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Nandana MB, Bharatha M, Praveen R, Nayaka S, Vishwanath BS, Rajaiah R. Dimethyl ester of bilirubin ameliorates Naja naja snake venom-induced lung toxicity in mice via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation. Toxicon 2024; 244:107757. [PMID: 38740099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Naja naja snake bite causes thousands of deaths worldwide in a year. N. naja envenomed victims exhibit both local and systemic reactions that potentially lead to death. In clinical practice, pulmonary complications in N. naja envenomation are commonly encountered. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity remain unknown. Here, we reasoned that N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity is prompted by NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation in mice. Treatment with dimethyl ester of bilirubin (BD1), significantly inhibited the N. naja venom-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs both in vivo and in vitro (p < 0.05). Further, BD1 reduced N. naja venom-induced recruitment of inflammatory cells, and hemorrhage in the lung toxicity examined by histopathology. BD1 also diminished N. naja venom-induced local toxicities in paw edema and myotoxicity in mice. Furthermore, BD1 was able to enhance the survival time against N. naja venom-induced mortality in mice. In conclusion, the present data showed that BD1 alleviated N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation. Small molecule inhibitors that intervene in venom-induced toxicities may have therapeutic applications complementing anti-snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuganahalli B Nandana
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Madeva Bharatha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Raju Praveen
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Spandan Nayaka
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
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Nandana MB, Bharatha M, Vishwanath BS, Rajaiah R. Naja naja snake venom-induced local toxicities in mice is by inflammasome activation. Toxicon 2024; 238:107590. [PMID: 38163462 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Snake bite envenomation causes tissue damage resulting in acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Inflammasome activation is one of the factors involved in tissue damage in a mouse model of snake envenomation. The present study examines the potency of Indian Big Four snake venoms in the activation of inflammasome and its role in local and systemic tissue toxicity. Among Indian Big Four snake venoms, Naja naja venom activated NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse macrophages. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was also observed in mouse foot paw and thigh muscle upon administration of N. naja venom. Intraperitoneal administration of N. naja venom cause systemic lung damage showed activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Treatment with MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor effectively inhibited N. naja venom-induced activation of caspase-1 and liberation of IL-1β in macrophages. In mice, MCC950 partially inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in N. naja venom administered foot paw and thigh muscle. In conclusion, the present data showed that inflammasome is one of the host responses involved in N. naja snake venom-induced toxicities. The inhibition of inflammasome activation will provide new insight into better management of snake bite-induced local tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuganahalli B Nandana
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Madeva Bharatha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
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Matkivska R, Samborska I, Maievskyi O. Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:16. [PMID: 38144889 PMCID: PMC10739175 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is affected by environmental factors. The dynamic balance between the organism and its environment results from the influence of natural, anthropogenic and social aspects. The factors of exogenous origin determine development of adaptive changes. The present article summarises the mechanisms of animal venom toxins and homeostasis disruption in the body of mammals. The mechanisms underlying pathological changes are associated with shifts in biochemical reactions. Components of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems are key in the host defense and adaptation processes in response to venom by triggering signalling pathways (PI3kinase pathway, arachidonic acid cascade). Animal venom toxins initiate the development of inflammatory processes, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines), ROS, proteolytic enzymes, activate the migration of leukocytes and macrophages. Keratinocytes and endothelial cells act as protective barriers under the action of animal venom toxins on the body of mammals. In addition, the formation of pores in cell membranes, structural changes in cell ion channels are characteristic of the action of animal venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzhena Matkivska
- Department of Descriptive and Clinical Anatomy, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Inha Samborska
- Department of Biological and General Chemistry, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya 21018, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Maievskyi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Educational and Scientific Center ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’ of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 03127, Ukraine
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Stevens WW, Kraft M, Eisenbarth SC. Recent insights into the mechanisms of anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102288. [PMID: 36848746 PMCID: PMC10023498 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is an acute life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that can have a wide range of clinical manifestations. The most common triggers for anaphylaxis include food, medication, and venom. What is curious regarding anaphylaxis is how so many different agents can induce a severe systemic clinical response but only in a select subgroup of patients. Over the past decade, several important advances have been made in understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to anaphylaxis, with mast cells (MCs) being an essential component. Classically, cross-linked immunoglobulin E (IgE) bound to its high- affinity receptor induces MC mediator release. However, toll-like, complement, or Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptors also activate mouse and human MCs. While anaphylaxis secondary to foods historically has been more extensively characterized clinically and mechanistically, more recent studies have shifted focus toward understanding drug-induced anaphylaxis. The focus of this review is to highlight recent basic science developments and compare what is currently known regarding anaphylaxis to food, medications, and venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney W Stevens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Magdalena Kraft
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Wang R, Zhang X, Huang J, Feng K, Zhang Y, Wu J, Ma L, Zhu A, Di L. Bio-fabricated nanodrugs with chemo-immunotherapy to inhibit glioma proliferation and recurrence. J Control Release 2023; 354:572-587. [PMID: 36641119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor with high mortality. Knowledge of the stemness concept has developed recently, giving rising to a novel hallmark with therapeutic potential that can help in management of GBM recurrence and prognosis. However, limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, non-discriminatory distribution, and deficiency of diagnosis remain three major obstacles need to be overcome for further facilitating therapeutic effects. Herein, D4F and α-Melittin (a-Mel) are co-assembled to construct bio-fabricated nanoplatforms, which endowed with inherent BBB permeability, precise tumor accumulation, deep penetration, and immune activation. After carrying arsenic trioxide (ATO) and manganese dichloride (MnCl2), these elaborated nanodrugs, Mel-LNPs/MnAs, gather in tumor foci by natural pathways and respond to microenvironment to synchronously release Mn2+ and As3+, achieving real-time navigating-diagnosis and tumor cell proliferation inhibition. Through down regulating CD44 and CD133 expression, the GBM stemness was suppressed to overcome its high recurrence, invasion, and chemoresistance. After being combined with temozolomide (TMZ), the survival rate of GBM-bearing mice is significantly enhanced, and the rate of recurrence is powerfully limited. Collectively, this tumor-specific actuating multi-modality nanotheranostics provide a promising candidate for clinical application with high security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoning Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xinru Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kuanhan Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Anran Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Venom-derived pain-causing toxins: insights into sensory neuron function and pain mechanisms. Pain 2022; 163:S46-S56. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lee KS, Kim BY, Park MJ, Deng Y, Kim JM, Kim YH, Heo EJ, Yoon HJ, Lee KY, Choi YS, Jin BR. Bee Venom Induces Acute Inflammation through a H2O2-Mediated System That Utilizes Superoxide Dismutase. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080558. [PMID: 36006220 PMCID: PMC9414663 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Venoms from venomous arthropods, including bees, typically induce an immediate local inflammatory response; however, how venoms acutely elicit inflammatory response and which components induce an inflammatory response remain unknown. Moreover, the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD3) in venom and its functional link to the acute inflammatory response has not been determined to date. Here, we confirmed that SOD3 in bee venom (bvSOD3) acts as an inducer of H2O2 production to promote acute inflammatory responses. In mouse models, exogenous bvSOD3 rapidly induced H2O2 overproduction through superoxides that are endogenously produced by melittin and phospholipase A2, which then upregulated caspase-1 activation and proinflammatory molecule secretion and promoted an acute inflammatory response. We also showed that the relatively severe noxious effect of bvSOD3 elevated a type 2 immune response and bvSOD3 immunization protected against venom-induced inflammation. Our findings provide a novel view of the mechanism underlying bee venom-induced acute inflammation and offer a new approach to therapeutic treatments for bee envenoming and bee venom preparations for venom therapy/immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Sik Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Yijie Deng
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Jin-Myung Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Yun-Hui Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Heo
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Byung-Rae Jin
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-200-7594
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Biological Effects of Animal Venoms on the Human Immune System. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050344. [PMID: 35622591 PMCID: PMC9143185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms are products of specialized glands and serve many living organisms to immobilize and kill prey, start digestive processes and act as a defense mechanism. Venoms affect different cells, cellular structures and tissues, such as skin, nervous, hematological, digestive, excretory and immune systems, as well as the heart, among other structures. Components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems can be stimulated or suppressed. Studying the effects on the cells and molecules produced by the immune system has been useful in many biomedical fields. The effects of venoms can be the basis for research and development of therapeutic protocols useful in the modulation of the immunological system, including different autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the understanding of biological effects of diverse venom on the human immune system and how some of their components can be useful for the study and development of immunomodulatory drugs.
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The Natterin Proteins Diversity: A Review on Phylogeny, Structure, and Immune Function. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080538. [PMID: 34437409 PMCID: PMC8402412 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first record of the five founder members of the group of Natterin proteins in the venom of the medically significant fish Thalassophryne nattereri, new sequences have been identified in other species. In this work, we performed a detailed screening using available genome databases across a wide range of species to identify sequence members of the Natterin group, sequence similarities, conserved domains, and evolutionary relationships. The high-throughput tools have enabled us to dramatically expand the number of members within this group of proteins, which has a remote origin (around 400 million years ago) and is spread across Eukarya organisms, even in plants and primitive Agnathans jawless fish. Overall, the survey resulted in 331 species presenting Natterin-like proteins, mainly fish, and 859 putative genes. Besides fish, the groups with more species included in our analysis were insects and birds. The number and variety of annotations increased the knowledge of the obtained sequences in detail, such as the conserved motif AGIP in the pore-forming loop involved in the transmembrane barrel insertion, allowing us to classify them as important constituents of the innate immune defense system as effector molecules activating immune cells by interacting with conserved intracellular signaling mechanisms in the hosts.
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El-Benna J, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Dang PMC. Effects of venoms on neutrophil respiratory burst: a major inflammatory function. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200179. [PMID: 34249119 PMCID: PMC8237995 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a pivotal role in innate immunity and in the inflammatory
response. Neutrophils are very motile cells that are rapidly recruited to the
inflammatory site as the body first line of defense. Their bactericidal activity
is due to the release into the phagocytic vacuole, called phagosome, of several
toxic molecules directed against microbes. Neutrophil stimulation induces
release of this arsenal into the phagosome and induces the assembly at the
membrane of subunits of the NAPDH oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the
production of superoxide anion that gives rise to other reactive oxygen species
(ROS), a process called respiratory burst. Altogether, they are responsible for
the bactericidal activity of the neutrophils. Excessive activation of
neutrophils can lead to extensive release of these toxic agents, inducing tissue
injury and the inflammatory reaction. Envenomation, caused by different animal
species (bees, wasps, scorpions, snakes etc.), is well known to induce a local
and acute inflammatory reaction, characterized by recruitment and activation of
leukocytes and the release of several inflammatory mediators, including
prostaglandins and cytokines. Venoms contain several molecules such as enzymes
(phospholipase A2, L-amino acid oxidase and proteases, among others) and
peptides (disintegrins, mastoporan, parabutoporin etc.). These molecules are
able to stimulate or inhibit ROS production by neutrophils. The present review
article gives a general overview of the main neutrophil functions focusing on
ROS production and summarizes how venoms and venom molecules can affect this
function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel El-Benna
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Gougerot-Pocidalo
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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Ryan RYM, Seymour J, Loukas A, Lopez JA, Ikonomopoulou MP, Miles JJ. Immunological Responses to Envenomation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661082. [PMID: 34040609 PMCID: PMC8141633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms are complex mixtures of toxic compounds delivered by bite or sting. In humans, the consequences of envenomation range from self-limiting to lethal. Critical host defence against envenomation comprises innate and adaptive immune strategies targeted towards venom detection, neutralisation, detoxification, and symptom resolution. In some instances, venoms mediate immune dysregulation that contributes to symptom severity. This review details the involvement of immune cell subtypes and mediators, particularly of the dermis, in host resistance and venom-induced immunopathology. We further discuss established venom-associated immunopathology, including allergy and systemic inflammation, and investigate Irukandji syndrome as a potential systemic inflammatory response. Finally, this review characterises venom-derived compounds as a source of immune modulating drugs for treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Y. M. Ryan
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie Seymour
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - J. Alejandro Lopez
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria P. Ikonomopoulou
- Translational Venomics Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John J. Miles
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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12
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Ranéia E Silva PA, de Lima DS, Mesquita Luiz JP, Câmara NOS, Alves-Filho JCF, Pontillo A, Bortoluci KR, Faquim-Mauro EL. Inflammatory effect of Bothropstoxin-I from Bothrops jararacussu venom mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome involves ATP and P2X7 receptor. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:687-701. [PMID: 33620070 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle tissue damage is one of the local effects described in bothropic envenomations. Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), from Bothrops jararacussu venom, is a K49-phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that induces a massive muscle tissue injury, and, consequently, local inflammatory reaction. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a sensor that triggers inflammation by activating caspase 1 and releasing interleukin (IL)-1β and/or inducing pyroptotic cell death in response to tissue damage. We, therefore, aimed to address activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by BthTX-I-associated injury and the mechanism involved in this process. Intramuscular injection of BthTX-I results in infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in gastrocnemius muscle, which is reduced in NLRP3- and Caspase-1-deficient mice. The in vitro IL-1β production induced by BthTX-I in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) requires caspase 1/11, ASC and NLRP3 and is dependent on adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced K+ efflux and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). BthTX-I induces a dramatic release of ATP from C2C12 myotubes, therefore representing the major mechanism for P2X7R-dependent inflammasome activation in macrophages. A similar result was obtained when human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were treated with BthTX-I. These findings demonstrated the inflammatory effect of BthTX-I on muscle tissue, pointing out a role for the ATP released by damaged cells for the NLRP3 activation on macrophages, contributing to the understanding of the microenvironment of the tissue damage of the Bothrops envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Andrade Ranéia E Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dhêmerson Souza de Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mesquita Luiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Farias Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Ramalho Bortoluci
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTC-Mol),Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana L Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Al-Rabia MW, Alhakamy NA, Ahmed OAA, Eljaaly K, Alaofi AL, Mostafa A, Asfour HZ, Aldarmahi AA, Darwish KM, Ibrahim TS, Fahmy UA. Repurposing of Sitagliptin- Melittin Optimized Nanoformula against SARS-CoV-2: Antiviral Screening and Molecular Docking Studies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:307. [PMID: 33652894 PMCID: PMC8025909 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China has become an urgent health and economic challenge. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the efficacy of the combined complex of Sitagliptin (SIT) with melittin (MEL) against SARS-CoV-2 virus. SIT-MEL nano-conjugates were optimized by a full three-factor bi-level (23) factorial design. In addition, SIT concentration (mM, X1), MEL concentration (mM, X2), and pH (X3) were selected as the critical factors. Particle size (nm, Y1) and zeta potential (mV, Y2) were assessed as responses. Characterization of the optimized formula for Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) was carried out. The optimized formula showed particle size and zeta potential values of 77.42 nm and 27.67 mV, respectively. When compared with SIT and MEL, the combination of SIT-MEL complex has shown anti-viral potential against isolate of SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 8.439 μM with significant improvement (p < 0.001). In addition, the complex showed IC50 in vitro 3CL-protease inhibition with IC50 7.216 µM. Molecular docking has revealed that formula components have good predicted pocket accommodation of the SARS-CoV-2 3-CL protease. An optimized formulation of SIT-MEL could guarantee both enhanced delivery to the target cells and the enhanced cellular uptake with promising activities against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed W. Al-Rabia
- Department of Medical microbiology and parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.-R.); (H.Z.A.)
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Eljaaly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacy Practice and Science Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85704, USA
| | - Ahmed L. Alaofi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Hani Z. Asfour
- Department of Medical microbiology and parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.-R.); (H.Z.A.)
| | - Ahmed A. Aldarmahi
- College of Sciences and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21582, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khaled M. Darwish
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Li N, Liu C, Wang C, Chen R, Li X, Wang Y, Wang C. Early changes of NLRP3 inflammasome activation after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2021; 14:209-220. [PMID: 33564353 PMCID: PMC7868790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury may involve activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and its downstream effectors, caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β. The start time of therapy is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome following HI injury. We performed this study investigating early dynamic changes in NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β expression during the first 24 h following HI brain injury in an animal model, in order to optimize selection of treatment time after injury. Rats were randomized to an HI group (n=40) and sham group (n=40). Rats in the HI group were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation and then exposed to hypoxia (8% O2) for 2 h, and divided into 5 subgroups with 8 cases in each group at 5 postoperative time points (0, 4, 8, 12, 24 h). Brain injury during the first 24 h after surgery/hypoxia was evaluated by cranial ultrasonography. RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were applied to determine protein and mRNA expressions. In the HI group, ultrasonography revealed accelerated right vertebrobasilar artery flow at 4 h, enhanced brain parenchyma echogenicity at 24 h, and blood stealing from the vertebrobasilar artery at 24 h. In the HI group, immunohistochemistry demonstrated elevated expressions of NLRP3 and IL-1β at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h and enhanced expression of caspase-1 at 8 and 12 h (all P < 0.01). Western blot and RT-PCR revealed that, compared with the sham group, the HI group exhibited elevated expression of NLRP3 at 4, 8, and 24 h, caspase-1 at 12 h, and IL-1β at 8 h (all P < 0.05). In summary, the present results suggested that activation of NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β signaling occurs within 4 h of HI brain injury in the neonatal rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShenyang, China
- Children’s Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Shenyang Children’s HospitalShenyang, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShenyang, China
| | - Chunnan Wang
- Children’s Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Shenyang Children’s HospitalShenyang, China
| | - Ruidan Chen
- Children’s Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Shenyang Children’s HospitalShenyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Children’s Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Shenyang Children’s HospitalShenyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Children’s Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Shenyang Children’s HospitalShenyang, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Children’s Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Shenyang Children’s HospitalShenyang, China
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15
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Lima C, Falcao MAP, Andrade-Barros AI, Seni-Silva AC, Grund LZ, Balogh E, Conceiçao K, Queniaux VF, Ryffel B, Lopes-Ferreira M. Natterin an aerolysin-like fish toxin drives IL-1β-dependent neutrophilic inflammation mediated by caspase-1 and caspase-11 activated by the inflammasome sensor NLRP6. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107287. [PMID: 33378723 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natterin is an aerolysin-like pore-forming toxin responsible for the toxic effects of the venom of the medically significant fish Thalassophryne nattereri. Using a combination of pharmacologic and genetic loss-of-function approaches we conduct a systematic investigation of the regulatory mechanisms that control Natterin-induced neutrophilic inflammation in the peritonitis model. Our data confirmed the capacity of Natterin to induce a strong and sustained neutrophilic inflammation leading to systemic inflammatory lung infiltration and revealed overlapping regulatory paths in its control. We found that Natterin induced the extracellular release of mature IL-1β and the sustained production of IL-33 by bronchial epithelial cells. We confirmed the dependence of both ST2/IL-33 and IL-17A/IL-17RA signaling on the local and systemic neutrophils migration, as well as the crucial role of IL-1α, caspase-1 and caspase-11 for neutrophilic inflammation. The inflammation triggered by Natterin was a gasdermin-D-dependent inflammasome process, despite the cells did not die by pyroptosis. Finally, neutrophilic inflammation was mediated by non-canonical NLRP6 and NLRC4 adaptors through ASC interaction, independent of NLRP3. Our data highlight that the inflammatory process dependent on non-canonical inflammasome activation can be a target for pharmacological intervention in accidents by T. nattereri, which does not have adequate specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CETICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500. Butantan, 05503-009 São Paulo. Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice Pimentel Falcao
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CETICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500. Butantan, 05503-009 São Paulo. Brazil
| | - Aline Ingrid Andrade-Barros
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CETICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500. Butantan, 05503-009 São Paulo. Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Seni-Silva
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CETICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500. Butantan, 05503-009 São Paulo. Brazil
| | - Lidiane Zito Grund
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CETICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500. Butantan, 05503-009 São Paulo. Brazil
| | - Eniko Balogh
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Krt 98, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katia Conceiçao
- Peptide Biochemistry Laboratory, UNIFESP, São José dos Campos. Brazil
| | - Valerie F Queniaux
- Allergy and Lung Inflammation Unit of the Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM, UMR7355, CNRS and University Orléans), Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Allergy and Lung Inflammation Unit of the Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM, UMR7355, CNRS and University Orléans), Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CETICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500. Butantan, 05503-009 São Paulo. Brazil
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16
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Boda F, Banfai K, Garai K, Kovacs B, Almasi A, Scheffer D, Sinkler RL, Csonka R, Czompoly T, Kvell K. Effect of Bitis gabonica and Dendroaspis angusticeps snake venoms on apoptosis-related genes in human thymic epithelial cells. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200057. [PMID: 33402885 PMCID: PMC7745260 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Certain environmental toxins permanently damage the thymic epithelium, accelerate immune senescence and trigger secondary immune pathologies. However, the exact underlying cellular mechanisms and pathways of permanent immune intoxication remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate gene expressional changes of apoptosis-related cellular pathways in human thymic epithelial cells following exposure to snake venom from Bitis gabonica and Dendroaspis angusticeps. Methods: Snake venoms were characterized by analytical methods including reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, then applied on human thymic epithelial cells (1889c) for 24 h at 10 μg/mL (as used in previous TaqMan Array study). Gene expressional changes restricted to apoptosis were assayed by TaqMan Array (Human Apoptosis Plate). Results: The most prominent gene expressional changes were shown by CASP5 (≈ 2.5 million-fold, confirmed by dedicated quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and CARD9 (0.016-fold) for B. gabonica, and BIRC7 (6.46-fold) and CASP1 (0.30-fold) for D. angusticeps. Conclusion: The observed apoptotic environment suggests that pyroptosis may be the dominant pathway through which B. gabonica and D. angusticeps snake venoms trigger thymic epithelial apoptosis following envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisc Boda
- Department F1, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Krisztina Banfai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Food Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Garai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Food Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Bela Kovacs
- Department F1, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Attila Almasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dalma Scheffer
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Soft Flow Ltd., Pecs, Hungary
| | - Reka Lambertne Sinkler
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Soft Flow Ltd., Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert Csonka
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Soft Flow Ltd., Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Czompoly
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Soft Flow Ltd., Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Food Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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17
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Yan H, Xiang P, Zhang J, Xie L, Shen M. Dynamic changes of serum protein in rats with acute intoxication of Chinese cobra snake venom by proteomic analysis. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 5:309-321. [PMID: 33457049 PMCID: PMC7782176 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1405565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the toxic mechanism of snake venom at the protein level, proteomics technology was applied to investigate the effect of venom on circulation in the mammalian body. Temporal proteomic analysis was performed to profile the dynamic changes in the sera of Sprague–Dawley rats administered with Chinese cobra venom or saline. Using 8-plex iTRAQ analysis, 392 and 636 serum proteins were identified to be linearly upregulated or downregulated over time in the low-dose group and high-dose group, respectively. These proteins were mainly associated with the acute phase response pathway, complement system, and liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/RXR activation pathways. Compared with the low-dose group, the immune response and integrin pathways were inhibited in the high-dose group, although no obvious effect was observed. With consistently higher or lower expression in the high-dose group compared to the low-dose group throughout the whole process of venom poisoning, two proteins, Kininogen-1 (KNG1) and orosomucoid 1 (ORM1), which are involved in metabolism and immune response, occupied a core position in the pathway network and are considered venom dose-dependent biomarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Platform, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Platform, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingshuo Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow Universtity, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqi Xie
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Platform, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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18
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Guo J, Huang L. Membrane-core nanoparticles for cancer nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 156:23-39. [PMID: 32450105 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most severe disease burdens in modern times, with an estimated increase in the number of patients diagnosed globally from 18.1 million in 2018 to 23.6 million in 2030. Despite a significant progress achieved by conventional therapies, they have limitations and are still far from ideal. Therefore, safe, effective and widely-applicable treatments are urgently needed. Over the past decades, the development of novel delivery approaches based on membrane-core (MC) nanostructures for transporting chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids and immunomodulators has significantly improved anticancer efficacy and reduced side effects. In this review, the formulation strategies based on MC nanostructures for delivery of anticancer drug are described, and recent advances in the application of MC nanoformulations to overcome the delivery hurdles for clinical translation are discussed.
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19
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Pucca MB, Ahmadi S, Cerni FA, Ledsgaard L, Sørensen CV, McGeoghan FTS, Stewart T, Schoof E, Lomonte B, Auf dem Keller U, Arantes EC, Çalışkan F, Laustsen AH. Unity Makes Strength: Exploring Intraspecies and Interspecies Toxin Synergism between Phospholipases A 2 and Cytotoxins. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:611. [PMID: 32457615 PMCID: PMC7221120 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin synergism is a complex biochemical phenomenon, where different animal venom proteins interact either directly or indirectly to potentiate toxicity to a level that is above the sum of the toxicities of the individual toxins. This provides the animals possessing venoms with synergistically enhanced toxicity with a metabolic advantage, since less venom is needed to inflict potent toxic effects in prey and predators. Among the toxins that are known for interacting synergistically are cytotoxins from snake venoms, phospholipases A2 from snake and bee venoms, and melittin from bee venom. These toxins may derive a synergistically enhanced toxicity via formation of toxin complexes by hetero-oligomerization. Using a human keratinocyte assay mimicking human epidermis in vitro, we demonstrate and quantify the level of synergistically enhanced toxicity for 12 cytotoxin/melittin-PLA2 combinations using toxins from elapids, vipers, and bees. Moreover, by utilizing an interaction-based assay and by including a wealth of information obtained via a thorough literature review, we speculate and propose a mechanistic model for how toxin synergism in relation to cytotoxicity may be mediated by cytotoxin/melittin and PLA2 complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shirin Ahmadi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Felipe A Cerni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Line Ledsgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoffer V Sørensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Farrell T S McGeoghan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Trenton Stewart
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erwin Schoof
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ulrich Auf dem Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Figen Çalışkan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Melittin-lipid nanoparticles target to lymph nodes and elicit a systemic anti-tumor immune response. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1110. [PMID: 32111828 PMCID: PMC7048802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of a nanovaccine loaded with a tumor antigen and adjuvant to the lymph nodes (LNs) is an attractive approach for improving cancer immunotherapy outcomes. However, the application of this technique is restricted by the paucity of suitable tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and the sophisticated technology required to identify tumor neoantigens. Here, we demonstrate that a self-assembling melittin-lipid nanoparticle (α-melittin-NP) that is not loaded with extra tumor antigens promotes whole tumor antigen release in situ and results in the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in LNs. Compared with free melittin, α-melittin-NPs markedly enhance LN accumulation and activation of APCs, leading to a 3.6-fold increase in antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Furthermore, in a bilateral flank B16F10 tumor model, primary and distant tumor growth are significantly inhibited by α-melittin-NPs, with an inhibition rate of 95% and 92%, respectively. Thus, α-melittin-NPs induce a systemic anti-tumor response serving as an effective LN-targeted whole-cell nanovaccine.
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21
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Teixeira C, Fernandes CM, Leiguez E, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Inflammation Induced by Platelet-Activating Viperid Snake Venoms: Perspectives on Thromboinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2082. [PMID: 31572356 PMCID: PMC6737392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by viperid snakes is characterized by systemic thrombotic syndrome and prominent local inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying inflammation and blood coagulation induced by Viperidae venoms have been viewed as distinct processes. However, studies on the mechanisms involved in these processes have revealed several factors and signaling molecules that simultaneously act in both the innate immune and hemostatic systems, suggesting an overlap between both systems during viper envenomation. Moreover, distinct classes of venom toxins involved in these effects have also been identified. However, the interplay between inflammation and hemostatic alterations, referred as to thromboinflammation, has never been addressed in the investigation of viper envenomation. Considering that platelets are important targets of viper snake venoms and are critical for the process of thromboinflammation, in this review, we summarize the inflammatory effects and mechanisms induced by viper snake venoms, particularly from the Bothrops genus, which strongly activate platelet functions and highlight selected venom components (metalloproteases and C-type lectins) that both stimulate platelet functions and exhibit pro-inflammatory activities, thus providing insights into the possible role(s) of thromboinflammation in viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Nieuwenhuizen NE. Anisakis - immunology of a foodborne parasitosis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:548-57. [PMID: 27428817 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Anisakis species are marine nematodes which can cause zoonotic infection in humans if consumed in raw, pickled or undercooked fish and seafood. Infection with Anisakis is associated with abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea and can lead to massive infiltration of eosinophils and formation of granulomas in the gastrointestinal tract if the larvae are not removed. Re-infection leads to systemic allergic reactions such as urticarial or anaphylaxis in some individuals, making Anisakis an important source of hidden allergens in seafood. This review summarizes the immunopathology associated with Anisakis infection. Anisakiasis and gastroallergic reactions can be prevented by consuming only fish that has been frozen to -20°C to the core for at least 24 hours before preparation. Sensitization to Anisakis proteins can also occur, primarily due to occupational exposure to infested fish, and can lead to dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma. In this case, exposure to fish should be avoided.
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23
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Dos Santos JC, Grund LZ, Seibert CS, Marques EE, Soares AB, Quesniaux VF, Ryffel B, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. Stingray venom activates IL-33 producing cardiomyocytes, but not mast cell, to promote acute neutrophil-mediated injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7912. [PMID: 28801624 PMCID: PMC5554156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of acute inflammation is neutrophil infiltration of tissues. We investigated molecular mechanisms implicated in acute neutrophilic inflammation induced by the venom of a freshwater stingray (Potamotrygon cf. henlei) in mice. Ray venom induced early mobilization of neutrophil in the microvasculature of cremaster mice and infiltration of the peritoneal cavity 2 hours after injury, in a dose-response manner. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and KC were produced. The neutrophilic infiltration did not occur in mice with ST2 receptor and MyD88 adapters neutralized, or in those with PI3K and p38 MAPK signaling blocked. Drastic reduction of neutrophil infiltration to peritoneal cavities was observed in ST2−/−, TLR2/TLR4−/−, MyD88−/−, TRIF−/− and IL-17A−/− mice, and a partial reduction was observed in IL-18R−/− mice. Mast cell Kit W(sh)/W(sh)-, AHR-, NLRP3-, ICE-, IL-1β-, P2RX7-, CD39-, IL-17RA-, and TBX21 KO mice retain the ability to induce neutrophilia in peritoneal cavity after ray venom injection. IL-6 and TNF-α alone were insufficient for promote neutrophilia in the absence of ST2 signaling. Finally, abundant production of IL-33 by cardiomyocytes was observed. These results refine our understanding of the importance of the IL-33/ST2 axis and IL-33-producing cardiomyocytes in the early acute neutrophilia induced by freshwater stingray venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidiane Zito Grund
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology(CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Valerie F Quesniaux
- Allergy and Lung Inflammation Unit of the Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics (CNRS), Orléans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Allergy and Lung Inflammation Unit of the Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics (CNRS), Orléans, France
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology(CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology(CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Martín-Sánchez F, Martínez-García JJ, Muñoz-García M, Martínez-Villanueva M, Noguera-Velasco JA, Andreu D, Rivas L, Pelegrín P. Lytic cell death induced by melittin bypasses pyroptosis but induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2984. [PMID: 28796264 PMCID: PMC5596576 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor with a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a sensor for different types of infections and alterations of homeostatic parameters, including abnormally high levels of the extracellular nucleotide ATP or crystallization of different metabolites. All NLRP3 activators trigger a similar intracellular pathway, where a decrease in intracellular K+ concentration and permeabilization of plasma membrane are key steps. Cationic amphipathic antimicrobial peptides and peptide toxins permeabilize the plasma membrane. In fact, some of them have been described to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Among them, the bee venom antimicrobial toxin peptide melittin is known to elicit an inflammatory reaction via the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to bee venom. Our study found that melittin induces canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation by plasma membrane permeabilization and a reduction in the intracellular K+ concentration. Following melittin treatment, the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, an adaptor protein with a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), was necessary to activate caspase-1 and induce IL-1β release. However, cell death induced by melittin prevented the formation of large ASC aggregates, amplification of caspase-1 activation, IL-18 release and execution of pyroptosis. Therefore, melittin-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in an attenuated inflammasome response that does not result in caspase-1 dependent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Martín-Sánchez
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Juan José Martínez-García
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - María Muñoz-García
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | | | - José A Noguera-Velasco
- Clinical Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Luís Rivas
- Department of Physico-Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (C.S.I.C.), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia 30120, Spain
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Adachi S, Hoshi N, Inoue J, Yasutomi E, Otsuka T, Dhakhwa R, Wang Z, Koo Y, Takamatsu T, Matsumura Y, Yamairi H, Watanabe D, Ooi M, Tanahashi T, Nishiumi S, Yoshida M, Azuma T. Indigo Naturalis Ameliorates Oxazolone-Induced Dermatitis but Aggravates Colitis by Changing the Composition of Gut Microflora. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2017; 173:23-33. [PMID: 28482341 DOI: 10.1159/000471923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigo naturalis (IND) is an herbal medicine that has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat diseases including dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease in China. However, the mechanism by which IND exerts its immunomodulatory effect is not well understood. METHODS A murine model of dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease, both induced by oxazolone (OXA), was treated with IND. The severity of dermatitis was evaluated based on ear thickness measurements and histological scoring. The severity of colitis was evaluated by measuring body weight, histological scoring, and endoscopic scoring. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in ear and colon tissue was evaluated using real-time PCR. 16S rRNA DNA sequencing of feces from OXA-induced colitis mice was performed before and after IND treatment. The effects of IND on OXA-induced colitis were also evaluated after depleting the gut flora with antibiotics to test whether alteration of the gut flora by IND influenced the course of intestinal inflammation in this model. RESULTS IND treatment ameliorated OXA dermatitis with a reduction in IL-4 and eosinophil recruitment. However, OXA colitis was significantly aggravated in spite of a reduction in intestinal IL-13, a pivotal cytokine in the induction of the colitis. It was found that IND dramatically altered the gut flora and IND no longer exacerbated colitis when colitis was induced after gut flora depletion. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IND could modify the inflammatory immune response in multiple ways, either directly (i.e., modification of the allergic immune cell activity) or indirectly (i.e., alteration of commensal compositions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Adachi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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Conti P, Lessiani G, Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Theoharides TC. Mast cells emerge as mediators of atherosclerosis: Special emphasis on IL-37 inhibition. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:393-400. [PMID: 28420489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis lipoproteins stimulate the innate immune response, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Hypercholesterolemia may activate the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, which induces TNF release in mast cells (MCs). IL-1 and IL-1 family members orchestrate a broadening list of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. MCs are implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases including allergy and inflammation. Activated MCs, located perivascularly, contribute to inflammation in atherosclerosis by producing inflammatory cytokines. MC IL-1-activation leads to the immediate release of inflammatory chemical mediators and TNF, and late inflammatory compounds such as cytokines. MCs can be activated by exogenous cytokines, antigens, microbial products (LPS) and neurotransmitters and generate IL-1 beta, TNF and several other inflammatory cytokines/chemokines along with PGD2, leukotrienes, histamine and proteases. MCs activated with IL-1 induce selective release of IL-6 without degranulation. TNF emerges as one of the most potent inflammatory cytokines involved in the response due to LDL. Cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-33 and TNF, are generated in the inflammatory sites by both macrophages and MCs, mediating atherosclerosis. IL-37 (IL-1 family member 7) binds IL-18Ra chain and acts by an intracellular mechanism down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory signals cJun, MAP kinase p38a, STAT transcription factors and p53. Blocking IL-1 with IL-37 alleviates the symptoms in patients with inflammatory diseases including arteriosclerosis. The impact of IL-37 on inflammatory cytokines mediating atherosclerosis is beneficial and protective. However, more studies are needed to better define this mechanism and the safety and tolerability of IL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Unità dell'Italia 73, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Lessiani
- Angiology Unit, Medicine and Geriatria, Villa Serena Hospital, Città Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | | | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Policlinico Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Park KD, Pak SC, Park KK. The Pathogenetic Effect of Natural and Bacterial Toxins on Atopic Dermatitis. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 9:toxins9010003. [PMID: 28025545 PMCID: PMC5299398 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic skin disease that is associated with chronic, recurrent eczematous and pruritic lesions at the flexural folds caused by interacting factors related to environmental and immune system changes. AD results in dry skin, and immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic reactions to foods and environmental allergens. While steroids and anti-histamines temporarily relieve the symptoms of AD, the possibility of side effects from pharmacological interventions remains. Despite intensive research, the underlying mechanisms for AD have not been clarified. A study of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) established the role of its toxins in the pathogenesis of AD. Approximately 90% of patients with AD experience S. aureus colonization and up to 50%–60% of the colonizing S. aureus is toxin-producing. Any damage to the protective skin barrier allows for the entry of invading allergens and pathogens that further drive the pathogenesis of AD. Some natural toxins (or their components) that have therapeutic effects on AD have been studied. In addition, recent studies on inflammasomes as one component of the innate immune system have been carried out. Additionally, studies on the close relationship between the activation of inflammasomes and toxins in AD have been reported. This review highlights the literature that discusses the pathogenesis of AD, the role of toxins in AD, and the positive and negative effects of toxins on AD. Lastly, suggestions are made regarding the role of inflammasomes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Duck Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst NSW 2795, Australia.
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
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Bee Venom Inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines through Suppression of NF-κB and AP-1 Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111508. [PMID: 27834922 PMCID: PMC6273372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to destruction of tooth supporting tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), especially its lipopolysaccharides (LPS), is one of major pathogens that cause periodontitis. Bee venom (BV) has been widely used as a traditional medicine for various diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial effects of BV. However, a direct role and cellular mechanism of BV on periodontitis-like human keratinocytes have not been explored. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of BV against P. gingivalis LPS (PgLPS)-induced HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line. The anti-inflammatory effect of BV was demonstrated by various molecular biological methods. The results showed that PgLPS increased the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and interferon (IFN)-γ. In addition, PgLPS induced activation of the signaling pathways of inflammatory cytokines-related transcription factors, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). BV effectively inhibited those pro-inflammatory cytokines through suppression of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. These results suggest that administration of BV attenuates PgLPS-induced inflammatory responses. Furthermore, BV may be a useful treatment to anti-inflammatory therapy for periodontitis.
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Mukai K, Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ. IgE and mast cells in host defense against parasites and venoms. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:581-603. [PMID: 27225312 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IgE-dependent mast cell activation is a major effector mechanism underlying the pathology associated with allergic disorders. The most dramatic of these IgE-associated disorders is the fatal anaphylaxis which can occur in some people who have developed IgE antibodies to otherwise innocuous antigens, such as those contained in certain foods and medicines. Why would such a highly "maladaptive" immune response develop in evolution and be retained to the present day? Host defense against parasites has long been considered the only beneficial function that might be conferred by IgE and mast cells. However, recent studies have provided evidence that, in addition to participating in host resistance to certain parasites, mast cells and IgE are critical components of innate (mast cells) and adaptive (mast cells and IgE) immune responses that can enhance host defense against the toxicity of certain arthropod and animal venoms, including enhancing the survival of mice injected with such venoms. Yet, in some people, developing IgE antibodies to insect or snake venoms puts them at risk for having a potentially fatal anaphylactic reaction upon subsequent exposure to such venoms. Delineating the mechanisms underlying beneficial versus detrimental innate and adaptive immune responses associated with mast cell activation and IgE is likely to enhance our ability to identify potential therapeutic targets in such settings, not only for reducing the pathology associated with allergic disorders but perhaps also for enhancing immune protection against pathogens and animal venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
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Zoccal KF, Sorgi CA, Hori JI, Paula-Silva FWG, Arantes EC, Serezani CH, Zamboni DS, Faccioli LH. Opposing roles of LTB4 and PGE2 in regulating the inflammasome-dependent scorpion venom-induced mortality. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10760. [PMID: 26907476 PMCID: PMC4766425 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tityus serrulatus sting causes thousands of deaths annually worldwide. T. serrulatus-envenomed victims exhibit local or systemic reaction that culminates in pulmonary oedema, potentially leading to death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying T. serrulatus venom (TsV) activity remain unknown. Here we show that TsV triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation via K(+) efflux. Mechanistically, TsV triggers lung-resident cells to release PGE2, which induces IL-1β production via E prostanoid receptor 2/4-cAMP-PKA-NFκB-dependent mechanisms. IL-1β/IL-1R actions account for oedema and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs, leading to TsV-induced mortality. Inflammasome activation triggers LTB4 production and further PGE2 via IL-1β/IL-1R signalling. Activation of LTB4-BLT1/2 pathway decreases cAMP generation, controlling TsV-induced inflammation. Exogenous administration confirms LTB4 anti-inflammatory activity and abrogates TsV-induced mortality. These results suggest that the balance between LTB4 and PGE2 determines the amount of IL-1β inflammasome-dependent release and the outcome of envenomation. We suggest COX1/2 inhibition as an effective therapeutic intervention for scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina F Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Juliana I Hori
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco W G Paula-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Abstract
Inflammasome biology is one of the most exciting and rapidly growing areas in immunology. Over the past 10 years, inflammasomes have been recognized for their roles in the host defense against invading pathogens and in the development of cancer, auto-inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Assembly of an inflammasome complex requires cytosolic sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns by a nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) or absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALR). NLRs and ALRs engage caspase-1, in most cases requiring the adapter protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), to catalyze proteolytic cleavage of pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) and pro-IL-18 and drive pyroptosis. Recent studies indicate that caspase-8, caspase-11, IL-1R-associated kinases (IRAK), and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases contribute to inflammasome functions. In addition, post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, deubiquitination, phosphorylation, and degradation control almost every aspect of inflammasome activities. Genetic studies indicate that mutations in NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 are linked with the development of auto-inflammatory diseases, enterocolitis, and cancer. Overall, these findings transform our understanding of the basic biology and clinical relevance of inflammasomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest development of inflammasome research and discuss how inflammasome activities govern health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Greaney AJ, Leppla SH, Moayeri M. Bacterial Exotoxins and the Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2015; 6:570. [PMID: 26617605 PMCID: PMC4639612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that play an important role in innate immune sensing. Activation of inflammasomes leads to activation of caspase-1 and maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. In certain myeloid cells, this activation can also lead to an inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). Inflammasome sensor proteins have evolved to detect a range of microbial ligands and bacterial exotoxins either through direct interaction or by detection of host cell changes elicited by these effectors. Bacterial exotoxins activate the inflammasomes through diverse processes, including direct sensor cleavage, modulation of ion fluxes through plasma membrane pore formation, and perturbation of various host cell functions. In this review, we summarize the findings on some of the bacterial exotoxins that activate the inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Greaney
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Ait-Lounis A, Laraba-Djebari F. TNF-alpha modulates adipose macrophage polarization to M1 phenotype in response to scorpion venom. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:929-36. [PMID: 26403661 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported that Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom and its toxic fraction affect adipose tissue metabolism. However, the contribution of immune system and the role of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in the progression of inflammation induced by scorpion venom remain largely unknown. METHODS Here we evaluate the capacity of the toxic fraction of Aah venom (FTox-G50) to induce the expression of M1 and M2 markers genes on adipose tissue and isolated stromal vascular cells (SVC). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on the SVC 24 h after FTox-G50 venom injection to assess the gene expressions of IL12p40, IL23, and other macrophages-associated markers. RESULTS We found that ATM from FTox-G50-venom-injected mice markedly increased the expressions of IL-12p40 and IL-23. Furthermore, the expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (an M1 marker) was up-regulated, but the expression of Arginase1 (an M2 marker) was not. Systemic injection of a chemical inhibitor directed against TNF-α binding reduced the expression of inflammatory M1 macrophage markers and the MAPKpk2 gene, a key mediator of inflammatory signaling. CONCLUSION These results indicate that TNF-α is a physiological regulator of inflammation and macrophage activation induced by scorpion venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria.
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Choi JH, Jang AY, Lin S, Lim S, Kim D, Park K, Han SM, Yeo JH, Seo HS. Melittin, a honeybee venom‑derived antimicrobial peptide, may target methicillin‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6483-90. [PMID: 26330195 PMCID: PMC4626175 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is difficult to treat using available antibiotic agents. Honeybee venom has been widely used as an oriental treatment for several inflammatory diseases and bacterial infections. The venom contains predominantly biologically active compounds, however, the therapeutic effects of such materials when used to treat MRSA infections have not been investigated extensively. The present study evaluated bee venom and its principal active component, melittin, in terms of their antibacterial activities and in vivo protection against MRSA infections. In vitro, bee venom and melittin exhibited comparable levels of antibacterial activity, which was more marked against MRSA strains, compared with other Gram-positive bacteria. When MRSA-infected mice were treated with bee venom or melittin, only the latter animals were successfully rescued from MRSA- induced bacteraemia or exhibited recovery from MRSA-infected skin wounds. Together, the data of the present study demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that melittin may be used as a promising antimicrobial agent to enhance the healing of MRSA-induced wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hae Choi
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, North Jeolla 580‑185, Republic of Korea
| | - A Yeung Jang
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, North Jeolla 580‑185, Republic of Korea
| | - Shunmei Lin
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, North Jeolla 580‑185, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, North Jeolla 580‑185, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, North Jeolla 580‑185, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Sang-Mi Han
- Sericultural and Apicultural Materials Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Association, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441‑100, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hong Yeo
- Sericultural and Apicultural Materials Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Association, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441‑100, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, North Jeolla 580‑185, Republic of Korea
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Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ. Testing the 'toxin hypothesis of allergy': mast cells, IgE, and innate and acquired immune responses to venoms. Curr Opin Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26210895 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Work in mice indicates that innate functions of mast cells, particularly degradation of venom toxins by mast cell-derived proteases, can enhance resistance to certain arthropod or reptile venoms. Recent reports indicate that acquired Th2 immune responses associated with the production of IgE antibodies, induced by Russell's viper venom or honeybee venom, or by a component of honeybee venom, bee venom phospholipase 2 (bvPLA2), can increase the resistance of mice to challenge with potentially lethal doses of either of the venoms or bvPLA2. These findings support the conclusion that, in contrast to the detrimental effects associated with allergic type 2 (Th2) immune responses, mast cells and IgE-dependent immune responses to venoms can contribute to innate and adaptive resistance to venom-induced pathology and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are large cytosolic multiprotein complexes that assemble in response to detection of infection- or stress-associated stimuli and lead to the activation of caspase-1-mediated inflammatory responses, including cleavage and unconventional secretion of the leaderless proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and initiation of an inflammatory form of cell death referred to as pyroptosis. Inflammasome activation can be induced by a wide variety of microbial pathogens and generally mediates host defense through activation of rapid inflammatory responses and restriction of pathogen replication. In addition to its role in defense against pathogens, recent studies have suggested that the inflammasome is also a critical regulator of the commensal microbiota in the intestine. Finally, inflammasomes have been widely implicated in the development and progression of various chronic diseases, such as gout, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome. In this perspective, we discuss the role of inflammasomes in infectious and noninfectious inflammation and highlight areas of interest for future studies of inflammasomes in host defense and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Lee WR, Kim KH, An HJ, Kim JY, Han SM, Lee KG, Park KK. Protective effect of melittin against inflammation and apoptosis on Propionibacterium acnes-induced human THP-1 monocytic cell. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:218-26. [PMID: 25062791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Melittin is a cationic, hemolytic peptide that is the main toxic component in the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It has been used in treatment of various chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the cellular mechanism and the anti-apoptotic effect of melittin in Propionibactierium acnes (P. acnes)-induced THP-1 cells have not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanism by examining the effect of melittin on P. acnes-induced THP-1 monocytic cells. THP-1 monocytic cells were stimulated by heat-killed P. acnes in the presence of melittin. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB signaling, caspase family, and PARP signaling were measured by ELISA or Western blot analysis. The number of apoptotic cells and changes of cell morphology were examined using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Heat-killed P. acnes increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cleavage of caspase-3 and -8 in heat-killed P. acnes-induced THP-1 cells. However, treatment with melittin inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cleavage of the caspase-3 and -8. Moreover, the cleaved PARP appeared after 8h of heat-killed P. acnes treatment and its cleavage was reduced by melittin treatment. These results demonstrate that 1.0×10(7) CFU/ml of heat-killed P. acnes induces THP-1 cell apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Also, administration of melittin significantly decreases the expression of various inflammatory cytokines in heat-killed P. acnes-treated THP-1 monocytic cells. In particular, melittin exerts anti-apoptotic effects against 1.0×10(7) CFU/ml of heat-killed P. acnes injury to THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ram Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin An
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Gil Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea.
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Liu D, Rhebergen AM, Eisenbarth SC. Licensing Adaptive Immunity by NOD-Like Receptors. Front Immunol 2013; 4:486. [PMID: 24409181 PMCID: PMC3873523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is composed of a diverse set of host defense molecules, physical barriers, and specialized leukocytes and is the primary form of immune defense against environmental insults. Another crucial role of innate immunity is to shape the long-lived adaptive immune response mediated by T and B lymphocytes. The activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) from the Toll-like receptor family is now a classic example of innate immune molecules influencing adaptive immunity, resulting in effective antigen presentation to naïve T cells. More recent work suggests that the activation of another family of PRRs, the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), induces a different set of innate immune responses and accordingly, drives different aspects of adaptive immunity. Yet how this unusually diverse family of molecules (some without canonical PRR function) regulates immunity remains incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the evidence for and against NLR activity orchestrating adaptive immune responses during infectious as well as non-infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Anne Marie Rhebergen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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Anisakis – A food-borne parasite that triggers allergic host defences. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:1047-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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