1
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Lin GC, Tevini J, Mair L, Friedl HP, Fuchs D, Felder T, Gostner JM, Neuhaus W. Investigations Towards Tryptophan Uptake and Transport Across an In Vitro Model of the Oral Mucosa Epithelium. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241266312. [PMID: 39092002 PMCID: PMC11292681 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241266312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and plays an important role in several metabolic processes relevant for the human health. As the main metabolic pathway for tryptophan along the kynurenine axis is involved in inflammatory responses, changed metabolite levels can be used to monitor inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis. As a progenitor of serotonin, altered tryptophan levels have been related to several neurogenerative diseases as well as depression or anxiety. While tryptophan concentrations are commonly evaluated in serum, a non-invasive detection approach using saliva might offer significant advantages, especially during long-term treatments of patients or elderly. In order to estimate whether active transport processes for tryptophan might contribute to a potential correlation between blood and saliva tryptophan concentrations, we investigated tryptophan's transport across an established oral mucosa in vitro model. Interestingly, treatment with tryptophan revealed a concentration dependent secretion of tryptophan and the presence of a saturable transporter while transport studies with deuterated tryptophan displayed increased permeability from the saliva to the blood compartment. Protein analysis demonstrated a distinct expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), the major transporter for tryptophan, and exposure to inhibitors (2 -amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH), L-leucine) led to increased tryptophan levels on the saliva side. Additionally, exposure to tryptophan in equilibrium studies resulted in a regulation of LAT1 at the mRNA level. The data collected in this study suggest the participation of active transport mechanisms for tryptophan across the oral mucosa epithelium. Future studies should investigate the transport of tryptophan across salivary gland epithelia in order to enable a comprehensive understanding of tryptophan exchange at the blood-saliva barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C. Lin
- AIT – Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Tevini
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Austria
- Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lisa Mair
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Austria
| | - Heinz-Peter Friedl
- AIT – Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Austria
| | - Thomas Felder
- Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT – Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
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2
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Zhou X, Azimi M, Handin N, Riselli A, Vora B, Chun E, Yee SW, Artursson P, Giacomini KM. Proteomic Profiling Reveals Age-Related Changes in Transporter Proteins in the Human Blood-Brain Barrier. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.604313. [PMID: 39091855 PMCID: PMC11291171 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.604313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a crucial, selective barrier that regulates the entry of molecules including nutrients, environmental toxins, and therapeutic medications into the brain. This function relies heavily on brain endothelial cell proteins, particularly transporters and tight junction proteins. The BBB continues to develop postnatally, adapting its selective barrier function across different developmental phases, and alters with aging and disease. Here we present a global proteomics analysis focused on the ontogeny and aging of proteins in human brain microvessels (BMVs), predominantly composed of brain endothelial cells. Our proteomic profiling quantified 6,223 proteins and revealed possible age-related alteration in BBB permeability due to basement membrane component changes through the early developmental stage and age-dependent changes in transporter expression. Notable changes in expression levels were observed with development and age in nutrient transporters and transporters that play critical roles in drug disposition. This research 1) provides important information on the mechanisms that drive changes in the metabolic content of the brain with age and 2) enables the creation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for CNS drug distribution across different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujia Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Mina Azimi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Niklas Handin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew Riselli
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Bianca Vora
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Eden Chun
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
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3
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Kurtyka M, Wessely F, Bau S, Ifie E, He L, de Wit NM, Pedersen ABV, Keller M, Webber C, de Vries HE, Ansorge O, Betsholtz C, De Bock M, Chaves C, Brodin B, Nielsen MS, Neuhaus W, Bell RD, Letoha T, Meyer AH, Leparc G, Lenter M, Lesuisse D, Cader ZM, Buckley ST, Loryan I, Pietrzik CU. The solute carrier SLC7A1 may act as a protein transporter at the blood-brain barrier. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151406. [PMID: 38547677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, targeted delivery of substances to the brain still poses a great challenge due to the selectivity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Most molecules require either carrier- or receptor-mediated transport systems to reach the central nervous system (CNS). These transport systems form attractive routes for the delivery of therapeutics into the CNS, yet the number of known brain endothelium-enriched receptors allowing the transport of large molecules into the brain is scarce. Therefore, to identify novel BBB targets, we combined transcriptomic analysis of human and murine brain endothelium and performed a complex screening of BBB-enriched genes according to established selection criteria. As a result, we propose the high-affinity cationic amino acid transporter 1 (SLC7A1) as a novel candidate for transport of large molecules across the BBB. Using RNA sequencing and in situ hybridization assays, we demonstrated elevated SLC7A1 gene expression in both human and mouse brain endothelium. Moreover, we confirmed SLC7A1 protein expression in brain vasculature of both young and aged mice. To assess the potential of SLC7A1 as a transporter for larger proteins, we performed internalization and transcytosis studies using a radiolabelled or fluorophore-labelled anti-SLC7A1 antibody. Our results showed that SLC7A1 internalised a SLC7A1-specific antibody in human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cells. Moreover, transcytosis studies in both immortalised human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells and primary mouse brain endothelial cells clearly demonstrated that SLC7A1 effectively transported the SLC7A1-specific antibody from luminal to abluminal side. Therefore, here in this study, we present for the first time the SLC7A1 as a novel candidate for transport of larger molecules across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurtyka
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Wessely
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bau
- Pathology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Eseoghene Ifie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nienke M de Wit
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maximilian Keller
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Caleb Webber
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marijke De Bock
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Catarina Chaves
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | | | | | - Axel H Meyer
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Germán Leparc
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Martin Lenter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences, Biberach, Germany
| | - Dominique Lesuisse
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Zameel M Cader
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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4
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Zhang C, Wang Y, Guo X, Wang Z, Xiao J, Liu Z. SLC7A5 correlated with malignancies and immunotherapy response in bladder cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:182. [PMID: 38790003 PMCID: PMC11127462 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming contributes to bladder cancer development. This study aimed to understand the role of SLC7A5 in bladder cancer. METHODS We systematically analyzed the correlation between SLC7A5 and bladder cancer through various approaches, including bioinformatics, western blotting, cell cycle analysis, cell proliferation assays, and invasion experiments. We also investigated the immunological features within the tumor microenvironment (TME), encompassing cancer immune cycles, immune modulators, immune checkpoints, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC), T cell inflammation scores, and treatment responses. Additionally, for a comprehensive assessment of the expression patterns and immunological roles of SLC7A5, pan-cancer analysis was performed using cancer genomics datasets. RESULTS SLC7A5 was associated with adverse prognosis in bladder cancer patients, activating the Wnt pathway and promoting bladder cancer cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Based on the evidence that SLC7A5 positively correlated with immunomodulators, TIIC, the cancer immune cycle, immune checkpoint and T cell inflammation scores, we also found that SLC7A5 was associated with the inflammatory tumor immune microenvironment. EGFR-targeted therapy, cancer immunotherapy, and radiation therapy were effective for patients with high SLC7A5 expression in bladder cancer. Low SLC7A5 patients were, however, sensitive to targeted therapies and anti-angiogenic therapy, such as blocking β-catenin network, PPAR-γ and FGFR3 signaling. Anti-SLC7A5 combined with cancer immunotherapy may have greater effectiveness than either therapy alone. Furthermore, we observed specific overexpression of SLC7A5 in TME of various cancers. CONCLUSION SLC7A5 can predict therapeutic response to immunotherapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in bladder cancer patients. Targeting SLC7A5 in combination with immunotherapy may be a potentially appropriate treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatong Xiao
- Departments of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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5
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Jakobsen S, Nielsen CU. Exploring Amino Acid Transporters as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer: An Examination of Inhibitor Structures, Selectivity Issues, and Discovery Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:197. [PMID: 38399253 PMCID: PMC10893028 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are abundant amongst the solute carrier family and have an important role in facilitating the transfer of amino acids across cell membranes. Because of their impact on cell nutrient distribution, they also appear to have an important role in the growth and development of cancer. Naturally, this has made amino acid transporters a novel target of interest for the development of new anticancer drugs. Many attempts have been made to develop inhibitors of amino acid transporters to slow down cancer cell growth, and some have even reached clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to help organize the available information on the efforts to discover amino acid transporter inhibitors by focusing on the amino acid transporters ASCT2 (SLC1A5), LAT1 (SLC7A5), xCT (SLC7A11), SNAT1 (SLC38A1), SNAT2 (SLC38A2), and PAT1 (SLC36A1). We discuss the function of the transporters, their implication in cancer, their known inhibitors, issues regarding selective inhibitors, and the efforts and strategies of discovering inhibitors. The goal is to encourage researchers to continue the search and development within the field of cancer treatment research targeting amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jakobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
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6
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Zhou Z, Zhang B, Deng Y, Deng S, Li J, Wei W, Wang Y, Wang J, Feng Z, Che M, Yang X, Meng J, Li Y, Hu Y, Sun Y, Wen L, Huang F, Sheng Y, Wan C, Yang K. FBW7/GSK3β mediated degradation of IGF2BP2 inhibits IGF2BP2-SLC7A5 positive feedback loop and radioresistance in lung cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:34. [PMID: 38281999 PMCID: PMC10823633 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of radioresistance seriously hinders the efficacy of radiotherapy in lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms by which radioresistance occurs are still incompletely understood. The N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA is involved in cancer progression, but its role in lung cancer radioresistance remains elusive. This study aimed to identify m6A regulators involved in lung cancer radiosensitivity and further explore the underlying mechanisms to identify therapeutic targets to overcome lung cancer radioresistance. METHODS Bioinformatic mining was used to identify the m6A regulator IGF2BP2 involved in lung cancer radiosensitivity. Transcriptome sequencing was used to explore the downstream factors. Clonogenic survival assays, neutral comet assays, Rad51 foci formation assays, and Annexin V/propidium iodide assays were used to determine the significance of FBW7/IGF2BP2/SLC7A5 axis in lung cancer radioresistance. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR analyses, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP)-qPCR analyses, RNA pull-down analyses, co-immunoprecipitation analyses, and ubiquitination assays were used to determine the feedback loop between IGF2BP2 and SLC7A5 and the regulatory effect of FBW7/GSK3β on IGF2BP2. Mice models and tissue microarrays were used to verify the effects in vivo. RESULTS We identified IGF2BP2, an m6A "reader", that is overexpressed in lung cancer and facilitates radioresistance. We showed that inhibition of IGF2BP2 impairs radioresistance in lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that IGF2BP2 enhances the stability and translation of SLC7A5 mRNA through m6A modification, resulting in enhanced SLC7A5-mediated transport of methionine to produce S-adenosylmethionine. This feeds back upon the IGF2BP2 promoter region by further increasing the trimethyl modification at lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3) level to upregulate IGF2BP2 expression. We demonstrated that this positive feedback loop between IGF2BP2 and SLC7A5 promotes lung cancer radioresistance through the AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, we found that the ubiquitin ligase FBW7 functions with GSK3β kinase to recognize and degrade IGF2BP2. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study revealed that the m6A "reader" IGF2BP2 promotes lung cancer radioresistance by forming a positive feedback loop with SLC7A5, suggesting that IGF2BP2 may be a potential therapeutic target to control radioresistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Suke Deng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jie Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wenwen Wei
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zishan Feng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mengjie Che
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jingshu Meng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lu Wen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuhan Sheng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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7
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Scanga R, Scalise M, Marino N, Parisi F, Barca D, Galluccio M, Brunocilla C, Console L, Indiveri C. LAT1 (SLC7A5) catalyzes copper(histidinate) transport switching from antiport to uniport mechanism. iScience 2023; 26:107738. [PMID: 37692288 PMCID: PMC10492218 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
LAT1 (SLC7A5) is one of the most studied membrane transporters due to its relevance to physiology in supplying essential amino acids to brain and fetus, and to pathology being linked to nervous or embryo alterations; moreover, LAT1 over-expression is always associated with cancer development. Thus, LAT1 is exploited as a pro-drug vehicle and as a target for anti-cancer therapy. We here report the identification of a new substrate with pathophysiological implications, i.e., Cu-histidinate, and an unconventional uniport mechanism exploited for the Cu-histidinate transport. Crystals of the monomeric species Cu(His)2 were obtained in our experimental conditions and the actual transport of the complex was evaluated by a combined strategy of bioinformatics, site-directed mutagenesis, radiolabeled transport, and mass spectrometry analysis. The LAT1-mediated transport of Cu(His)2 may have profound implications for both the treatment of copper dysmetabolism diseases, such as the rare Menkes disease, and of cancer as an alternative to platinum-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Scanga
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nadia Marino
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Parisi
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Donatella Barca
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Chiara Brunocilla
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70126 Bari, Italy
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8
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Zhou Z, Li K, Guo Y, Liu P, Chen Q, Fan H, Sun T, Jiang C. ROS/Electro Dual-Reactive Nanogel for Targeting Epileptic Foci to Remodel Aberrant Circuits and Inflammatory Microenvironment. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7847-7864. [PMID: 37039779 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal treatment against epilepsy is faced with intractable problems, especially epileptogenesis that cannot be blocked by clinical antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during the latency of epilepsy. Abnormal circuits of neurons interact with the inflammatory microenvironment of glial cells in epileptic foci, resulting in recurrent seizures and refractory epilepsy. Herein, we have selected phenytoin (PHT) as a model drug to derive a ROS-responsive and consuming prodrug, which is combined with an electro-responsive group (sulfonate sodium, SS) and an epileptic focus-recognizing group (α-methyl-l-tryptophan, AMT) to form hydrogel nanoparticles (i.e., a nanogel). The nanogel will target epileptic foci, release PHT in response to a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the microenvironment, and inhibit overexcited circuits. Meanwhile, with the clearance of ROS, the nanogel can also reduce oxidative stress and alleviate microenvironment inflammation. Thus, a synergistic regulation of epileptic lesions will be achieved. Our nanogel is expected to provide a more comprehensive strategy for antiepileptic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Keying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrui Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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9
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Insights into the Transport Cycle of LAT1 and Interaction with the Inhibitor JPH203. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044042. [PMID: 36835453 PMCID: PMC9965313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The large Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) is an interesting target in drug discovery since this transporter is overexpressed in several human cancers. Furthermore, due to its location in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), LAT1 is interesting for delivering pro-drugs to the brain. In this work, we focused on defining the transport cycle of LAT1 using an in silico approach. So far, studies of the interaction of LAT1 with substrates and inhibitors have not considered that the transporter must undergo at least four different conformations to complete the transport cycle. We built outward-open and inward-occluded conformations of LAT1 using an optimized homology modelling procedure. We used these 3D models and the cryo-EM structures in outward-occluded and inward-open conformations to define the substrate/protein interaction during the transport cycle. We found that the binding scores for the substrate depend on the conformation, with the occluded states as the crucial steps affecting the substrate affinity. Finally, we analyzed the interaction of JPH203, a high-affinity inhibitor of LAT1. The results indicate that conformational states must be considered for in silico analyses and early-stage drug discovery. The two built models, together with the available cryo-EM 3D structures, provide important information on the LAT1 transport cycle, which could be used to speed up the identification of potential inhibitors through in silico screening.
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10
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Puris E, Fricker G, Gynther M. The Role of Solute Carrier Transporters in Efficient Anticancer Drug Delivery and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020364. [PMID: 36839686 PMCID: PMC9966068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug resistance is a major obstacle in anticancer drug delivery and a key reason for cancer drug therapy failure. Membrane solute carrier (SLC) transporters play a crucial role in the cellular uptake of drugs. The expression and function of the SLC transporters can be down-regulated in cancer cells, which limits the uptake of drugs into the tumor cells, resulting in the inefficiency of the drug therapy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of low-SLC-transporter-expression-mediated drug resistance in different types of cancers. Recent advances in SLC-transporter-targeting strategies include the development of transporter-utilizing prodrugs and nanocarriers and the modulation of SLC transporter expression in cancer cells. These strategies will play an important role in the future development of anticancer drug therapies by enabling the efficient delivery of drugs into cancer cells.
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11
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Bahrami K, Järvinen J, Laitinen T, Reinisalo M, Honkakoski P, Poso A, Huttunen KM, Rautio J. Structural Features Affecting the Interactions and Transportability of LAT1-Targeted Phenylalanine Drug Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:206-218. [PMID: 36394563 PMCID: PMC9811466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) transfers essential amino acids across cell membranes. Owing to its predominant expression in the blood-brain barrier and tumor cells, LAT1 has been exploited for drug delivery and targeting to the central nervous system (CNS) and various cancers. Although the interactions of amino acids and their mimicking compounds with LAT1 have been extensively investigated, the specific structural features for an optimal drug scaffold have not yet been determined. Here, we evaluated a series of LAT1-targeted drug-phenylalanine conjugates (ligands) by determining their uptake rates by in vitro studies and investigating their interaction with LAT1 via induced-fit docking. Combining the experimental and computational data, we concluded that although LAT1 can accommodate various types of structures, smaller compounds are preferred. As the ligand size increased, its flexibility became more crucial in determining the compound's transportability and interactions. Compounds with linear or planar structures exhibited reduced uptake; those with rigid lipophilic structures lacked interactions and likely utilized other transport mechanisms for cellular entry. Introducing polar groups between aromatic structures enhanced interactions. Interestingly, compounds with a carbamate bond in the aromatic ring's para-position displayed very good transport efficiencies for the larger compounds. Compared to the ester bond, the corresponding amide bond had superior hydrogen bond acceptor properties and increased interactions. A reverse amide bond was less favorable than a direct amide bond for interactions with LAT1. The present information can be applied broadly to design appropriate CNS or antineoplastic drug candidates with a prodrug strategy and to discover novel LAT1 inhibitors used either as direct or adjuvant cancer therapy.
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12
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Hutchinson K, Silva DB, Bohlke J, Clausen C, Thomas AA, Bonomi M, Schlessinger A. Describing inhibitor specificity for the amino acid transporter LAT1 from metainference simulations. Biophys J 2022; 121:4476-4491. [PMID: 36369754 PMCID: PMC9748366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1; SLC7A5) is a membrane transporter of amino acids, thyroid hormones, and drugs such as the Parkinson's disease drug levodopa (L-Dopa). LAT1 is found in the blood-brain barrier, testis, bone marrow, and placenta, and its dysregulation has been associated with various neurological diseases, such as autism and epilepsy, as well as cancer. In this study, we combine metainference molecular dynamics simulations, molecular docking, and experimental testing, to characterize LAT1-inhibitor interactions. We first conducted a series of molecular docking experiments to identify the most relevant interactions between LAT1's substrate-binding site and ligands, including both inhibitors and substrates. We then performed metainference molecular dynamics simulations using cryoelectron microscopy structures in different conformations of LAT1 with the electron density map as a spatial restraint, to explore the inherent heterogeneity in the structures. We analyzed the LAT1 substrate-binding site to map important LAT1-ligand interactions as well as newly described druggable pockets. Finally, this analysis guided the discovery of previously unknown LAT1 ligands using virtual screening and cellular uptake experiments. Our results improve our understanding of LAT1-inhibitor recognition, providing a framework for rational design of future lead compounds targeting this key drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keino Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dina Buitrago Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joshua Bohlke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska
| | - Chase Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska
| | - Massimiliano Bonomi
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France.
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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13
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Gauthier-Coles G, Bröer A, McLeod MD, George AJ, Hannan RD, Bröer S. Identification and characterization of a novel SNAT2 (SLC38A2) inhibitor reveals synergy with glucose transport inhibition in cancer cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:963066. [PMID: 36210829 PMCID: PMC9532951 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.963066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SNAT2 (SLC38A2) is a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter, which is important for the accumulation of amino acids as nutrients, the maintenance of cellular osmolarity, and the activation of mTORC1. It also provides net glutamine for glutaminolysis and consequently presents as a potential target to treat cancer. A high-throughput screening assay was developed to identify new inhibitors of SNAT2 making use of the inducible nature of SNAT2 and its electrogenic mechanism. Using an optimized FLIPR membrane potential (FMP) assay, a curated scaffold library of 33934 compounds was screened to identify 3-(N-methyl (4-methylphenyl)sulfonamido)-N-(2-trifluoromethylbenzyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide as a potent inhibitor of SNAT2. In two different assays an IC50 of 0.8–3 µM was determined. The compound discriminated against the close transporter homologue SNAT1. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HPAFII pancreatic cancer cell lines tolerated the SNAT2 inhibitor up to a concentration of 100 µM but in combination with tolerable doses of the glucose transport inhibitor Bay-876, proliferative growth of both cell lines was halted. This points to synergy between inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Gauthier-Coles
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Malcolm Donald McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Amee J. George
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ross D. Hannan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Stefan Bröer,
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14
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Mitusova K, Peltek OO, Karpov TE, Muslimov AR, Zyuzin MV, Timin AS. Overcoming the blood–brain barrier for the therapy of malignant brain tumor: current status and prospects of drug delivery approaches. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:412. [PMID: 36109754 PMCID: PMC9479308 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the broad development of nanotechnological approaches for cancer diagnosis and therapy, currently, there is no significant progress in the treatment of different types of brain tumors. Therapeutic molecules crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reaching an appropriate targeting ability remain the key challenges. Many invasive and non-invasive methods, and various types of nanocarriers and their hybrids have been widely explored for brain tumor treatment. However, unfortunately, no crucial clinical translations were observed to date. In particular, chemotherapy and surgery remain the main methods for the therapy of brain tumors. Exploring the mechanisms of the BBB penetration in detail and investigating advanced drug delivery platforms are the key factors that could bring us closer to understanding the development of effective therapy against brain tumors. In this review, we discuss the most relevant aspects of the BBB penetration mechanisms, observing both invasive and non-invasive methods of drug delivery. We also review the recent progress in the development of functional drug delivery platforms, from viruses to cell-based vehicles, for brain tumor therapy. The destructive potential of chemotherapeutic drugs delivered to the brain tumor is also considered. This review then summarizes the existing challenges and future prospects in the use of drug delivery platforms for the treatment of brain tumors.
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15
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Zhao Z, Liu X, Hou M, Zhou R, Wu F, Yan J, Li W, Zheng Y, Zhong Q, Chen Y, Yin L. Endocytosis-Independent and Cancer-Selective Cytosolic Protein Delivery via Reversible Tagging with LAT1 substrate. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110560. [PMID: 35789055 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein drugs targeting intracellular machineries have shown profound therapeutic potentials, but their clinical utilities are greatly hampered by the lack of efficient cytosolic delivery techniques. Existing strategies mainly rely on nanocarriers or conjugated cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which often have drawbacks such as materials complexity/toxicity, lack of cell specificity, and endolysosomal entrapment. Herein, a unique carrier-free approach is reported for mediating cancer-selective and endocytosis-free cytosolic protein delivery. Proteins are sequentially modified with 4-nitrophenyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl) benzyl carbonate as the H2 O2 -responsive domain and 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine as the substrate of l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). Thus, the pro-protein can be directly transported into tumor cells by overexpressed LAT1 on cell membranes, bypassing endocytosis and endolysosomal entrapment. In the cytosol, overproduced H2 O2 restores the protein structure and activity. Using this technique, versatile proteins are delivered into tumor cells with robust efficiency, including toxins, enzymes, CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein, and antibodies. Furthermore, intravenously injected pro-protein of saporin shows potent anticancer efficacy in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice, without provoking systemic toxicity. Such a facile and versatile pro-protein platform may benefit the development of protein pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thoracic Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Mengying Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Renxiang Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thoracic Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Qinmeng Zhong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thoracic Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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16
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Israel LL, Galstyan A, Cox A, Shatalova ES, Sun T, Rashid MH, Grodzinski Z, Chiechi A, Fuchs DT, Patil R, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Black KL, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. Signature Effects of Vector-Guided Systemic Nano Bioconjugate Delivery Across Blood-Brain Barrier of Normal, Alzheimer's, and Tumor Mouse Models. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11815-11832. [PMID: 35961653 PMCID: PMC9413444 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for targeted therapy of the central nerve system (CNS). Six peptide vectors were covalently attached to a 50 kDa poly(β-l-malic acid)-trileucine polymer forming P/LLL(40%)/vector conjugates. The vectors were Angiopep-2 (AP2), B6, Miniap-4 (M4), and d-configurated peptides D1, D3, and ACI-89, with specificity for transcytosis receptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), transferrin receptor (TfR), bee venom-derived ion channel, and Aβ/LRP-1 related transcytosis complex, respectively. The BBB-permeation efficacies were substantially increased ("boosted") in vector conjugates of P/LLL(40%). We have found that the copolymer group binds at the endothelial membrane and, by an allosterically membrane rearrangement, exposes the sites for vector-receptor complex formation. The specificity of vectors is indicated by competition experiments with nonconjugated vectors. P/LLL(40%) does not function as an inhibitor, suggesting that the copolymer binding site is eliminated after binding of the vector-nanoconjugate. The two-step mechanism, binding to endothelial membrane and allosteric exposure of transcytosis receptors, is supposed to be an integral feature of nanoconjugate-transcytosis pathways. In vivo brain delivery signatures of the nanoconjugates were recapitulated in mouse brains of normal, tumor (glioblastoma), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. BBB permeation of the tumor was most efficient, followed by normal and then AD-like brain. In tumor-bearing and normal brains, AP2 was the top performing vector; however, in AD models, D3 and D1 peptides were superior ones. The TfR vector B6 was equally efficient in normal and AD-model brains. Cross-permeation efficacies are manifested through modulated vector coligation and dosage escalation such as supra-linear dose dependence and crossover transcytosis activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron L. Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Alysia Cox
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Ekaterina S. Shatalova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Mohammad-Harun Rashid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Zachary Grodzinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Julia Y. Ljubimova
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation
(TIBI), 1018 Westwood
Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation
(TIBI), 1018 Westwood
Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
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17
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del Alamo D, DeSousa L, Nair RM, Rahman S, Meiler J, Mchaourab HS. Integrated AlphaFold2 and DEER investigation of the conformational dynamics of a pH-dependent APC antiporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206129119. [PMID: 35969794 PMCID: PMC9407458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206129119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation (APC) transporter GadC contributes to the survival of pathogenic bacteria under extreme acid stress by exchanging extracellular glutamate for intracellular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Its structure, determined in an inward-facing conformation at alkaline pH, consists of the canonical LeuT-fold with a conserved five-helix inverted repeat, thereby resembling functionally divergent transporters such as the serotonin transporter SERT and the glucose-sodium symporter SGLT1. However, despite this structural similarity, it is unclear if the conformational dynamics of antiporters such as GadC follow the blueprint of these or other LeuT-fold transporters. Here, we used double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to monitor the conformational dynamics of GadC in lipid bilayers in response to acidification and substrate binding. To guide experimental design and facilitate the interpretation of the DEER data, we generated an ensemble of structural models in multiple conformations using a recently introduced modification of AlphaFold2 . Our experimental results reveal acid-induced conformational changes that dislodge the Cterminus from the permeation pathway coupled with rearrangement of helices that enables isomerization between inward- and outward-facing states. The substrate glutamate, but not GABA, modulates the dynamics of an extracellular thin gate without shifting the equilibrium between inward- and outward-facing conformations. In addition to introducing an integrated methodology for probing transporter conformational dynamics, the congruence of the DEER data with patterns of structural rearrangements deduced from ensembles of AlphaFold2 models illuminates the conformational cycle of GadC underpinning transport and exposes yet another example of the divergence between the dynamics of different families in the LeuT-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego del Alamo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Lillian DeSousa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Rahul M. Nair
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Suhaila Rahman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany 04109
| | - Hassane S. Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
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18
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Lam FC, Tsedev U, Kasper EM, Belcher AM. Forging the Frontiers of Image-Guided Neurosurgery—The Emerging Uses of Theranostics in Neurosurgical Oncology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:857093. [PMID: 35903794 PMCID: PMC9315239 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.857093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fred C. Lam
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Neurosurgery, Saint Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Brighton, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Fred C. Lam,
| | - Uyanga Tsedev
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ekkehard M. Kasper
- Division of Neurosurgery, Saint Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Brighton, MA, United States
| | - Angela M. Belcher
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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19
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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20
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Adhikari PA, Castro FLDS, Liu G, Kim WK. Effects of Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Growth Performance, Immunity, and Meat Yield in Broilers Fed Diets With and Without Antibiotics. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:903901. [PMID: 35720841 PMCID: PMC9201514 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.903901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of digestible sulfur amino acids (SAA) on performance, carcass yield, immunity, and amino acid transporters in broilers fed diets with or without an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP). In experiment 1, a total of 250 1-day-old Cobb500 male chicks were assigned to battery cages with two levels of AGP (0 and 0.05% bacitracin) and five levels of SAA (0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1%) for 21 d. In experiment 2, a total of 900 1-day-old Cobb500 male chicks were assigned to floor pens with two levels of AGP and three levels of SAA for the starter (0.7, 0.8, and 0.9%) or finisher phase (0.52, 0.62, and 0.72%) for 42 d. In experiment 1, from 0 to 7 d, the body weight gain (BWG) was the lowest for birds fed 0.7% SAA. The AGP significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and birds fed 0.9 and 1.1% SAA had significantly lower FCR than 0.7% SAA. From 8 to 14 d, for the AGP-fed birds, the lowest BWG was observed in the 0.7% SAA group. In birds not fed AGP, birds fed 0.8% SAA had higher BWG than 0.7 and 1.1% SAA. Birds fed 0.7% SAA diet had lower feed intake (FI) than 0.8% SAA and higher FCR than 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% SAA. In experiment 2, from 0 to 21 d, the lowest BWG and the highest FCR were observed in birds fed 0.7% SAA, whereas birds fed 0.9% SAA had the highest BWG and lowest FCR. From 22 to 42 d, FCR was lower for birds fed AGP, and for birds fed 0.72%. Interactions between the factors were found for FI and BWG. The whole thigh and wing weights were the highest for 0.62% SAA, and the pectoralis major weight was higher for birds fed 0.62% SAA than those fed 0.52% SAA. There was an interaction between SAA and AGP for Lat1 (large neutral amino acid transporter) expression, and AGP-fed birds had higher expression of ileal interleukin 1β (Il−1β gene). The interleukin 10 (Il-10) expression was upregulated in the ileum. There was an interaction between factors for sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B [0] AT1 (SLC6A19) expression. The results suggested that both AGP and SAA supplementation would affect the growth performance of the broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Woo Kyun Kim
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21
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Cappoli N, Jenkinson MD, Russo CD, Dickens D. LAT1, a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of glioblastoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115103. [PMID: 35618000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The L-Type Amino Acid transporter, LAT1 (SLC7A5), has a crucial role in mediating amino acid uptake into the cells, thus modulating cell growth and proliferation as well as other intracellular functions. Different studies have reported a central role of LAT1 in glioblastoma development and progression, suggesting that the modulation of its activity could be a novel therapeutic strategy. LAT1 also has an important role in the peripheral immune system, by regulating the activation status of several immune cells through modulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase. In glioblastoma (GBM), the blood-brain barrier is disrupted, which allows the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the tumour site. These cells, together with resident microglia, contribute to cancer growth and progression. Currently, little is known about the function of LAT1 in the reprogramming of the immune component of the tumour microenvironment in the context of GBM. In this article, we review the available data on the role of LAT1 in the regulation of GBM biology, including its potential role in the tumour microenvironment, particularly in infiltrating-peripheral immune cells and resident microglial cells. In addition, we review the available data on the main pharmacological inhibitors of LAT1, aiming to evaluate their possible role as novel therapeutics for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cappoli
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael D Jenkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Dello Russo
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - David Dickens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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22
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Therapeutic Potential for Intractable Asthma by Targeting L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040553. [PMID: 35454142 PMCID: PMC9029068 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation, obstruction, and hyperresponsiveness. CD4+ T cells, particularly T helper (Th) 2 cells, and their specific cytokines are important mediators in asthma pathogenesis. However, it has been established that Th subsets, other than Th2, as well as various cell types, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), significantly contribute to the development of allergic inflammation. These cells require facilitated amino acid uptake to ensure their full function upon activation. Emerging studies have suggested the potential of pharmacological inhibition of amino acid transporters to inhibit T cell activation and the application of this strategy for treating immunological and inflammatory disorders. In the present review, we explore the possibility of targeting L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) as a novel therapeutic approach for bronchial asthma, including its steroid-resistant endotypes.
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23
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High Throughput Screening of a Prescription Drug Library for Inhibitors of Organic Cation Transporter 3, OCT3. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1599-1613. [PMID: 35089508 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3, SLC22A3) is ubiquitously expressed and interacts with a wide array of compounds including endogenous molecules, environmental toxins and prescription drugs. Understudied as a determinant of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, OCT3 has the potential to be a major determinant of drug absorption and disposition and to be a target for drug-drug interactions (DDIs). GOAL The goal of the current study was to identify prescription drug inhibitors of OCT3. METHODS We screened a compound library consisting of 2556 prescription drugs, bioactive molecules, and natural products using a high throughput assay in HEK-293 cells stably expressing OCT3. RESULTS We identified 210 compounds that at 20 μM inhibit 50% or more of OCT3-mediated uptake of 4-Di-1-ASP (2 μM). Of these, nine were predicted to inhibit the transporter at clinically relevant unbound plasma concentrations. A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) model included molecular descriptors that could discriminate between inhibitors and non-inhibitors of OCT3 and was used to identify additional OCT3 inhibitors. Proteomics of human brain microvessels (BMVs) indicated that OCT3 is the highest expressed OCT in the human blood-brain barrier (BBB). CONCLUSIONS This study represents the largest screen to identify prescription drug inhibitors of OCT3. Several are sufficiently potent to inhibit the transporter at therapeutic unbound plasma levels, potentially leading to DDIs or off-target pharmacologic effects.
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Smirnova M, Goracci L, Cruciani G, Federici L, Declèves X, Chapy H, Cisternino S. Pharmacophore-Based Discovery of Substrates of a Novel Drug/Proton-Antiporter in the Human Brain Endothelial hCMEC/D3 Cell Line. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020255. [PMID: 35213988 PMCID: PMC8875908 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A drug/proton-antiporter, whose the molecular structure is still unknown, was previously evidenced at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by functional experiments. The computational method could help in the identification of substrates of this solute carrier (SLC) transporter. Two pharmacophore models for substrates of this transporter using the FLAPpharm approach were developed. The trans-stimulation potency of 40 selected compounds for already known specific substrates ([3H]-clonidine) were determined and compared in the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. Results. The two pharmacophore models obtained were used as templates to screen xenobiotic and endogenous compounds from four databases (e.g., Specs), and 45 hypothetical new candidates were tested to determine their substrate capacity. Psychoactive drugs such as antidepressants (e.g., imipramine, desipramine), antipsychotics/neuroleptics such as phenothiazine derivatives (chlorpromazine), sedatives anti-histamine-H1 drugs (promazine, promethazine, triprolidine, pheniramine), opiates/opioids (e.g., hydrocodone), trihexyphenidyl and sibutramine were correctly predicted as proton-antiporter substrates. The best performing pharmacophore model for the proton-antiporter substrates appeared as a good predictor of known substrates and allowed the identification of new substrate compounds. This model marks a new step in the characterization of this drug/proton-antiporter and will be of great use in uncovering its substrates and designing chemical entities with an improved influx capability to cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Smirnova
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Laura Goracci
- Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Laetitia Federici
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
- Biologie du Médicament et Toxicologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Chapy
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
- Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-44-495-191
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25
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Nguyen YTK, Ha HTT, Nguyen TH, Nguyen LN. The role of SLC transporters for brain health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:20. [PMID: 34971415 PMCID: PMC11071821 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain exchanges nutrients and small molecules with blood via the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Approximately 20% energy intake for the body is consumed by the brain. Glucose is known for its critical roles for energy production and provides substrates for biogenesis in neurons. The brain takes up glucose via glucose transporters GLUT1 and 3, which are expressed in several neural cell types. The brain is also equipped with various transport systems for acquiring amino acids, lactate, ketone bodies, lipids, and cofactors for neuronal functions. Unraveling the mechanisms by which the brain takes up and metabolizes these nutrients will be key in understanding the nutritional requirements in the brain. This could also offer opportunities for therapeutic interventions in several neurological disorders. For instance, emerging evidence suggests a critical role of lactate as an alternative energy source for neurons. Neuronal cells express monocarboxylic transporters to acquire lactate. As such, treatment of GLUT1-deficient patients with ketogenic diets to provide the brain with alternative sources of energy has been shown to improve the health of the patients. Many transporters are present in the brain, but only a small number has been characterized. In this review, we will discuss about the roles of solute carrier (SLC) transporters at the blood brain barrier (BBB) and neural cells, in transport of nutrients and metabolites in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen T K Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Hoa T T Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Tra H Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore.
- SLING/Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational and Cardiovascular Disease Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
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26
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Huttunen J, Agami M, Tampio J, Montaser AB, Huttunen KM. Comparison of Experimental Strategies to Study l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Utilization by Ligands. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010037. [PMID: 35011270 PMCID: PMC8746705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), expressed abundantly in the brain and placenta and overexpressed in several cancer cell types, has gained a lot of interest in drug research and development, as it can be utilized for brain-targeted drug delivery, as well as inhibiting the essential amino acid supply to cancer cells. The structure of LAT1 is today very well-known and the interactions of ligands at the binding site of LAT1 can be modeled and explained. However, less is known of LAT1′s life cycle within the cells. Moreover, the functionality of LAT1 can be measured by several different methods, which may vary between the laboratories and make the comparison of the results challenging. In the present study, the usefulness of indirect cis-inhibition methods and direct cellular uptake methods and their variations to interpret the interactions of LAT1-ligands were evaluated. Moreover, this study also highlights the importance of understanding the intracellular kinetics of LAT1-ligands, and how they can affect the regular function of LAT1 in critical tissues, such as the brain. Hence, it is discussed herein how the selected methodology influences the outcome and created knowledge of LAT1-utilizing compounds.
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27
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Wang Y, Qin L, Chen W, Chen Q, Sun J, Wang G. Novel strategies to improve tumour therapy by targeting the proteins MCT1, MCT4 and LAT1. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113806. [PMID: 34517305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor selectivity, potential systemic toxicity and drug resistance are the main challenges associated with chemotherapeutic drugs. MCT1 and MCT4 and LAT1 play vital roles in tumour metabolism and growth by taking up nutrients and are thus potential targets for tumour therapy. An increasing number of studies have shown the feasibility of including these transporters as components of tumour-targeting therapy. Here, we summarize the recent progress in MCT1-, MCT4-and LAT1-based therapeutic strategies. First, protein structures, expression, relationships with cancer, and substrate characteristics are introduced. Then, different drug targeting and delivery strategies using these proteins have been reviewed, including designing protein inhibitors, prodrugs and nanoparticles. Finally, a dual targeted strategy is discussed because these proteins exert a synergistic effect on tumour proliferation. This article concentrates on tumour treatments targeting MCT1, MCT4 and LAT1 and delivery techniques for improving the antitumour effect. These innovative tactics represent current state-of-the-art developments in transporter-based antitumour drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Personnel Department, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Liuxin Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
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28
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Chemical Approaches for Studying the Biology and Pharmacology of Membrane Transporters: The Histidine/Large Amino Acid Transporter SLC7A5 as a Benchmark. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216562. [PMID: 34770970 PMCID: PMC8588388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of membrane transporters at the forefront of natural barriers makes these proteins very interesting due to their involvement in the absorption and distribution of nutrients and xenobiotics, including drugs. Over the years, structure/function relationship studies have been performed employing several strategies, including chemical modification of exposed amino acid residues. These approaches are very meaningful when applied to membrane transporters, given that these proteins are characterized by both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains with a different degree of accessibility to employed chemicals. Besides basic features, the chemical targeting approaches can disclose information useful for pharmacological applications as well. An eminent example of this picture is the histidine/large amino acid transporter SLC7A5, known as LAT1 (Large Amino Acid Transporter 1). This protein is crucial in cell life because it is responsible for mediating the absorption and distribution of essential amino acids in peculiar body districts, such as the blood brain barrier and placenta. Furthermore, LAT1 can recognize a large variety of molecules of pharmacological interest and is also considered a hot target for drugs due to its over-expression in virtually all human cancers. Therefore, it is not surprising that the chemical targeting approach, coupled with bioinformatics, site-directed mutagenesis and transport assays, proved fundamental in describing features of LAT1 such as the substrate binding site, regulatory domains and interactions with drugs that will be discussed in this review. The results on LAT1 can be considered to have general applicability to other transporters linked with human diseases.
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29
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Kanai Y. Amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) as a molecular target for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107964. [PMID: 34390745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells require a massive supply of nutrients, including sugars and amino acids-the upregulation of transporters for each nutrient contributes to meet the demand. Distinct from glucose transporters, amino acid transporters include ones whose expression is specific to cancer cells. For example, LAT1 (SLC7A5) displays protein expression mostly limited to the plasma membrane of cancer cells. The exceptions are the placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier, where immunohistochemical and mass spectrometric studies have shown LAT1 expression, although their levels are supposed to be lower than those in cancers. The expression of LAT1 has been reported in cancers from various tissue origins, where high LAT1 expression is related to the poor prognosis of patients. LAT1 is essential for cancer cell growth because the pharmacologic inhibition and knockdown/knockout of LAT1 suppress the proliferation of cancer cells and the growth of xenograft tumors. The inhibition of LAT1 suppresses protein synthesis by downregulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway and mobilizing the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway in cancer cells. LAT1 is, thus, a candidate molecular target for the diagnosis and therapeutics of cancers. 18F-labeled 3-fluoro-l-α-methyl-tyrosine (FAMT) is used as a LAT1-specific PET probe for cancer detection due to the LAT1 specificity of α-methyl aromatic amino acids. FAMT accumulation is cancer-specific and avoids non-cancer lesions, including inflammation, confirming the cancer-specific expression of LAT1 in humans. Due to the cancer-specific nature, LAT1 can also be used for cancer-specific delivery of anti-tumor agents such as l-para-boronophenylalanine used for boron neutron capture therapy and α-emitting nuclide-labeled LAT1 substrates developed for nuclear medicine treatment. Based on the importance of LAT1 in cancer progression, high-affinity LAT1-specific inhibitors have been developed for anti-tumor drugs. JPH203 (KYT0353) is such a compound designed based on the structure-activity relationship of LAT1 ligands. It is one of the highest-affinity inhibitors with less affecting other transporters. It suppresses tumor growth in vivo without significant toxicity in preclinical studies at doses enough to suppress tumor growth. In the phase-I clinical trial, JPH203 appeared to provide promising activity. Because the mechanisms of action of LAT1 inhibitors are novel, with or without combination with other anti-tumor drugs, they could contribute to the treatment of cancers that do not respond to current therapy. The LAT1-specific PET probe could also be used as companion diagnostics of the LAT1-targeting therapies to select patients to whom therapeutic benefits could be expected. Recently, the cryo-EM structure of LAT1 has been solved, which would facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of the dynamic interaction of ligands and the binding site, and further designing new compounds with higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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30
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Dvorak V, Wiedmer T, Ingles-Prieto A, Altermatt P, Batoulis H, Bärenz F, Bender E, Digles D, Dürrenberger F, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Kell DB, Kickinger S, Körzö D, Leippe P, Licher T, Manolova V, Rizzetto R, Sassone F, Scarabottolo L, Schlessinger A, Schneider V, Sijben HJ, Steck AL, Sundström H, Tremolada S, Wilhelm M, Wright Muelas M, Zindel D, Steppan CM, Superti-Furga G. An Overview of Cell-Based Assay Platforms for the Solute Carrier Family of Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722889. [PMID: 34447313 PMCID: PMC8383457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily represents the biggest family of transporters with important roles in health and disease. Despite being attractive and druggable targets, the majority of SLCs remains understudied. One major hurdle in research on SLCs is the lack of tools, such as cell-based assays to investigate their biological role and for drug discovery. Another challenge is the disperse and anecdotal information on assay strategies that are suitable for SLCs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art cellular assay technologies for SLC research and discusses relevant SLC characteristics enabling the choice of an optimal assay technology. The Innovative Medicines Initiative consortium RESOLUTE intends to accelerate research on SLCs by providing the scientific community with high-quality reagents, assay technologies and data sets, and to ultimately unlock SLCs for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Dvorak
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tabea Wiedmer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Ingles-Prieto
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Helena Batoulis
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Felix Bärenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniela Digles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kickinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Körzö
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Licher
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanessa Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert J. Sijben
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Wright Muelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Zindel
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, MA, United States
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Nicolàs-Aragó A, Fort J, Palacín M, Errasti-Murugarren E. Rush Hour of LATs towards Their Transport Cycle. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:602. [PMID: 34436365 PMCID: PMC8399266 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian SLC7 family comprises the L-amino acid transporters (LATs) and the cationic amino acid transporters (CATs). The relevance of these transporters is highlighted by their involvement in several human pathologies, including inherited rare diseases and acquired diseases, such as cancer. In the last four years, several crystal or cryo-EM structures of LATs and CATs have been solved. These structures have started to fill our knowledge gap that previously was based on the structural biology of remote homologs of the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) transporters. This review recovers this structural and functional information to start generating the molecular bases of the transport cycle of LATs. Special attention is given to the known transporter conformations within the transport cycle and the molecular bases for substrate interaction and translocation, including the asymmetric interaction of substrates at both sides of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Nicolàs-Aragó
- Laboratory of Amino Acid Transporters and Disease, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-A.); (J.F.)
| | - Joana Fort
- Laboratory of Amino Acid Transporters and Disease, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-A.); (J.F.)
- CIBERER (Centro Español en Red de Biomedicina de Enfermedades Raras), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Palacín
- Laboratory of Amino Acid Transporters and Disease, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-A.); (J.F.)
- CIBERER (Centro Español en Red de Biomedicina de Enfermedades Raras), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Laboratory of Amino Acid Transporters and Disease, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-A.); (J.F.)
- CIBERER (Centro Español en Red de Biomedicina de Enfermedades Raras), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Wang P, Wang J, Zheng Y, Shi H, Sun X, Liu W, Gao B. Reversible photoluminescence modulation of monolayer MoS 2 on a ferroelectric substrate by light irradiation and thermal annealing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17265-17270. [PMID: 34346428 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) materials are strongly emerging materials for exploring the spin-valley coupling effect and fabricating novel optoelectronic devices due to their unique structural symmetry and band structures. Due to their atomic thickness, their excitonic optical response is highly sensitive to the dielectric environment. In this work, we present a novel approach to reversibly modulate the optical properties of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) via changing the dielectric properties of the substrate by laser irradiation and thermal annealing. We chose LiNbO3 as the substrate and recorded the PL spectra of monolayer MoS2 on LiNbO3 substrates with positive (P+) and negative (P-) ferroelectric polarities. A distinct PL intensity of the A peak was observed due to opposite doping by surface charges. Under light irradiation, the PL intensity of monolayer MoS2 on P+ Fe2O3-doped LiNbO3 gradually decreased with time due to the reduction of intrinsic p-doping, which originated from the drift of photo-excited electrons under a spontaneous polarization field and accumulation on the surface. The PL intensity was found to be restored by thermal annealing which could erase the charge redistribution. This study provides a strategy to reversibly modulate the optical properties of monolayer 2D materials on top of ferroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Modern Optics, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro-Optics and Photonic Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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Jian H, Miao S, Liu Y, Li H, Zhou W, Wang X, Dong X, Zou X. Effects of Dietary Valine Levels on Production Performance, Egg Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Intestinal Amino Acid Absorption of Laying Hens during the Peak Lay Period. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1972. [PMID: 34209447 PMCID: PMC8300305 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the impact of dietary valine levels on layer production performance, egg quality, immunity, and intestinal amino acid absorption of laying hens during the peak lay period. For this purpose, a total of 960 33-week-old Fengda No.1 laying hens were randomly divided into five experimental groups and fed with valine at the following different levels in a feeding trial that lasted 8 weeks: 0.59, 0.64, 0.69, 0.74, and 0.79%, respectively. Productive performances were recorded throughout the whole rearing cycle and the egg quality, serum indexes, and small intestine transporters expression were assessed at the end of the experiment after slaughter (41 weeks) on 12 hens per group. Statistical analysis was conducted by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD multiple comparison tests with SPSS 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The linear and quadratic effects were tested by SPSS 20.0. Egg mass, laying rate, broken egg rate, and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved with increasing dietary valine levels. However, the egg weight, eggshell thickness, albumen height, Haugh unit, and egg yolk color were significantly decreased with increasing dietary valine levels. Serum catalase (CAT), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were negative responses to valine-treated laying hens. Dietary supplemented valine enhanced the trypsin activity of duodenum chime and promoted the mRNA expression levels of ATB0,+, and LAT4 in the jejunum and corresponding serum free Ile, Lys, Phe, Val, and Tyr level. However, valine treatment significantly downregulated the mRNA expression levels of PePT1, B0AT1, LAT1, and SNAT2 in the small intestines and corresponding serum free Arg, His, Met, Thr, Ala, Asp, Glu, Gly, and Ser level. Our results suggest that 0.79% valine dietary supplementation can improve production performance by promoting amino acid nutrient uptake and utilization, and suggest a supplement of 0.79% valine to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoting Zou
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (S.M.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.D.)
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Marcucci F, Corti A, Ferreri AJM. Breaching the Blood-Brain Tumor Barrier for Tumor Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102391. [PMID: 34063335 PMCID: PMC8156088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors affecting the central nervous system (CNS), either primary or secondary, are highly prevalent and represent an unmet medical need. Prognosis of these tumors remains poor, mostly due to the low intrinsic chemo/radio-sensitivity of tumor cells, a meagerly known role of the microenvironment and the poor CNS bioavailability of most used anti-cancer agents. The BBTB is the main obstacle for anticancer drugs to achieve therapeutic concentrations in the tumor tissues. During the last decades, many efforts have been devoted to the identification of modalities allowing to increase drug delivery into brain tumors. Until recently, success has been modest, as few of these approaches reached clinical testing and even less gained regulatory approval. In recent years, the scenario has changed, as various conjugates and drug delivery technologies have advanced into clinical testing, with encouraging results and without being burdened by a heavy adverse event profile. In this article, we review the different approaches aimed at increasing drug delivery to brain tumors, with particular attention to new, promising approaches that increase the permeability of the BBTB or exploit physiological transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrés J. M. Ferreri
- Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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Vatansever S, Schlessinger A, Wacker D, Kaniskan HÜ, Jin J, Zhou M, Zhang B. Artificial intelligence and machine learning-aided drug discovery in central nervous system diseases: State-of-the-arts and future directions. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1427-1473. [PMID: 33295676 PMCID: PMC8043990 DOI: 10.1002/med.21764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders significantly outnumber diseases in other therapeutic areas. However, developing drugs for central nervous system (CNS) disorders remains the most challenging area in drug discovery, accompanied with the long timelines and high attrition rates. With the rapid growth of biomedical data enabled by advanced experimental technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as an indispensable tool to draw meaningful insights and improve decision making in drug discovery. Thanks to the advancements in AI and ML algorithms, now the AI/ML-driven solutions have an unprecedented potential to accelerate the process of CNS drug discovery with better success rate. In this review, we comprehensively summarize AI/ML-powered pharmaceutical discovery efforts and their implementations in the CNS area. After introducing the AI/ML models as well as the conceptualization and data preparation, we outline the applications of AI/ML technologies to several key procedures in drug discovery, including target identification, compound screening, hit/lead generation and optimization, drug response and synergy prediction, de novo drug design, and drug repurposing. We review the current state-of-the-art of AI/ML-guided CNS drug discovery, focusing on blood-brain barrier permeability prediction and implementation into therapeutic discovery for neurological diseases. Finally, we discuss the major challenges and limitations of current approaches and possible future directions that may provide resolutions to these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Vatansever
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics DiscoveryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Daniel Wacker
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics DiscoveryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - H. Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics DiscoveryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics DiscoveryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ming‐Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Kärkkäinen J, Laitinen T, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Montaser A, Lehtonen M, Rautio J, Gynther M, Poso A, Huttunen KM. Molecular characteristics supporting l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-mediated translocation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104921. [PMID: 33933805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is an interesting protein due to its peculiar expression profile. It can be utilized not only as a carrier for improved or targeted drug delivery, e.g., into the brain but also as a target protein by which amino acid supply can be restricted, e.g., from the cancer cells. The recognition and binding processes of LAT1-ligands, such as amino acids and clinically used small molecules, including l-dopa, gabapentin, and melphalan, are today well-known. Binding to LAT1 is crucial, particularly when designing the LAT1-inhibitors. However, it will not guarantee effective translocation across the cell membrane via LAT1, which is a definite requirement for LAT1-substrates, such as drugs that elicit their pharmacological effects inside the cells. Therefore, in the present study, the accumulation of known LAT1-utilizing compounds into the selected LAT1-expressing cancer cells (MCF-7) was explored experimentally over a time period. The differences found among the transport efficiency and affinity of the studied compounds for LAT1 were subsequently explained by docking the ligands into the human LAT1 model (based on the recent cryo-electron microscopy structure). Thus, the findings of this study clarify the favorable structural requirements of the size, shape, and polarity of the ligands that support the translocation and effective transport across the cell membrane via LAT1. This knowledge can be applied in future drug design to attain improved or targeted drug delivery and hence, successful LAT1-utilizing drugs with increased therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Kärkkäinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacy, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ahmed Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Nomoto T, Yao Y, Inoue Y, Suzuki M, Kanamori K, Takemoto H, Matsui M, Tomoda K, Nishiyama N. Fructose-functionalized polymers to enhance therapeutic potential of p-boronophenylalanine for neutron capture therapy. J Control Release 2021; 332:184-193. [PMID: 33636247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), boron drugs should accumulate selectively within a tumor and be quickly cleared from blood and normal organs. However, it is usually challenging to achieve the efficient tumor accumulation and the quick clearance simultaneously. Here we report the complex composed of a fructose-modified poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lysine) block copolymer and p-boronophenylalanine, termed PEG-P[Lys/Lys(fructose)]-BPA, as a boron delivery system permitting selective accumulation within the target tumor with quick clearance from normal organs as well as blood. Our PEG-P[Lys/Lys(fructose)]-BPA could be internalized into tumor cells through LAT1 amino acid transporter-mediated endocytosis and retain in the targeted cells, thereby accomplishing more efficient accumulation and retention in a subcutaneous tumor than clinically used fructose-BPA complexes. Importantly, the moderately cationic property of the polymer facilitated renal clearance and PEG-P[Lys/Lys(fructose)]-BPA exhibited high accumulation contrast between the target tumor and the blood/normal organ. Finally, upon thermal neutron irradiation, PEG-P[Lys/Lys(fructose)]-BPA significantly inhibited the tumor growth in mice. PEG-P[Lys/Lys(fructose)]-BPA may be a promising boron delivery system for BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nomoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Ying Yao
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yukiya Inoue
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Division of Particle Radiation Oncology, Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Kaito Kanamori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keishiro Tomoda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
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Yan R, Li Y, Müller J, Zhang Y, Singer S, Xia L, Zhong X, Gertsch J, Altmann KH, Zhou Q. Mechanism of substrate transport and inhibition of the human LAT1-4F2hc amino acid transporter. Cell Discov 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 33758168 PMCID: PMC7988154 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT1 (SLC7A5) is one of the representative light chain proteins of heteromeric amino acid transporters, forming a heterodimer with its heavy chain partner 4F2hc (SLC3A2). LAT1 is overexpressed in many types of tumors and mediates the transfer of drugs and hormones across the blood-brain barrier. Thus, LAT1 is considered as a drug target for cancer treatment and may be exploited for drug delivery into the brain. Here, we synthesized three potent inhibitors of human LAT1, which inhibit transport of leucine with IC50 values between 100 and 250 nM, and solved the cryo-EM structures of the corresponding LAT1-4F2hc complexes with these inhibitors bound at resolution of up to 2.7 or 2.8 Å. The protein assumes an outward-facing occluded conformation, with the inhibitors bound in the classical substrate binding pocket, but with their tails wedged between the substrate binding site and TM10 of LAT1. We also solved the complex structure of LAT1-4F2hc with 3,5-diiodo-l-tyrosine (Diiodo-Tyr) at 3.4 Å overall resolution, which revealed a different inhibition mechanism and might represent an intermediate conformation between the outward-facing occluded state mentioned above and the outward-open state. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the outward-facing conformation is revealed for the HAT family. Our results unveil more important insights into the working mechanisms of HATs and provide a structural basis for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong Yan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jennifer Müller
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1- 5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Simon Singer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lu Xia
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Xinyue Zhong
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1- 5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China. .,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
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Li Z, Kong Z, Chen J, Li J, Li N, Yang Z, Wang Y, Liu Z. 18F-Boramino acid PET/CT in healthy volunteers and glioma patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3113-3121. [PMID: 33590273 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this work, the safety, biodistribution, and radiation dosimetry of large neutral amino acid transporter type-1 (LAT-1) targeting PET tracer 18F-trifluorobborate-derived tyrosine (denoted as 18F-FBY) has been investigated. It is designed as a first-in-human study in healthy volunteers and to assay LAT-1 expression level in glioma patients. METHODS Six healthy volunteers (3 M, 3 F) underwent whole-body PET acquisitions at multiple time points after bolus injection of 18F-FBY. Regions of interest (ROIs) were mapped manually on major organs, and then the time-activity curves (TACs) were obtained. Dosimetry was calculated with the OLINDA/EXM software. Thirteen patients who were suspected of glioma were scanned with PET/CT at 30 min after 18F-FBY injection. Within 7 days after PET/CT, the tumor was removed surgically, and LAT-1 immunohistochemical staining for LAT-1 was performed on tumor samples and correlated with 18F-FBY PET imaging. RESULTS 18F-FBY was well tolerated by all healthy volunteers, and no adverse symptoms were observed or reported. 18F-FBY is rapidly cleared from the blood circulation and excreted mainly through the kidneys and urinary tract. The effective dose (ED) was 0.0039 ± 0.0006 mSv/MBq. In 14 surgical confirmed gliomas (one of the patiens had two gliomas), 18F-FBY uptake increased consistently with tumor grade, with maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax) of 0.28 ± 0.14 and 2.84 ± 0.46 and tumor-to-normal contralateral activity (T/N) ratio of 2.30 ± 1.26 and 24.56 ± 6.32 in low- and high-grade tumors, respectively. In addition to the significant difference in the uptakes between low- and high-grade gliomas (P < 0.001), the immunohistochemical staining confirmed the positive correlations between the SUVmax, LAT-1 expression (r2 = 0.80, P < 0.001), and Ki-67 labeling index (r2 = 0.79, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION 18F-FBY is a PET tracer with favorable dosimetry profile and pharmacokinetics. It has the potential to assay LAT-1 expression in glioma patients and may provide imaging guidance for further boron neutron capture therapy of gliomas. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03980431).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of nuclear medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ziren Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of nuclear medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of nuclear medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China.
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40
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Wei Z, Liu X, Cheng C, Yu W, Yi P. Metabolism of Amino Acids in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:603837. [PMID: 33511116 PMCID: PMC7835483 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming has been widely recognized as a hallmark of malignancy. The uptake and metabolism of amino acids are aberrantly upregulated in many cancers that display addiction to particular amino acids. Amino acids facilitate the survival and proliferation of cancer cells under genotoxic, oxidative, and nutritional stress. Thus, targeting amino acid metabolism is becoming a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer patients. In this review, we will systematically summarize the recent progress of amino acid metabolism in malignancy and discuss their interconnection with mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, epigenetic modification, tumor growth and immunity, and ferroptosis. Finally, we will highlight the potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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41
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Lopes C, Pereira C, Medeiros R. ASCT2 and LAT1 Contribution to the Hallmarks of Cancer: From a Molecular Perspective to Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E203. [PMID: 33429909 PMCID: PMC7828050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer has been explored throughout the years. In this review, we report their impact on the hallmarks of cancer, as well as their clinical significance. Overall, both proteins have been associated with cell death resistance through dysregulation of caspases and sustainment of proliferative signaling through mTOR activation. Furthermore, ASCT2 appears to play an important role in cellular energetics regulation, whereas LAT1 expression is associated with angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis activation. The molecular impact of these proteins on the hallmarks of cancer translates into various clinical applications and both transporters have been identified as prognostic factors in many types of cancer. Concerning their role as therapeutic targets, efforts have been undertaken to synthesize competitive or irreversible ASCT2 and LAT1 inhibitors. However, JHP203, a selective inhibitor of the latter, is, to the best of our knowledge, the only compound included in a Phase 1 clinical trial. In conclusion, considering the usefulness of ASCT2 and LAT1 in a variety of cancer-related pathways and cancer therapy/diagnosis, the development and testing of novel inhibitors for these transporters that could be evaluated in clinical trials represents a promising approach to cancer prognosis improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Carina Pereira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer—North (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada da Circunvalação, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
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42
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Montaser AB, Järvinen J, Löffler S, Huttunen J, Auriola S, Lehtonen M, Jalkanen A, Huttunen KM. L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 Enables the Efficient Brain Delivery of Small-Sized Prodrug across the Blood-Brain Barrier and into Human and Mouse Brain Parenchymal Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4301-4315. [PMID: 33228353 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane transporters have long been utilized to improve the oral, hepatic, and renal (re)absorption. In the brain, however, the transporter-mediated drug delivery has not yet been fully achieved due to the complexity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Because L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a good candidate to improve the brain delivery, we developed here four novel LAT1-utilizing prodrugs of four nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. As a result, all the prodrugs were able to cross the BBB and localize into the brain cells. The brain uptake of salicylic acid (SA) was improved five times, not only across the mouse BBB but also into the cultured mouse and human brain cells. The naproxen prodrug was also transported efficiently into the mouse brain achieving less peripheral exposure, but the brain release of naproxen from the prodrug was not improved. Contrarily, the high plasma protein binding of the flurbiprofen prodrug and the premature bioconversion of the ibuprofen prodrug in the mouse blood hindered the efficient brain delivery. Thus, the structure of the parent drug affects the successful brain delivery of the LAT1-utilizing prodrugs, and the small-sized LAT1-utilizing prodrug of SA constituted a successful model to specifically deliver its parent drug across the mouse BBB and into the cultured mouse and human brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B. Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juulia Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanne Löffler
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aaro Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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43
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Venteicher B, Merklin K, Ngo HX, Chien HC, Hutchinson K, Campbell J, Way H, Griffith J, Alvarado C, Chandra S, Hill E, Schlessinger A, Thomas AA. The Effects of Prodrug Size and a Carbonyl Linker on l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1-Targeted Cellular and Brain Uptake. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:869-880. [PMID: 33230949 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) imports dietary amino acids and amino acid drugs (e. g., l-DOPA) into the brain, and plays a role in cancer metabolism. Though there have been numerous reports of LAT1-targeted amino acid-drug conjugates (prodrugs), identifying the structural determinants to enhance substrate activity has been challenging. In this work, we investigated the position and orientation of a carbonyl group in linking hydrophobic moieties including the anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen to l-tyrosine and l-phenylalanine. We found that esters of meta-carboxyl l-phenylalanine had better LAT1 transport rates than the corresponding acylated l-tyrosine analogues. However, as the size of the hydrophobic moiety increased, we observed a decrease in LAT1 transport rate with a concomitant increase in potency of inhibition. Our results have important implications for designing amino acid prodrugs that target LAT1 at the blood-brain barrier or on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooklynn Venteicher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Bruner Hall of Science, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Kasey Merklin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Bruner Hall of Science, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Huy X Ngo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 4th St, Rm RH581, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 4th St, Rm RH581, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Keino Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave, Annenberg Building Floor 19, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jerome Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Bruner Hall of Science, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Hannah Way
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Bruner Hall of Science, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Joseph Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Bruner Hall of Science, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Cesar Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Bruner Hall of Science, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Surabhi Chandra
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Bruner Hall of Science, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Evan Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, at Kearney 2507 11th Ave, Copeland Hall, Kearney, NE, 68849, (USA)
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave, Annenberg Building Floor 19, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Bruner Hall of Science, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
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44
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Yee SW, Buitrago D, Stecula A, Ngo HX, Chien HC, Zou L, Koleske ML, Giacomini KM. Deorphaning a solute carrier 22 family member, SLC22A15, through functional genomic studies. FASEB J 2020; 34:15734-15752. [PMID: 33124720 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001497r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human solute carrier 22A (SLC22A) family consists of 23 members, representing one of the largest families in the human SLC superfamily. Despite their pharmacological and physiological importance in the absorption and disposition of a range of solutes, eight SLC22A family members remain classified as orphans. In this study, we used a multifaceted approach to identify ligands of orphan SLC22A15. Ligands of SLC22A15 were proposed based on phylogenetic analysis and comparative modeling. The putative ligands were then confirmed by metabolomic screening and uptake assays in SLC22A15 transfected HEK293 cells. Metabolomic studies and transporter assays revealed that SLC22A15 prefers zwitterionic compounds over cations and anions. We identified eight zwitterions, including ergothioneine, carnitine, carnosine, gabapentin, as well as four cations, including MPP+ , thiamine, and cimetidine, as substrates of SLC22A15. Carnosine was a specific substrate of SLC22A15 among the transporters in the SLC22A family. SLC22A15 transport of several substrates was sodium-dependent and exhibited a higher Km for ergothioneine, carnitine, and carnosine compared to previously identified transporters for these ligands. This is the first study to characterize the function of SLC22A15. Our studies demonstrate that SLC22A15 may play an important role in determining the systemic and tissue levels of ergothioneine, carnosine, and other zwitterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dina Buitrago
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Stecula
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huy X Ngo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan L Koleske
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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45
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Zaugg J, Huang X, Ziegler F, Rubin M, Graff J, Müller J, Moser-Hässig R, Powell T, Gertsch J, Altmann KH, Albrecht C. Small molecule inhibitors provide insights into the relevance of LAT1 and LAT2 in materno-foetal amino acid transport. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12681-12693. [PMID: 33001560 PMCID: PMC7687008 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta supplies the foetus with critical nutrients such as essential amino acids (AA, eg leucine) for development and growth. It also represents a cellular barrier which is formed by a polarized, differentiated syncytiotrophoblast (STB) monolayer. Active Na+‐independent leucine transport across the placenta is mainly attributed to the System L transporters LAT1/SLC7A5 and LAT2/SLC7A8. This study explored the influence of trophoblast differentiation on the activity of LAT1/LAT2 and the relevance of LAT1/LAT2 in leucine uptake and transfer in trophoblasts by applying specific small molecule inhibitors (JPH203/JG336/JX009). L‐leucine uptake (total dose = 167 μmol/L) was sensitive to LAT1‐specific inhibition by JPH203 (EC50 = 2.55 µmol/L). The inhibition efficiency of JPH203 was increased by an additional methoxy group in the JPH203‐derivate JG336 (EC50 = 1.99 µmol/L). Interestingly, JX009 showed efficient System L inhibition (EC50 = 2.35 µmol/L) and was the most potent inhibitor of leucine uptake in trophoblasts. The application of JPH203 and JX009 in Transwell®‐based leucine transfer revealed LAT1 as the major accumulative transporter at the apical membrane, but other System L transporters such as LAT2 as rate‐limiting for leucine efflux across the basal membrane. Therefore, differential specificity of the applied inhibitors allowed for estimation of the contribution of LAT1 and LAT2 in materno‐foetal AA transfer and their potential impact in pregnancy diseases associated with impaired foetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Zaugg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Ziegler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rubin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Graff
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Müller
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Moser-Hässig
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lindenhofgruppe, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Powell
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Section, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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46
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Di L, Artursson P, Avdeef A, Benet LZ, Houston JB, Kansy M, Kerns EH, Lennernäs H, Smith DA, Sugano K. The Critical Role of Passive Permeability in Designing Successful Drugs. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1862-1874. [PMID: 32743945 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Passive permeability is a key property in drug disposition and delivery. It is critical for gastrointestinal absorption, brain penetration, renal reabsorption, defining clearance mechanisms and drug-drug interactions. Passive diffusion rate is translatable across tissues and animal species, while the extent of absorption is dependent on drug properties, as well as in vivo physiology/pathophysiology. Design principles have been developed to guide medicinal chemistry to enhance absorption, which combine the balance of aqueous solubility, permeability and the sometimes unfavorable compound characteristic demanded by the target. Permeability assays have been implemented that enable rapid development of structure-permeability relationships for absorption improvement. Future advances in assay development to reduce nonspecific binding and improve mass balance will enable more accurately measurement of passive permeability. Design principles that integrate potency, selectivity, passive permeability and other ADMET properties facilitate rapid advancement of successful drug candidates to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Avenue, #102, New York, NY 10128, USA
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J Brian Houston
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | | | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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47
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Kelly B, Pearce EL. Amino Assets: How Amino Acids Support Immunity. Cell Metab 2020; 32:154-175. [PMID: 32649859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are fundamental building blocks supporting life. Their role in protein synthesis is well defined, but they contribute to a host of other intracellular metabolic pathways, including ATP generation, nucleotide synthesis, and redox balance, to support cellular and organismal function. Immune cells critically depend on such pathways to acquire energy and biomass and to reprogram their metabolism upon activation to support growth, proliferation, and effector functions. Amino acid metabolism plays a key role in this metabolic rewiring, and it supports various immune cell functions beyond increased protein synthesis. Here, we review the mechanisms by which amino acid metabolism promotes immune cell function, and how these processes could be targeted to improve immunity in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Kelly
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.
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48
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Wu Z, Lim HK, Tan SJ, Gautam A, Hou HW, Ng KW, Tan NS, Tay CY. Potent-By-Design: Amino Acids Mimicking Porous Nanotherapeutics with Intrinsic Anticancer Targeting Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003757. [PMID: 32686344 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous sources of amino acids are essential nutrients to fuel cancer growth. Here, the increased demand for amino acid displayed by cancer cells is unconventionally exploited as a design principle to replete cancer cells with apoptosis inducing nanoscopic porous amino acid mimics (Nano-PAAM). A small library consisting of nine essential amino acids nanoconjugates (30 nm) are synthesized, and the in vitro anticancer activity is evaluated. Among the Nano-PAAMs, l-phenylalanine functionalized Nano-PAAM (Nano-pPAAM) has emerged as a novel nanotherapeutics with excellent intrinsic anticancer and cancer-selective properties. The therapeutic efficacy of Nano-pPAAM against a panel of human breast, gastric, and skin cancer cells could be ascribed to the specific targeting of the overexpressed human large neutral amino acid transporter SLC7A5 (LAT-1) in cancer cells, and its intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing properties of the nanoporous core. At the mechanistic level, it is revealed that Nano-pPAAM could activate both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways to exert a potent "double-whammy" anticancer effect. The potential clinical utility of Nano-pPAAM is further investigated using an MDA-MB-231 xenograft in NOD scid gamma mice, where an overall suppression of tumor growth by 60% is achieved without the aid of any drugs or application of external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Kit Lim
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shao Jie Tan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Archana Gautam
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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49
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Bhattacharya DS, Svechkarev D, Bapat A, Patil P, Hollingsworth MA, Mohs AM. Sulfation modulates the targeting properties of hyaluronic acid to P-selectin and CD44. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3585-3598. [PMID: 32617404 PMCID: PMC7331950 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many targeting strategies can be employed to direct nanoparticles to tumors for imaging and therapy. However, tumors display a dynamic, heterogeneous microenvironment that undergoes spatiotemporal changes, including the expression of targetable cell-surface biomarkers. Here, we develop a nanoparticle system to effectively target two receptors overexpressed in the microenvironment of aggressive tumors. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was regioselectivity modified using a multi-step synthetic approach to alter binding specificities for CD44 and P-selectin to tumor cell interaction. The dual-targeting strategy utilizes sulfate modifications on HA that targets P-selectin, in addition to native targeting of CD44, which exploits spatiotemporal alterations in the expression patterns of these two receptors in cancer sites. Using biophysical characterization and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that modified HA nanoparticles effectively targets both P-selectin+ and CD44+ cells, which lays the groundwork for future in vivo biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep S. Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Denis Svechkarev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Aishwarya Bapat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Prathamesh Patil
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Aaron M. Mohs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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Puris E, Gynther M, Auriola S, Huttunen KM. L-Type amino acid transporter 1 as a target for drug delivery. Pharm Res 2020; 37:88. [PMID: 32377929 PMCID: PMC7203094 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our growing understanding of membrane transporters and their substrate specificity has opened a new avenue in the field of targeted drug delivery. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been one of the most extensively investigated transporters for delivering drugs across biological barriers. The transporter is predominantly expressed in cerebral cortex, blood-brain barrier, blood-retina barrier, testis, placenta, bone marrow and several types of cancer. Its physiological function is to mediate Na+ and pH independent exchange of essential amino acids: leucine, phenylalanine, etc. Several drugs and prodrugs designed as LAT1 substrates have been developed to improve targeted delivery into the brain and cancer cells. Thus, the anti-parkinsonian drug, L-Dopa, the anti-cancer drug, melphalan and the anti-epileptic drug gabapentin, all used in clinical practice, utilize LAT1 to reach their target site. These examples provide supporting evidence for the utility of the LAT1-mediated targeted delivery of the (pro)drug. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in LAT1-mediated targeted drug delivery. In addition, the use of LAT1 is critically evaluated and limitations of the approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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