1
|
Brauer EK, Bosnich W, Holy K, Thapa I, Krishnan S, Moatter Syed, Bredow M, Sproule A, Power M, Johnston A, Cloutier M, Haribabu N, Izhar U H Khan, Diallo JS, Monaghan J, Chabot D, Overy DP, Subramaniam R, Piñeros M, Blackwell B, Harris LJ. A cyclic lipopeptide from Fusarium graminearum targets plant membranes to promote virulence. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114384. [PMID: 38970790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial plant pathogens deploy amphipathic cyclic lipopeptides to reduce surface tension in their environment. While plants can detect these molecules to activate cellular stress responses, the role of these lipopeptides or associated host responses in pathogenesis are not fully clear. The gramillin cyclic lipopeptide is produced by the Fusarium graminearum fungus and is a virulence factor and toxin in maize. Here, we show that gramillin promotes virulence and necrosis in both monocots and dicots by disrupting ion balance across membranes. Gramillin is a cation-conducting ionophore and causes plasma membrane depolarization. This disruption triggers cellular signaling, including a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), transcriptional reprogramming, and callose production. Gramillin-induced ROS depends on expression of host ILK1 and RBOHD genes, which promote fungal induction of virulence genes during infection and host susceptibility. We conclude that gramillin's ionophore activity targets plant membranes to coordinate attack by the F. graminearum fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Brauer
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada.
| | - Whynn Bosnich
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Kirsten Holy
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Indira Thapa
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Srinivasan Krishnan
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Moatter Syed
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Melissa Bredow
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Biological Sciences Complex, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Monique Power
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Anne Johnston
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Michel Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Naveen Haribabu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Izhar U H Khan
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Biological Sciences Complex, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Denise Chabot
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - David P Overy
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Miguel Piñeros
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Barbara Blackwell
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bayer EM, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Plasmodesmata: Channels Under Pressure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:291-317. [PMID: 38424063 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-093110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Multicellularity has emerged multiple times in evolution, enabling groups of cells to share a living space and reducing the burden of solitary tasks. While unicellular organisms exhibit individuality and independence, cooperation among cells in multicellular organisms brings specialization and flexibility. However, multicellularity also necessitates intercellular dependence and relies on intercellular communication. In plants, this communication is facilitated by plasmodesmata: intercellular bridges that allow the direct (cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm) transfer of information between cells. Plasmodesmata transport essential molecules that regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. They are embedded in the extracellular matrix but exhibit flexibility, adapting intercellular flux to meet the plant's needs.In this review, we delve into the formation and functionality of plasmodesmata and examine the capacity of the plant communication network to respond to developmental and environmental cues. We illustrate how environmental pressure shapes cellular interactions and aids the plant in adapting its growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave D'Ornon, France;
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- School of Biology, Centre for Plant Sciences, and Astbury Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tee EE, Faulkner C. Plasmodesmata and intercellular molecular traffic control. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:32-47. [PMID: 38494438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are plasma membrane-lined connections that join plant cells to their neighbours, establishing an intercellular cytoplasmic continuum through which molecules can travel between cells, tissues, and organs. As plasmodesmata connect almost all cells in plants, their molecular traffic carries information and resources across a range of scales, but dynamic control of plasmodesmal aperture can change the possible domains of molecular exchange under different conditions. Plasmodesmal aperture is controlled by specialised signalling cascades accommodated in spatially discrete membrane and cell wall domains. Thus, the composition of plasmodesmata defines their capacity for molecular trafficking. Further, their shape and density can likewise define trafficking capacity, with the cell walls between different cell types hosting different numbers and forms of plasmodesmata to drive molecular flux in physiologically important directions. The molecular traffic that travels through plasmodesmata ranges from small metabolites through to proteins, and possibly even larger mRNAs. Smaller molecules are transmitted between cells via passive mechanisms but how larger molecules are efficiently trafficked through plasmodesmata remains a key question in plasmodesmal biology. How plasmodesmata are formed, the shape they take, what they are made of, and what passes through them regulate molecular traffic through plants, underpinning a wide range of plant physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estee E Tee
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iswanto ABB, Vu MH, Shon JC, Kumar R, Wu S, Kang H, Kim DR, Son GH, Kim WY, Kwak YS, Liu KH, Kim SH, Kim JY. α1-COP modulates plasmodesmata function through sphingolipid enzyme regulation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38888228 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Callose, a β-1,3-glucan plant cell wall polymer, regulates symplasmic channel size at plasmodesmata (PD) and plays a crucial role in a variety of plant processes. However, elucidating the molecular mechanism of PD callose homeostasis is limited. We screened and identified an Arabidopsis mutant plant with excessive callose deposition at PD and found that the mutated gene was α1-COP, a member of the coat protein I (COPI) coatomer complex. We report that loss of function of α1-COP elevates the callose accumulation at PD by affecting subcellular protein localization of callose degradation enzyme PdBG2. This process is linked to the functions of ERH1, an inositol phosphoryl ceramide synthase, and glucosylceramide synthase through physical interactions with the α1-COP protein. Additionally, the loss of function of α1-COP alters the subcellular localization of ERH1 and GCS proteins, resulting in a reduction of GlcCers and GlcHCers molecules, which are key sphingolipid (SL) species for lipid raft formation. Our findings suggest that α1-COP protein, together with SL modifiers controlling lipid raft compositions, regulates the subcellular localization of GPI-anchored PDBG2 proteins, and hence the callose turnover at PD and symplasmic movement of biomolecules. Our findings provide the first key clue to link the COPI-mediated intracellular trafficking pathway to the callose-mediated intercellular signaling pathway through PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Shuwei Wu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Da-Ran Kim
- Departement of Plant Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Woe Yoen Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Departement of Plant Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Vatankhah M, Kennedy JF. Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131105. [PMID: 38531527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is composed of N-acetylglucosamine units. Chitin a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, can elicit a potent defense response in plants. Through the activation of defense genes, stimulation of defensive compound production, and reinforcement of physical barriers, chitin enhances the plant's ability to defend against pathogens. Chitin-based treatments have shown efficacy against various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and have been integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, chitin treatments have demonstrated additional benefits, such as promoting plant growth and improving tolerance to abiotic stresses. Further research is necessary to optimize treatment parameters, explore chitin derivatives, and conduct long-term field studies. Continued efforts in these areas will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sankoh AF, Adjei J, Roberts DM, Burch-Smith TM. Comparing Methods for Detection and Quantification of Plasmodesmal Callose in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves During Defense Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:427-431. [PMID: 38377039 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0152-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Callose, a β-(1,3)-d-glucan polymer, is essential for regulating intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata (PD). Pathogens manipulate PD-localized proteins to enable intercellular trafficking by removing callose at PD or, conversely, by increasing callose accumulation at PD to limit intercellular trafficking during infection. Plant defense hormones like salicylic acid regulate PD-localized proteins to control PD and intercellular trafficking during immune defense responses such as systemic acquired resistance. Measuring callose deposition at PD in plants has therefore emerged as a popular parameter for assessing likely intercellular trafficking activity during plant immunity. Despite the popularity of this metric, there is no standard for how these measurements should be made. In this study, three commonly used methods for identifying and quantifying plasmodesmal callose by aniline blue staining were evaluated to determine the most effective in the Nicotiana benthamiana leaf model. The results reveal that the most reliable method used aniline blue staining and fluorescence microscopy to measure callose deposition in fixed tissue. Manual or semiautomated workflows for image analysis were also compared and found to produce similar results, although the semiautomated workflow produced a wider distribution of data points. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie F Sankoh
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Adjei
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, U.S.A
| | - Daniel M Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh D, Mathur S, Ranjan R. Pattern recognition receptors as potential therapeutic targets for developing immunological engineered plants. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:525-555. [PMID: 38762279 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to combat pathogen infestations in crop plants to ensure food security worldwide. To counter this, plants have developed innate immunity mediated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage- associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). PRRs activate Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), a defence mechanism involving intricate cell-surface and intracellular receptors. The diverse ligand-binding ectodomains of PRRs, including leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and lectin domains, facilitate the recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs. Pathogen resistance is mediated by a variety of PTI responses, including membrane depolarization, ROS production, and the induction of defence genes. An integral part of intracellular immunity is the Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain, Leucine-rich Repeat proteins (NLRs) which recognize and respond to effectors in a potent manner. Enhanced understanding of PRRs, their ligands, and downstream signalling pathways has contributed to the identification of potential targets for genetically modified plants. By transferring PRRs across plant species, it is possible to create broad-spectrum resistance, potentially offering innovative solutions for plant protection and global food security. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an update on PRRs involved in disease resistance, clarify the mechanisms by which PRRs recognize ligands to form active receptor complexes and present various applications of PRRs and PTI in disease resistance management for plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Singh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India
| | - Shivangi Mathur
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India
| | - Rajiv Ranjan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li P, Liang C, Jiao J, Ruan Z, Sun M, Fu X, Zhao J, Wang T, Zhong S. Exogenous priming of chitosan induces resistance in Chinese prickly ash against stem canker caused by Fusarium zanthoxyli. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129119. [PMID: 38185296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Stem canker is a highly destructive disease that threatens prickly ash plantations in China. This study demonstrated the effective control of stem canker in prickly ash using chitosan priming, reducing lesion areas by 46.77 % to 75.13 % across all chitosan treatments. The mechanisms underlying chitosan-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in prickly ash were further investigated. Chitosan increased H2O2 levels and enhanced peroxidase and catalase enzyme activities. A well-constructed regulatory network depicting the genes involved in the SAR and their corresponding expression levels in prickly ash plants primed with chitosan was established based on transcriptomic analysis. Additionally, 224 ZbWRKYs were identified based on the whole genome of prickly ash, and their phylogenetic evolution, conserved motifs, domains and expression patterns of ZbWRKYs were comprehensively illustrated. The expression of 12 key genes related to the SAR was significantly increased by chitosan, as determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the activities of defensive enzymes and the accumulation of lignin and flavonoids in prickly ash were significantly enhanced by chitosan treatment. Taken together, this study provides valuable insights into the chitosan-mediated activation of the immune system in prickly ash, offering a promising eco-friendly approach for forest stem canker control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoqiong Liang
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ohtsu M, Jennings J, Johnston M, Breakspear A, Liu X, Stark K, Morris RJ, de Keijzer J, Faulkner C. Assaying Effector Cell-to-Cell Mobility in Plant Tissues Identifies Hypermobility and Indirect Manipulation of Plasmodesmata. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:84-92. [PMID: 37942798 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0052-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, plasmodesmata establish cytoplasmic continuity between cells to allow for communication and resource exchange across the cell wall. While plant pathogens use plasmodesmata as a pathway for both molecular and physical invasion, the benefits of molecular invasion (cell-to-cell movement of pathogen effectors) are poorly understood. To establish a methodology for identification and characterization of the cell-to-cell mobility of effectors, we performed a quantitative live imaging-based screen of candidate effectors of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. We predicted C. higginsianum effectors by their expression profiles, the presence of a secretion signal, and their predicted and in planta localization when fused to green fluorescent protein. We assayed for cell-to-cell mobility of nucleocytosolic effectors and identified 14 that are cell-to-cell mobile. We identified that three of these effectors are "hypermobile," showing cell-to-cell mobility greater than expected for a protein of that size. To explore the mechanism of hypermobility, we chose two hypermobile effectors and measured their impact on plasmodesmata function and found that even though they show no direct association with plasmodesmata, each increases the transport capacity of plasmodesmata. Thus, our methods for quantitative analysis of cell-to-cell mobility of candidate microbe-derived effectors, or any suite of host proteins, can identify cell-to-cell hypermobility and offer greater understanding of how proteins affect plasmodesmal function and intercellular connectivity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ohtsu
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Joanna Jennings
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Matthew Johnston
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Andrew Breakspear
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Xiaokun Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Kara Stark
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Jeroen de Keijzer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cao M, Platre MP, Tsai HH, Zhang L, Nobori T, Armengot L, Chen Y, He W, Brent L, Coll NS, Ecker JR, Geldner N, Busch W. Spatial IMA1 regulation restricts root iron acquisition on MAMP perception. Nature 2024; 625:750-759. [PMID: 38200311 PMCID: PMC11181898 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Iron is critical during host-microorganism interactions1-4. Restriction of available iron by the host during infection is an important defence strategy, described as nutritional immunity5. However, this poses a conundrum for externally facing, absorptive tissues such as the gut epithelium or the plant root epidermis that generate environments that favour iron bioavailability. For example, plant roots acquire iron mostly from the soil and, when iron deficient, increase iron availability through mechanisms that include rhizosphere acidification and secretion of iron chelators6-9. Yet, the elevated iron bioavailability would also be beneficial for the growth of bacteria that threaten plant health. Here we report that microorganism-associated molecular patterns such as flagellin lead to suppression of root iron acquisition through a localized degradation of the systemic iron-deficiency signalling peptide Iron Man 1 (IMA1) in Arabidopsis thaliana. This response is also elicited when bacteria enter root tissues, but not when they dwell on the outer root surface. IMA1 itself has a role in modulating immunity in root and shoot, affecting the levels of root colonization and the resistance to a bacterial foliar pathogen. Our findings reveal an adaptive molecular mechanism of nutritional immunity that affects iron bioavailability and uptake, as well as immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huei-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ling Zhang
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatsuya Nobori
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laia Armengot
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yintong Chen
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenrong He
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lukas Brent
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kethom W, Taylor PWJ, Mongkolporn O. Expression of Genes Involved in Anthracnose Resistance in Chili ( Capsicum baccatum) 'PBC80'-Derived Recombinant Inbred Lines. Pathogens 2023; 12:1306. [PMID: 38003772 PMCID: PMC10675817 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chili anthracnose has long been a threat to chili production worldwide. Capsicum baccatum 'PBC80' has been identified as a source of resistance to anthracnose. Recently, a QTL for ripe fruit resistance from 'PBC80'-derived RILs was located on chromosome 4 (123 Mb) and contained over 80 defense-related genes. To identify the genes most related to anthracnose resistance, a fine map of the QTL region was developed using single-marker analysis. Nine genes were selected from the new QTL (1.12 Mb) to study their expression after being challenged with Colletotrichum scovillei 'MJ5' in two different RIL genotypes (Resistance/Resistance or R/R and Susceptible/Susceptible or S/S) at 0, 6 and 12 h. Of the nine genes, LYM2, CQW23_09597, CLF, NFXL1, and PR-14 were significantly up-regulated, compared to the control, in the R/R genotype. ERF was up-regulated in both chili genotypes. However, the expression was relatively and constantly low in the S/S genotype. Most up-regulated genes reached the highest peak (2.3-4.5 fold) at 6 h, except for ERF, which had the highest peak at 12 h (6.4 fold). The earliest and highest expressed gene was a pathogen receptor, LYM2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wassana Kethom
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Paul W. J. Taylor
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Orarat Mongkolporn
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qin Z, Liang ZZ, Wu YN, Zhou XQ, Xu M, Jiang LW, Li S, Zhang Y. Embryo sac development relies on symplastic signals from ovular integuments in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:161-172. [PMID: 37381795 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Ovules are female reproductive organs of angiosperms, consisting of sporophytic integuments surrounding female gametophytes, that is, embryo sacs. Synchronization between integument growth and embryo sac development requires intracellular communication. However, signaling routes through which cells of the two generations communicate are unclear. We report that symplastic signals through plasmodesmata (PDs) of integuments are critical for the development of female gametophytes. Genetic interferences of PD biogenesis either by functional loss of CHOLINE TRANSPORTER-LIKE1 (CTL1) or by integument-specific expression of a mutated CALLOSE SYNTHASE 3 (cals3m) compromised PD formation in integuments and reduced fertility. Close examination of pINO:cals3m or ctl1 ovules indicated that female gametophytic development was either arrested at various stages after the formation of functional megaspores. In both cases, defective ovules could not attract pollen tubes, leading to the failure of fertilization. Results presented here demonstrate a key role of the symplastic route in sporophytic control of female gametophytic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin, 300017, China
| | - Zi-Zhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin, 300017, China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Li-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin, 300017, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang C, Sede AR, Elvira-González L, Yan Y, Rodriguez ME, Mutterer J, Boutant E, Shan L, Heinlein M. dsRNA-induced immunity targets plasmodesmata and is suppressed by viral movement proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3845-3869. [PMID: 37378592 PMCID: PMC10533371 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that in addition to its well-recognized functions in antiviral RNA silencing, dsRNA elicits pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), likely contributing to plant resistance against virus infections. However, compared to bacterial and fungal elicitor-mediated PTI, the mode-of-action and signaling pathway of dsRNA-induced defense remain poorly characterized. Here, using multicolor in vivo imaging, analysis of GFP mobility, callose staining, and plasmodesmal marker lines in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana, we show that dsRNA-induced PTI restricts the progression of virus infection by triggering callose deposition at plasmodesmata, thereby likely limiting the macromolecular transport through these cell-to-cell communication channels. The plasma membrane-resident SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1, the BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1/AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE1-LIKE KINASE1 kinase module, PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEINs 1/2/3, as well as CALMODULIN-LIKE 41 and Ca2+ signals are involved in the dsRNA-induced signaling leading to callose deposition at plasmodesmata and antiviral defense. Unlike the classical bacterial elicitor flagellin, dsRNA does not trigger a detectable reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, substantiating the idea that different microbial patterns trigger partially shared immune signaling frameworks with distinct features. Likely as a counter strategy, viral movement proteins from different viruses suppress the dsRNA-induced host response leading to callose deposition to achieve infection. Thus, our data support a model in which plant immune signaling constrains virus movement by inducing callose deposition at plasmodesmata and reveals how viruses counteract this layer of immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Huang
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ana Rocío Sede
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Elvira-González
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Miguel Eduardo Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuel Boutant
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu S, Xiao M, Fang A, Tian B, Yu Y, Bi C, Ma D, Yang Y. LysM Proteins TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 are Involved in Immune Responses Mediated by Chitin Coreceptor TaCERK1 in Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13535-13545. [PMID: 37665660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant lysin motif (LysM) ectodomain receptors interact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and have critical functions in plant-microbe interactions. In this study, 65 LysM family genes were identified using the recent version of the reference sequence of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), in which 23, 16, 20, and 6 members belonged to LysM-containing receptor-like kinases (LYKs), LysM-containing receptor-like proteins (LYPs), extracellular LysM proteins (LysMes), and intracellular nonsecretory LysM proteins (LysMns), respectively. The study found that TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 were highly responsive to PAMP elicitors and phytopathogens, with TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 binding directly to chitin. TaCERK1 acted as a coreceptor with TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves exhibited enhanced resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Subsequently, knocking down TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 genes with barley stripe mosaic virus-VIGS compromised the wheat defense response to an avirulent strain of Puccinia striiformis. The study concluded that wheat has two synergistic chitin perception systems for detecting pathogen elicitors, with the activated CERK1 intracellular kinase domain leading to signaling transduction. This research provides valuable insights into the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of wheat LysM members under biotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Muye Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yotsui I, Matsui H, Miyauchi S, Iwakawa H, Melkonian K, Schlüter T, Michavila S, Kanazawa T, Nomura Y, Stolze SC, Jeon HW, Yan Y, Harzen A, Sugano SS, Shirakawa M, Nishihama R, Ichihashi Y, Ibanez SG, Shirasu K, Ueda T, Kohchi T, Nakagami H. LysM-mediated signaling in Marchantia polymorpha highlights the conservation of pattern-triggered immunity in land plants. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3732-3746.e8. [PMID: 37619565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-triggered immunity (PTI) wards off a wide range of pathogenic microbes, playing a pivotal role in angiosperms. The model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha triggers defense-related gene expression upon sensing components of bacterial and fungal extracts, suggesting the existence of PTI in this plant model. However, the molecular components of the putative PTI in M. polymorpha and the significance of PTI in bryophytes have not yet been described. We here show that M. polymorpha has four lysin motif (LysM)-domain-containing receptor homologs, two of which, LysM-receptor-like kinase (LYK) MpLYK1 and LYK-related (LYR) MpLYR, are responsible for sensing chitin and peptidoglycan fragments, triggering a series of characteristic immune responses. Comprehensive phosphoproteomic analysis of M. polymorpha in response to chitin treatment identified regulatory proteins that potentially shape LysM-mediated PTI. The identified proteins included homologs of well-described PTI components in angiosperms as well as proteins whose roles in PTI are not yet determined, including the blue-light receptor phototropin MpPHOT. We revealed that MpPHOT is required for negative feedback of defense-related gene expression during PTI. Taken together, this study outlines the basic framework of LysM-mediated PTI in M. polymorpha and highlights conserved elements and new aspects of pattern-triggered immunity in land plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Yotsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of BioScience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Titus Schlüter
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Santiago Michavila
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yijia Yan
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shigeo S Sugano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0192, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Selena Gimenez Ibanez
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Löwe M, Jürgens K, Zeier T, Hartmann M, Gruner K, Müller S, Yildiz I, Perrar M, Zeier J. N-hydroxypipecolic acid primes plants for enhanced microbial pattern-induced responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1217771. [PMID: 37645466 PMCID: PMC10461098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1217771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial elicitor flagellin induces a battery of immune responses in plants. However, the rates and intensities by which metabolically-related defenses develop upon flagellin-sensing are comparatively moderate. We report here that the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) primes Arabidopsis thaliana plants for strongly enhanced metabolic and transcriptional responses to treatment by flg22, an elicitor-active peptide fragment of flagellin. While NHP powerfully activated priming of the flg22-induced accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin, biosynthesis of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), generation of the NHP biosynthetic precursor pipecolic acid (Pip), and accumulation of the stress-inducible lipids γ-tocopherol and stigmasterol, it more modestly primed for the flg22-triggered generation of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and expression of FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-KINASE1. The characterization of the biochemical and immune phenotypes of a set of different Arabidopsis single and double mutants impaired in NHP and/or SA biosynthesis indicates that, during earlier phases of the basal immune response of naïve plants to Pseudomonas syringae infection, NHP and SA mutually promote their biosynthesis and additively enhance camalexin formation, while SA prevents extraordinarily high NHP levels in later interaction periods. Moreover, SA and NHP additively contribute to Arabidopsis basal immunity to bacterial and oomycete infection, as well as to the flagellin-induced acquired resistance response that is locally observed in plant tissue exposed to exogenous flg22. Our data reveal mechanistic similarities and differences between the activation modes of flagellin-triggered acquired resistance in local tissue and the SAR state that is systemically induced in plants upon pathogen attack. They also corroborate that the NHP precursor Pip has no independent immune-related activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Löwe
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Jürgens
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sylvia Müller
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mona Perrar
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ai Y, Li Q, Li C, Wang R, Sun X, Chen S, Cai XZ, Qi X, Liang Y. Tomato LysM receptor kinase 4 mediates chitin-elicited fungal resistance in both leaves and fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad082. [PMID: 37323235 PMCID: PMC10266952 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infection is a major cause of crop and fruit losses. Recognition of chitin, a component of fungal cell walls, endows plants with enhanced fungal resistance. Here, we found that mutation of tomato LysM receptor kinase 4 (SlLYK4) and chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (SlCERK1) impaired chitin-induced immune responses in tomato leaves. Compared with the wild type, sllyk4 and slcerk1 mutant leaves were more susceptible to Botrytis cinerea (gray mold). SlLYK4 extracellular domain showed strong binding affinity to chitin, and the binding of SlLYK4 induced SlLYK4-SlCERK1 association. Remarkably, qRT-PCR analysis indicated that SlLYK4 was highly expressed in tomato fruit, and β-GLUCURONIDASE (GUS) expression driven by the SlLYK4 promoter was observed in tomato fruit. Furthermore, SlLYK4 overexpression enhanced disease resistance not only in leaves but also in fruit. Our study suggests that chitin-mediated immunity plays a role in fruit, providing a possible way to reduce fungal infection-related fruit losses by enhancing the chitin-induced immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qinghong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chenying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Songyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Johnston MG, Breakspear A, Samwald S, Zhang D, Papp D, Faulkner C, de Keijzer J. Comparative phyloproteomics identifies conserved plasmodesmal proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1821-1835. [PMID: 36639877 PMCID: PMC10049917 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are cytosolic bridges, lined by the plasma membrane and traversed by endoplasmic reticulum; plasmodesmata connect cells and tissues, and are critical for many aspects of plant biology. While plasmodesmata are notoriously difficult to extract, tissue fractionation and proteomic analyses can yield valuable knowledge of their composition. Here we have generated two novel proteomes to expand tissue and taxonomic representation of plasmodesmata: one from mature Arabidopsis leaves and one from the moss Physcomitrium patens, and leveraged these and existing data to perform a comparative analysis to identify evolutionarily conserved protein families that are associated with plasmodesmata. Thus, we identified β-1,3-glucanases, C2 lipid-binding proteins, and tetraspanins as core plasmodesmal components that probably serve as essential structural or functional components. Our approach has not only identified elements of a conserved plasmodesmal proteome, but also demonstrated the added power offered by comparative analysis for recalcitrant samples. Conserved plasmodesmal proteins establish a basis upon which ancient plasmodesmal function can be further investigated to determine the essential roles these structures play in multicellular organism physiology in the green lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Su K, Zhao W, Lin H, Jiang C, Zhao Y, Guo Y. Candidate gene discovery of Botrytis cinerea resistance in grapevine based on QTL mapping and RNA-seq. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1127206. [PMID: 36824203 PMCID: PMC9941706 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1127206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grape gray mold disease (Botrytis cinerea) is widespread during grape production especially in Vitis vinifera and causes enormous losses to the grape industry. In nature, the grapevine cultivar 'Beta ' (Vitis riparia × Vitis labrusca) showed high resistance to grape gray mold. Until now, the candidate genes and their mechanism of gray mold resistance were poorly understood. In this study, we firstly conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for grape gray mold resistance based on two hybrid offspring populations that showed wide separation in gray mold resistance. Notably, two stable QTL related to gray mold resistance were detected and located on linkage groups LG2 and LG7. The phenotypic variance ranged from 6.86% to 13.70% on LG2 and 4.40% to 11.40% on LG7. Combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), one structural gene VlEDR2 (Vitvi02g00982) and three transcription factors VlERF039 (Vitvi00g00859), VlNAC047 (Vitvi08g01843), and VlWRKY51 (Vitvi07g01847) that may be involved in VlEDR2 expression and grape gray mold resistance were selected. This discovery of candidate gray mold resistance genes will provide an important theoretical reference for grape gray mold resistance mechanisms, research, and gray mold-resistant grape cultivar breeding in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Su
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Horticultural Germplasm Excavation and Innovative Utilization, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Changyue Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinshan Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Roudaire T, Marzari T, Landry D, Löffelhardt B, Gust AA, Jermakow A, Dry I, Winckler P, Héloir MC, Poinssot B. The grapevine LysM receptor-like kinase VvLYK5-1 recognizes chitin oligomers through its association with VvLYK1-1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1130782. [PMID: 36818830 PMCID: PMC9932513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1130782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of defense reactions to protect plants against pathogens requires the recognition of invasion patterns (IPs), mainly detected by plasma membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Some IPs, also termed elicitors, are used in several biocontrol products that are gradually being developed to reduce the use of chemicals in agriculture. Chitin, the major component of fungal cell walls, as well as its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, are two elicitors known to activate plant defense responses. However, recognition of chitooligosaccharides (COS) in Vitis vinifera is still poorly understood, hampering the improvement and generalization of protection tools for this important crop. In contrast, COS perception in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is well described and mainly relies on a tripartite complex formed by the cell surface lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) AtLYK1/CERK1, AtLYK4 and AtLYK5, the latter having the strongest affinity for COS. In grapevine, COS perception has for the moment only been demonstrated to rely on two PRRs VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2. Here, we investigated additional players by overexpressing in Arabidopsis the two putative AtLYK5 orthologs from grapevine, VvLYK5-1 and VvLYK5-2. Expression of VvLYK5-1 in the atlyk4/5 double mutant background restored COS sensitivity, such as chitin-induced MAPK activation, defense gene expression, callose deposition and conferred non-host resistance to grapevine downy mildew (Erysiphe necator). Protein-protein interaction studies conducted in planta revealed a chitin oligomer-triggered interaction between VvLYK5-1 and VvLYK1-1. Interestingly, our results also indicate that VvLYK5-1 mediates the perception of chitin but not chitosan oligomers showing a part of its specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Roudaire
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Tania Marzari
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Landry
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Birgit Löffelhardt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelica Jermakow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian Dry
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pascale Winckler
- Dimacell Imaging Facility, PAM UMR A 02.102, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vincent M, Boubakri H, Gasser M, Hay AE, Herrera-Belaroussi A. What contribution of plant immune responses in Alnus glutinosa-Frankia symbiotic interactions? Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
23
|
De Coninck T, Van Damme EJ. Plant lectins: Handymen at the cell surface. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100091. [PMID: 36465479 PMCID: PMC9713479 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins and are involved in a multitude of biological functions. Lectins at the surface of plant cells often occur as lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLK) anchored to the plasma membrane. These LecRLKs are part of the plant's pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) system enabling the plant to perceive threats and respond adequately. Furthermore, plant lectins also occur as secreted proteins, which are associated with stress signalling and defence. The aim of this short review is to provide a general perspective on plant lectins and their role at the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory for Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J.M. Van Damme
- Laboratory for Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bellandi A, Papp D, Breakspear A, Joyce J, Johnston MG, de Keijzer J, Raven EC, Ohtsu M, Vincent TR, Miller AJ, Sanders D, Hogenhout SA, Morris RJ, Faulkner C. Diffusion and bulk flow of amino acids mediate calcium waves in plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6693. [PMID: 36269836 PMCID: PMC9586480 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In plants, a variety of stimuli trigger long-range calcium signals that travel rapidly along the vasculature to distal tissues via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we use quantitative imaging and analysis to demonstrate that traveling calcium waves are mediated by diffusion and bulk flow of amino acid chemical messengers. We propose that wounding triggers release of amino acids that diffuse locally through the apoplast, activating the calcium-permeable channel GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE 3.3 as they pass. Over long distances through the vasculature, the wound-triggered dynamics of a fluorescent tracer show that calcium waves are likely driven by bulk flow of a channel-activating chemical. We observed that multiple stimuli trigger calcium waves with similar dynamics, but calcium waves alone cannot initiate all systemic defense responses, suggesting that mobile chemical messengers are a core component of complex systemic signaling in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bellandi
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Diana Papp
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew Breakspear
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joshua Joyce
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Jeroen de Keijzer
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Emma C. Raven
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Mina Ohtsu
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Thomas R. Vincent
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Anthony J. Miller
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Dale Sanders
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Richard J. Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Silva JCF, Ferreira MA, Carvalho TFM, Silva FF, de A. Silveira S, Brommonschenkel SH, Fontes EPB. RLPredictiOme, a Machine Learning-Derived Method for High-Throughput Prediction of Plant Receptor-like Proteins, Reveals Novel Classes of Transmembrane Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012176. [PMID: 36293031 PMCID: PMC9603095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors play essential roles in perceiving and processing external and internal signals at the cell surface of plants and animals. The receptor-like protein kinases (RLK) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), two major classes of proteins with membrane receptor configuration, play a crucial role in plant development and disease defense. Although RLPs and RLKs share a similar single-pass transmembrane configuration, RLPs harbor short divergent C-terminal regions instead of the conserved kinase domain of RLKs. This RLP receptor structural design precludes sequence comparison algorithms from being used for high-throughput predictions of the RLP family in plant genomes, as has been extensively performed for RLK superfamily predictions. Here, we developed the RLPredictiOme, implemented with machine learning models in combination with Bayesian inference, capable of predicting RLP subfamilies in plant genomes. The ML models were simultaneously trained using six types of features, along with three stages to distinguish RLPs from non-RLPs (NRLPs), RLPs from RLKs, and classify new subfamilies of RLPs in plants. The ML models achieved high accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity for predicting RLPs with relatively high probability ranging from 0.79 to 0.99. The prediction of the method was assessed with three datasets, two of which contained leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-RLPs from Arabidopsis and rice, and the last one consisted of the complete set of previously described Arabidopsis RLPs. In these validation tests, more than 90% of known RLPs were correctly predicted via RLPredictiOme. In addition to predicting previously characterized RLPs, RLPredictiOme uncovered new RLP subfamilies in the Arabidopsis genome. These include probable lipid transfer (PLT)-RLP, plastocyanin-like-RLP, ring finger-RLP, glycosyl-hydrolase-RLP, and glycerophosphoryldiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD, GDPDL)-RLP subfamilies, yet to be characterized. Compared to the only Arabidopsis GDPDL-RLK, molecular evolution studies confirmed that the ectodomain of GDPDL-RLPs might have undergone a purifying selection with a predominance of synonymous substitutions. Expression analyses revealed that predicted GDPGL-RLPs display a basal expression level and respond to developmental and biotic signals. The results of these biological assays indicate that these subfamily members have maintained functional domains during evolution and may play relevant roles in development and plant defense. Therefore, RLPredictiOme provides a framework for genome-wide surveys of the RLP superfamily as a foundation to rationalize functional studies of surface receptors and their relationships with different biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cleydson F. Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ferreira
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thales F. M. Carvalho
- Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Janaúba 39447-814, Brazil
| | - Fabyano F. Silva
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de A. Silveira
- Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth P. B. Fontes
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Linh NM, Scarpella E. Leaf vein patterning is regulated by the aperture of plasmodesmata intercellular channels. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001781. [PMID: 36166438 PMCID: PMC9514613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To form tissue networks, animal cells migrate and interact through proteins protruding from their plasma membranes. Plant cells can do neither, yet plants form vein networks. How plants do so is unclear, but veins are thought to form by the coordinated action of the polar transport and signal transduction of the plant hormone auxin. However, plants inhibited in both pathways still form veins. Patterning of vascular cells into veins is instead prevented in mutants lacking the function of the GNOM (GN) regulator of auxin transport and signaling, suggesting the existence of at least one more GN-dependent vein-patterning pathway. Here we show that in Arabidopsis such a pathway depends on the movement of auxin or an auxin-dependent signal through plasmodesmata (PDs) intercellular channels. PD permeability is high where veins are forming, lowers between veins and nonvascular tissues, but remains high between vein cells. Impaired ability to regulate PD aperture leads to defects in auxin transport and signaling, ultimately leading to vein patterning defects that are enhanced by inhibition of auxin transport or signaling. GN controls PD aperture regulation, and simultaneous inhibition of auxin signaling, auxin transport, and regulated PD aperture phenocopies null gn mutants. Therefore, veins are patterned by the coordinated action of three GN-dependent pathways: auxin signaling, polar auxin transport, and movement of auxin or an auxin-dependent signal through PDs. Such a mechanism of tissue network formation is unprecedented in multicellular organisms. How do plants form vein networks, in the absence of cellular migration or direct cell-cell interaction? This study shows that a GNOM-dependent combination of polar auxin transport, auxin signal transduction, and movement of an auxin signal through plasmodesmata patterns leaf vascular cells into veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang K, Auzane A, Overmyer K. The immunity priming effect of the Arabidopsis phyllosphere resident yeast Protomyces arabidopsidicola strain C29. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:956018. [PMID: 36118213 PMCID: PMC9478198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.956018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phyllosphere is a complex habitat for diverse microbial communities. Under natural conditions, multiple interactions occur between host plants and phyllosphere resident microbes, such as bacteria, oomycetes, and fungi. Our understanding of plant associated yeasts and yeast-like fungi lags behind other classes of plant-associated microbes, largely due to a lack of yeasts associated with the model plant Arabidopsis, which could be used in experimental model systems. The yeast-like fungal species Protomyces arabidopsidicola was previously isolated from the phyllosphere of healthy wild-growing Arabidopsis, identified, and characterized. Here we explore the interaction of P. arabidopsidicola with Arabidopsis and found P. arabidopsidicola strain C29 was not pathogenic on Arabidopsis, but was able to survive in its phyllosphere environment both in controlled environment chambers in the lab and under natural field conditions. Most importantly, P. arabidopsidicola exhibited an immune priming effect on Arabidopsis, which showed enhanced disease resistance when subsequently infected with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), camalexin, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways, but not the auxin-signaling pathway, was associated with this priming effect, as evidenced by MAPK3/MAPK6 activation and defense marker expression. These findings demonstrate Arabidopsis immune defense priming by the naturally occurring phyllosphere resident yeast species, P. arabidopsidicola, and contribute to establishing a new interaction system for probing the genetics of Arabidopsis immunity induced by resident yeast-like fungi.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wei W, Wu X, Blahut-Beatty L, Simmonds DH, Clough SJ. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Molecular Players in Early Soybean- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Interaction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1739-1752. [PMID: 35778800 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0329-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes Sclerotinia stem rot on soybean. Using RNA sequencing, the transcriptomes of the soybean host and the S. sclerotiorum pathogen were simultaneously determined at 4 and 8 h postinoculation (hpi). Two soybean genotypes were involved: a resistant oxalate oxidase (OxO)-transgenic line and its susceptible parent, AC Colibri (AC). Of the 594 genes that were significantly induced by S. sclerotiorum, both hosts expressed genes related to jasmonic acid, ethylene, oxidative burst, and phenylpropanoids. In all, 36% of the differentially expressed genes encoded genes associated with transcription factors, ubiquitination, or general signaling transduction such as receptor-like kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, and hormones. No significant differentially expressed genes were identified between genotypes, suggesting that oxalic acid (OA) did not play a differential role in early disease development or primary lesion formation under the conditions used. Looking at pathogen behavior through its gene expression during infection, thousands of genes in S. sclerotiorum were induced at 8 hpi, compared with expression in culture. Many plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), sugar transport genes, and genes involved in secondary metabolism were upregulated and could contribute to early pathogenesis. When infecting the OxO plants, there was a higher induction of genes encoding OA, botcinic acid, PCWDEs, proteases, and potential effectors, revealing the wealth of virulence factors available to this pathogen as it attempts to colonize a host. Data presented identify hundreds of genes associated with the very early stages of infection for both the host and pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Laureen Blahut-Beatty
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Daina H Simmonds
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kirk P, Amsbury S, German L, Gaudioso-Pedraza R, Benitez-Alfonso Y. A comparative meta-proteomic pipeline for the identification of plasmodesmata proteins and regulatory conditions in diverse plant species. BMC Biol 2022; 20:128. [PMID: 35655273 PMCID: PMC9164936 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major route for cell-to-cell signalling in plants is mediated by cell wall-embedded pores termed plasmodesmata forming the symplasm. Plasmodesmata regulate the plant development and responses to the environment; however, our understanding of what factors or regulatory cues affect their structure and permeability is still limited. In this paper, a meta-analysis was carried out for the identification of conditions affecting plasmodesmata transport and for the in silico prediction of plasmodesmata proteins in species for which the plasmodesmata proteome has not been experimentally determined. RESULTS Using the information obtained from experimental proteomes, an analysis pipeline (named plasmodesmata in silico proteome 1 or PIP1) was developed to rapidly generate candidate plasmodesmata proteomes for 22 plant species. Using the in silico proteomes to interrogate published transcriptomes, gene interaction networks were identified pointing to conditions likely affecting plasmodesmata transport capacity. High salinity, drought and osmotic stress regulate the expression of clusters enriched in genes encoding plasmodesmata proteins, including those involved in the metabolism of the cell wall polysaccharide callose. Experimental determinations showed restriction in the intercellular transport of the symplasmic reporter GFP and enhanced callose deposition in Arabidopsis roots exposed to 75-mM NaCl and 3% PEG (polyethylene glycol). Using PIP1 and transcriptome meta-analyses, candidate plasmodesmata proteins for the legume Medicago truncatula were generated, leading to the identification of Medtr1g073320, a novel receptor-like protein that localises at plasmodesmata. Expression of Medtr1g073320 affects callose deposition and the root response to infection with the soil-borne bacteria rhizobia in the presence of nitrate. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that combining proteomic meta-analysis and transcriptomic data can be a valuable tool for the identification of new proteins and regulatory mechanisms affecting plasmodesmata function. We have created the freely accessible pipeline PIP1 as a resource for the screening of experimental proteomes and for the in silico prediction of PD proteins in diverse plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kirk
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sam Amsbury
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Liam German
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Iswanto ABB, Vu MH, Pike S, Lee J, Kang H, Son GH, Kim J, Kim SH. Pathogen effectors: What do they do at plasmodesmata? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:795-804. [PMID: 34569687 PMCID: PMC9104267 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive an assortment of external cues during their life cycle, including abiotic and biotic stressors. Biotic stress from a variety of pathogens, including viruses, oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria, is considered to be a substantial factor hindering plant growth and development. To hijack the host cell's defence machinery, plant pathogens have evolved sophisticated attack strategies mediated by numerous effector proteins. Several studies have indicated that plasmodesmata (PD), symplasmic pores that facilitate cell-to-cell communication between a cell and neighbouring cells, are one of the targets of pathogen effectors. However, in contrast to plant-pathogenic viruses, reports of fungal- and bacterial-encoded effectors that localize to and exploit PD are limited. Surprisingly, a recent study of PD-associated bacterial effectors has shown that a number of bacterial effectors undergo cell-to-cell movement via PD. Here we summarize and highlight recent advances in the study of PD-associated fungal/oomycete/bacterial effectors. We also discuss how pathogen effectors interfere with host defence mechanisms in the context of PD regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant SciencesChristopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant GroupUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sphingolipids at Plasmodesmata: Structural Components and Functional Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105677. [PMID: 35628487 PMCID: PMC9145688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are plant-specific channels connecting adjacent cells to mediate intercellular communication of molecules essential for plant development and defense. The typical PD are organized by the close apposition of the plasma membrane (PM), the desmotubule derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and spoke-like elements linking the two membranes. The plasmodesmal PM (PD-PM) is characterized by the formation of unique microdomains enriched with sphingolipids, sterols, and specific proteins, identified by lipidomics and proteomics. These components modulate PD to adapt to the dynamic changes of developmental processes and environmental stimuli. In this review, we focus on highlighting the functions of sphingolipid species in plasmodesmata, including membrane microdomain organization, architecture transformation, callose deposition and permeability control, and signaling regulation. We also briefly discuss the difference between sphingolipids and sterols, and we propose potential unresolved questions that are of help for further understanding the correspondence between plasmodesmal structure and function.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang D, Dong W, Murray J, Wang E. Innovation and appropriation in mycorrhizal and rhizobial Symbioses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1573-1599. [PMID: 35157080 PMCID: PMC9048890 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants benefit from endosymbiotic interactions with mycorrhizal fungi, including legumes and some nonlegumes that also interact with endosymbiotic nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria to form nodules. In addition to these helpful interactions, plants are continuously exposed to would-be pathogenic microbes: discriminating between friends and foes is a major determinant of plant survival. Recent breakthroughs have revealed how some key signals from pathogens and symbionts are distinguished. Once this checkpoint has been passed and a compatible symbiont is recognized, the plant coordinates the sequential development of two types of specialized structures in the host. The first serves to mediate infection, and the second, which appears later, serves as sophisticated intracellular nutrient exchange interfaces. The overlap in both the signaling pathways and downstream infection components of these symbioses reflects their evolutionary relatedness and the common requirements of these two interactions. However, the different outputs of the symbioses, phosphate uptake versus N fixation, require fundamentally different components and physical environments and necessitated the recruitment of different master regulators, NODULE INCEPTION-LIKE PROTEINS, and PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSES, for nodulation and mycorrhization, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ertao Wang
- Authors for correspondence: (E.W) and (J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Author for correspondence: (B.P.M.N.); (P.D.); (J.J.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Isolation of Plasmodesmata Membranes for Lipidomic and Proteomic Analysis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2457:189-207. [PMID: 35349141 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membranous intercellular nanochannels crossing the plant cell wall to connect adjacent cells in plants. Our understanding of PD function heavily relies on the identification of their molecular components, these being proteins or lipids. In that regard, proteomic and lipidomic analyses of purified PD represent a crucial strategy in the field. Here we describe a simple two-step purification procedure that allows isolation of pure PD-derived membranes from Arabidopsis suspension cells suitable for "omic" approaches. The first step of this procedure consists on isolating pure cell walls containing intact PD, followed by a second step which involves an enzymatic degradation of the wall matrix to release PD membranes. The PD-enriched fraction can then serve to identify the lipid and protein composition of PD using lipidomic and proteomic approaches, which we also describe in this method article.
Collapse
|
35
|
Heat Stress Reduces Root Meristem Size via Induction of Plasmodesmal Callose Accumulation Inhibiting Phloem Unloading in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042063. [PMID: 35216183 PMCID: PMC8879574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intercellular transport of sugars, nutrients, and small molecules is essential for plant growth, development, and adaptation to environmental changes. Various stresses are known to affect the cell-to-cell molecular trafficking modulated by plasmodesmal permeability. However, the mechanisms of plasmodesmata modification and molecules involved in the phloem unloading process under stress are still not well understood. Here, we show that heat stress reduces the root meristem size and inhibits phloem unloading by inducing callose accumulation at plasmodesmata that connect the sieve element and phloem pole pericycle. Furthermore, we identify the loss-of-function of CALLOSE SYNTHASE 8 (CalS8), which is expressed specifically in the phloem pole pericycle, decreasing the plasmodesmal callose deposition at the interface between the sieve element and phloem pole pericycle and alleviating the suppression at root meristem size by heat stress. Our studies indicate the involvement of callose in the interaction between root meristem growth and heat stress and show that CalS8 negatively regulates the thermotolerance of Arabidopsis roots.
Collapse
|
36
|
Tabassum N, Blilou I. Cell-to-Cell Communication During Plant-Pathogen Interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:98-108. [PMID: 34664986 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-21-0221-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile, plants are continuously challenged by changes in their surrounding environment and must survive and defend themselves against a multitude of pathogens. Plants have evolved a mode for pathogen recognition that activates signaling cascades such as reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Ca2+ pathways, in coordination with hormone signaling, to execute the defense response at the local and systemic levels. Phytopathogens have evolved to manipulate cellular and hormonal signaling and exploit hosts' cell-to-cell connections in many ways at multiple levels. Overall, triumph over pathogens depends on how efficiently the pathogens are recognized and how rapidly the plant response is initiated through efficient intercellular communication via apoplastic and symplastic routes. Here, we review how intercellular communication in plants is mediated, manipulated, and maneuvered during plant-pathogen interaction.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Tabassum
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roeder AHK, Otegui MS, Dixit R, Anderson CT, Faulkner C, Zhang Y, Harrison MJ, Kirchhelle C, Goshima G, Coate JE, Doyle JJ, Hamant O, Sugimoto K, Dolan L, Meyer H, Ehrhardt DW, Boudaoud A, Messina C. Fifteen compelling open questions in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:72-102. [PMID: 34529074 PMCID: PMC8774073 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As scientists, we are at least as excited about the open questions-the things we do not know-as the discoveries. Here, we asked 15 experts to describe the most compelling open questions in plant cell biology. These are their questions: How are organelle identity, domains, and boundaries maintained under the continuous flux of vesicle trafficking and membrane remodeling? Is the plant cortical microtubule cytoskeleton a mechanosensory apparatus? How are the cellular pathways of cell wall synthesis, assembly, modification, and integrity sensing linked in plants? Why do plasmodesmata open and close? Is there retrograde signaling from vacuoles to the nucleus? How do root cells accommodate fungal endosymbionts? What is the role of cell edges in plant morphogenesis? How is the cell division site determined? What are the emergent effects of polyploidy on the biology of the cell, and how are any such "rules" conditioned by cell type? Can mechanical forces trigger new cell fates in plants? How does a single differentiated somatic cell reprogram and gain pluripotency? How does polarity develop de-novo in isolated plant cells? What is the spectrum of cellular functions for membraneless organelles and intrinsically disordered proteins? How do plants deal with internal noise? How does order emerge in cells and propagate to organs and organisms from complex dynamical processes? We hope you find the discussions of these questions thought provoking and inspiring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | | | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeremy E Coate
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Heather Meyer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau Cedex 91128 France
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang B, Yang S, Zheng W, Wang Y. Plant immunity inducers: from discovery to agricultural application. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:5. [PMID: 37676359 PMCID: PMC10442025 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
While conventional chemical fungicides directly eliminate pathogens, plant immunity inducers activate or prime plant immunity. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of immune regulation in plants. The development and application of plant immunity inducers based on the principles of plant immunity represent a new field in plant protection research. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of plant immunity inducers in terms of plant immune system activation, summarize the various classes of reported plant immunity inducers (proteins, oligosaccharides, chemicals, and lipids), and review methods for the identification or synthesis of plant immunity inducers. The current situation, new strategies, and future prospects in the development and application of plant immunity inducers are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huang C, Mutterer J, Heinlein M. In Vivo Aniline Blue Staining and Semiautomated Quantification of Callose Deposition at Plasmodesmata. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:151-165. [PMID: 35349138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The deposition and turnover of callose (beta-1,3 glucan polymer) in the cell wall surrounding the neck regions of plasmodesmata (PD) controls the cell-to-cell diffusion rate of molecules and, therefore, plays an important role in the regulation of intercellular communication in plants.Here we describe a simple and fast in vivo staining procedure for the imaging and quantification of callose at PD. We also introduce calloseQuant, a plug-in for semiautomated image analysis and non-biased quantification of callose levels at PD using ImageJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Huang
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jerôme Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kirk P, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Plasmodesmata Structural Components and Their Role in Signaling and Plant Development. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:3-22. [PMID: 35349130 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are plant intercellular channels that mediate the transport of small and large molecules including RNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant development. In this review, we present current research on plasmodesmata form and function and discuss the main regulatory pathways. We show the progress made in the development of approaches and tools to dissect the plasmodesmata proteome in diverse plant species and discuss future perspectives and challenges in this field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kirk
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Quantifying Plasmodesmatal Transport with an Improved GFP Movement Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:285-298. [PMID: 35349148 PMCID: PMC9875380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membrane-lined channels that cross the cell wall to connect the cytosol of adjacent plant cells, permitting diverse cytosolic molecules to move between cells. PD are essential for plant multicellularity, and the regulation of PD transport contributes to metabolism, developmental patterning, abiotic stress responses, and pathogen defenses, which has sparked broad interest in PD among diverse plant biologists. Here, we present a straightforward method to reproducibly quantify changes in the rate of PD transport in leaves. Individual cells are transformed with Agrobacterium to express fluorescent proteins, which then move beyond the transformed cell via PD. Forty-eight to 72 h later, the extent of GFP movement is monitored by confocal fluorescence microscopy. This assay is versatile and may be combined with transient gene overexpression, virus-induced gene silencing, physiological treatments, or pharmaceutical treatments to test how PD transport responds to specific conditions. We expect that this improved method for monitoring PD transport in leaves will be broadly useful for plant biologists working in diverse fields.
Collapse
|
42
|
Tee EE, Samwald S, Faulkner C. Quantification of Cell-to-Cell Connectivity Using Particle Bombardment. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:263-272. [PMID: 35349146 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are connected by cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata are lined by the plasma membrane, essentially forming tunnels that directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells through which soluble molecules can move from cell to cell. This cell-to-cell mobility is underpinned by cytoplasmic advection and diffusion in a manner dependent on molecular size. This movement of molecules is regulated by the aperture of plasmodesmata. GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) is a 27 kDa soluble protein that can move passively between cells via plasmodesmata. Thus, it serves as an ideal probe to assess plasmodesmal aperture. GFP can be transgenically produced in single cells by microprojectile bombardment-mediated transformation, and its cell-to-cell mobility can be measured by live-cell imaging and counting the number of cells (or cell layers) to which it has moved. Thus, the number of cells in which GFP is visible serves as a measure of plasmodesmal aperture and functional cell-to-cell connectivity. Here we present methods for microprojectile bombardment of GFP into leaf epidermal cells and statistical analysis of resulting data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estee E Tee
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sebastian Samwald
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Huang C, Heinlein M. Function of Plasmodesmata in the Interaction of Plants with Microbes and Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:23-54. [PMID: 35349131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment. To allow gating, PD are equipped with signaling platforms and enzymes that regulate the size exclusion limit (SEL) of the pore. Plant-interacting microbes and viruses target PD with specific effectors to enhance their virulence and are useful probes to study PD functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Huang
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Analyses of Lysin-motif Receptor-like Kinase ( LysM-RLK) Gene Family in Allotetraploid Brassica napus L. and Its Progenitor Species: An In Silico Study. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010037. [PMID: 35011598 PMCID: PMC8750388 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The LysM receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) play a crucial role in plant symbiosis and response to environmental stresses. Brassica napus, B. rapa, and B. oleracea are utilized as valuable vegetables. Different biotic and abiotic stressors affect these crops, resulting in yield losses. Therefore, genome-wide analysis of the LysM-RLK gene family was conducted. From the genome of the examined species, 33 LysM-RLK have been found. The conserved domains of Brassica LysM-RLKs were divided into three groups: LYK, LYP, and LysMn. In the BrassicaLysM-RLK gene family, only segmental duplication has occurred. The Ka/Ks ratio for the duplicated pair of genes was less than one indicating that the genes’ function had not changed over time. The BrassicaLysM-RLKs contain 70 cis-elements, indicating that they are involved in stress response. 39 miRNA molecules were responsible for the post-transcriptional regulation of 12 Brassica LysM-RLKs. A total of 22 SSR loci were discovered in 16 Brassica LysM-RLKs. According to RNA-seq data, the highest expression in response to biotic stresses was related to BnLYP6. According to the docking simulations, several residues in the active sites of BnLYP6 are in direct contact with the docked chitin and could be useful in future studies to develop pathogen-resistant B. napus. This research reveals comprehensive information that could lead to the identification of potential genes for Brassica species genetic manipulation.
Collapse
|
45
|
De Coninck T, Van Damme EJM. Review: The multiple roles of plant lectins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111096. [PMID: 34763880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the biological roles of plant lectins remained obscure and subject to speculation. With the advent of technological and scientific progress, researchers have compiled a vast amount of information regarding the structure, biological activities and functionality of hundreds of plant lectins. Data mining of genomes and transcriptome sequencing and high-throughput analyses have resulted in new insights. This review aims to provide an overview of what is presently known about plant lectins, highlighting their versatility and the importance of plant lectins for a multitude of biological processes, such as plant development, immunity, stress signaling and regulation of gene expression. Though lectins primarily act as readers of the glycocode, the multiple roles of plant lectins suggest that their functionality goes beyond carbohydrate-recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zheng H, Jin R, Liu Z, Sun C, Shi Y, Grierson D, Zhu C, Li S, Ferguson I, Chen K. Role of the tomato fruit ripening regulator MADS-RIN in resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tomato MADS-RIN (RIN) transcription factor has been shown to be a master activator regulating fruit ripening. Recent studies have revealed that in addition to activating many other cell wall genes, it also represses expression of XTH5, XTH8, and MAN4a, which are positively related to excess flesh softening and cell wall degradation, which might indicate it has a potential role in pathogen resistance of ripening fruit. In this study, both wild-type (WT) and RIN-knockout (RIN-KO) mutant tomato fruit were infected with Botrytis cinerea to investigate the function of RIN in defense against pathogen infection during ripening. The results showed that RIN-KO fruit were much more sensitive to B. cinerea infection with larger lesion sizes. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR assay indicate genes of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chitinase (CHI) in RIN-KO fruit were reduced and their corresponding enzyme activities were decreased. Transcripts of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), including PR1a, PRSTH2, and APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) including ERF.A1, Pti5, Pti6, ERF.A4, were reduced in RIN-KO fruit compared to WT fruit. Moreover, in the absence of RIN the expression of genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes XTH5, XTH8, MAN4a has been reported to be elevated, which is potentially correlated with cell wall properties. When present, RIN represses transcription of XTH5 by activating ERF.F4, a class II (repressor class) ERF gene family member, and ERF.F5. These results support the conclusion that RIN enhances ripening-related resistance to gray mold infection by upregulating pathogen-resistance genes and defense enzyme activities as well as reducing accumulation of transcripts encoding some cell wall enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough,UK
| | | | | | - Ian Ferguson
- Zhejiang University (Visiting Scientist), Hangzhou, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yamaguchi K, Kawasaki T. Pathogen- and plant-derived peptides trigger plant immunity. Peptides 2021; 144:170611. [PMID: 34303752 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to pathogens in their immediate environment. Plants sense the invasion of pathogens by recognizing the components including peptide fragments derived from pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Plants also produce immunogenic peptides called phytocytokines that regulate immune responses. These molecules are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) at plasma membrane. Activated PRRs induce a variety of immune responses including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of Ca2+ influx and activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) wards off microbes and pests. In this review, we summarize recent our advances in understanding how the peptide fragments are generated and perceived by plant PRRs at cell surface, and the activated PRRs transduce the downstream immune signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jones K, Zhu J, Jenkinson CB, Kim DW, Pfeifer MA, Khang CH. Disruption of the Interfacial Membrane Leads to Magnaporthe oryzae Effector Re-location and Lifestyle Switch During Rice Blast Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681734. [PMID: 34222251 PMCID: PMC8248803 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To cause the devastating rice blast disease, the hemibiotrophic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae produces invasive hyphae (IH) that are enclosed in a plant-derived interfacial membrane, known as the extra-invasive hyphal membrane (EIHM), in living rice cells. Little is known about when the EIHM is disrupted and how the disruption contributes to blast disease. Here we show that the disruption of the EIHM correlates with the hyphal growth stage in first-invaded susceptible rice cells. Our approach utilized GFP that was secreted from IH as an EIHM integrity reporter. Secreted GFP (sec-GFP) accumulated in the EIHM compartment but appeared in the host cytoplasm when the integrity of the EIHM was compromised. Live-cell imaging coupled with sec-GFP and various fluorescent reporters revealed that the loss of EIHM integrity preceded shrinkage and eventual rupture of the rice vacuole. The vacuole rupture coincided with host cell death, which was limited to the invaded cell with presumed closure of plasmodesmata. We report that EIHM disruption and host cell death are landmarks that delineate three distinct infection phases (early biotrophic, late biotrophic, and transient necrotrophic phases) within the first-invaded cell before reestablishment of biotrophy in second-invaded cells. M. oryzae effectors exhibited infection phase-specific localizations, including entry of the apoplastic effector Bas4 into the host cytoplasm through the disrupted EIHM during the late biotrophic phase. Understanding how infection phase-specific cellular dynamics are regulated and linked to host susceptibility will offer potential targets that can be exploited to control blast disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiersun Jones
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Cory B Jenkinson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mariel A Pfeifer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chang Hyun Khang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu J, Zhang L, Yan D. Plasmodesmata-Involved Battle Against Pathogens and Potential Strategies for Strengthening Hosts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644870. [PMID: 34149749 PMCID: PMC8210831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membrane-lined pores that connect adjacent cells to mediate symplastic communication in plants. These intercellular channels enable cell-to-cell trafficking of various molecules essential for plant development and stress responses, but they can also be utilized by pathogens to facilitate their infection of hosts. Some pathogens or their effectors are able to spread through the PD by modifying their permeability. Yet plants have developed various corresponding defense mechanisms, including the regulation of PD to impede the spread of invading pathogens. In this review, we aim to illuminate the various roles of PD in the interactions between pathogens and plants during the infection process. We summarize the pathogenic infections involving PD and how the PD could be modified by pathogens or hosts. Furthermore, we propose several hypothesized and promising strategies for enhancing the disease resistance of host plants by the appropriate modulation of callose deposition and plasmodesmal permeability based on current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yu TY, Sun MK, Liang LK. Receptors in the Induction of the Plant Innate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:587-601. [PMID: 33512246 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0173-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust amplitude and duration of immune responses via different strategies to maintain growth, development, and resistance to pathogens. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) play vital roles. Pattern recognition receptors, comprising a large number of receptor-like protein kinases and receptor-like proteins, recognize related ligands and trigger immunity. PTI is the first layer of the innate immune system, and it recognizes PAMPs at the plasma membrane to prevent infection. However, pathogens exploit effector proteins to bypass or directly inhibit the PTI immune pathway. Consistently, plants have evolved intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins to detect pathogenic effectors and trigger a hypersensitive response to activate ETI. PTI and ETI work together to protect plants from infection by viruses and other pathogens. Diverse receptors and the corresponding ligands, especially several pairs of well-studied receptors and ligands in PTI immunity, are reviewed to illustrate the dynamic process of PTI response here.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Meng-Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Li-Kun Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| |
Collapse
|