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Cooper SE, Hennings AC, Bibb SA, Lewis-Peacock JA, Dunsmoor JE. Semantic structures facilitate threat memory integration throughout the medial temporal lobe and medial prefrontal cortex. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3522-3536.e5. [PMID: 39059393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Emotional experiences can profoundly impact our conceptual model of the world, modifying how we represent and remember a host of information even indirectly associated with that experienced in the past. Yet, how a new emotional experience infiltrates and spreads across pre-existing semantic knowledge structures (e.g., categories) is unknown. We used a modified aversive sensory preconditioning paradigm in fMRI (n = 35) to investigate whether threat memories integrate with a pre-established category to alter the representation of the entire category. We observed selective but transient changes in the representation of conceptually related items in the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and occipitotemporal cortex following threat conditioning to a simple cue (geometric shape) pre-associated with a different, but related, set of category exemplars. These representational changes persisted beyond 24 h in the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. Reactivation of the semantic category during threat conditioning, combined with activation of the hippocampus or medial prefrontal cortex, was predictive of subsequent amygdala reactivity toward novel category members at test. This provides evidence for online integration of emotional experiences into semantic categories, which then promotes threat generalization. Behaviorally, threat conditioning by proxy selectively and retroactively enhanced recognition memory and increased the perceived typicality of the semantic category indirectly associated with threat. These findings detail a complex route through which new emotional learning generalizes by modifying semantic structures built up over time and stored in memory as conceptual knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | | | - Sophia A Bibb
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jarrod A Lewis-Peacock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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2
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Azar A, Hubert T, Adams TG, Cisler JM, Crombie KM. Exercise and Fear and Safety Learning. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39039358 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Fear conditioning paradigms have been studied for over 100 years and are of great interest to the behavioral and clinical sciences given that several safety learning processes (e.g., extinction learning and recall) are thought to be fundamental to the success of exposure-based therapies for anxiety and related disorders. This chapter provides an overview of preclinical and clinical investigations that examined the effects of exercise on initial fear acquisition, fear extinction learning and consolidation, and return of fear outcomes. This chapter highlights the collective body of evidence suggesting that exercise administered after extinction learning enhances the consolidation and subsequent recall of extinction memories to a greater extent than exercise administered prior to extinction learning. This suggests that the addition of exercise after exposure therapy sessions may improve treatment outcomes for people with anxiety and related disorders. Potential mechanisms are discussed in addition to suggestions for future research to improve our understanding of the effects of exercise on fear conditioning and extinction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera Azar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Troy Hubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
| | - Thomas G Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Josh M Cisler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Crombie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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3
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Lima KR, Neves BHSD, Sigaran GJ, Rosa ACDSD, Gomes GCM, Gomes de Gomes M, Mello-Carpes PB. Acute physical exercise prevents memory amnesia caused by protein synthesis inhibition in rats' hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105740. [PMID: 38636905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The benefits of physical exercise (PE) on memory consolidation have been well-documented in both healthy and memory-impaired animals. However, the underlying mechanisms through which PE exerts these effects are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of hippocampal protein synthesis in memory modulation by acute PE in rats. After novel object recognition (NOR) training, rats were subjected to a 30-min moderate-intensity acute PE on the treadmill, while control animals did not undergo any procedures. Using anisomycin (ANI) and rapamycin (RAPA), compounds that inhibit protein synthesis through different mechanisms, we manipulated protein synthesis in the CA1 region of the hippocampus to examine its contribution to memory consolidation. Memory was assessed on days 1, 7, and 14 post-training. Our results showed that inhibiting protein synthesis by ANI or RAPA impaired NOR memory consolidation in control animals. However, acute PE prevented this impairment without affecting memory persistence. We also evaluated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after acute PE at 0.5h, 2h, and 12h afterward and found no differences in levels compared to animals that did not engage in acute PE or were only habituated to the treadmill. Therefore, our findings suggest that acute PE could serve as a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance memory consolidation and prevent memory loss in conditions associated with hippocampal protein synthesis inhibition. This mechanism appears not to depend on BDNF synthesis in the early hours after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Souto das Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Jaques Sigaran
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Gomes de Gomes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Center of Sciences, Tehcnologies and Health, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Billig Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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4
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Farias CP, Leite AKO, Schmidt BE, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Wyse ATS. The 5-HT2A, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT6 serotonergic receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex behave differently in extinction learning: Does social support play a role? Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114922. [PMID: 38408524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Studies on the social modulation of fear have revealed that in social species, individuals in a distressed state show better recovery from aversive experiences when accompanied - referred to as social buffering. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, hindering the understanding of such an approach. Our previous data showed that the presence of a conspecific during the extinction task inhibited the retrieval of fear memory without affecting the extinction memory in the retention test. Here, we investigate the role of serotonergic receptors (5-HTRs), specifically 5-HT2A, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT6 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), In the retention of extinction after the extinction task, in the absence or presence of social support. Extinction training was conducted on 60-day-old male Wistar rats either alone or with a conspecific (a familiar cagemate, non-fearful). The antagonists for these receptors were administered directly into the mPFC immediately after the extinction training. The results indicate that blocking 5-HT5A (SB-699551-10 μg/side) and 5-HT6 (SB-271046A - 10 μg/side) receptors in the mPFC impairs the consolidation of CFC in the social support group. Interestingly, blocking 5-HT2A receptors (R65777 - 4 μg/side) in the mPFC led to impaired CFC specifically in the group undergoing extinction training alone. These findings contribute to a better understanding of brain mechanisms and neuromodulation associated with social support during an extinction protocol. They are consistent with previously published research, suggesting that the extinction of contextual fear conditioning with social support involves distinct neuromodulatory processes compared to when extinction training is conducted alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Penha Farias
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Ana Karla Oliveira Leite
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Bianca Estefani Schmidt
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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5
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Lima KR, Alves N, Lopes LF, Picua SS, da Silva de Vargas L, Daré LR, Ramborger B, Roehrs R, de Gomes MG, Mello-Carpes PB. Novelty facilitates the persistence of aversive memory extinction by dopamine regulation in the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110832. [PMID: 37463639 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Aversive memory extinction comprises a novel learning that blocks retrieving a previously formed traumatic memory. In this sense, aversive memory extinction is an excellent tool for decreasing fear responses. However, this tool it's not effective in the long term because of original memory spontaneous recovery. Thus, searching for alternative strategies that strengthen extinction learning is essential. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of a novel context (i.e., novelty) exposure on aversive memory extinction enhancement over days and the dopaminergic system requirement. Given the purpose, experiments were conducted using 3-month-old male Wistar rats. Animals were trained in inhibitory avoidance (IA). Twenty-four hours later, rats were submitted to a weak extinction protocol. Still, 30 min before the first extinction session, animals were submitted to an exploration of a novel context for 5 min. After, memory retention and persistence were evaluated 24 h, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days later. The exposition of a novel context caused a decrease in aversive responses in all days analyzed and an increase in dopamine levels in the hippocampus. The intrahippocampal infusion of dopamine in the CA1 area or the stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by a glutamatergic agonist (NMDA) showed similar effects of novelty. In contrast, VTA inhibition by a gabaergic agonist (muscimol) impaired the persistence of extinction learning induced by novelty exposition and caused a decrease in hippocampal dopamine levels. In summary, we show that novel context exposure promotes persistent aversive memory extinction, revealing the significant role of the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Niege Alves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Freitas Lopes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Steffanie Severo Picua
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Liane da Silva de Vargas
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Ramborger
- Interdisciplinary Group of Research in Teaching Practice, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Interdisciplinary Group of Research in Teaching Practice, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes de Gomes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Billig Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Ni M, Zheng M, Chen B, Lu X, Zhao H, Zhu T, Cheng L, Han H, Ye T, Liu H, Ye Y, Huang C, Yuan X. Microglial stimulation triggered by intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration produces antidepressant-like effect through ERK1/2-mediated BDNF synthesis in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109693. [PMID: 37678448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that reversing the chronic stress-induced decline of microglia in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus by intraperitoneal injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ameliorated depression-like behavior in chronically stressed mice. In this study, we found that a single intranasal administration of LPS dose-dependently improved depression-like behavior in mice treated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), as evidenced by the reduction of immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) and by the increase of sucrose uptake in the sucrose preference test (SPT). The antidepressant effects of intranasal administration of LPS could be abolished by inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling by infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody, by knock-in of the mutant BDNF Val68Met allele, or by the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a. In addition, intranasal administration of LPS was found to exert antidepressant effects in a BDNF-dependent manner via promotion of BDNF synthesis mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling but not protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in DG. Inhibition of microglia by minocycline or depletion of microglia by PLX3397 was able to abolish the reversal effect of intranasal LPS administration on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors as well as the CUS-induced decrease in phospho-ERK1/2 and BDNF protein levels in DG. These results demonstrate that stimulation of hippocampal microglia by intranasal LPS administration can induce antidepressant effects via ERK1/2-dependent synthesis of BDNF protein, providing hope for the development of new strategies for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxie Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No.7 People's Hospital, 288# Yanling East Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No.7 People's Hospital, 288# Yanling East Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng First Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaomei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, #32 Xi'er Duan, 1ST Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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7
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Custodio J, Justel N. Stress and Novelty: Two interventions to modulate emotional memory in adolescents. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-023-00258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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8
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Crombie KM, Azar A, Botsford C, Heilicher M, Moughrabi N, Gruichich TS, Schomaker CM, Dunsmoor JE, Cisler JM. Aerobic exercise after extinction learning reduces return of fear and enhances memory of items encoded during extinction learning. Ment Health Phys Act 2023; 24:100510. [PMID: 37065640 PMCID: PMC10104454 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Fear conditioning paradigms are widely used in laboratory settings to discover treatments that enhance memory consolidation and various fear processes (extinction learning, limit return of fear) that are relevant targets of exposure-based therapies. However, traditional lab-based paradigms often use the exact same conditioned stimuli for acquisition and extinction (typically differentiated with a context manipulation), whereas the opposite is true in clinical settings, as exposure therapy rarely (if ever) uses precisely the exact same stimuli from an individual's learning history. Accordingly, this study utilized a novel three-day category-based fear conditioning protocol (that uses categories of non-repeating objects [animals and tools] as conditioned stimuli during fear conditioning and extinction) to determine if aerobic exercise enhances the consolidation of extinction learning (reduces return of fear) and memory (for items encoded during extinction) during subsequent tests of extinction recall. Participants (n=40) completed a fear acquisition (day 1), fear extinction (day 2), and extinction recall (day 3) protocol. On day 1, participants completed a fear acquisition task in which they were trained to associate a category of conditioned stimuli (CS+) with the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (US). On day 2, participants were administered a fear extinction procedure during which CS+ and CS- categorical stimuli were presented in absence of the occurrence of the US. After completing the task, participants were randomly assigned to either receive moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (EX) or a light-intensity control (CON) condition. On day 3, participants completed fear recall tests (during which day 1, day 2, and novel CS+ and CS- stimuli were presented). Fear responding was assessed via threat expectancy ratings and skin conductance responses (SCR). During the fear recall tests, the EX group reported significantly lower threat expectancy ratings to the CS+ and CS- and exhibited greater memory of CS+ and CS- stimuli that were previously presented during day 2. There were no significant group differences for SCR. These results suggests that administration of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise following extinction learning contributes to reduced threat expectancies during tests of fear recall and enhanced memory of items encoded during extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Crombie
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Ameera Azar
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Chloe Botsford
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Mickela Heilicher
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Nicole Moughrabi
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Tijana Sagorac Gruichich
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Chloe M. Schomaker
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Joseph E. Dunsmoor
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Josh M. Cisler
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
- Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
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Crombie KM, Adams TG, Dunsmoor JE, Greenwood BN, Smits JA, Nemeroff CB, Cisler JM. Aerobic exercise in the treatment of PTSD: An examination of preclinical and clinical laboratory findings, potential mechanisms, clinical implications, and future directions. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 94:102680. [PMID: 36773486 PMCID: PMC10084922 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with heightened emotional responding, avoidance of trauma related stimuli, and physical health concerns (e.g., metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease). Existing treatments such as exposure-based therapies (e.g., prolonged exposure) aim to reduce anxiety symptoms triggered by trauma reminders, and are hypothesized to work via mechanisms of extinction learning. However, these conventional gold standard psychotherapies do not address physical health concerns frequently presented in PTSD. In addition to widely documented physical and mental health benefits of exercise, emerging preclinical and clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that precisely timed administration of aerobic exercise can enhance the consolidation and subsequent recall of fear extinction learning. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise may be a promising adjunctive strategy for simultaneously improving physical health while enhancing the effects of exposure therapies, which is desirable given the suboptimal efficacy and remission rates. Accordingly, this review 1) encompasses an overview of preclinical and clinical exercise and fear conditioning studies which form the basis for this claim; 2) discusses several plausible mechanisms for enhanced consolidation of fear extinction memories following exercise, and 3) provides suggestions for future research that could advance the understanding of the potential importance of incorporating exercise into the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Crombie
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
| | - Tom G Adams
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, 105 Kastle Hill, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, United States of America; Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N Greenwood
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Psychology, Campus Box 173, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364, United States of America
| | - Jasper A Smits
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, 108 E Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America; Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Josh M Cisler
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America; Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
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10
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Rosa J, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Fiorenza NG, Furini CRG, Sapiras GG, Izquierdo I. Hippocampal cholinergic receptors and the mTOR participation in fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance extinction memory. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114129. [PMID: 36179804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated the hippocampal cholinergic system and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) participation during the memory formation of aversive events. This study assessed the role of these systems in the hippocampus for the extinction memory process by submitting male Wistar rats to fear-motivated step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA). The post-extinction session administration of the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists, mecamylamine and scopolamine, respectively, both at doses of 2 µg/µl/side, and rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor (0.02 µg/µl/side), into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, impaired the IA extinction memory. Furthermore, the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists, nicotine and muscarine, respectively, had a dose-dependent effect on the IA extinction memory when administered intra-CA1, immediately after the extinction session. Nicotine (0.6 µg/µl/side) and muscarine (0.02 µg/µl/side), respectively, had no effect, while the higher doses (6 and 2 µg/µl/side, respectively) impaired the IA extinction memory. Interestingly, the co-administration of muscarine at the lower dose blocked the impairment that was induced by rapamycin. This effect was not observed when nicotine at the lower dose was co-administered. These results have demonstrated the participation of the cholinergic receptors and mTOR in the hippocampus for IA extinction, and that the cholinergic agonists had a dose-dependent effect on the IA extinction memory. This study provides insights related to the behavioural aspects and the neurobiological properties underlying the early stage of fear-motivated IA extinction memory consolidation and suggests that there is hippocampal muscarinic receptor participation independent of mTOR in this memory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rosa
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Bento Gonçalves 9500, Building 43422, Room 208 A, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia Gindri Fiorenza
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Branch Ceara, 60760-000 Eusebio, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, 3rd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gerson Guilherme Sapiras
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Clinical Hospital of Passo Fundo (HCPF), Tiradentes 295, 99010-260 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Lu X, Liu H, Cai Z, Hu Z, Ye M, Gu Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Lu Q, Shen Z, Shen X, Huang C. ERK1/2-dependent BDNF synthesis and signaling is required for the antidepressant effect of microglia stimulation. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:147-160. [PMID: 35995236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressed mice have lower numbers of microglia in the dentate gyrus (DG). Reversal of this decline by a single low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may have antidepressant effects, but there is little information on the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect. It is known that impairment of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling is involved in the development of depression. Here, we used a combination of neutralizing antibodies, mutant mice, and pharmacological approaches to test the role of BDNF-tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) signaling in the DG in the effect of microglial stimulation. Our results suggest that inhibition of BDNF signaling by infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody, the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a, or knock-in of the mutant BDNF Val68Met allele abolished the antidepressant effect of LPS in chronically stressed mice. Increased BDNF synthesis in DG, mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling but not protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, was essential for the antidepressant effect of microglial stimulation. These results suggest that increased BDNF synthesis through activation of ERK1/2 caused by a single LPS injection and subsequent TrkB signaling are required for the antidepressant effect of hippocampal microglial stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng First Hospital, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zixuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhichao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minxiu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongxia Shen
- Department of Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Diseases, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, #2088 Tiaoxi East Road, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhua Shen
- Department of Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Diseases, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, #2088 Tiaoxi East Road, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Dunsmoor JE, Murty VP, Clewett D, Phelps EA, Davachi L. Tag and capture: how salient experiences target and rescue nearby events in memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:782-795. [PMID: 35842373 PMCID: PMC9378568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The long-term fate of a memory is not exclusively determined by the events occurring at the moment of encoding. Research at the cellular, circuit, and behavioral levels is beginning to reveal how neurochemical activations in the moments surrounding an event can retroactively and proactively rescue weak memory for seemingly mundane experiences. We review emerging evidence showing enhancement of weakly formed memories encoded minutes to hours before or after a related motivationally relevant experience. We discuss proposed neurobiological mechanisms for strengthening weak memories formed in temporal proximity to a strong event, and how this knowledge could be leveraged to improve memory for information that is prone to forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Vishnu P Murty
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Clewett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lila Davachi
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Behavioral and neural mechanisms of latent extinction: A historical review. Neuroscience 2022; 497:157-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Narvaes RF, Nachtigall EG, Marcondes LA, Izquierdo I, Myskiw JDC, Furini CR. Involvement of medial prefrontal cortex canonical Wnt/β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathways in contextual fear memory in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Schmidt SD, Nachtigall EG, Marcondes LA, Zanluchi A, Furini CR, Passani MB, Supuran CT, Blandina P, Izquierdo I, Provensi G, de Carvalho Myskiw J. Modulation of carbonic anhydrases activity in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex differentially affects social recognition memory in rats. Neuroscience 2022; 497:184-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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de Almeida Silva M, de Toledo TS, de Figueiredo RM, Leite-Panissi CRA, Huston JP, Coimbra NC, Mattern C, de Carvalho MC. The activation of D2-like receptors by intranasal dopamine facilitates the extinction of contextual fear and prevents conditioned fear-induced antinociception. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113611. [PMID: 34592376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fear extinction (FExt) is used to treat patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, fear related to traumatic events can be persistent and return even after successful extinction. The neurochemical control of extinction seems to be performed by several neurotransmitters, including dopamine (DA), through D1 and D2 receptors. Recently, we showed that intranasally applied DA (IN-DA) facilitated the FExt, but the mechanisms by which it promoted this effect are still unknown. This study focused on investigating whether these effects are mediated by the action of DA on D2-like receptors since these receptors seem to be related to neurochemical and molecular changes underlying extinction. Also, we investigated whether IN-DA treatment would affect conditioned fear-induced antinociception (Fear-IA). Rats treated with IN-DA (1 mg/kg) twenty-five minutes after sulpiride (SUL; 40 mg/kg, i.p., D2-antagonist) were subjected to the extinction of contextual fear. IN-DA applied before the extinction session induced the FExt and prevented Fear-IA. These effects were impaired by pre-treatment with SUL, suggesting that the IN-DA effects are mediated by DA on D2-like receptors. SUL per se also facilitated the FExt but did not affect Fear-IA. These data suggest IN-DA as a promising pharmacological tool to supplement the psychotherapy of patients suffering from PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília de Almeida Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís Seghese de Toledo
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Machado de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Christie Ramos Andrade Leite-Panissi
- Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mattern
- MetP Pharma AG, Emmetten, Switzerland, and Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, FL, USA
| | - Milene Cristina de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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17
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Lima KR, da Rosa ACDS, Picua SS, E Silva SS, Soares NM, Mello-Carpes PB. Novelty promotes recognition memory persistence by D1 dopamine receptor and protein kinase A signalling in rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:78-90. [PMID: 34904283 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for improving memory are increasingly studied, and exposure to a novel experience can be an efficient neuromodulator. Novelty effects on memory depend on D1-family dopamine receptors (D1Rs) activation. Here, we evaluated the novelty effect on memory persistence of Wistar rats and investigated the contribution of D1Rs and their signalling pathways by protein kinase A (PKA) and C (PKC). Animals with infusion cannulae inserted into the CA1 hippocampus area were trained on the novel object recognition (NOR) task, which involved exploring two different objects. After training, some rats received intrahippocampal infusions of vehicle or D1Rs agonist; others explored a novel environment for 5 min and were infused with a variety of drugs targeting D1Rs and their signalling pathways. We demonstrated that pharmacological stimulation of D1Rs or novelty exposure promoted NOR memory persistence for 14 days and that the novelty effect depended on D1Rs activation. To determine if the D1 and D5 receptor subtypes were necessary for the impact of novelty exposure on memory, we blocked or stimulated PKA or PKC-protein kinases activated mainly by D1 and D5, respectively. Only PKA inhibition impaired the effect of novelty on memory persistence. After novelty and D1Rs blocking, PKA but not PKC stimulation maintained the memory persistence effect. Thus, we concluded that novelty promoted memory persistence by a mechanism-dependent on activating hippocampal D1Rs and PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | | | - Steffanie Severo Picua
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Shara Souza E Silva
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Náthaly Marks Soares
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Billig Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
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18
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Faucher CR, Doherty RA, Philip NS, Harle ASM, Cole JJE, van ’t Wout-Frank M. Is there a neuroscience-based, mechanistic rationale for transcranial direct current stimulation as an adjunct treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder? Behav Neurosci 2021; 135:702-713. [PMID: 34338547 PMCID: PMC8648962 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that there is considerable variation in the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for psychiatric disorders, and a continued need to improve the real-world effectiveness of these treatments. In the last 20+ years the examination of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques for psychiatric treatment has increased dramatically. However, in order to test these techniques for effective therapeutic use, it is critical to understand (a) (what are) the key neural circuits to engage for specific disorders or clusters of symptoms, and (b) (how) can these circuits be reached effectively using neurostimulation? Here we focus on the research toward the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). tDCS is a portable and inexpensive technique that lends itself well to be combined with, and thus potentially augment, exposure-based treatment for PTSD. In this review, we discuss the behavioral model of threat and safety learning and memory as it relates to PTSD, the underlying neurobiology of PTSD, as well as the current understandings of tDCS action, including its limitations and opportunities. Through this lens, we summarize the research on the application of tDCS to modulated threat and safety learning and memory to date, and propose new directions for its future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Faucher
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence
- COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence
| | - R. A. Doherty
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence
- COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence
| | - N. S. Philip
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence
- COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence
| | - A. S. M Harle
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence
- COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence
| | - J. J. E. Cole
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence
- COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence
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19
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Navakkode S, Gaunt JR, Pavon MV, Bansal VA, Abraham RP, Chong YS, Ch'ng TH, Sajikumar S. Sex-specific accelerated decay in time/activity-dependent plasticity and associative memory in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13502. [PMID: 34796608 PMCID: PMC8672784 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that female brains are more predisposed to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this disparity remain unknown. In several mouse models of AD, synaptic plasticity dysfunction is an early event and appears before significant accumulation of amyloid plaques and neuronal degeneration. However, it is unclear whether sexual dimorphism at the synaptic level contributes to the higher risk and prevalence of AD in females. Our studies on APP/PS1 (APPSwe/PS1dE9) mouse model show that AD impacts hippocampal long‐term plasticity in a sex‐specific manner. Long‐term potentiation (LTP) induced by strong tetanic stimulation (STET), theta burst stimulation (TBS) and population spike timing‐dependent plasticity (pSTDP) show a faster decay in AD females compared with age‐matched AD males. In addition, behavioural tagging (BT), a model of associative memory, is specifically impaired in AD females with a faster decay in memory compared with males. Together with the plasticity and behavioural data, we also observed an upregulation of neuroinflammatory markers, along with downregulation of transcripts that regulate cellular processes associated with synaptic plasticity and memory in females. Immunohistochemistry of AD brains confirms that female APP/PS1 mice carry a higher amyloid plaque burden and have enhanced microglial activation compared with male APP/PS1 mice. Their presence in the diseased mice also suggests a link between the impairment of LTP and the upregulation of the inflammatory response. Overall, our data show that synaptic plasticity and associative memory impairments are more prominent in females and this might account for the faster progression of AD in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeja Navakkode
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Department of Physiology National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Jessica Ruth Gaunt
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Maria Vazquez Pavon
- Department of Physiology National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Riya Prasad Abraham
- Department of Physiology National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Yee Song Chong
- Department of Physiology National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- School of Biological Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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20
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Crombie KM, Sartin-Tarm A, Sellnow K, Ahrenholtz R, Lee S, Matalamaki M, Almassi NE, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF, Adams TG, Cisler JM. Exercise-induced increases in Anandamide and BDNF during extinction consolidation contribute to reduced threat following reinstatement: Preliminary evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105355. [PMID: 34280820 PMCID: PMC8487992 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently demonstrated that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise delivered during the consolidation of fear extinction learning reduced threat expectancy during a test of extinction recall among women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These findings suggest that exercise may be a potential candidate for improving the efficacy of exposure-based therapies, which are hypothesized to work via the mechanisms of fear extinction learning. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine whether exercise-induced increases in circulating concentrations of candidate biomarkers: endocannabinoids (anandamide [AEA]; 2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG], brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and homovanillic acid (HVA), mediate the effects of exercise on extinction recall. METHODS Participants (N = 35) completed a 3-day fear acquisition (day 1), extinction (day 2), and extinction recall (day 3) protocol, in which participants were randomly assigned to complete either moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (EX) or a light-intensity control (CON) condition following extinction training (day 2). Blood was obtained prior to and following EX or CON. Threat expectancy ratings during tests of extinction recall (i.e., initial fear recall and fear recall following reinstatement) were obtained 24 h following EX or CON. Mediation was tested using linear-mixed effects models and bootstrapping of the indirect effect. RESULTS Circulating concentrations of AEA and BDNF (but not 2-AG and HVA) were found to mediate the relationship between moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and reduced threat expectancy ratings following reinstatement (AEA 95% CI: -0.623 to -0.005; BDNF 95% CI: -0.941 to -0.005). CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced increases in peripheral AEA and BDNF appear to play a role in enhancing consolidation of fear extinction learning, thereby leading to reduced threat expectancies following reinstatement among women with PTSD. Future mechanistic research examining these and other biomarkers (e.g., brain-based biomarkers) is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Crombie
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Anneliis Sartin-Tarm
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Kyrie Sellnow
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Rachel Ahrenholtz
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Sierra Lee
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Megan Matalamaki
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Neda E. Almassi
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Kinesiology, 285 Med
Sci, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, United States of America, 53706-1121
| | - Cecilia J. Hillard
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Neuroscience Research Center,
Department of Pharmacology and, Toxicology, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI
53226
| | - Kelli F. Koltyn
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Kinesiology, 285 Med
Sci, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, United States of America, 53706-1121
| | - Tom G. Adams
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, 105
Kastle Hill, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America, 40506-0044,Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300
George St., New Haven, CT, United States of America, 06511,National Center for PTSD, Clinical Neurosciences Division,
VA CT Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, United States of
America, 06516
| | - Josh M. Cisler
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity St, Bldg B, Austin, TX, United States of America,
78712
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21
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Bin Ibrahim MZ, Benoy A, Sajikumar S. Long-term plasticity in the hippocampus: maintaining within and 'tagging' between synapses. FEBS J 2021; 289:2176-2201. [PMID: 34109726 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synapses between neurons are malleable biochemical structures, strengthening and diminishing over time dependent on the type of information they receive. This phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity underlies learning and memory, and its different forms, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), perform varied cognitive roles in reinforcement, relearning and associating memories. Moreover, both LTP and LTD can exist in an early transient form (early-LTP/LTD) or a late persistent form (late-LTP/LTD), which are triggered by different induction protocols, and also differ in their dependence on protein synthesis and the involvement of key molecular players. Beyond homosynaptic modifications, synapses can also interact with one another. This is encapsulated in the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis (STC), where synapses expressing early-LTP/LTD present a 'tag' that can capture the protein synthesis products generated during a temporally proximal late-LTP/LTD induction. This 'tagging' phenomenon forms the framework of synaptic interactions in various conditions and accounts for the cellular basis of the time-dependent associativity of short-lasting and long-lasting memories. All these synaptic modifications take place under controlled neuronal conditions, regulated by subcellular elements such as epigenetic regulation, proteasomal degradation and neuromodulatory signals. Here, we review current understanding of the different forms of synaptic plasticity and its regulatory mechanisms in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory formation. We also discuss expression of plasticity in hippocampal CA2 area, a long-overlooked narrow hippocampal subfield and the behavioural correlate of STC. Lastly, we put forth perspectives for an integrated view of memory representation in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zaki Bin Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amrita Benoy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Ju J, Liao J, Zhou Q. Elevated activity in the dorsal dentate gyrus reduces expression of fear memory after fear extinction training. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E390-E401. [PMID: 34077148 PMCID: PMC8327976 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effectively reducing the expression of certain aversive memories (fear or trauma memories) with extinction training is generally viewed to be therapeutically important. A deeper understanding of the biological basis for a more effective extinction process is also of high scientific importance. METHODS Our study involved intraventricular injection or local injection into the dorsal dentate gyrus of anti-neuregulin 1 antibodies (anti-NRG1) before fear extinction training, followed by testing the expression of fear memory 24 hours afterward or 9 days later. We used local injection of chemogenetic or optogenetic viruses into the dorsal dentate gyrus to manipulate the activity of the dorsal dentate gyrus and test the expression of fear memory. We also examined the effect of deep brain stimulation in the dorsal dentate gyrus on the expression of fear memory. RESULTS Mice that received intraventricular injection with anti-NRG1 antibodies exhibited lower expression of fear memory and increased density of activated excitatory neurons in the dorsal dentate gyrus. Injection of anti-NRG1 antibodies directly into the dorsal dentate gyrus also led to lower expression of fear memory and more activated neurons in the dorsal dentate gyrus. Inhibiting the activity of dorsal dentate gyrus excitatory neurons using an inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) eliminated the effects of the anti-NRG1 antibodies. Enhancing the activity of the dorsal dentate gyrus with an excitatory DREADD or optogenetic stimulation resulted in lower expression of fear memory in mice that did not receive infusion of anti-NRG1 antibodies. Deep brain stimulation in the dorsal dentate gyrus effectively suppressed expression of fear memory, both during and after fear extinction training. LIMITATIONS The mechanism for the contribution of the dorsal dentate gyrus to the expression of fear memory needs further exploration. CONCLUSION Activation of the dorsal dentate gyrus may play an important role in modulating the expression of fear memory; its potential use in fear memory extinction is worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
| | - Zongliang Wang
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
| | - Jun Ju
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
| | - Qiang Zhou
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
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23
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Jayawickreme E, Infurna FJ, Alajak K, Blackie LE, Chopik WJ, Chung JM, Dorfman A, Fleeson W, Forgeard MJ, Frazier P, Furr RM, Grossmann I, Heller A, Laceulle OM, Lucas RE, Luhmann M, Luong G, Meijer L, McLean KC, Park CL, Roepke AM, al Sawaf Z, Tennen H, White RMB, Zonneveld R. Post-traumatic growth as positive personality change: Challenges, opportunities, and recommendations. J Pers 2021; 89:145-165. [PMID: 32897574 PMCID: PMC8062071 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-traumatic growth typically refers to enduring positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity, trauma, or highly challenging life circumstances. Critics have challenged insights from much of the prior research on this topic, pinpointing its significant methodological limitations. In response to these critiques, we propose that post-traumatic growth can be more accurately captured in terms of personality change-an approach that affords a more rigorous examination of the phenomenon. METHOD We outline a set of conceptual and methodological questions and considerations for future work on the topic of post-traumatic growth. RESULTS We provide a series of recommendations for researchers from across the disciplines of clinical/counseling, developmental, health, personality, and social psychology and beyond, who are interested in improving the quality of research examining resilience and growth in the context of adversity. CONCLUSION We are hopeful that these recommendations will pave the way for a more accurate understanding of the ubiquity, durability, and causal processes underlying post-traumatic growth.
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Abstract
Memory reconsolidation occurs when a retrieving event destabilizes transiently a consolidated memory, triggering thereby a new process of restabilization that ensures memory persistence. Although this phenomenon has received wide attention, the effect of new information cooccurring with the reconsolidation process has been less explored. Here we demonstrate that a memory-retrieving event sets a neural tag, which enables the reconsolidation of memory after binding proteins provided by the original or a different contiguous experience. We characterized the specific temporal window during which this association is effective and identified the protein kinase A (PKA) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) pathways as the mechanisms related to the setting of the reconsolidation tag and the synthesis of proteins. Our results show, therefore, that memory reconsolidation is mediated by a "behavioral tagging" process, which is common to different memory forms. They represent a significant advance in understanding the fate of memories reconsolidated while being adjacent to other events, and provide a tool for designing noninvasive strategies to attenuate (pathological/traumatic) or improve (education-related) memories.
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25
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The role of carbonic anhydrases in extinction of contextual fear memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16000-16008. [PMID: 32571910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910690117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes present in mammals with 16 isoforms that differ in terms of catalytic activity as well as cellular and tissue distribution. CAs catalyze the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and protons and are involved in various physiological processes, including learning and memory. Here we report that the integrity of CA activity in the brain is necessary for the consolidation of fear extinction memory. We found that systemic administration of acetazolamide, a CA inhibitor, immediately after the extinction session dose-dependently impaired the consolidation of fear extinction memory of rats trained in contextual fear conditioning. d-phenylalanine, a CA activator, displayed an opposite action, whereas C18, a membrane-impermeable CA inhibitor that is unable to reach the brain tissue, had no effect. Simultaneous administration of acetazolamide fully prevented the procognitive effects of d-phenylalanine. Whereas d-phenylalanine potentiated extinction, acetazolamide impaired extinction also when infused locally into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, or hippocampal CA1 region. No effects were observed when acetazolamide or d-phenylalanine was infused locally into the substantia nigra pars compacta. Moreover, systemic administration of acetazolamide immediately after the extinction training session modulated c-Fos expression on a retention test in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of rats trained in contextual fear conditioning. These findings reveal that the engagement of CAs in some brain regions is essential for providing the brain with the resilience necessary to ensure the consolidation of extinction of emotionally salient events.
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26
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Huang F, Zou G, Li C, Meng H, Liu X, Yang Z. A novelty-retrieval-extinction paradigm leads to persistent attenuation of remote fear memories. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3319. [PMID: 32094477 PMCID: PMC7039928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a novel environment can enhance the extinction of recent contextual fear in mice. This has been explained by a tagging and capture hypothesis. Consistently, we show in mice that exposure to a novel environment before extinction training promoted the extinction of recent auditory fear. However, such a promoting effect of novelty was absent for remote memories. In the present study, we replaced the regular extinction training with a retrieval-extinction session which capitalized on a reconsolidation window. When novelty exposure was followed by a retrieval-extinction session, remote fear was distinguished more easily and permanently. We have termed it as a “novelty-retrieval-extinction” paradigm. This paradigm played a greater role in the extinction of remote fear when fear conditioning and retrieval-extinction occurred in two different contexts other than in one identical context. The mechanism underlying the facilitating effect of this paradigm might involve up-regulation of histone acetylation in the hippocampus, which has been reported to increase functional and structural neuroplasticity. The present work proposes an effective, drug-free paradigm for the extinction of remote fear, which could be easily adapted in humans with least side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulian Huang
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China.
| | - Guangjing Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China
| | - Zehua Yang
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China.
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27
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Kuijer EJ, Ferragud A, Milton AL. Retrieval-Extinction and Relapse Prevention: Rewriting Maladaptive Drug Memories? Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:23. [PMID: 32153373 PMCID: PMC7044236 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Addicted individuals are highly susceptible to relapse when exposed to drug-associated conditioned stimuli (CSs; "drug cues") even after extensive periods of abstinence. Until recently, these maladaptive emotional drug memories were believed to be permanent and resistant to change. The rediscovery of the phenomenon of memory reconsolidation-by which retrieval of the memory can, under certain conditions, destabilize the previously stable memory before it restabilizes in its new, updated form-has led to the hypothesis that it may be possible to disrupt the strong maladaptive drug-memories that trigger a relapse. Furthermore, recent work has suggested that extinction training "within the reconsolidation window" may lead to a long-term reduction in relapse without the requirement for pharmacological amnestic agents. However, this so-called "retrieval-extinction" effect has been inconsistently observed in the literature, leading some to speculate that rather than reflecting memory updating, it may be the product of facilitation of extinction. In this mini review article, we will focus on factors that might be responsible for the retrieval-extinction effects on preventing drug-seeking relapse and how inter-individual differences may influence this therapeutically promising effect. A better understanding of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the "retrieval-extinction" paradigm, and individual differences in boundary conditions, should provide insights with the potential to optimize the translation of "retrieval-extinction" to clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise J. Kuijer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonio Ferragud
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy L. Milton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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28
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Fullana M, Dunsmoor J, Schruers K, Savage H, Bach D, Harrison B. Human fear conditioning: From neuroscience to the clinic. Behav Res Ther 2020; 124:103528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Facilitation of fear extinction by novelty is modulated by β-adrenergic and 5-HT1A serotoninergic receptors in hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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The capacity for acute exercise to modulate emotional memories: A review of findings and mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:438-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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Ferreira FF, Rodrigues FS, Schmidt SD, Cavalcante LE, Zinn CG, Farias CP, Furini CR, Myskiw JC, Izquierdo I. Social support favors extinction and impairs acquisition of both short- and long-term contextual fear conditioning memory. Neurosci Lett 2019; 712:134505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Lima KR, da Silva de Vargas L, Ramborger B, Roehrs R, Sevenster D, Izquierdo I, D'Hooge R, Mello-Carpes PB. Noradrenergic and dopaminergic involvement in novelty modulation of aversive memory generalization of adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 371:111991. [PMID: 31150747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The generalization of aversive memory can be defined as the phenomenon in which a situation similar to (but distinctive from) a previous aversive event triggers an avoidance response. This phenomenon has been suggested to play a role in several psychological disorders. In this study, we investigate the effects of novelty on the generalization of fear memories, and the involvement of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in this process. For this study we used male Wistar rats (3 months old, 300-400 g). The participation of each neurotransmitter system was evaluated separately (two set of experiments). In each experimental set, the animals were divided in groups (8 animals each): (i) control, (ii) novelty, and, (iii) antagonist + novelty group (timolol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, or SCH23390, a D1/D5 dopaminergic antagonist, in the first and in the second set of experiments, respectively). Additionaly, to investigate whether novelty exposure increases the levels of noradrenaline and/or dopamine in the hippocampus fifteen animals were divided in three groups (5 animals each).: (i) naïve, (ii) control; and, (iii) novelty. To examine aversive memory, and generalization of aversive memory, we trained adult male Wistar rats in an inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory task and after in a modified inhibitory avoidance (MIA). Before the MIA training some of the animals were exposed to environmental novelty (open field). Immediately before this novelty exposure, some animals received intrahippocampal infusion of timolol (β-adrenergic antagonist), SCH23390 (D1/D5 antagonist) or vehicle to evaluate the involvement of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems. Finally, to evaluate aversive memory and generalization of aversive memory respectively, half of the animals in each group were tested on IA and half on MIA. We confirmed that the exposure to novelty blocks the generalization of aversive memory, but moreover, demonstrated that this process involves activation of β-adrenergic and dopaminergic D1/D5 pathways. We additionally observed that exposure to novelty raises hippocampal levels of noradrenaline and dopamine. This suggests that these neurotransmitters not only influence long-term memory (LTM) as such, but also aversive memory generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Ramborger
- Interdisciplinary Group of Research in Teaching Practice, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Interdisciplinary Group of Research in Teaching Practice, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Iván Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Acute exercise-induced enhancement of fear inhibition is moderated by BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:131. [PMID: 30967530 PMCID: PMC6456490 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent research indicates that acute physical exercise facilitates fear learning and inhibition. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may moderate the memory enhancing effects of acute exercise. We assessed the role of acute exercise in modulating extinction retention in humans, and investigated the extent to which the BDNF polymorphism influenced extinction retention. Seventy non-clinical participants engaged in a differential fear potentiated startle paradigm involving conditioning and extinction followed by random assignment to either intense exercise (n = 35) or no exercise (n = 35). Extinction retention was assessed 24 h later. Saliva samples were collected to index BDNF genotype. Exercised participants displayed significantly lower fear 24 h later relative to non-exercised participants. Moderation analyses indicated that after controlling for gender, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism moderated the relationship between exercise and fear recovery 24 h later, such that exercise was associated with greater fear recovery in individuals with the Met allele. These findings provide initial evidence that acute exercise can impact fear extinction in humans and this effect is reduced in Met-allele carriers. This finding accords with the role of BDNF in extinction learning, and has implications for augmenting exposure-based therapies for anxiety disorders.
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Vargas LDSD, Sevenster D, Lima KR, Izquierdo I, D'Hooge R, Mello-Carpes PB. Novelty exposure hinders aversive memory generalization and depends on hippocampal protein synthesis. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:89-94. [PMID: 30367969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fear generalization is defined as the transferring of fear experienced during a traumatic event to safe conditions resembling or not the traumatic event. It has been related to several psychological disorders. Here we set out to determine whether novelty exposure can be effective to avoid fear generalization. We evaluated the effect of a novelty exposure on fear memory generalization using an aversive memory task, the inhibitory avoidance (IA). Male Wistar rats were trained in IA (day 1) and 24 h after (day 2) they were exposed to a new context similar to the original (modified IA - MIA), with some rats being exposed to a novelty just before the exposure to the MIA, while others were not (controls). On day 3, retention tests for IA and MIA contexts were performed. The control rats generalized the memory, expressing aversive behavioral in both contexts whereas rats exposed to novelty only expressed aversion on IA. Furthermore, both anisomycin, an inhibitor of ribosomal protein synthesis, and rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR-mediated protein synthesis, injected in the CA1 region of dorsal hippocampus blocked the novelty effect, promoting memory generalization. We conclude that novelty exposure hinders aversive memory generalization depending on hippocampal protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane da Silva de Vargas
- Graduate Program on Biological Sciences: Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Karine R Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Iván Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Graduate Program on Biological Sciences: Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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35
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Penha Farias C, Guerino Furini CR, Godfried Nachtigall E, Kielbovicz Behling JA, Silva de Assis Brasil E, Bühler L, Izquierdo I, de Carvalho Myskiw J. Extinction learning with social support depends on protein synthesis in prefrontal cortex but not hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1765-1769. [PMID: 30635411 PMCID: PMC6358673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815893116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction of contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in the presence of a familiar nonfearful conspecific (social support), such as that of others tasks, can occur regardless of whether the original memory is retrieved during the extinction training. Extinction with social support is blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitors anisomycin and rapamycin and by the inhibitor of gene expression 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole infused immediately after extinction training into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) but unlike regular CFC extinction not in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. So social support generates a form of learning that differs from extinction acquired without social support in terms of the brain structures involved. This finding may lead to a better understanding of the brain mechanisms involved in the social support of memories and in therapies for disorders related to dysfunctional fear memories. Thus, here we show that the consolidation of extinction memory with social support relies on vmPFC rather than hippocampus gene expression and ribosomal- and mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent protein synthesis. These results provide additional knowledge about the cellular mechanisms and brain structures involved on the effect of social support in changing behavior and fear extinction memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Penha Farias
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Godfried Nachtigall
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jonny Anderson Kielbovicz Behling
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Silva de Assis Brasil
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Bühler
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pu M, Yu R. Post-encoding frontal theta activity predicts incidental memory in the reward context. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 158:14-23. [PMID: 30630040 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Memories for daily events require that individuals integrate initial fragile traces of events over time. Recent evidence suggests that reward anticipation enhances memory performance and amplifies frontal theta activity for remembered items vs. forgotten items. However, little is known about how incidental rewards after item presentation retrospectively modulate memory and the neural basis of this processing. Here, we used EEG combined with an incidental memory task to study how incidental reward association biased the post-encoding process. In the anticipatory stage, participants saw photos in win, loss and neutral contexts. Each photo was presented in a color frame that indicated the incentive condition (win vs. loss vs. neutral) and participants were asked to make a binary choice to predict whether the photo was associated with the left/right button. Feedback was presented to indicate arbitrary correctness and monetary outcomes. Recognition memory was tested after a short delay. During the encoding phase, left central-parietal theta power predicted subsequent memory performance in the win context. The post-encoding theta power at right central-frontal and central-parietal sites predicted later memory performance only in the win context. The size of frontal post-encoding related theta activity in the win context was correlated with the discriminate accuracy of the test stimulus. Our results suggest that post-encoding theta activity is closely linked to reward-based associative learning, providing evidence of a potential post-encoding mechanism of information binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pu
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongjun Yu
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Cahill EN, Milton AL. Neurochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the retrieval-extinction effect. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:111-132. [PMID: 30656364 PMCID: PMC6373198 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extinction within the reconsolidation window, or 'retrieval-extinction', has received much research interest as a possible technique for targeting the reconsolidation of maladaptive memories with a behavioural intervention. However, it remains to be determined whether the retrieval-extinction effect-a long-term reduction in fear behaviour, which appears resistant to spontaneous recovery, renewal and reinstatement-depends specifically on destabilisation of the original memory (the 'reconsolidation-update' account) or represents facilitation of an extinction memory (the 'extinction-facilitation' account). We propose that comparing the neurotransmitter systems, receptors and intracellular signalling pathways recruited by reconsolidation, extinction and retrieval-extinction will provide a way of distinguishing between these accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Cahill
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Amy L Milton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
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38
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Bae SE, Richardson R. Behavioral tagging in infant rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:580-586. [PMID: 30322891 PMCID: PMC6191016 DOI: 10.1101/lm.047605.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that exposure to a novel environment may stabilize the persistence of weak memories, a phenomenon often attributed to a process referred to as “behavioral tagging.” While this phenomenon has been repeatedly demonstrated in adult animals, no studies to date have examined whether it occurs in infant animals, which is surprising given that infants exhibit an impaired ability to form long-term memories (LTMs). In the present study, infant (i.e., postnatal day (P) 17) rats were placed in a context and repeatedly shocked. Infant rats given brief open field exposure 1 h, but not 2 h, prior to conditioning exhibited enhanced retention when tested 1 d later (Experiments 1 and 2), but comparable retention when tested shortly after training (Experiment 2). Thus, exploration of an open field facilitates subsequent context fear memories by enhancing the persistence of the memory rather than strengthening the context-shock association at encoding. While exploration of an open field did not lead to better memory when animals were tested 3 d later (Experiment 3), a brief pretest shock led to a more pronounced reinstatement effect in rats exposed to the open field 1 h before conditioning (Experiment 4). Finally, unlike what has been reported in adults, Experiments 5 and 6 suggest that familiarization of the open field before subsequent exposure does not abolish the behavioral tagging effect in infants. Overall, while these findings suggest that similar behavioral tagging mechanisms to those reported in adults might be involved in the formation of LTMs in infant rats, they also suggest that there may be developmental differences in the retention of familiarization experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bae
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rick Richardson
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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39
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Liu JF, Tian J, Li JX. Modulating reconsolidation and extinction to regulate drug reward memory. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2503-2512. [PMID: 30113098 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is an aberrant memory that shares the same memory processes as other memories. Brief exposure to drug-associated cues could result in reconsolidation, a hypothetical process during which original memory could be updated. In contrast, longer exposure times to drug-associated cues could trigger extinction, a process that decreases the conditioned responding. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations on the reconsolidation and extinction that could be used to interfere with drug reward memories. Pharmacological agents such as β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol can interfere with reconsolidation to disrupt drug reward memory. Pharmacological agents such as the NMDA receptor glycine site agonists d-cycloserine and d-serine can facilitate extinction and then attenuate the expression of drug reward memory. Besides pharmacological interventions, drug-free behavioral approaches by utilizing the reconsolidation and extinction, such as 'post-retrieval extinction' and 'UCS-retrieval extinction', are also effective to erase or inhibit the recall of drug reward memory. Taken together, pharmacological modulation and non-pharmacological modulation of reconsolidation and extinction are promising approaches to regulate drug reward memory and prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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40
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An X, Yang P, Chen S, Zhang F, Yu D. An Additional Prior Retrieval Alters the Effects of a Retrieval-Extinction Procedure on Recent and Remote Fear Memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 11:259. [PMID: 29358910 PMCID: PMC5766663 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that the isolated retrieval of a consolidated fear memory can induce a labile phase, during which extinction training can prevent the reinstatement, a form of relapse in which fear response to a fear-provoking context returns when a mild shock is presented. However, fear memory retrieval may also have another opposing result: the enhancement of fear memory. This implies that the fear memory trace can be modified by a brief retrieval. Unclear is whether the fear-impairing effect of retrieval-extinction (RE) is altered by a prior brief retrieval. The present study investigated the responses of recent and remote fear memories to the RE procedure after the presentation of an additional prior retrieval (priRet). We found that a single RE procedure effectively blocked the reinstatement of 2-day recent contextual fear memory. The memory-impairing effect of the RE procedure on recent fear was not observed when priRet was presented 6 or 24 h before the RE procedure. In contrast to the 2-day recent memory, the RE procedure failed to block the reinstatement of 36-day remote fear memory but successfully disrupted the return of remote fear memory after priRet. This memory-disruptive effect on remote memory did not occur when priRet was performed in a novel context. Nimodipine administration revealed that the blockade of priRet-induced processes recovered the effects of the RE procedure on both recent and remote fear memories. Our findings suggest that the susceptibility of recent and remote fear memories to RE procedures can be altered by an additional retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli An
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-coding RNA Research, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siguang Chen
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fenfen Zhang
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-coding RNA Research, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,RNA Center, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
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Powers MB, de Kleine RA, Smits JAJ. Core Mechanisms of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: A Review. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2017; 40:611-623. [PMID: 29080589 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the extant literature on mediators of change in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression. The authors briefly discuss the efficacy of CBT for anxiety and depression and methods of mediation analysis and detection. Then the authors discuss fear extinction in anxiety treatment and cognitive change in depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Powers
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, Stop E9000, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Baylor University Medical Center, T. Boone Pickens Cancer Hospital, 3409 Worth Street Tower, Suite C2.500, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
| | - Rianne A de Kleine
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, PO Box 9500, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper A J Smits
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, Stop E9000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Aidil-Carvalho M, Carmo A, Ribeiro J, Cunha-Reis D. Mismatch novelty exploration training enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity: A tool for cognitive stimulation? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 145:240-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Acute nicotine disrupts consolidation of contextual fear extinction and alters long-term memory-associated hippocampal kinase activity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 145:143-150. [PMID: 29017931 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that acute nicotine, an agonist of nAChRs, impaired fear extinction. However, the effects of acute nicotine on consolidation of contextual fear extinction memories and associated cell signaling cascades are unknown. Therefore, we examined the effects of acute nicotine injections before (pre-extinction) and after (post-extinction) contextual fear extinction on behavior and the phosphorylation of dorsal and ventral hippocampal ERK1/2 and JNK1 and protein levels on the 1st and 3rd day of extinction. Our results showed that acute nicotine administered prior to extinction sessions downregulated the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 in the ventral hippocampus, but not dorsal hippocampus, and JNK1 in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus on the 3rd extinction day. These effects were absent on the 1st day of extinction. We also showed that acute nicotine administered immediately and 30 min, but not 6 h, following extinction impaired contextual fear extinction suggesting that acute nicotine disrupts consolidation of contextual fear extinction memories. Finally, acute nicotine injections immediately after extinction sessions upregulated the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 in the ventral hippocampus, but did not affect JNK1. These results show that acute nicotine impairs contextual fear extinction potentially by altering molecular processes responsible for the consolidation of extinction memories.
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Modulation of the consolidation and reconsolidation of fear memory by three different serotonin receptors in hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Roesler R. Molecular mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in memory reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hu J, Ferguson L, Adler K, Farah CA, Hastings MH, Sossin WS, Schacher S. Selective Erasure of Distinct Forms of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity Underlying Different Forms of Memory in the Same Postsynaptic Neuron. Curr Biol 2017. [PMID: 28648820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Generalization of fear responses to non-threatening stimuli is a feature of anxiety disorders. It has been challenging to target maladaptive generalized memories without affecting adaptive memories. Synapse-specific long-term plasticity underlying memory involves the targeting of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) to activated synapses. If distinct tags and PRPs are used for different forms of plasticity, one could selectively remove distinct forms of memory. Using a stimulation paradigm in which associative long-term facilitation (LTF) occurs at one input and non-associative LTF at another input to the same postsynaptic neuron in an Aplysia sensorimotor preparation, we found that each form of LTF is reversed by inhibiting distinct isoforms of protein kinase M (PKM), putative PRPs, in the postsynaptic neuron. A dominant-negative (dn) atypical PKM selectively reversed associative LTF, while a dn classical PKM selectively reversed non-associative LTF. Although both PKMs are formed from calpain-mediated cleavage of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, each form of LTF is sensitive to a distinct dn calpain expressed in the postsynaptic neuron. Associative LTF is blocked by dn classical calpain, whereas non-associative LTF is blocked by dn small optic lobe (SOL) calpain. Interfering with a putative synaptic tag, the adaptor protein KIBRA, which protects the atypical PKM from degradation, selectively erases associative LTF. Thus, the activity of distinct PRPs and tags in a postsynaptic neuron contribute to the maintenance of different forms of synaptic plasticity at separate inputs, allowing for selective reversal of synaptic plasticity and providing a cellular basis for developing therapeutic strategies for selectively reversing maladaptive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyuan Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Larissa Ferguson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Kerry Adler
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carole A Farah
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Margaret H Hastings
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Wayne S Sossin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Samuel Schacher
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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47
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Extinction memory is facilitated by methylphenidate and regulated by dopamine and noradrenaline receptors. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:303-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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48
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Endocannabinoid signaling and memory dynamics: A synaptic perspective. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 138:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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49
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Reward retroactively enhances memory consolidation for related items. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 24:65-69. [PMID: 27980078 PMCID: PMC5159660 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042978.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reward motivation has been shown to modulate episodic memory processes in order to support future adaptive behavior. However, for a memory system to be truly adaptive, it should enhance memory for rewarded events as well as for neutral events that may seem inconsequential at the time of encoding but can gain importance later. Here, we investigated the influence of reward motivation on retroactive memory enhancement selectively for conceptually related information. We found behavioral evidence that reward retroactively enhances memory at a 24-h memory test, but not at an immediate memory test, suggesting a role for post-encoding mechanisms of consolidation.
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50
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Abstract
During extinction, the organism learns that a conditioned stimulus or a conditioned response is no longer associated with an unconditioned stimulus, and as a consequence, a decrement in the response is presented. The exposure to novel situations (e.g. exploration of a novel open field) has been used widely to modulate (i.e. either enhance or deteriorate) learning and memory. The aim of the present study was to test whether open-field exposure could modulate consummatory extinction. The results indicated that open-field exposure accelerated the extinction response (i.e. experimental animals provided novelty exposure had lower consummatory behavior than control animals) when applied before - but not after - the first extinction trial, or when applied before the second extinction trial. The results suggest that environmental treatments such as novelty exposure provide a valuable, nonpharmacological alternative to potentially modulate extinction processes.
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