criteria evaluation with fuzzy logic, in order to determine the model which best describes the ecological niche of the Anopheles spp species, which transmits malaria within Ecuador. After performing a detailed data collection and data processing, we applied the mentioned models and validated them with a statistical analysis in order to discover that the Maxent model has been the model that best defines the distribution of Anopheles spp within the territory. The determined sites, which are of high strategic value and important for the increasing national development, will now be able to initiate preventive countermeasures based on this study.
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40
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Young HS, Parker IM, Gilbert GS, Sofia Guerra A, Nunn CL. Introduced Species, Disease Ecology, and Biodiversity-Disease Relationships. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 32:41-54. [PMID: 28029377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Species introductions are a dominant component of biodiversity change but are not explicitly included in most discussions of biodiversity-disease relationships. This is a major oversight given the multitude of effects that introduced species have on both parasitism and native hosts. Drawing on both animal and plant systems, we review the competing mechanistic pathways by which biological introductions influence parasite diversity and prevalence. While some mechanisms - such as local changes in phylogenetic composition and global homogenization - have strong explanatory potential, the net effects of introduced species, especially at local scales, remain poorly understood. Integrative, community-scale studies that explicitly incorporate introduced species are needed to make effective predictions about the effects of realistic biodiversity change and conservation action on disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary S Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Ingrid M Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ana Sofia Guerra
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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41
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Molina-Cruz A, Zilversmit MM, Neafsey DE, Hartl DL, Barillas-Mury C. Mosquito Vectors and the Globalization of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 50:447-465. [PMID: 27732796 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a devastating public health problem. Recent discoveries have shed light on the origin and evolution of Plasmodium parasites and their interactions with their vertebrate and mosquito hosts. P. falciparum malaria originated in Africa from a single horizontal transfer between an infected gorilla and a human, and became global as the result of human migration. Today, P. falciparum malaria is transmitted worldwide by more than 70 different anopheline mosquito species. Recent studies indicate that the mosquito immune system can be a barrier to malaria transmission and that the P. falciparum Pfs47 gene allows the parasite to evade mosquito immune detection. Here, we review the origin and globalization of P. falciparum and integrate this history with analysis of the biology, evolution, and dispersal of the main mosquito vectors. This new perspective broadens our understanding of P. falciparum population structure and the dispersal of important parasite genetic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852;
| | - Martine M Zilversmit
- Richard Guilder Graduate School and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
| | - Daniel E Neafsey
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Daniel L Hartl
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852;
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42
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Mitochondrial DNA from the eradicated European Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum from 70-year-old slides from the Ebro Delta in Spain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11495-11500. [PMID: 27671660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611017113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium parasites has indicated that their modern-day distribution is a result of a series of human-mediated dispersals involving transport between Africa, Europe, America, and Asia. A major outstanding question is the phylogenetic affinity of the malaria causing parasites Plasmodium vivax and falciparum in historic southern Europe-where it was endemic until the mid-20th century, after which it was eradicated across the region. Resolving the identity of these parasites will be critical for answering several hypotheses on the malaria dispersal. Recently, a set of slides with blood stains of malaria-affected people from the Ebro Delta (Spain), dated between 1942 and 1944, have been found in a local medical collection. We extracted DNA from three slides, two of them stained with Giemsa (on which Plasmodium parasites could still be seen under the microscope) and another one consisting of dried blood spots. We generated the data using Illumina sequencing after using several strategies aimed at increasing the Plasmodium DNA yield: depletion of the human genomic (g)DNA content through hybridization with human gDNA baits, and capture-enrichment using gDNA derived from P. falciparum Plasmodium mitochondrial genome sequences were subsequently reconstructed from the resulting data. Phylogenetic analysis of the eradicated European P. vivax mtDNA genome indicates that the European isolate is closely related to the most common present-day American haplotype and likely entered the American continent post-Columbian contact. Furthermore, the European P. falciparum mtDNA indicates a link with current Indian strains that is in agreement with historical accounts.
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43
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Rey O, Fourtune L, Paz-Vinas I, Loot G, Veyssière C, Roche B, Blanchet S. Elucidating the spatio-temporal dynamics of an emerging wildlife pathogen using approximate Bayesian computation. Mol Ecol 2016; 24:5348-63. [PMID: 26416083 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging pathogens constitute a severe threat for human health and biodiversity. Determining the status (native or non-native) of emerging pathogens, and tracing back their spatio-temporal dynamics, is crucial to understand the eco-evolutionary factors promoting their emergence, to control their spread and mitigate their impacts. However, tracing back the spatio-temporal dynamics of emerging wildlife pathogens is challenging because (i) they are often neglected until they become sufficiently abundant and pose socio-economical concerns and (ii) their geographical range is often little known. Here, we combined classical population genetics tools and approximate Bayesian computation (i.e. ABC) to retrace the dynamics of Tracheliastes polycolpus, a poorly documented pathogenic ectoparasite emerging in Western Europe that threatens several freshwater fish species. Our results strongly suggest that populations of T. polycolpus in France emerged from individuals originating from a unique genetic pool that were most likely introduced in the 1920s in central France. From this initial population, three waves of colonization occurred into peripheral watersheds within the next two decades. We further demonstrated that populations remained at low densities, and hence undetectable, during 10 years before a major demographic expansion occurred, and before its official detection in France. These findings corroborate and expand the few historical records available for this emerging pathogen. More generally, our study demonstrates how ABC can be used to determine the status, reconstruct the colonization history and infer key evolutionary parameters of emerging wildlife pathogens with low data availability, and for which samples from the putative native area are inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rey
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Lisa Fourtune
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Ivan Paz-Vinas
- CNRS, UPS, ENFA, Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB) UMR 5174, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR-5174 (EDB), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR 7263 - IMBE, Équipe EGE, Centre Saint-Charles, Case 36, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, Cedex 3, France
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR-5174 (EDB), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Charlotte Veyssière
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- IRD, UPMC, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes (UMMISCO), 32 avenue Varagnat, 93143, Bondy, Cedex, France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France.,CNRS, UPS, ENFA, Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB) UMR 5174, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
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Microsatellite Genotyping of Plasmodium vivax Isolates from Pregnant Women in Four Malaria Endemic Countries. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152447. [PMID: 27011010 PMCID: PMC4807005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human parasite and the main cause of human malaria outside the African continent. However, the knowledge about the genetic variability of P. vivax is limited when compared to the information available for P. falciparum. We present the results of a study aimed at characterizing the genetic structure of P. vivax populations obtained from pregnant women from different malaria endemic settings. Between June 2008 and October 2011 nearly 2000 pregnant women were recruited during routine antenatal care at each site and followed up until delivery. A capillary blood sample from the study participants was collected for genotyping at different time points. Seven P. vivax microsatellite markers were used for genotypic characterization on a total of 229 P. vivax isolates obtained from Brazil, Colombia, India and Papua New Guinea. In each population, the number of alleles per locus, the expected heterozygosity and the levels of multilocus linkage disequilibrium were assessed. The extent of genetic differentiation among populations was also estimated. Six microsatellite loci on 137 P. falciparum isolates from three countries were screened for comparison. The mean value of expected heterozygosity per country ranged from 0.839 to 0.874 for P. vivax and from 0.578 to 0.758 for P. falciparum. P. vivax populations were more diverse than those of P. falciparum. In some of the studied countries, the diversity of P. vivax population was very high compared to the respective level of endemicity. The level of inter-population differentiation was moderate to high in all P. vivax and P. falciparum populations studied.
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Bianucci R, Araujo A, Pusch CM, Nerlich AG. The identification of malaria in paleopathology-An in-depth assessment of the strategies to detect malaria in ancient remains. Acta Trop 2015; 152:176-180. [PMID: 26366472 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive analyses of human remains from various places and time periods, either by immunological or molecular approaches, provide circumstantial evidence that malaria tropica haunted humankind at least since dynastic ancient Egypt. Here we summarize the "actual state-of-the-art" of these bio-molecular investigations and offer a solid basis for the discussion of the paleopathology of malaria in human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bianucci
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, University of Turin, Italy; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway; UMR 7568, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Etique & Santé (Adés), Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, France
| | - Adauto Araujo
- Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carsten M Pusch
- Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas G Nerlich
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum München-Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany.
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Mvé-Ondo B, Nkoghe D, Arnathau C, Rougeron V, Bisvigou U, Mouele LY, Boundenga L, Durand P, Elguero E, Lemmers S, Délicat-Loembet LM, Diamella-Moukodoum N, Paupy C, Renaud F, Prugnolle F, Ollomo B. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Baka Pygmies and their Bantu neighbours in the north of Gabon. Malar J 2015; 14:395. [PMID: 26450086 PMCID: PMC4599724 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There have been many reports on the population genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum from different endemic regions especially sub-Saharan Africa. However, few studies have been performed on neglected populations, such as the Pygmy populations. In this study, the population genetic structure of P. falciparum was investigated in the Baka Pygmies of Gabon and compared to that observed in neighboring villages composed mostly of Bantu farmers. Methods A total of 342 blood samples were collected from 170 Baka Pygmies and 172 Bantus in the north of Gabon (Woleu Ntem Province). Plasmodium infections were characterized by sequencing a portion of the parasite cytochrome b gene. Population genetic structure of P. falciparum in the different villages was analysed using microsatellite markers and genes coding for antigenic proteins (MSP1, MSP2, GLURP, and EBA-175). Results Overall, prevalence of P. falciparum was around 57 % and no significant difference of prevalence was observed between Pygmies and Bantus. No significant differences of population genetic structure of P. falciparum was found between Pygmy and Bantu people except for one antigen-coding gene, glurp, for which genetic data suggested the existence of a potentially disruptive selection acting on this gene in the two types of populations. The genetic structure of P. falciparum followed a pattern of isolation by distance at the scale of the study. Conclusion The prevalence and genetic diversity of P. falciparum observed in Baka demonstrates a significant transmission of the parasite in this population, and some exchanges of parasites with Bantu neighbours. Despite that, some antigen-coding genes seem to have had a particular evolutionary trajectory in certain Pygmy populations due to specific local human and/or mosquito characteristics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0862-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Mvé-Ondo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Ecole Doctorale Régionale d'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, BP 876, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Dieudonné Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Ministry of Health, BP 50, Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Lauriane Yacka Mouele
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Fac de Médecine, UMR-BIOMED, BP 8507, Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie évolutive, Université Cheikh AntaDiop de Dakar, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Eric Elguero
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Simone Lemmers
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, England, UK.
| | | | - Nancy Diamella-Moukodoum
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Fac de Médecine, UMR-BIOMED, BP 8507, Libreville, Gabon.
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Molina-Cruz A, Barillas-Mury C. The remarkable journey of adaptation of the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite to New World anopheline mosquitoes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:662-7. [PMID: 25185006 PMCID: PMC4156459 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum originated in Africa, dispersed around the
world as a result of human migration and had to adapt to several different indigenous
anopheline mosquitoes. Anophelines from the New World are evolutionary distant form
African ones and this probably resulted in a more stringent selection of
Plasmodium as it adapted to these vectors. It is thought that
Plasmodium has been genetically selected by some anopheline species
through unknown mechanisms. The mosquito immune system can greatly limit infection
and P. falciparum evolved a strategy to evade these responses, at
least in part mediated by Pfs47, a highly polymorphic gene. We
propose that adaptation of P. falciparum to new vectors may require
evasion of their immune system. Parasites with a Pfs47 haplotype
compatible with the indigenous mosquito vector would be able to survive and be
transmitted. The mosquito antiplasmodial response could be an important determinant
of P. falciparum population structure and could affect malaria
transmission in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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48
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Griffing SM, Tauil PL, Udhayakumar V, Silva-Flannery L. A historical perspective on malaria control in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:701-18. [PMID: 26517649 PMCID: PMC4667572 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria has always been an important public health problem in Brazil. The early history of Brazilian malaria and its control was powered by colonisation by Europeans and the forced relocation of Africans as slaves. Internal migration brought malaria to many regions in Brazil where, given suitable Anopheles mosquito vectors, it thrived. Almost from the start, officials recognised the problem malaria presented to economic development, but early control efforts were hampered by still developing public health control and ignorance of the underlying biology and ecology of malaria. Multiple regional and national malaria control efforts have been attempted with varying success. At present, the Amazon Basin accounts for 99% of Brazil's reported malaria cases with regional increases in incidence often associated with large scale public works or migration. Here, we provide an exhaustive summary of primary literature in English, Spanish and Portuguese regarding Brazilian malaria control. Our goal was not to interpret the history of Brazilian malaria control from a particular political or theoretical perspective, but rather to provide a straightforward, chronological narrative of the events that have transpired in Brazil over the past 200 years and identify common themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Michael Griffing
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health,
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, GA,
USA
| | - Pedro Luiz Tauil
- Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF,
Brasil
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health,
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, GA,
USA
| | - Luciana Silva-Flannery
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health,
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, GA,
USA
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49
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Manrique P, Hoshi M, Fasabi M, Nolasco O, Yori P, Calderón M, Gilman RH, Kosek MN, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D. Assessment of an automated capillary system for Plasmodium vivax microsatellite genotyping. Malar J 2015; 14:326. [PMID: 26293655 PMCID: PMC4546211 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several platforms have been used to generate the primary data for microsatellite analysis of malaria parasite genotypes. Each has relative advantages but share a limitation of being time- and cost-intensive. A commercially available automated capillary gel cartridge system was assessed in the microsatellite analysis of Plasmodium vivax diversity in the Peruvian Amazon. METHODS The reproducibility and accuracy of a commercially-available automated capillary system, QIAxcel, was assessed using a sequenced PCR product of 227 base pairs. This product was measured 42 times, then 27 P. vivax samples from Peruvian Amazon subjects were analyzed with this instrument using five informative microsatellites. Results from the QIAxcel system were compared with a Sanger-type sequencing machine, the ABI PRISM(®) 3100 Genetic Analyzer. RESULTS Significant differences were seen between the sequenced amplicons and the results from the QIAxcel instrument. Different runs, plates and cartridges yielded significantly different results. Additionally, allele size decreased with each run by 0.045, or 1 bp, every three plates. QIAxcel and ABI PRISM systems differed in giving different values than those obtained by ABI PRISM, and too many (i.e. inaccurate) alleles per locus were also seen with the automated instrument. CONCLUSIONS While P. vivax diversity could generally be estimated using an automated capillary gel cartridge system, the data demonstrate that this system is not sufficiently precise for reliably identifying parasite strains via microsatellite analysis. This conclusion reached after systematic analysis was due both to inadequate precision and poor reproducibility in measuring PCR product size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Manrique
- Malaria Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Mari Hoshi
- Malaria Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | | | - Oscar Nolasco
- Malaria Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Pablo Yori
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Martiza Calderón
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Malaria Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Malaria Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. .,Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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50
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Escalante AA, Ferreira MU, Vinetz JM, Volkman SK, Cui L, Gamboa D, Krogstad DJ, Barry AE, Carlton JM, van Eijk AM, Pradhan K, Mueller I, Greenhouse B, Andreina Pacheco M, Vallejo AF, Herrera S, Felger I. Malaria Molecular Epidemiology: Lessons from the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research Network. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:79-86. [PMID: 26259945 PMCID: PMC4574277 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology leverages genetic information to study the risk factors that affect the frequency and distribution of malaria cases. This article describes molecular epidemiologic investigations currently being carried out by the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) network in a variety of malaria-endemic settings. First, we discuss various novel approaches to understand malaria incidence and gametocytemia, focusing on Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Second, we describe and compare different parasite genotyping methods commonly used in malaria epidemiology and population genetics. Finally, we discuss potential applications of molecular epidemiological tools and methods toward malaria control and elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananias A. Escalante
- *Address correspondence to Ananias A. Escalante, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street Philadelphia, PA 19122-1801, E-mail: or Marcelo U. Ferreira, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374 - Edifício Biomédicas II, São Paulo, Brazil CEP CEP 05508-900, E-mail: or Ingrid Felger, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland, E-mail:
| | - Marcelo U. Ferreira
- *Address correspondence to Ananias A. Escalante, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street Philadelphia, PA 19122-1801, E-mail: or Marcelo U. Ferreira, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374 - Edifício Biomédicas II, São Paulo, Brazil CEP CEP 05508-900, E-mail: or Ingrid Felger, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland, E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid Felger
- *Address correspondence to Ananias A. Escalante, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street Philadelphia, PA 19122-1801, E-mail: or Marcelo U. Ferreira, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374 - Edifício Biomédicas II, São Paulo, Brazil CEP CEP 05508-900, E-mail: or Ingrid Felger, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland, E-mail:
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