1
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Dasari S, Paris G, Charreau J, Savarino J. Sulfur-isotope anomalies recorded in Antarctic ice cores as a potential proxy for tracing past ozone layer depletion events. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac170. [PMID: 36714879 PMCID: PMC9802080 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the cosmic-ray background of the Earth can impact the ozone layer. High-energy cosmic events [e.g. supernova (SN)] or rapid changes in the Earth's magnetic field [e.g. geomagnetic Excursion (GE)] can lead to a cascade of cosmic rays. Ensuing chemical reactions can then cause thinning/destruction of the ozone layer-leading to enhanced penetration of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation toward the Earth's surface. However, observational evidence for such UV "windows" is still lacking. Here, we conduct a pilot study and investigate this notion during two well-known events: the multiple SN event (≈10 kBP) and the Laschamp GE event (≈41 kBP). We hypothesize that ice-core-Δ33S records-originally used as volcanic fingerprints-can reveal UV-induced background-tropospheric-photochemical imprints during such events. Indeed, we find nonvolcanic S-isotopic anomalies (Δ33S ≠ 0‰) in background Antarctic ice-core sulfate during GE/SN periods, thereby confirming our hypothesis. This suggests that ice-core-Δ33S records can serve as a proxy for past ozone-layer-depletion events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Paris
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Julien Charreau
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France
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2
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Trabelsi T, Anglada JM, Ruiz-López MF, Francisco JS. Photochemistry of HOSO radical in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:111103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5119704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environment Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, USA
| | - Josep M. Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica (IQAC – CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel F. Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environment Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, USA
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3
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Zhong J, Kumar M, Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Ruiz-Lopez MF, Zeng XC, Francisco JS. Atmospheric Spectroscopy and Photochemistry at Environmental Water Interfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2019; 70:45-69. [PMID: 31174459 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The air-water interface is ubiquitous in nature, as manifested in the form of the surfaces of oceans, lakes, and atmospheric aerosols. The aerosol interface, in particular, can play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. The adsorption of atmospheric species onto and into aerosols modifies their concentrations and chemistries. Moreover, the aerosol phase allows otherwise unlikely solution-phase chemistry to occur in the atmosphere. The effect of the air-water interface on these processes is not entirely known. This review summarizes recent theoretical investigations of the interactions of atmosphere species with the air-water interface, including reactant adsorption, photochemistry, and the spectroscopy of reactants at the water surface, with an emphasis on understanding differences between interfacial chemistries and the chemistries in both bulk solution and the gas phase. The results discussed here enable an understanding of fundamental concepts that lead to potential air-water interface effects, providing a framework to understand the effects of water surfaces on our atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - J M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M T C Martins-Costa
- Le Laboratoire Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes (SRSMC), CNRS UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M F Ruiz-Lopez
- Le Laboratoire Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes (SRSMC), CNRS UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - X C Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, USA;
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4
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Thiemens MH, Lin M. Use of Isotope Effects To Understand the Present and Past of the Atmosphere and Climate and Track the Origin of Life. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Mang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
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5
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Thiemens MH, Lin M. Use of Isotope Effects To Understand the Present and Past of the Atmosphere and Climate and Track the Origin of Life. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6826-6844. [PMID: 30633432 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope ratio measurements have been used as a measure of a wide variety of processes, including solar system evolution, geological formational temperatures, tracking of atmospheric gas and aerosol chemical transformation, and is the only means by which past global temperatures may be determined over long time scales. Conventionally, isotope effects derive from differences of isotopically substituted molecules in isotope vibrational energy, bond strength, velocity, gravity, and evaporation/condensation. The variations in isotope ratio, such as 18 O/16 O (δ18 O) and 17 O/16 O (δ17 O) are dependent upon mass differences with δ17 O/δ18 O=0.5, due to the relative mass differences (1 amu vs. 2 amu). Relations that do not follow this are termed mass independent and are the focus of this Minireview. In chemical reactions such as ozone formation, a δ17 O/δ18 O=1 is observed. Physical chemical models capture most parameters but differ in basic approach and are reviewed. The mass independent effect is observed in atmospheric species and used to track their chemistry at the modern and ancient Earth, Mars, and the early solar system (meteorites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Mang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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6
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Kumar P, Kłos J, Poirier B, Alexander MH, Guo H. Accurate characterization of the lowest triplet potential energy surface of SO 2 with a coupled cluster method. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:144303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5088959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Bill Poirier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Millard H. Alexander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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7
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Sarka K, Danielache SO, Kondorskiy A, Nanbu S. Theoretical study of electronic properties and isotope effects in the UV absorption spectrum of disulfur. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Kroll JA, Frandsen BN, Rapf RJ, Kjaergaard HG, Vaida V. Reactivity of Electronically Excited SO2 with Alkanes. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7782-7789. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin N. Frandsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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9
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Volcanic Plume Impact on the Atmosphere and Climate: O- and S-Isotope Insight into Sulfate Aerosol Formation. GEOSCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8060198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Wu Z, Lu B, Feng R, Xu J, Lu Y, Wan H, Eckhardt AK, Schreiner PR, Xie C, Guo H, Zeng X. Capture of SO3isomers in the oxidation of sulfur monoxide with molecular oxygen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1690-1693. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two SO3isomers,cis-OSOO and cyclic OS(O)O, were formed in the oxidation of SO and trapped in cryogenic matrices for spectroscopic characterization.
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11
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Wu Z, Wan H, Xu J, Lu B, Lu Y, Eckhardt AK, Schreiner PR, Xie C, Guo H, Zeng X. The near-UV absorber OSSO and its isomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00999f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The enigmatic near-UV absorber, OSSO, in the yellowish atmosphere of Venus and three novel isomers have been spectroscopically characterized.
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12
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Zhong J, Zhu C, Li L, Richmond GL, Francisco JS, Zeng XC. Interaction of SO2 with the Surface of a Water Nanodroplet. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17168-17174. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | | | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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13
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Han X, Guo Q, Strauss H, Liu C, Hu J, Guo Z, Wei R, Peters M, Tian L, Kong J. Multiple Sulfur Isotope Constraints on Sources and Formation Processes of Sulfate in Beijing PM 2.5 Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7794-7803. [PMID: 28605583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently air pollution is seriously threatening the health of millions of people in China. The multiple sulfur isotopic composition of sulfate in PM2.5 samples collected in Beijing is used to better constrain potential sources and formation processes of sulfate aerosol. The Δ33S values of sulfate in PM2.5 show a pronounced seasonality with positive values in spring, summer and autumn and negative values in winter. Positive Δ33S anomalies are interpreted to result from SO2 photolysis with self-shielding, and may reflect air mass transport between the troposphere and the stratosphere. The negative Δ33S signature (-0.300‰ < Δ33S < 0‰) in winter is possibly related to incomplete combustion of coal in residential stoves during the heating season, implying that sulfur dioxide released from residential stoves in more rural areas is an important contributor to atmospheric sulfate. However, negative Δ33S anomalies (-0.664‰ < Δ33S ← 0.300‰) in winter and positive Δ33S anomalies (0.300‰ < Δ33S < 0.480‰) in spring, summer, and autumn suggest sulfur isotopic equilibrium on an annual time frame, which may provide an implication for the absence of mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes (S-MIF) in younger sediments. Results obtained here reveal that reducing the usage of coal and improving the heating system in rural areas will be important for efficiently decreasing the emissions of sulfur in China and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Han
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Harald Strauss
- Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Congqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Zhaobing Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Marc Peters
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liyan Tian
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
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14
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Xie C, Jiang B, Kłos J, Kumar P, Alexander MH, Poirier B, Guo H. Final State Resolved Quantum Predissociation Dynamics of SO 2(C̃ 1B 2) and Its Isotopomers via a Crossing with a Singlet Repulsive State. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4930-4938. [PMID: 28613867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fragmentation dynamics of predissociative SO2(C̃1B2) is investigated on an accurate adiabatic potential energy surface (PES) determined from high level ab initio data. This singlet PES features non-C2v equilibrium geometries for SO2, which are separated from the SO(X̃3Σ-) + O(3P) dissociation limit by a barrier resulting from a conical intersection with a repulsive singlet state. The ro-vibrational state distribution of the SO fragment is determined quantum mechanically for many predissociative states of several sulfur isotopomers of SO2. Significant rotational and vibrational excitations are found in the SO fragment. It is shown that these fragment internal state distributions are strongly dependent on the predissociative vibronic states, and the excitation typically increases with the photon energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Millard H Alexander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bill Poirier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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15
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Sarka K, Danielache SO, Kondorskiy A, Nanbu S. RETRACTED: Theoretical study of electronic properties and isotope effects in the UV absorption spectrum of disulfur. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Jiang B, Kumar P, Kłos J, Alexander MH, Poirier B, Guo H. First-principles C band absorption spectra of SO 2 and its isotopologues. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:154305. [PMID: 28433016 DOI: 10.1063/1.4980124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-energy wing of the C∼B21←X∼1A1 absorption spectra for SO2 in the ultraviolet region is computed for the 32S,33S,34S and 36S isotopes, using the recently developed ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the two electronic states and the corresponding transition dipole surface. The state-resolved absorption spectra from various ro-vibrational states of SO2(X∼1A1) are computed. When contributions of these excited ro-vibrational states are included, the thermally averaged spectra are broadened but maintain their key characters. Excellent agreement with experimental absorption spectra is found, validating the accuracy of the PESs. The isotope shifts of the absorption peaks are found to increase linearly with energy, in good agreement with experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Millard H Alexander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Bill Poirier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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17
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Ishida T, Nanbu S, Nakamura H. Clarification of nonadiabatic chemical dynamics by the Zhu-Nakamura theory of nonadiabatic transition: from tri-atomic systems to reactions in solutions. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2017.1293399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Kamezaki K, Hattori S, Ogawa T, Toyoda S, Kato H, Katayama Y, Yoshida N. Sulfur Isotopic Fractionation of Carbonyl Sulfide during Degradation by Soil Bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3537-3544. [PMID: 26967120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We performed laboratory incubation experiments on the degradation of gaseous phase carbonyl sulfide (OCS) by soil bacteria to determine its sulfur isotopic fractionation constants ((34)ε). Incubation experiments were conducted using strains belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Williamsia, and Cupriavidus isolated from natural soil environments. The (34)ε values determined were -3.67 ± 0.33‰, -3.99 ± 0.19‰, -3.57 ± 0.22‰, and -3.56 ± 0.23‰ for Mycobacterium spp. strains THI401, THI402, THI404, and THI405; -3.74 ± 0.29‰ for Williamsia sp. strain THI410; and -2.09 ± 0.07‰ and -2.38 ± 0.35‰ for Cupriavidus spp. strains THI414 and THI415. Although OCS degradation rates divided by cell numbers (cell-specific activity) were different among strains of the same genus, the (34)ε values for same genus showed no significant differences. Even though the numbers of bacterial species examined were limited, our results suggest that (34)ε values for OCS bacterial degradation depend not on cell-specific activities, but on genus-level biological differences, suggesting that (34)ε values are dependent on enzymatic and/or membrane properties. Taking our (34)ε values as representative for bacterial OCS degradation, the expected atmospheric changes in δ(34)S values of OCS range from 0.5‰ to 0.9‰, based on previously reported decreases in OCS concentrations at Mt. Fuji, Japan. Consequently, tropospheric observation of δ(34)S values for OCS coupled with (34)ε values for OCS bacterial degradation can potentially be used to investigate soil as an OCS sink.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | - Hiromi Kato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoko Katayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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21
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Atmospheric record in the Hadean Eon from multiple sulfur isotope measurements in Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt (Nunavik, Quebec). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:707-12. [PMID: 25561552 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419681112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes (S-MIF) results from photochemical reactions involving short-wavelength UV light. The presence of these anomalies in Archean sediments [(4-2.5 billion years ago, (Ga)] implies that the early atmosphere was free of the appropriate UV absorbers, of which ozone is the most important in the modern atmosphere. Consequently, S-MIF is considered some of the strongest evidence for the lack of free atmospheric oxygen before 2.4 Ga. Although temporal variations in the S-MIF record are thought to depend on changes in the abundances of gas and aerosol species, our limited understanding of photochemical mechanisms complicates interpretation of the S-MIF record in terms of atmospheric composition. Multiple sulfur isotope compositions (δ(33)S, δ(34)S, and δ(36)S) of the >3.8 billion-year-old Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt (Ungava peninsula) have been investigated to track the early origins of S-MIF. Anomalous S-isotope compositions (Δ(33)S up to +2.2‰) confirm a sedimentary origin of sulfide-bearing banded iron and silica-rich formations. Sharp isotopic transitions across sedimentary/igneous lithological boundaries indicate that primary surficial S-isotope compositions have been preserved despite a complicated metamorphic history. Furthermore, Nuvvuagittuq metasediments recorded coupled variations in (33)S/(32)S, (34)S/(32)S, and (36)S/(32)S that are statistically indistinguishable from those identified several times later in the Archean. The recurrence of the same S-isotope pattern at both ends of the Archean Eon is unexpected, given the complex atmospheric, geological, and biological pathways involved in producing and preserving this fractionation. It implies that, within 0.8 billion years of Earth's formation, a common mechanism for S-MIF production was established in the atmosphere.
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Hattori S, Toyoda A, Toyoda S, Ishino S, Ueno Y, Yoshida N. Determination of the Sulfur Isotope Ratio in Carbonyl Sulfide Using Gas Chromatography/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry on Fragment Ions 32S+, 33S+, and 34S+. Anal Chem 2014; 87:477-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502704d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuichiro Ueno
- Precambrian Ecosystem
Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
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Large sulfur-isotope anomaly in nonvolcanic sulfate aerosol and its implications for the Archean atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11979-83. [PMID: 25092338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406315111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-isotopic anomalies have been used to trace the evolution of oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere and to document past volcanic eruptions. High-precision sulfur quadruple isotope measurements of sulfate aerosols extracted from a snow pit at the South Pole (1984-2001) showed the highest S-isotopic anomalies (Δ(33)S = +1.66‰ and Δ(36)S = +2‰) in a nonvolcanic (1998-1999) period, similar in magnitude to Pinatubo and Agung, the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century. The highest isotopic anomaly may be produced from a combination of different stratospheric sources (sulfur dioxide and carbonyl sulfide) via SOx photochemistry, including photoexcitation and photodissociation. The source of anomaly is linked to super El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (1997-1998)-induced changes in troposphere-stratosphere chemistry and dynamics. The data possess recurring negative S-isotope anomalies (Δ(36)S = -0.6 ± 0.2‰) in nonvolcanic and non-ENSO years, thus requiring a second source that may be tropospheric. The generation of nonvolcanic S-isotopic anomalies in an oxidizing atmosphere has implications for interpreting Archean sulfur deposits used to determine the redox state of the paleoatmosphere.
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Direct observation of spin-forbidden transitions through the use of suitably polarized light. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4126. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Lévêque C, Köppel H, Taïeb R. Excited state dynamics in SO2. III. An ab initio quantum study of single- and multi-photon ionization. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:204303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4875037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lévêque C, Taïeb R, Köppel H. Communication: Theoretical prediction of the importance of the 3B2 state in the dynamics of sulfur dioxide. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:091101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4867252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Thiemens MH. Introduction to chemistry and applications in nature of mass independent isotope effects special feature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17631-7. [PMID: 24167299 PMCID: PMC3816458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312926110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope ratio variations are regulated by physical and chemical laws. These rules depend on a relation with mass differences between isotopes. New classes of isotope variation effects that deviate from mass dependent laws, termed mass independent isotope effects, were discovered in 1983 and have a wide range of applications in basic chemistry and nature. In this special edition, new applications of these effects to physical chemistry, solar system origin models, terrestrial atmospheric and biogenic evolution, polar paleo climatology, snowball earth geology, and present day atmospheric sciences are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0356
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Harris E, Sinha B, Hoppe P, Ono S. High-precision measurements of (33)S and (34)S fractionation during SO2 oxidation reveal causes of seasonality in SO2 and sulfate isotopic composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12174-12183. [PMID: 24079753 DOI: 10.1021/es402824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study presents high-precision isotope ratio-mass spectrometric measurements of isotopic fractionation during oxidation of SO2 by OH radicals in the gas phase and H2O2 and transition metal ion catalysis (TMI-catalysis) in the aqueous phase. Although temperature dependence of fractionation factors was found to be significant for H2O2 and TMI-catalyzed pathways, results from a simple 1D model revealed that changing partitioning between oxidation pathways was the dominant cause of seasonality in the isotopic composition of sulfate relative to SO2. Comparison of modeled seasonality with observations shows the TMI-catalyzed oxidation pathway is underestimated by more than an order of magnitude in all current atmospheric chemistry models. The three reactions showed an approximately mass-dependent relationship between (33)S and (34)S. However, the slope of the mass-dependent line was significantly different to 0.515 for the OH and TMI-catalyzed pathways, reflecting kinetic versus equilibrium control of isotopic fractionation. For the TMI-catalyzed pathway, both temperature dependence and (33)S/(34)S relationship revealed a shift in the rate-limiting reaction step from dissolution at lower temperatures to TMI-sulfite complex formation at higher temperatures. 1D model results showed that although individual reactions could produce Δ(33)S values between -0.15 and +0.2‰, seasonal changes in partitioning between oxidation pathways caused average sulfate Δ(33)S values of 0‰ throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Harris
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, United States
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Vibronic origin of sulfur mass-independent isotope effect in photoexcitation of SO2 and the implications to the early earth's atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17697-702. [PMID: 23836655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306979110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Signatures of mass-independent isotope fractionation (MIF) are found in the oxygen ((16)O,(17)O,(18)O) and sulfur ((32)S, (33)S, (34)S, (36)S) isotope systems and serve as important tracers of past and present atmospheric processes. These unique isotope signatures signify the breakdown of the traditional theory of isotope fractionation, but the physical chemistry of these isotope effects remains poorly understood. We report the production of large sulfur isotope MIF, with Δ(33)S up to 78‰ and Δ(36)S up to 110‰, from the broadband excitation of SO2 in the 250-350-nm absorption region. Acetylene is used to selectively trap the triplet-state SO2 ( (3)B1), which results from intersystem crossing from the excited singlet ( (1)A2/ (1)B1) states. The observed MIF signature differs considerably from that predicted by isotopologue-specific absorption cross-sections of SO2 and is insensitive to the wavelength region of excitation (above or below 300 nm), suggesting that the MIF originates not from the initial excitation of SO2 to the singlet states but from an isotope selective spin-orbit interaction between the singlet ( (1)A2/ (1)B1) and triplet ( (3)B1) manifolds. Calculations based on high-level potential energy surfaces of the multiple excited states show a considerable lifetime anomaly for (33)SO2 and (36)SO2 for the low vibrational levels of the (1)A2 state. These results demonstrate that the isotope selectivity of accidental near-resonance interactions between states is of critical importance in understanding the origin of MIF in photochemical systems.
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Carbon dioxide photolysis from 150 to 210 nm: singlet and triplet channel dynamics, UV-spectrum, and isotope effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17691-6. [PMID: 23776249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213083110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a first principles study of the carbon dioxide (CO2) photodissociation process in the 150- to 210-nm wavelength range, with emphasis on photolysis below the carbon monoxide + singlet channel threshold at ~167 nm. The calculations reproduce experimental absorption cross-sections at a resolution of ~0.5 nm without scaling the intensity. The observed structure in the 150- to 210-nm range is caused by excitation of bending motion supported by the deep wells at bent geometries in the and potential energy surfaces. Predissociation below the singlet channel threshold occurs via spin-orbit coupling to nearby repulsive triplet states. Carbon monoxide vibrational and rotational state distributions in the singlet channel as well as the triplet channel for excitation at 157 nm satisfactorily reproduce experimental data. The cross-sections of individual CO2 isotopologues ((12)C(16)O2, (12)C(17)O(16)O, (12)C(18)O(16)O, (13)C(16)O2, and (13)C(18)O(16)O) are calculated, demonstrating that strong isotopic fractionation will occur as a function of wavelength. The calculations provide accurate, detailed insight into CO2 photoabsorption and dissociation dynamics, and greatly extend knowledge of the temperature dependence of the cross-section to cover the range from 0 to 400 K that is useful for calculations of propagation of stellar light in planetary atmospheres. The model is also relevant for the interpretation of laboratory experiments on mass-independent isotopic fractionation. Finally, the model shows that the mass-independent fractionation observed in a series of Hg lamp experiments is not a result of hyperfine interactions making predissociation of (17)O containing CO2 more efficient.
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