1
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Bhattacharya D, Stephens TG, Chille EE, Benites LF, Chan CX. Facultative lifestyle drives diversity of coral algal symbionts. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:239-247. [PMID: 37953106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic symbionts of corals sustain biodiverse reefs in nutrient-poor, tropical waters. Recent genomic data illuminate the evolution of coral symbionts under genome size constraints and suggest that retention of the facultative lifestyle, widespread among these algae, confers a selective advantage when compared with a strict symbiotic existence. We posit that the coral symbiosis is analogous to a 'bioreactor' that selects winner genotypes and allows them to rise to high numbers in a sheltered habitat prior to release by the coral host. Our observations lead to a novel hypothesis, the 'stepping-stone model', which predicts that local adaptation under both the symbiotic and free-living stages, in a stepwise fashion, accelerates coral alga diversity and the origin of endemic strains and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Timothy G Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Erin E Chille
- Ecology and Evolution Graduate Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - L Felipe Benites
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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2
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Maire J, Deore P, Jameson VJ, Sakkas M, Perez-Gonzalez A, Blackall LL, van Oppen MJH. Assessing the contribution of bacteria to the heat tolerance of experimentally evolved coral photosymbionts. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:3298-3318. [PMID: 37849020 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are extremely vulnerable to ocean warming, which triggers coral bleaching-the loss of endosymbiotic microalgae (Symbiodiniaceae) from coral tissues, often leading to death. To enhance coral climate resilience, the symbiont, Cladocopium proliferum was experimentally evolved for >10 years under elevated temperatures resulting in increased heat tolerance. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding showed the composition of intra- and extracellular bacterial communities of heat-evolved strains was significantly different from that of wild-type strains, suggesting bacteria responded to elevated temperatures, and may even play a role in C. proliferum thermal tolerance. To assess whether microbiome transplantation could enhance heat tolerance of the sensitive wild-type C. proliferum, we transplanted bacterial communities from heat-evolved to the wild-type strain and subjected it to acute heat stress. Microbiome transplantation resulted in the incorporation of only 30 low-abundance strains into the microbiome of wild-type cultures, while the relative abundance of 14 pre-existing strains doubled in inoculated versus uninoculated samples. Inoculation with either wild-type or heat-evolved bacterial communities boosted C. proliferum growth, although no difference in heat tolerance was observed between the two inoculation treatments. This study provides evidence that Symbiodiniaceae-associated bacterial communities respond to heat selection and may contribute to coral adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Maire
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pranali Deore
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanta J Jameson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Cytometry Platform, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magdaline Sakkas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Cytometry Platform, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexis Perez-Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Cytometry Platform, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda L Blackall
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Matthews JL, Hoch L, Raina JB, Pablo M, Hughes DJ, Camp EF, Seymour JR, Ralph PJ, Suggett DJ, Herdean A. Symbiodiniaceae photophysiology and stress resilience is enhanced by microbial associations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20724. [PMID: 38007500 PMCID: PMC10676399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae form associations with extra- and intracellular bacterial symbionts, both in culture and in symbiosis with corals. Bacterial associates can regulate Symbiodiniaceae fitness in terms of growth, calcification and photophysiology. However, the influence of these bacteria on interactive stressors, such as temperature and light, which are known to influence Symbiodiniaceae physiology, remains unclear. Here, we examined the photophysiological response of two Symbiodiniaceae species (Symbiodinium microadriaticum and Breviolum minutum) cultured under acute temperature and light stress with specific bacterial partners from their microbiome (Labrenzia (Roseibium) alexandrii, Marinobacter adhaerens or Muricauda aquimarina). Overall, bacterial presence positively impacted Symbiodiniaceae core photosynthetic health (photosystem II [PSII] quantum yield) and photoprotective capacity (non-photochemical quenching; NPQ) compared to cultures with all extracellular bacteria removed, although specific benefits were variable across Symbiodiniaceae genera and growth phase. Symbiodiniaceae co-cultured with M. aquimarina displayed an inverse NPQ response under high temperatures and light, and those with L. alexandrii demonstrated a lowered threshold for induction of NPQ, potentially through the provision of antioxidant compounds such as zeaxanthin (produced by Muricauda spp.) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP; produced by this strain of L. alexandrii). Our co-culture approach empirically demonstrates the benefits bacteria can deliver to Symbiodiniaceae photochemical performance, providing evidence that bacterial associates can play important functional roles for Symbiodiniaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Matthews
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
| | - Lilian Hoch
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Marine Pablo
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - David J Hughes
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- KAUST Reefscape Restoration Initiative (KRRI) and Red Sea Reseach Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrei Herdean
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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4
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Matthews JL, Khalil A, Siboni N, Bougoure J, Guagliardo P, Kuzhiumparambil U, DeMaere M, Le Reun NM, Seymour JR, Suggett DJ, Raina JB. Coral endosymbiont growth is enhanced by metabolic interactions with bacteria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6864. [PMID: 37891154 PMCID: PMC10611727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are key contributors to microalgae resource acquisition, competitive performance, and functional diversity, but their potential metabolic interactions with coral microalgal endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) have been largely overlooked. Here, we show that altering the bacterial composition of two widespread Symbiodiniaceae species, during their free-living stage, results in a significant shift in their cellular metabolism. Indeed, the abundance of monosaccharides and the key phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were correlated with the presence of specific bacteria, including members of the Labrenzia (Roseibium) and Marinobacter genera. Single-cell stable isotope tracking revealed that these two bacterial genera are involved in reciprocal exchanges of carbon and nitrogen with Symbiodiniaceae. We identified the provision of IAA by Labrenzia and Marinobacter, and this metabolite caused a significant growth enhancement of Symbiodiniaceae. By unravelling these interkingdom interactions, our work demonstrates how specific bacterial associates fundamentally govern Symbiodiniaceae fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Matthews
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Abeeha Khalil
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jeremy Bougoure
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Matthew DeMaere
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Nine M Le Reun
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- KAUST Reefscape Restoration Initiative (KRRI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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5
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Jia Y, Lu J, Wang M, Qin W, Chen B, Xu H, Ma Z. Algicidal bacteria in phycosphere regulate free-living Symbiodinium fate via triggering oxidative stress and photosynthetic system damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115369. [PMID: 37586194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Free-living Symbiodinium, which forms symbiotic relationships with many marine invertebrates, plays an important role in the vast ocean. Nutrient levels have been shown to significantly impact microbial community structure and regulate algal communities. In this study, the bacterial community structure within the phycosphere of free-living Symbiodinium underwent significant changes in response to nutrient stimulation. Alteromonas exhibited dominance in Zobell 2216E broth nutrient stimulation concomitant with the demise of algal cells. Alteromonas abrolhosensis JY-JZ1, a marine bacterium isolated from the phycosphere of Symbiodinium, demonstrated an algicidal effect on Symbiodinium cells. Optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the algal cell membrane structure was disrupted, leading to intracellular leakage. Strain JY-JZ1 exerted its cytotoxicity by producing and secreting bioactive compounds into the supernatant. The marked declines in the chlorophyll a content, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the electron transport rate (rETR) indicated that the photosynthetic system of Symbiodinium was damaged by JY-JZ1 supernatant. The observed elevation in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) content suggested that the algal cells experienced oxidative stress. Moreover, the supernatant exhibited remarkable adaptability to temperature and pH. Additionally, it displayed exceptional algicidal efficacy against various harmful algae species. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first successful isolation of an algicidal bacterial strain from the phycosphere of free-living Symbiodinium and subsequent investigation into its mechanism for controlling Symbiodinium growth, thereby providing novel insights into algae-bacteria interactions. The remarkable algicidal efficacy exhibited by strain JY-JZ1 against other harmful algae species suggests its significant potential for harmful algal blooms (HABs) control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jia
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiazhan Lu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Min Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenli Qin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Binbin Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hanqing Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Zengling Ma
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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6
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Ishii Y, Ishii H, Kuroha T, Yokoyama R, Deguchi R, Nishitani K, Minagawa J, Kawata M, Takahashi S, Maruyama S. Environmental pH signals the release of monosaccharides from cell wall in coral symbiotic alga. eLife 2023; 12:e80628. [PMID: 37594171 PMCID: PMC10438907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals thrive in oligotrophic environments due to their possession of endosymbiotic algae. Confined to the low pH interior of the symbiosome within the cell, the algal symbiont provides the coral host with photosynthetically fixed carbon. However, it remains unknown how carbon is released from the algal symbiont for uptake by the host. Here we show, using cultured symbiotic dinoflagellate, Breviolum sp., that decreases in pH directly accelerates the release of monosaccharides, that is, glucose and galactose, into the ambient environment. Under low pH conditions, the cell surface structures were deformed and genes related to cellulase were significantly upregulated in Breviolum. Importantly, the release of monosaccharides was suppressed by the cellulase inhibitor, glucopyranoside, linking the release of carbon to degradation of the agal cell wall. Our results suggest that the low pH signals the cellulase-mediated release of monosaccharides from the algal cell wall as an environmental response in coral reef ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Ishii
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of EducationSendaiJapan
| | - Hironori Ishii
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Ryusaku Deguchi
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of EducationSendaiJapan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)OkazakiJapan
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazakiJapan
| | - Masakado Kawata
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Shunichi Takahashi
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusOkinawaJapan
| | - Shinichiro Maruyama
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu UniversityTokyoJapan
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7
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Kaare-Rasmussen JO, Moeller HV, Pfab F. Modeling food dependent symbiosis in Exaiptasia pallida. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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8
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Annenkov VV, Pal'shin VA, Annenkova NV, Zelinskiy SN, Danilovtseva EN. Uptake and Effects of Nanoplastics on the Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium corollarium. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1124-1133. [PMID: 36920033 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic nanoparticles (NPs) are the final state of plastic degradation in the environment before they disintegrate into low-molecular-weight organic compounds. Unicellular organisms are highly sensitive to the toxic effects of nanoplastics, because they are often capable of phagotrophy but are unable to consume a foreign material such as synthetic plastic. We studied the effect of polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl acrylate), and poly(methyl methacrylate) NPs on the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium corollarium Sundström, Kremp et Daugbjerg. Fluorescent tagged particles were used to visualize plastic capture by dinoflagellate cells. We found that these dinoflagellates are capable of phagotrophic nutrition and thus should be regarded as mixotrophic species. This causes their susceptibility to the toxic effects of plastic NPs. Living cells ingest plastic NPs and accumulate in the cytoplasm as micrometer-level aggregates, probably in food vacuoles. The action of nanoplastics leads to a dose-dependent increase in the level of reactive oxygen species in dinoflagellate cells, indicating plastic degradation in the cells. The introduction of a methyl group into the main chain in the α-position in the case of poly(methyl methacrylate) causes a drastic reduction in toxicity. We expect that such NPs can be a tool for testing unicellular organisms in terms of heterotrophic feeding ability. We suggest a dual role of dinoflagellates in the ecological fate of plastic waste: the involvement of nanoplastics in the food chain and its biochemical destruction. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1124-1133. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Annenkov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Viktor A Pal'shin
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nataliia V Annenkova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Stanislav N Zelinskiy
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Elena N Danilovtseva
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
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9
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Reich HG, Camp EF, Roger LM, Putnam HM. The trace metal economy of the coral holobiont: supplies, demands and exchanges. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:623-642. [PMID: 36897260 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The juxtaposition of highly productive coral reef ecosystems in oligotrophic waters has spurred substantial interest and progress in our understanding of macronutrient uptake, exchange, and recycling among coral holobiont partners (host coral, dinoflagellate endosymbiont, endolithic algae, fungi, viruses, bacterial communities). By contrast, the contribution of trace metals to the physiological performance of the coral holobiont and, in turn, the functional ecology of reef-building corals remains unclear. The coral holobiont's trace metal economy is a network of supply, demand, and exchanges upheld by cross-kingdom symbiotic partnerships. Each partner has unique trace metal requirements that are central to their biochemical functions and the metabolic stability of the holobiont. Organismal homeostasis and the exchanges among partners determine the ability of the coral holobiont to adjust to fluctuating trace metal supplies in heterogeneous reef environments. This review details the requirements for trace metals in core biological processes and describes how metal exchanges among holobiont partners are key to sustaining complex nutritional symbioses in oligotrophic environments. Specifically, we discuss how trace metals contribute to partner compatibility, ability to cope with stress, and thereby to organismal fitness and distribution. Beyond holobiont trace metal cycling, we outline how the dynamic nature of the availability of environmental trace metal supplies can be influenced by a variability of abiotic factors (e.g. temperature, light, pH, etc.). Climate change will have profound consequences on the availability of trace metals and further intensify the myriad stressors that influence coral survival. Lastly, we suggest future research directions necessary for understanding the impacts of trace metals on the coral holobiont symbioses spanning subcellular to organismal levels, which will inform nutrient cycling in coral ecosystems more broadly. Collectively, this cross-scale elucidation of the role of trace metals for the coral holobiont will allow us to improve forecasts of future coral reef function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Reich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Liza M Roger
- Chemical & Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Hollie M Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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10
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Wu D, Yang L, Gu J, Tarkowska D, Deng X, Gan Q, Zhou W, Strnad M, Lu Y. A Functional Genomics View of Gibberellin Metabolism in the Cnidarian Symbiont Breviolum minutum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:927200. [PMID: 36172550 PMCID: PMC9510744 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.927200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellate inhabitants of the reef-building corals exchange nutrients and signals with host cells, which often benefit the growth of both partners. Phytohormones serve as central hubs for signal integration between symbiotic microbes and their hosts, allowing appropriate modulation of plant growth and defense in response to various stresses. However, the presence and function of phytohormones in photosynthetic dinoflagellates and their function in the holobionts remain elusive. We hypothesized that endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may produce and employ phytohormones for stress responses. Using the endosymbiont of reef corals Breviolum minutum as model, this study aims to exam whether the alga employ analogous signaling systems by an integrated multiomics approach. We show that key gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic genes are widely present in the genomes of the selected dinoflagellate algae. The non-13-hydroxylation pathway is the predominant route for GA biosynthesis and the multifunctional GA dioxygenase in B. minutum has distinct substrate preference from high plants. GA biosynthesis is modulated by the investigated bleaching-stimulating stresses at both transcriptional and metabolic levels and the exogenously applied GAs improve the thermal tolerance of the dinoflagellate. Our results demonstrate the innate ability of a selected Symbiodiniaceae to produce the important phytohormone and the active involvement of GAs in the coordination and the integration of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiahua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Danuse Tarkowska
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Xiangzi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qinhua Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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11
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Yang F, Wei Z, Long L. Response mechanisms to ocean warming exposure in Effrenium voratum (Symbiodiniaceae). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:114032. [PMID: 35969902 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming is an extreme environment event that has profound and lasting impacts on Symbiodiniaceae. However, their response mechanisms to elevated temperature exposure are poorly understood. In this study, the physiological and transcriptional responses of Effrenium voratum (Symbiodiniaceae) to ocean warming were examined. After exposure to 30 °C, no significant variations in growth, chlorophyll a, or photosynthetic and respiration rates were observed, while a higher temperature (34 °C) significantly reduced these physiological measurements. Meanwhile, lipid content and fatty acid composition were altered at high temperature (i.e., elevated degree of fatty acid saturation). Such biochemical constituents likely contributed to the mitigation of the negative effects of elevated temperatures. Furthermore, higher expression levels of genes related to the synthesis and elongation of fatty acids were detected at high temperature. The adjustment of lipids and fatty acid composition may be a potential mechanism by which E. voratum may survive under future global warming. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The adjustment of lipids and fatty acid composition may be a potential mechanism by which E. voratum acclimate to future global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Zhangliang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lijuan Long
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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12
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Nitschke MR, Rosset SL, Oakley CA, Gardner SG, Camp EF, Suggett DJ, Davy SK. The diversity and ecology of Symbiodiniaceae: A traits-based review. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 92:55-127. [PMID: 36208879 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the most successful microeukaryotes to form mutualisms with animals are dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. These photosynthetic symbioses drive significant primary production and are responsible for the formation of coral reef ecosystems but are particularly sensitive when environmental conditions become extreme. Annual episodes of widespread coral bleaching (disassociation of the mutualistic partnership) and mortality are forecasted from the year 2060 under current trends of ocean warming. However, host cnidarians and dinoflagellate symbionts display exceptional genetic and functional diversity, and meaningful predictions of the future that embrace this biological complexity are difficult to make. A recent move to trait-based biology (and an understanding of how traits are shaped by the environment) has been adopted to move past this problem. The aim of this review is to: (1) provide an overview of the major cnidarian lineages that are symbiotic with Symbiodiniaceae; (2) summarise the symbiodiniacean genera associated with cnidarians with reference to recent changes in taxonomy and systematics; (3) examine the knowledge gaps in Symbiodiniaceae life history from a trait-based perspective; (4) review Symbiodiniaceae trait variation along three abiotic gradients (light, nutrients, and temperature); and (5) provide recommendations for future research of Symbiodiniaceae traits. We anticipate that a detailed understanding of traits will further reveal basic knowledge of the evolution and functional diversity of these mutualisms, as well as enhance future efforts to model stability and change in ecosystems dependent on cnidarian-dinoflagellate organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sabrina L Rosset
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Center for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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13
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Jinkerson RE, Russo JA, Newkirk CR, Kirk AL, Chi RJ, Martindale MQ, Grossman AR, Hatta M, Xiang T. Cnidarian-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis establishment is independent of photosynthesis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2402-2415.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Camp EF, Nitschke MR, Clases D, Gonzalez de Vega R, Reich HG, Goyen S, Suggett DJ. Micronutrient content drives elementome variability amongst the Symbiodiniaceae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:184. [PMID: 35395710 PMCID: PMC8994382 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elements are the basis of life on Earth, whereby organisms are essentially evolved chemical substances that dynamically interact with each other and their environment. Determining species elemental quotas (their elementome) is a key indicator for their success across environments with different resource availabilities. Elementomes remain undescribed for functionally diverse dinoflagellates within the family Symbiodiniaceae that includes coral endosymbionts. We used dry combustion and ICP-MS to assess whether Symbiodiniaceae (ten isolates spanning five genera Breviolum, Cladocopium, Durusdinium, Effrenium, Symbiodinium) maintained under long-term nutrient replete conditions have unique elementomes (six key macronutrients and nine micronutrients) that would reflect evolutionarily conserved preferential elemental acquisition. For three isolates we assessed how elevated temperature impacted their elementomes. Further, we tested whether Symbiodiniaceae conform to common stoichiometric hypotheses (e.g., the growth rate hypothesis) documented in other marine algae. This study considers whether Symbiodiniaceae isolates possess unique elementomes reflective of their natural ecologies, evolutionary histories, and resistance to environmental change. RESULTS Symbiodiniaceae isolates maintained under long-term luxury uptake conditions, all exhibited highly divergent elementomes from one another, driven primarily by differential content of micronutrients. All N:P and C:P ratios were below the Redfield ratio values, whereas C:N was close to the Redfield value. Elevated temperature resulted in a more homogenised elementome across isolates. The Family-level elementome was (C19.8N2.6 P1.0S18.8K0.7Ca0.1) · 1000 (Fe55.7Mn5.6Sr2.3Zn0.8Ni0.5Se0.3Cu0.2Mo0.1V0.04) mmol Phosphorous-1 versus (C25.4N3.1P1.0S23.1K0.9Ca0.4) · 1000 (Fe66.7Mn6.3Sr7.2Zn0.8Ni0.4Se0.2Cu0.2Mo0.2V0.05) mmol Phosphorous -1 at 27.4 ± 0.4 °C and 30.7 ± 0.01 °C, respectively. Symbiodiniaceae isolates tested here conformed to some, but not all, stoichiometric principles. CONCLUSIONS Elementomes for Symbiodiniaceae diverge from those reported for other marine algae, primarily via lower C:N:P and different micronutrient expressions. Long-term maintenance of Symbiodiniaceae isolates in culture under common nutrient replete conditions suggests isolates have evolutionary conserved preferential uptake for certain elements that allows these unique elementomes to be identified. Micronutrient content (normalised to phosphorous) commonly increased in the Symbiodiniaceae isolates in response to elevated temperature, potentially indicating a common elemental signature to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - David Clases
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Raquel Gonzalez de Vega
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Hannah G Reich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Samantha Goyen
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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15
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Prada C, López-Londoño T, Pollock FJ, Roitman S, Ritchie KB, Levitan DR, Knowlton N, Woodley C, Iglesias-Prieto R, Medina M. Linking photoacclimation responses and microbiome shifts between depth-segregated sibling species of reef corals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211591. [PMID: 35316949 PMCID: PMC8889182 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metazoans host complex communities of microorganisms that include dinoflagellates, fungi, bacteria, archaea and viruses. Interactions among members of these complex assemblages allow hosts to adjust their physiology and metabolism to cope with environmental variation and occupy different habitats. Here, using reciprocal transplantation across depths, we studied adaptive divergence in the corals Orbicella annularis and O. franksi, two young species with contrasting vertical distribution in the Caribbean. When transplanted from deep to shallow, O. franksi experienced fast photoacclimation and low mortality, and maintained a consistent bacterial community. By contrast, O. annularis experienced high mortality and limited photoacclimation when transplanted from shallow to deep. The photophysiological collapse of O. annularis in the deep environment was associated with an increased microbiome variability and reduction of some bacterial taxa. Differences in the symbiotic algal community were more pronounced between coral species than between depths. Our study suggests that these sibling species are adapted to distinctive light environments partially driven by the algae photoacclimation capacity and the microbiome robustness, highlighting the importance of niche specialization in symbiotic corals for the maintenance of species diversity. Our findings have implications for the management of these threatened Caribbean corals and the effectiveness of coral reef restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Prada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Tomás López-Londoño
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - F Joseph Pollock
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Hawai'i and Palmyra Programs, 923 Nu'uanu Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
| | - Sofia Roitman
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kim B Ritchie
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 801 Carteret Street, Beaufort, SC 29906, USA
| | - Don R Levitan
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Cheryl Woodley
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | | | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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16
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Contrasting microbiome dynamics of putative denitrifying bacteria in two octocoral species exposed to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and warming. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0188621. [PMID: 34788073 PMCID: PMC8788706 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01886-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic nutrient cycling in the coral-algae symbiosis depends on limited nitrogen (N) availability for algal symbionts. Denitrifying prokaryotes capable of reducing nitrate or nitrite to dinitrogen could thus support coral holobiont functioning by limiting N availability. Octocorals show some of the highest denitrification rates among reef organisms; however, little is known about the community structures of associated denitrifiers and their response to environmental fluctuations. Combining 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with nirS in-silico PCR and quantitative PCR, we found differences in bacterial community dynamics between two octocorals exposed to excess dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and concomitant warming. Although bacterial communities of the gorgonian Pinnigorgia flava remained largely unaffected by DOC and warming, the soft coral Xenia umbellata exhibited a pronounced shift toward Alphaproteobacteria dominance under excess DOC. Likewise, the relative abundance of denitrifiers was not altered in P. flava but decreased by 1 order of magnitude in X. umbellata under excess DOC, likely due to decreased proportions of Ruegeria spp. Given that holobiont C:N ratios remained stable in P. flava but showed a pronounced increase with excess DOC in X. umbellata, our results suggest that microbial community dynamics may reflect the nutritional status of the holobiont. Hence, denitrifier abundance may be directly linked to N availability. This suggests a passive regulation of N cycling microbes based on N availability, which could help stabilize nutrient limitation in the coral-algal symbiosis and thereby support holobiont functioning in a changing environment. IMPORTANCE Octocorals are important members of reef-associated benthic communities that can rapidly replace scleractinian corals as the dominant ecosystem engineers on degraded reefs. Considering the substantial change in the (a)biotic environment that is commonly driving reef degradation, maintaining a dynamic and metabolically diverse microbial community might contribute to octocoral acclimatization. Nitrogen (N) cycling microbes, in particular denitrifying prokaryotes, may support holobiont functioning by limiting internal N availability, but little is known about the identity and (a)biotic drivers of octocoral-associated denitrifiers. Here, we show contrasting dynamics of bacterial communities associated with two common octocoral species, the soft coral Xenia umbellata and the gorgonian Pinnigorgia flava after a 6-week exposure to excess dissolved organic carbon under concomitant warming conditions. The specific responses of denitrifier communities of the two octocoral species aligned with the nutritional status of holobiont members. This suggests a passive regulation based on N availability in the coral holobiont.
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17
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Marzonie M, Flores F, Sadoun N, Thomas MC, Valada-Mennuni A, Kaserzon S, Mueller JF, Negri AP. Toxicity thresholds of nine herbicides to coral symbionts (Symbiodiniaceae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:21636. [PMID: 34737333 PMCID: PMC8568975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 30 herbicides have been detected in catchments and waters of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and their toxicity to key tropical species, including the coral endosymbiotic algae Symbiodiniaceae, is not generally considered in current water quality guideline values (WQGVs). Mutualistic symbionts of the family Symbiodiniaceae are essential for the survival of scleractinian corals. We tested the effects of nine GBR-relevant herbicides on photosynthetic efficiency (ΔF/Fm′) and specific growth rate (SGR) over 14 days of cultured coral endosymbiont Cladocopium goreaui (formerly Symbiodinium clade C1). All seven Photosystem II (PSII) herbicides tested inhibited ΔF/Fm′ and SGR, with toxicity thresholds for SGR ranging between 2.75 and 320 µg L−1 (no effect concentration) and 2.54–257 µg L−1 (EC10). There was a strong correlation between EC50s for ΔF/Fm′ and SGR for all PSII herbicides indicating that inhibition of ΔF/Fm′ can be considered a biologically relevant toxicity endpoint for PSII herbicides to this species. The non-PSII herbicides haloxyfop and imazapic did not affect ΔF/Fm′ or SGR at the highest concentrations tested. The inclusion of this toxicity data for Symbiodiniaceae will contribute to improving WQGVs to adequately inform risk assessments and the management of herbicides in tropical marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magena Marzonie
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia.,AIMS@JCU: Australian Institute of Marine Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Florita Flores
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia. .,AIMS@JCU: Australian Institute of Marine Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Nora Sadoun
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Marie C Thomas
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Anais Valada-Mennuni
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia.,AIMS@JCU: Australian Institute of Marine Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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18
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Song Y, Shen L, Zhang L, Li J, Chen M. Study of a hydrodynamic threshold system for controlling dinoflagellate blooms in reservoirs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116822. [PMID: 33677223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic conditions often affect the eutrophication process and play a key role in algal growth in reservoirs. A promising approach for controlling algal blooms in reservoirs is to create adverse hydrodynamic conditions by implementing reservoir operation strategies. However, research on this method is still nascent and does not support practical applications due to the lack of quantitative hydrodynamic thresholds. In this paper, field observations of algal growth from April 2015 to August 2016 were conducted, and a three-dimensional (3D) model that couples hydrodynamics and water temperatures for the Zipingpu Reservoir was established. Low flow velocities (V) and low Reynolds numbers (Re) in the Longchi tributary are favorable for dinoflagellate growth and accumulation, which can explain why dinoflagellate blooms are more likely to occur in the tributary. A temperature of 18-22 °C is considered a precondition for Peridiniopsis penardii blooms, suggesting that freshwater dinoflagellate species may prefer lower temperatures than marine dinoflagellate species. Shallow mixing layer depth (Zmix) is conducive to Peridiniopsis penardii gathering in the upper water layers and promotes growth. The shallow euphotic layer depth (Zeu) was speculated to promote the dominance of this species by stimulating its heterotrophy and inhibiting other algal autotrophy. Furthermore, a boundary line analysis was introduced to characterize the relationships between algal biomass and hydrodynamic indicators. Thus, the thresholds for V, Re, and Zmix/Zeu were determined to be 0.034 m s-1, 6.7 × 104, and 1.7, respectively. Either accelerating horizontal flow to exceed the thresholds of V and Re or facilitating vertical mixing to exceed the threshold of Zmix/Zeu can prevent dinoflagellate blooms. Therefore, the summarized hydrodynamic threshold system is suggested to be an effective standard for controlling dinoflagellate blooms in the reservoir. Moreover, this study can provide a useful reference for understanding the mechanism of freshwater dinoflagellate blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Institute of Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering and St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lian Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Linglei Zhang
- Institute of Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Institute of Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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19
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Intracellular bacteria are common and taxonomically diverse in cultured and in hospite algal endosymbionts of coral reefs. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2028-2042. [PMID: 33558689 PMCID: PMC8245515 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Corals house a variety of microorganisms which they depend on for their survival, including endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae) and bacteria. While cnidarian–microorganism interactions are widely studied, Symbiodiniaceae–bacteria interactions are only just beginning to receive attention. Here, we describe the localization and composition of the bacterial communities associated with cultures of 11 Symbiodiniaceae strains from nine species and six genera. Three-dimensional confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy revealed bacteria are present inside the Symbiodiniaceae cells as well as closely associated with their external cell surface. Bacterial pure cultures and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding from Symbiodiniaceae cultures highlighted distinct and highly diverse bacterial communities occur intracellularly, closely associated with the Symbiodiniaceae outer cell surface and loosely associated (i.e., in the surrounding culture media). The intracellular bacteria are highly conserved across Symbiodiniaceae species, suggesting they may be involved in Symbiodiniaceae physiology. Our findings provide unique new insights into the biology of Symbiodiniaceae.
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20
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Jeong HJ, Kang HC, Lim AS, Jang SH, Lee K, Lee SY, Ok JH, You JH, Kim JH, Lee KH, Park SA, Eom SH, Yoo YD, Kim KY. Feeding diverse prey as an excellent strategy of mixotrophic dinoflagellates for global dominance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/2/eabe4214. [PMID: 33523999 PMCID: PMC7793574 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae fuel food webs and biogeochemical cycles of key elements in the ocean. What determines microalgal dominance in the ocean is a long-standing question. Red tide distribution data (spanning 1990 to 2019) show that mixotrophic dinoflagellates, capable of photosynthesis and predation together, were responsible for ~40% of the species forming red tides globally. Counterintuitively, the species with low or moderate growth rates but diverse prey including diatoms caused red tides globally. The ability of these dinoflagellates to trade off growth for prey diversity is another genetic factor critical to formation of red tides across diverse ocean conditions. This finding has profound implications for explaining the global dominance of particular microalgae, their key eco-evolutionary strategy, and prediction of harmful red tide outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hee Chang Kang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - An Suk Lim
- Division of Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Se Hyeon Jang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kitack Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ok
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun You
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Ha Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Ah Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se Hee Eom
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeong Du Yoo
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea
| | - Kwang Young Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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21
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Peixoto RS, Sweet M, Villela HDM, Cardoso P, Thomas T, Voolstra CR, Høj L, Bourne DG. Coral Probiotics: Premise, Promise, Prospects. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 9:265-288. [PMID: 33321044 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-090120-115444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals (BMCs) has been proposed recently as a tool for the improvement of coral health, with knowledge in this research topic advancing rapidly. BMCs are defined as consortia of microorganisms that contribute to coral health through mechanisms that include (a) promoting coral nutrition and growth, (b) mitigating stress and impacts of toxic compounds, (c) deterring pathogens, and (d) benefiting early life-stage development. Here, we review the current proposed BMC approach and outline the studies that have proven its potential to increase coral resilience to stress. We revisit and expand the list of putative beneficial microorganisms associated with corals and their proposed mechanismsthat facilitate improved host performance. Further, we discuss the caveats and bottlenecks affecting the efficacy of BMCs and close by focusing on the next steps to facilitate application at larger scales that can improve outcomes for corals and reefs globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Peixoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; .,IMAM-AquaRio, Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, 20220-360, Brazil.,Current affiliation: Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Sweet
- Aquatic Research Facility, Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, United Kingdom
| | - Helena D M Villela
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany.,Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lone Høj
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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22
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Guanine, a high-capacity and rapid-turnover nitrogen reserve in microalgal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32722-32730. [PMID: 33293415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005460117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for microalgae, influencing their productivity, composition, and growth dynamics. Despite the dramatic consequences of N starvation, many free-living and endosymbiotic microalgae thrive in N-poor and N-fluctuating environments, giving rise to questions about the existence and nature of their long-term N reserves. Our understanding of these processes requires a unequivocal identification of the N reserves in microalgal cells as well as their turnover kinetics and subcellular localization. Herein, we identified crystalline guanine as the enigmatic large-capacity and rapid-turnover N reserve of microalgae. The identification was unambiguously supported by confocal Raman, fluorescence, and analytical transmission electron microscopies as well as stable isotope labeling. We discovered that the storing capacity for crystalline guanine by the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae was sufficient to support N requirements for several new generations. We determined that N reserves were rapidly accumulated from guanine available in the environment as well as biosynthesized from various N-containing nutrients. Storage of exogenic N in the form of crystalline guanine was found broadly distributed across taxonomically distant groups of microalgae from diverse habitats, from freshwater and marine free-living forms to endosymbiotic microalgae of reef-building corals (Acropora millepora, Euphyllia paraancora). We propose that crystalline guanine is the elusive N depot that mitigates the negative consequences of episodic N shortage. Guanine (C5H5N5O) may act similarly to cyanophycin (C10H19N5O5) granules in cyanobacteria. Considering the phytoplankton nitrogen pool size and dynamics, guanine is proposed to be an important storage form participating in the global N cycle.
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Kirk AL, Clowez S, Lin F, Grossman AR, Xiang T. Transcriptome Reprogramming of Symbiodiniaceae Breviolum minutum in Response to Casein Amino Acids Supplementation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:574654. [PMID: 33329024 PMCID: PMC7710908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae can live freely in ocean waters or form a symbiosis with a variety of cnidarians including corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Trophic plasticity of Symbiodiniaceae is critical to its ecological success as it moves between environments. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these trophic shifts in Symbiodiniaceae are still largely unknown. Using Breviolum minutum strain SSB01 (designated SSB01) as a model, we showed that Symbiodiniaceae go through a physiological and transcriptome reprogramming when the alga is grown with the organic nitrogen containing nutrients in hydrolyzed casein, but not with inorganic nutrients. SSB01 grows at a much faster rate and maintains stable photosynthetic efficiency when supplemented with casein amino acids compared to only inorganic nutrients or seawater. These physiological changes are driven by massive transcriptome changes in SSB01 supplemented with casein amino acids. The levels of transcripts encoding proteins involved in altering DNA conformation such as DNA topoisomerases, histones, and chromosome structural components were all significantly changed. Functional enrichment analysis also revealed processes involved in translation, ion transport, generation of second messengers, and phosphorylation. The physiological and molecular changes that underlie in vitro trophic transitions in Symbiodiniaceae can serve as an orthogonal platform to further understand the factors that impact the Symbiodiniaceae lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Kirk
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Sophie Clowez
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Fan Lin
- Brightseed Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tingting Xiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Gottschling M, Czech L, Mahé F, Adl S, Dunthorn M. The Windblown: Possible Explanations for Dinophyte DNA in Forest Soils. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 68:e12833. [PMID: 33155377 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dinophytes are widely distributed in marine- and fresh-waters, but have yet to be conclusively documented in terrestrial environments. Here, we evaluated the presence of these protists from an environmental DNA metabarcoding dataset of Neotropical rainforest soils. Using a phylogenetic placement approach with a reference alignment and tree, we showed that the numerous sequencing reads that were phylogenetically placed as dinophytes did not correlate with taxonomic assignment, environmental preference, nutritional mode, or dormancy. All the dinophytes in the soils are rather windblown dispersal units of aquatic species and are not biologically active residents of terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, D-80638, Germany
| | - Lucas Czech
- Computational Molecular Evolution Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, D-69118, Germany.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Frédéric Mahé
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, F-34398, France.,BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, , Montpellier, France
| | - Sina Adl
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Eukaryotic Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany.,Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany
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25
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Peng SE, Moret A, Chang C, Mayfield AB, Ren YT, Chen WNU, Giordano M, Chen CS. A shift away from mutualism under food-deprived conditions in an anemone-dinoflagellate association. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9745. [PMID: 33194344 PMCID: PMC7602683 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutualistic symbiosis between anthozoans and intra-gastrodermal dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae is the functional basis of all coral reef ecosystems, with the latter providing up to 95% of their fixed photosynthate to their hosts in exchange for nutrients. However, recent studies of sponges, jellyfish, and anemones have revealed the potential for this mutualistic relationship to shift to parasitism under stressful conditions. Over a period of eight weeks, we compared the physiological conditions of both inoculated and aposymbiotic anemones (Exaiptasia pallida) that were either fed or starved. By the sixth week, both fed groups of anemones were significantly larger than their starved counterparts. Moreover, inoculated and starved anemones tended to disintegrate into “tissue balls” within eight weeks, and 25% of the samples died; in contrast, starved aposymbiotic anemones required six months to form tissue balls, and no anemones from this group died. Our results show that the dinoflagellates within inoculated anemones may have posed a fatal metabolic burden on their hosts during starvation; this may be because of the need to prioritize their own metabolism and nourishment at the expense of their hosts. Collectively, our study reveals the potential of this dynamic symbiotic association to shift away from mutualism during food-deprived conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-En Peng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Alessandro Moret
- Dipatimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cherilyn Chang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Anderson B. Mayfield
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ting Ren
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Nan U. Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mario Giordano
- Dipatimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Algatech, Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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26
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27
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Starzak DE, Quinnell RG, Cook CB, Davy SK. Influence of Symbiont Species on the Glycerol and Glucose Pools in a Model Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020; 239:143-151. [PMID: 33151753 DOI: 10.1086/710349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSymbiotic dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae release mobile compounds (e.g., glucose, glycerol, amino acids, and lipids) to their host's tissues. Little is known about how different symbionts affect quantitative and qualitative differences in these compounds. We tested how symbiont identity affects glycerol and glucose pools in the tissues of the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida ("Aiptasia"). We infected symbiont-free anemones with three different symbiotic dinoflagellates: Breviolum minutum isolated from our Aiptasia stock, B. minutum isolated from a different Aiptasia population, and the free-living Effrenium voratum. We measured free glycerol and glucose levels in host tissues under photosynthetic conditions, as well as metabolite release by these algae when freshly isolated from Aiptasia and incubated in a host tissue homogenate. Anemone tissues containing the stock B. minutum accumulated glycerol at a higher symbiont cell-specific rate than those containing the alternative B. minutum or E. voratum (e.g., at 9 h of light incubation: stock B. minutum, 4.05 × 10-5 nmol per algal cell; alternative B. minutum, 0.90 × 10-5 nmol per algal cell; E. voratum: 1.14 × 10-5 nmol per algal cell). All symbiotic hosts accumulated glucose between 1 and 12 h of light incubation. At 12 h, the symbiont cell-specific glucose content was 6-fold higher in anemone tissues that contained stock B. minutum than in those containing the alternative B. minutum (1.73 × 10-6 vs. 0.30 × 10-6 nmol per algal cell, respectively). All freshly isolated algae released glycerol and glucose when incubated in host homogenate except E. voratum, which did not release glycerol. These trends mirrored those in hospite. Our results suggest that, on an algal cell-specific basis, B. minutum isolated from the same Aiptasia stock provided better nutritional support to the host than did the two other algae, though this was not reflected in colonization success, highlighting the underlying complexity of host-symbiont recognition and symbiosis establishment in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate partnership.
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Nitschke MR, Craveiro SC, Brandão C, Fidalgo C, Serôdio J, Calado AJ, Frommlet JC. Description of Freudenthalidium gen. nov. and Halluxium gen. nov. to Formally Recognize Clades Fr3 and H as Genera in the Family Symbiodiniaceae (Dinophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:923-940. [PMID: 32267533 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Symbiodiniaceae are a family of marine dinoflagellates known mostly for their endosymbiotic interactions with invertebrates and protists, but facultatively and exclusively free-living life histories in this family are also evident. A recent systematic revision of the Symbiodiniaceae replaced the clade-based nomenclature of seven divergent lineages of "Symbiodinium" sensu lato with one based on formally described genera. The revised taxonomy was not extended to the whole group because type species to describe a new genus for each of the remaining clades and subclades were lacking. In an effort to characterize benthic habitats of symbiodiniaceans in sediments at Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), we isolated >100 monoclonal Symbiodiniaceae cultures. Four of these belonged to Symbiodiniaceae 'subclade' Fr3, and three to Clade H, based on nucleotide sequence similarity (ITS2, LSU, cp23S, and mtCOB), representing the first cultures of these taxa. Based on these isolates, we propose two new genera: Freudenthalidium gen. nov. and Halluxium gen. nov., circumscribing Clades Fr3 and H, respectively. Three new species are described: Freudenthalidium heronense, F. endolithicum, and Halluxium pauxillum. Kofoidian tabulations of motile cells confirm previous observations that amphiesmal vesicle arrangements are generally conserved across the family. These descriptions are an important step toward completing the systematic revision of the Symbiodiniaceae. That this contribution was enabled by isolates from an endopsammic habitat highlights the potential of discovering new symbiodiniacean species in the environment, the study of which will lead to a deeper understanding of free-living versus symbiotic life histories in this ecologically important family of dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Sandra C Craveiro
- Department of Biology and GeoBioTec Research Unit, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Brandão
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Fidalgo
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António J Calado
- Department of Biology and GeoBioTec Research Unit, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jörg C Frommlet
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Unraveling Heterogeneity of Coral Microbiome Assemblages in Tropical and Subtropical Corals in the South China Sea. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040604. [PMID: 32326359 PMCID: PMC7232356 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the coral microbiome is critical for predicting the fidelity of coral symbiosis with growing surface seawater temperature (SST). However, how the coral microbiome will respond to increasing SST is still understudied. Here, we compared the coral microbiome assemblages among 73 samples across six typical South China Sea coral species in two thermal regimes. The results revealed that the composition of microbiome varied across both coral species and thermal regimes, except for Porites lutea. The tropical coral microbiome displayed stronger heterogeneity and had a more un-compacted ecological network than subtropical coral microbiome. The coral microbiome was more strongly determined by environmental factors than host specificity. γ- (32%) and α-proteobacteria (19%), Bacteroidetes (14%), Firmicutes (14%), Actinobacteria (6%) and Cyanobacteria (2%) dominated the coral microbiome. Additionally, bacteria inferred to play potential roles in host nutrients metabolism, several keystone bacteria detected in human and plant rhizospheric microbiome were retrieved in explored corals. This study not only disentangles how different host taxa and microbiome interact and how such an interaction is affected by thermal regimes, but also identifies previously unrecognized keystone bacteria in corals, and also infers the community structure of coral microbiome will be changed from a compacted to an un-compacted network under elevated SST.
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30
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Matthews JL, Raina J, Kahlke T, Seymour JR, Oppen MJH, Suggett DJ. Symbiodiniaceae‐bacteria interactions: rethinking metabolite exchange in reef‐building corals as multi‐partner metabolic networks. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1675-1687. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Matthews
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney 2007 New South Wales Australia
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Raina
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney 2007 New South Wales Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney 2007 New South Wales Australia
| | - Justin R. Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney 2007 New South Wales Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. Oppen
- The University of Melbourne Parkville 3010 Victoria Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No 3 Townsville MC 4810 QLD Australia
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney 2007 New South Wales Australia
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31
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Maor‐Landaw K, van Oppen MJH, McFadden GI. Symbiotic lifestyle triggers drastic changes in the gene expression of the algal endosymbiont Breviolum minutum (Symbiodiniaceae). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:451-466. [PMID: 31993121 PMCID: PMC6972872 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis underpins the evolutionary success of corals reefs. Successful exchange of molecules between the cnidarian host and the Symbiodiniaceae algae enables the mutualistic partnership. The algae translocate photosynthate to their host in exchange for nutrients and shelter. The photosynthate must traverse multiple membranes, most likely facilitated by transporters. Here, we compared gene expression profiles of cultured, free-living Breviolum minutum with those of the homologous symbionts freshly isolated from the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana, a widely used model for coral hosts. Additionally, we assessed expression levels of a list of candidate host transporters of interest in anemones with and without symbionts. Our transcriptome analyses highlight the distinctive nature of the two algal life stages, with many gene expression level changes correlating to the different morphologies, cell cycles, and metabolisms adopted in hospite versus free-living. Morphogenesis-related genes that likely underpin the metamorphosis process observed when symbionts enter a host cell were up-regulated. Conversely, many down-regulated genes appear to be indicative of the protective and confined nature of the symbiosome. Our results emphasize the significance of transmembrane transport to the symbiosis, and in particular of ammonium and sugar transport. Further, we pinpoint and characterize candidate transporters-predicted to be localized variously to the algal plasma membrane, the host plasma membrane, and the symbiosome membrane-that likely serve pivotal roles in the interchange of material during symbiosis. Our study provides new insights that expand our understanding of the molecular exchanges that underpin the cnidarian-algal symbiotic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Maor‐Landaw
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. van Oppen
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQldAustralia
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Bellantuono AJ, Dougan KE, Granados‐Cifuentes C, Rodriguez‐Lanetty M. Free‐living and symbiotic lifestyles of a thermotolerant coral endosymbiont display profoundly distinct transcriptomes under both stable and heat stress conditions. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5265-5281. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine E. Dougan
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
| | - Camila Granados‐Cifuentes
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
- Baruch College The City University of New York New York NY USA
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Radice VZ, Brett MT, Fry B, Fox MD, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Dove SG. Evaluating coral trophic strategies using fatty acid composition and indices. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222327. [PMID: 31509600 PMCID: PMC6739055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological success of shallow water reef-building corals has been linked to the symbiosis between the coral host and its dinoflagellate symbionts (herein ‘symbionts’). As mixotrophs, symbiotic corals depend on nutrients 1) transferred from their photosynthetic symbionts (autotrophy) and 2) acquired by host feeding on particulate organic resources (heterotrophy). However, coral species differ in the extent to which they depend on heterotrophy for nutrition and these differences are typically poorly defined. Here, a multi-tracer fatty acid approach was used to evaluate the trophic strategies of three species of common reef-building coral (Galaxea fascicularis, Pachyseris speciosa, and Pocillopora verrucosa) whose trophic strategies had previously been identified using carbon stable isotopes. The composition and various indices of fatty acids were compared to examine the relative contribution of symbiont autotrophy and host heterotrophy in coral energy acquisition. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to estimate the contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from various potential sources to the coral hosts. The total fatty acid composition and fatty acid indices revealed differences between the more heterotrophic (P. verrucosa) and more autotrophic (P. speciosa) coral hosts, with the coral host G. fascicularis showing overlap with the other two species and greater variability overall. For the more heterotrophic P. verrucosa, the fatty acid indices and LDA results both indicated a greater proportion of copepod-derived fatty acids compared to the other coral species. Overall, the LDA estimated that PUFA derived from particulate resources (e.g., copepods and diatoms) comprised a greater proportion of coral host PUFA in contrast to the lower proportion of symbiont-derived PUFA. These estimates provide insight into the importance of heterotrophy in coral nutrition, especially in productive reef systems. The study supports carbon stable isotope results and demonstrates the utility of fatty acid analyses for exploring the trophic strategies of reef-building corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Z Radice
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael T Brett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian Fry
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D Fox
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophie G Dove
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Zhu Z, Liu QX. Enhanced transport of nutrients powered by microscale flows of the self-spinning dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.197947. [PMID: 30952687 PMCID: PMC6503948 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.197947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of a living organism (e.g. bacteria, algae, zooplankton) requires a continuous uptake of nutrients from the surrounding environment. However, within local spatial scales, nutrients are quickly used up under dense concentrations of organisms. Here, we report that self-spinning dinoflagellates Symbiodinium sp. (clade E) generate a microscale flow that mitigates competition and enhances the uptake of nutrients from the surrounding environment. Our experimental and theoretical results reveal that this incessant active behavior enhances transport by approximately 80-fold when compared with Brownian motion in living fluids. We found that the tracer ensemble probability density function for displacement is time-dependent, but consists of a Gaussian core and robust exponential tails (so-called non-Gaussian diffusion). This can be explained by interactions of far-field Brownian motions and a near-field entrainment effect along with microscale flows. The contribution of exponential tails sharply increases with algal density, and saturates at a critical density, implying a trade-off between aggregated benefit and negative competition for the spatially self-organized cells. Our work thus shows that active motion and migration of aquatic algae play key roles in diffusive transport and should be included in theoretical and numerical models of physical and biogeochemical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Quan-Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration & Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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35
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Cabrerizo MJ, González-Olalla JM, Hinojosa-López VJ, Peralta-Cornejo FJ, Carrillo P. A shifting balance: responses of mixotrophic marine algae to cooling and warming under UVR. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1317-1327. [PMID: 30306559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophy is a dominant metabolic strategy in ecosystems worldwide. Shifts in temperature (T) and light (i.e. the ultraviolet portion of spectrum (UVR)) are key abiotic factors that modulate the conditions under which an organism is able to live. However, whether the interaction between both drivers alters mixotrophy in a global-change context remains unassessed. To determine the T × UVR effects on relative electron transport rates, nonphotochemical quenching, bacterivory, and bacterial production, we conducted an experiment with Isochrysis galbana populations grown mixotrophically, which were exposed to 5°C of cooling and warming with respect to the control (19°C) with (or without) UVR over light-dark cycles and different timescales. At the beginning of the experiment, cooling inhibited the relative electron transport and bacterivory rates, whereas warming depressed only bacterivory regardless of the radiation treatment. By the end of the experiment, warming and UVR conditions stimulated bacterivory. These reduced relative electron transport rates (c. 50% (warming) and > 70% (cooling)) were offset by increased (35%) cumulative bacterivory rates under warming and UVR conditions. We propose that mixotrophy constitutes an energy-saving and a compensatory mechanism to gain carbon (C) when photosynthesis is impaired, and highlight the need to consider the natural environmental changes affecting the populations when we test the impacts of interacting global-change drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Cabrerizo
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, 18071, España
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, Granada, 18071, España
| | - Juan Manuel González-Olalla
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, 18071, España
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, Granada, 18071, España
| | - Víctor J Hinojosa-López
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, Granada, 18071, España
| | - Francisco J Peralta-Cornejo
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, Granada, 18071, España
| | - Presentación Carrillo
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, Granada, 18071, España
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Worldwide Occurrence and Activity of the Reef-Building Coral Symbiont Symbiodinium in the Open Ocean. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3625-3633.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ziegler M, Stone E, Colman D, Takacs-Vesbach C, Shepherd U. Patterns of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) diversity and assemblages among diverse hosts and the coral reef environment of Lizard Island, Australia. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:447-460. [PMID: 29696650 PMCID: PMC6105428 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale environmental disturbances may impact both partners in coral host-Symbiodinium systems. Elucidation of the assembly patterns in such complex and interdependent communities may enable better prediction of environmental impacts across coral reef ecosystems. In this study, we investigated how the community composition and diversity of dinoflagellate symbionts in the genus Symbiodinium were distributed among 12 host species from six taxonomic orders (Actinaria, Alcyonacea, Miliolida, Porifera, Rhizostoma, Scleractinia) and in the reef water and sediments at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef before the 3rd Global Coral Bleaching Event. 454 pyrosequencing of the ITS2 region of Symbiodinium yielded 83 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 97% similarity cut-off. Approximately half of the Symbiodinium OTUs from reef water or sediments were also present in symbio. OTUs belonged to six clades (A-D, F-G), but community structure was uneven. The two most abundant OTUs (100% matches to types C1 and A3) comprised 91% of reads and OTU C1 was shared by all species. However, sequence-based analysis of these dominant OTUs revealed host species specificity, suggesting that genetic similarity cut-offs of Symbiodinium ITS2 data sets need careful evaluation. Of the less abundant OTUs, roughly half occurred at only one site or in one species and the background Symbiodinium communities were distinct between individual samples. We conclude that sampling multiple host taxa with differing life history traits will be critical to fully understand the symbiont diversity of a given system and to predict coral ecosystem responses to environmental change and disturbance considering the differential stress response of the taxa within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Ziegler
- Author for correspondence: Maren Ziegler, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Building 2, Office 2227, 3955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, Tel.: +966 12 808 2446,
| | - Elizabeth Stone
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall, MSC03-2020 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Daniel Colman
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall, MSC03-2020 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Cristina Takacs-Vesbach
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall, MSC03-2020 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Ursula Shepherd
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall, MSC03-2020 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA; Honors College, University of New Mexico, Student Health Center Building, MSCO6-3890 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Coutinho FH, Gregoracci GB, Walter JM, Thompson CC, Thompson FL. Metagenomics Sheds Light on the Ecology of Marine Microbes and Their Viruses. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:955-965. [PMID: 29937307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Advances brought about by omics-based approaches have revolutionized our understanding of the diversity and ecological processes involving marine archaea, bacteria, and their viruses. This broad review discusses recent examples of how genomics, metagenomics, and ecogenomics have been applied to reveal the ecology of these biological entities. Three major topics are covered in this revision: (i) the novel roles of microorganisms in ecosystem processes; (ii) virus-host associations; and (iii) ecological associations of microeukaryotes and other microbes. We also briefly comment on the discovery of novel taxa from marine ecosystems; development of a robust taxonomic framework for prokaryotes; breakthroughs on the diversity and ecology of cyanobacteria; and advances on ecological modelling. We conclude by discussing limitations of the field and suggesting directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Hernandes Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Produccíon Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Juline Marta Walter
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Carneiro Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center of Technology - CT2, SAGE-COPPE, Federal Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Cao X, Wan L, Xiao J, Chen X, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Song C. Environmental effects by introducing Potamogeton crispus to recover a eutrophic Lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:360-367. [PMID: 29190559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Re-establishing submerged vegetation is considered an important tool to restore shallow eutrophic lakes. A whole year comparative field study was performed in a eutrophic lake and its connected pond with Potamogeton crispus in order to determine the effects of the growth and senescence of submerged macrophytes on structure of phytoplankton. P. crispus improved the water quality at the growing season in terms of improving transparency, decreasing total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and chlorophyll a concentrations and slowering turnover rate of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Meanwhile, dominant species shift from Chlorophyta to Diatom. Notably, senescence and decomposition of P. crispus in late spring resulted in an abrupt increase of DOP, providing a suitable growing environment for Euglena and dinoflagellates and a Peridiniopsis bloom occurred owing to their advantage in utilizing DOP. Peridiniopsis excreted phosphatase as evidence by simultaneously in situ enzyme labelled fluorescence (ELF) labelling and main alkaline phosphatase activity contributed by large particles, suggesting that the dominance of dinoflagellate with low SRP is enabled by its ability to efficiently hydrolyze DOP. Under the scenario of worldwide application of re-establishing submerged vegetation, our results provide the evidence of the negative environmental effects that occurred when transplanting P. crispus to recover a eutrophic lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Lingling Wan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhicong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chunlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Ok JH, Jeong HJ, Lim AS, Lee SY, Kim SJ. Feeding by the heterotrophic nanoflagellate Katablepharis remigera on algal prey and its nationwide distribution in Korea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 74:30-45. [PMID: 29724341 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic nanoflagellates are ubiquitous in natural waters, and most heterotrophic nanoflagellates are known to grow on bacteria. Recently, the heterotrophic nanoflagellate Katablepharis japonica has been reported to be an effective predator of diverse toxic or harmful algal prey. To date, 7 Katablepharis species have been identified, and therefore important questions arise as to whether other Katablepharis species can feed on algal prey, and further whether the types of prey of other Katablepharis species differ from those of K. japonica. To answer these important questions, feeding by Katablepharis remigera on diverse algal prey was examined. Specific growth and ingestion rates of K. remigera feeding on the raphidophytes Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella subsalsa were determined. Furthermore, the abundance of K. remigera at 28 stations along the coastline of Korea from January 2015 to October 2017 was quantified using qPCR method and newly designed specific primer-probe sets. Among 25 potential algal prey tested, K. remigera fed on only H. akashiwo and C. subsalsa; however, it did not feed on a diatom, a prymnesiophyte, a prasinophyte, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, Mesodinium rubrum, a mixotrophic ciliate, and another raphidophyte Fibrocapsa japonica. The number of prey types on which K. remigera could feed (2 species) was considerably smaller than that of K. japonica (14 species). With the increase in the mean prey concentration, the specific growth rates of K. remigera on H. akashiwo and C. subsalsa increased as well before becoming saturated. The maximum specific growth rates of K. remigera on H. akashiwo and C. subsalsa were 0.717 and 0.129 d-1, respectively. In addition, the maximum ingestion rates of K. remigera on H. akashiwo and C. subsalsa were 0.333 and 0.661 ng C predator-1 d-1 (3.33 and 0.23 cells predator-1 d-1), respectively. The results of this study clearly indicate that K. remigera is an effective predator of 2 red tide-causing raphidophyte species, and additionally, the feeding activity of K. remigera differs greatly from that of K. japonica. The abundance of K. remigera was ≥0.1 cells mL-1 at 24 stations located in the East, West, and South Sea of Korea. Thus, K. remigera has a nationwide distribution in Korea. The highest abundance of K. remigera in Korean waters was 24.9 cells mL-1 in March 2017, when there was no red tide caused by H. akashiwo or Chattonella spp. In most regions where red tides caused by H. akashiwo or Chattonella spp. occurred in 2000-2017, K. remigera was detected. Thus, the abundance of K. remigera may increase during red tides caused by H. akashiwo and Chattonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Ok
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - An Suk Lim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jin Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Yoo YD, Seong KA, Kim HS, Jeong HJ, Yoon EY, Park J, Kim JI, Shin W, Palenik B. Feeding and grazing impact by the bloom-forming euglenophyte Eutreptiella eupharyngea on marine eubacteria and cyanobacteria. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 73:98-109. [PMID: 29602510 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The phototrophic euglenophyte Eutreptiella eupharyngea often causes blooms in the coastal waters of many countries, but its mode of nutrition has not been assessed. This species has previously been considered as exclusively auxotrophic. To explore whether E. eupharyngea is a mixotrophic species, the protoplasm of E. eupharyngea cells were examined using light, epifluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy after eubacteria, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp., and diverse algal species were provided as potential prey. Furthermore, the ingestion rates of E. eupharyngea KR on eubacteria or Synechococcus sp. as a function of prey concentration were measured. In addition, grazing by natural populations of euglenophytes on natural populations of eubacteria in Masan Bay was investigated. This study is the first to report that E. eupharyngea is a mixotrophic species. Among the potential prey organisms offered, E. eupharyngea fed only on eubacteria and Synechococcus sp., and the maximum ingestion rates of these two organisms measured in the laboratory were 5.7 and 0.7 cells predator-1 h-1, respectively. During the field experiments, the maximum ingestion rates and grazing impacts of euglenophytes, including E. eupharyngea, on natural populations of eubacteria were 11.8 cells predator-1 h-1 and 1.228 d-1, respectively. Therefore, euglenophytes could potentially have a considerable grazing impact on marine bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Du Yoo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeong Ah Seong
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seop Kim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Young Yoon
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Park
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Im Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongghi Shin
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian Palenik
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
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Jeong HJ, Kang HC, You JH, Jang SH. Interactions between the Newly Described Small- and Fast-Swimming Mixotrophic Dinoflagellate Yihiella yeosuensis and Common Heterotrophic Protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:612-626. [PMID: 29397033 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mixotroph Yihiella yeosuensis is a small- and fast-swimming dinoflagellate. To investigate its protistan predators, interactions between Y. yeosuensis and 11 heterotrophic protists were explored. No potential predators were able to feed on actively swimming Y. yeosuensis cells, which escaped via rapid jumps, whereas Aduncodinium glandula, Oxyrrhis marina, and Strombidinopsis sp. (approximately 150 μm in cell length) were able to feed on weakly swimming cells that could not jump. Furthermore, Gyrodinium dominans, Luciella masanensis, and Pfiesteria piscicida were able to feed on heat-killed Yihiella cells, whereas Gyrodinium moestrupii, Noctiluca scintillans, Oblea rotunda, Polykrikos kofoidii, and Strombidium sp. (20 μm) did not feed on them. Thus, the jumping behavior of Y. yeosuensis might be primarily responsible for the observed lack of predation. With increasing Yihiella concentration, the growth rate of O. marina decreased, whereas that of Strombidinopsis did not change. However, with increasing Yihiella concentration (up to 530 ng C/ml), the ingestion rate of Strombidinopsis on Yihiella increased linearly. The highest ingestion rate was 24.1 ng C per predator per d. The low daily carbon acquisition from Yihiella relative to the body carbon content of Strombidinopsis might be responsible for its negligible growth. Thus, Y. yeosuensis might have an advantage over its competitors due to its low mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, 16229, Korea
| | - Hee Chang Kang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun You
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Se Hyeon Jang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Gabay Y, Weis VM, Davy SK. Symbiont Identity Influences Patterns of Symbiosis Establishment, Host Growth, and Asexual Reproduction in a Model Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 234:1-10. [PMID: 29694802 DOI: 10.1086/696365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The genus Symbiodinium is physiologically diverse and so may differentially influence symbiosis establishment and function. To explore this, we inoculated aposymbiotic individuals of the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (commonly referred to as "Aiptasia"), a model for coral symbiosis, with one of five Symbiodinium species or types (S. microadriaticum, S. minutum, phylotype C3, S. trenchii, or S. voratum). The spatial pattern of colonization was monitored over time via confocal microscopy, and various physiological parameters were measured to assess symbiosis functionality. Anemones rapidly formed a symbiosis with the homologous symbiont, S. minutum, but struggled or failed to form a long-lasting symbiosis with Symbiodinium C3 or S. voratum, respectively. Symbiodinium microadriaticum and S. trenchii were successful but reached their peak density two weeks after S. minutum. The spatial pattern of colonization was identical for all Symbiodinium taxa that were ultimately successful, starting in the oral disk and progressing to the tentacles, before invading the column and, finally, the pedal disk. In all cases, proliferation through the anemone's tentacles was patchy, suggesting that symbionts were being expelled into the gastrovascular cavity and re-phagocytosed by the host. However, the timing of these various spatial events differed between the different Symbiodinium taxa. Furthermore, S. microadriaticum and S. trenchii were less beneficial to the host, as indicated by lower rates of photosynthesis, anemone growth, and pedal laceration. This study enhances our understanding of the link between symbiont identity and the performance of the overall symbiosis, which is important for understanding the potential establishment and persistence of novel host-symbiont pairings. Importantly, we also provide a baseline for further studies on this topic with the globally adopted "Aiptasia" model system.
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Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Marine Dinoflagellate Transcriptomic Research. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Comparative growth rates of cultured marine dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium and the effects of temperature and light. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187707. [PMID: 29186143 PMCID: PMC5706665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many dinoflagellate microalgae of the genus Symbiodinium form successful symbioses with a large group of metazoans and selected protists. Yet knowledge of growth kinetics of these endosymbionts and their ecological and evolutionary implications is limited. We used a Bayesian biphasic generalized logistic model to estimate key parameters of the growth of five strains of cultured Symbiodinium, S. microadriaticum (cp-type A194; strain 04–503), S. microadriaticum (cp-type A194; strain CassKB8), S. minutum (cp-type B184; strain Mf 1.05b.01.SCI.01), S. psygmophilum (cp-type B224; strain Mf 11.05b.01) and S. trenchii (cp-type D206; strain Mf 2.2b), grown in four different combinations of temperature and light. Growth kinetics varied among Symbiodinium strains and across treatments. Biphasic growth was especially evident for S. minutum and S. psygmophilum across all treatments. Monophasic growth was more common when final asymptotic densities were relatively low (~ 200 million cells ml-1). All species tended to grow faster and / or reached a higher asymptote at 26°C than at 18°C. The fastest growth was exhibited by S. minutum, with an approximate four-fold increase in estimated cell density after 60 days. The strongest effect of light was seen in S. trenchii, in which increasing light levels resulted in a decrease in initial growth rate, and an increase in asymptotic density, time when growth rate was at its maximum, final growth rate, and maximum growth rate. Results suggest that Symbiodinium species have different photokinetic and thermal optima, which may affect their growth-related nutritional physiology and allow them to modify their response to environmental changes.
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Suggett DJ, Warner ME, Leggat W. Symbiotic Dinoflagellate Functional Diversity Mediates Coral Survival under Ecological Crisis. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:735-745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yoo YD, Seong KA, Jeong HJ, Yih W, Rho JR, Nam SW, Kim HS. Mixotrophy in the marine red-tide cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia and ingestion and grazing impact of cryptophytes on natural populations of bacteria in Korean coastal waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:105-117. [PMID: 28962973 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryptophytes are ubiquitous and one of the major phototrophic components in marine plankton communities. They often cause red tides in the waters of many countries. Understanding the bloom dynamics of cryptophytes is, therefore, of great importance. A critical step in this understanding is unveiling their trophic modes. Prior to this study, several freshwater cryptophyte species and marine Cryptomonas sp. and Geminifera cryophila were revealed to be mixotrophic. The trophic mode of the common marine cryptophyte species, Teleaulax amphioxeia has not been investigated yet. Thus, to explore the mixotrophic ability of T. amphioxeia by assessing the types of prey species that this species is able to feed on, the protoplasms of T. amphioxeia cells were carefully examined under an epifluorescence microscope and a transmission electron microscope after adding each of the diverse prey species. Furthermore, T. amphioxeia ingestion rates heterotrophic bacteria and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. were measured as a function of prey concentration. Moreover, the feeding of natural populations of cryptophytes on natural populations of heterotrophic bacteria was assessed in Masan Bay in April 2006. This study reported for the first time, to our knowledge, that T. amphioxeia is a mixotrophic species. Among the prey organisms offered, T. amphioxeia fed only on heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus sp. The ingestion rates of T. amphioxeia on heterotrophic bacteria or Synechococcus sp. rapidly increased with increasing prey concentrations up to 8.6×106 cells ml-1, but slowly at higher prey concentrations. The maximum ingestion rates of T. amphioxeia on heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus sp. reached 0.7 and 0.3 cells predator-1 h-1, respectively. During the field experiments, the ingestion rates and grazing coefficients of cryptophytes on natural populations of heterotrophic bacteria were 0.3-8.3 cells predator-1h-1 and 0.012-0.033d-1, respectively. Marine cryptophytes, including T. amphioxeia, are known to be favorite prey species for many mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates and ciliates. Cryptophytes, therefore, likely play important roles in marine food webs and may exert a considerable potential grazing impact on the populations of marine bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Du Yoo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeong Ah Seong
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wonho Yih
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Rae Rho
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Nam
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seop Kim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
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Ok JH, Jeong HJ, Lim AS, Lee KH. Interactions between the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Takayama helix and common heterotrophic protists. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:178-191. [PMID: 28962979 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The phototrophic dinoflagellate Takayama helix that is known to be harmful to abalone larvae has recently been revealed to be mixotrophic. Although mixotrophy elevates the growth rate of T. helix by 79%-185%, its absolute growth rate is still as low as 0.3d-1. Thus, if the mortality rate of T. helix due to predation is high, this dinoflagellate may not easily prevail. To investigate potential effective protistan grazers on T. helix, feeding by diverse heterotrophic dinoflagellates such as engulfment-feeding Oxyrrhis marina, Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Polykrikos kofoidii, and Noctiluca scintillans, peduncle-feeding Aduncodinium glandula, Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense, Luciella masanensis, and Pfiesteria piscicida, pallium-feeding Oblea rotunda and Protoperidinium pellucidum, and the naked ciliates Pelagostrobilidium sp. (ca. 40μm in cell length) and Strombidinopsis sp. (ca. 150μm in cell length) on T. helix was explored. Among the tested heterotrophic protists, O. marina, G. dominans, G. moestrupii, A. glandula, L. masanensis, P. kofoidii, P. piscicida, and Strombidinopsis sp. were able to feed on T. helix. The growth rates of all these predators except Strombidinopsis sp. with T. helix prey were lower than those without the prey. The growth rate of Strombidinopsis sp. on T. helix was almost zero although the growth rate of Strombidinopsis sp. with T. helix prey was higher than those without the prey. Moreover, T. helix fed on O. marina and P. pellucidum and lysed the cells of P. kofoidii and G. shiwhaense. With increasing the concentrations of T. helix, the growth rates of O. marina and P. kofoidii decreased, but those of G. dominans and L. masanensis largely did not change. Therefore, reciprocal predation, lysis, no feeding, and the low ingestion rates of the common protists preying on T. helix may result in a low mortality rate due to predation, thereby compensating for this species' low growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Ok
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - An Suk Lim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 plus, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ha Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Viver T, Orellana LH, Hatt JK, Urdiain M, Díaz S, Richter M, Antón J, Avian M, Amann R, Konstantinidis KT, Rosselló-Móra R. The low diverse gastric microbiome of the jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata is dominated by four novel taxa. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3039-3058. [PMID: 28419691 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cotylorhiza tuberculata is an important scyphozoan jellyfish producing population blooms in the Mediterranean probably due to pelagic ecosystem's decay. Its gastric cavity can serve as a simple model of microbial-animal digestive associations, yet poorly characterized. Using state-of-the-art metagenomic population binning and catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH), we show that only four novel clonal phylotypes were consistently associated with multiple jellyfish adults. Two affiliated close to Spiroplasma and Mycoplasma genera, one to chlamydial 'Candidatus Syngnamydia', and one to bacteroidetal Tenacibaculum, and were at least one order of magnitude more abundant than any other bacteria detected. Metabolic modelling predicted an aerobic heterotrophic lifestyle for the chlamydia, which were found intracellularly in Onychodromopsis-like ciliates. The Spiroplasma-like organism was predicted to be an anaerobic fermenter associated to some jellyfish cells, whereas the Tenacibaculum-like as free-living aerobic heterotroph, densely colonizing the mesogleal axis inside the gastric filaments. The association between the jellyfish and its reduced microbiome was close and temporally stable, and possibly related to food digestion and protection from pathogens. Based on the genomic and microscopic data, we propose three candidate taxa: 'Candidatus Syngnamydia medusae', 'Candidatus Medusoplasma mediterranei' and 'Candidatus Tenacibaculum medusae'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomeu Viver
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; CSIC-UIB), Marine Microbiology Group, Esporles, E-07190, Spain
| | - Luis H Orellana
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Janet K Hatt
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Mercedes Urdiain
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; CSIC-UIB), Marine Microbiology Group, Esporles, E-07190, Spain
| | - Sara Díaz
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; CSIC-UIB), Marine Microbiology Group, Esporles, E-07190, Spain
| | | | - Josefa Antón
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, and Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Massimo Avian
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Rudolf Amann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Bremen, D-28359, Germany
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ramon Rosselló-Móra
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; CSIC-UIB), Marine Microbiology Group, Esporles, E-07190, Spain
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50
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Jeong HJ, Kim JS, Lee KH, Seong KA, Yoo YD, Kang NS, Kim TH, Song JY, Kwon JE. Differential interactions between the nematocyst-bearing mixotrophic dinoflagellate Paragymnodinium shiwhaense and common heterotrophic protists and copepods: Killer or prey. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 62:37-51. [PMID: 28118891 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate interactions between the nematocyst-bearing mixotrophic dinoflagellate Paragymnodinium shiwhaense and different heterotrophic protist and copepod species, feeding by common heterotrophic dinoflagellates (Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominans), naked ciliates (Strobilidium sp. approximately 35μm in cell length and Strombidinopsis sp. approximately 100μm in cell length), and calanoid copepods Acartia spp. (A. hongi and A. omorii) on P. shiwhaense was explored. In addition, the feeding activities of P. shiwhaense on these heterotrophic protists were investigated. Furthermore, the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina, G. dominans, Strobilidium sp., Strombidinopsis sp., and Acartia spp. as a function of P. shiwhaense concentration were measured. O. marina, G. dominans, and Strombidinopsis sp. were able to feed on P. shiwhaense, but Strobilidium sp. was not. However, the growth rates of O. marina, G. dominans, Strobilidium sp., and Strombidinopsis sp. feeding on P. shiwhaense were very low or negative at almost all concentrations of P. shiwhaense. P. shiwhaense frequently fed on O. marina and Strobilidium sp., but did not feed on Strombidinopsis sp. and G. dominans. G. dominans cells swelled and became dead when incubated with filtrate from the experimental bottles (G. dominans+P. shiwhaense) that had been incubated for one day. The ingestion rates of O. marina, G. dominans, and Strobilidium sp. on P. shiwhaense were almost zero at all P. shiwhaense concentrations, while those of Strombidinopsis sp. increased with prey concentration. The maximum ingestion rate of Strombidinopsis sp. on P. shiwhaense was 5.3ngC predator-1d-1 (41 cells predator-1d-1), which was much lower than ingestion rates reported in the literature for other mixotrophic dinoflagellate prey species. With increasing prey concentrations, the ingestion rates of Acartia spp. on P. shiwhaense increased up to 930ngCml-1 (7180cellsml-1) at the highest prey concentration. The highest ingestion rate of Acartia spp. on P. shiwhaense was 4240ngC predator-1d-1 (32,610 cells predator-1d-1), which is comparable to ingestion rates from previous studies on other dinoflagellate prey species calculated at similar prey concentrations. Thus, P. shiwhaense might play diverse ecological roles in marine planktonic communities by having an advantage over competing phytoplankton in anti-predation against potential protistan grazers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Seong Kim
- Water and Eco-Bio Corporation, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Ha Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Ah Seong
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Du Yoo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Seon Kang
- Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seochun-gun, Chungchungnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Song
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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