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Srivastava A, Ahmad R, Yadav K, Siddiqui S, Trivedi A, Misra A, Mehrotra S, Ahmad B, Ali Khan M. An update on existing therapeutic options and status of novel anti-metastatic agents in breast cancer: Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic action of Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng) in breast cancer attenuation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112232. [PMID: 38815352 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Major significant advancements in pharmacology and drug technology have been made to heighten the impact of cancer therapies, improving the life expectancy of subjects diagnosed with malignancy. Statistically, 99% of breast cancers occur in women while 0.5-1% occur in men, the female gender being the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Despite several breakthroughs, breast cancer continues to have a worldwide impact and is one of the leading causes of mortality. Additionally, resistance to therapy is a crucial factor enabling cancer cell persistence and resurgence. As a result, the search and discovery of novel modulatory agents and effective therapies capable of controlling tumor progression and cancer cell proliferation is critical. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS), commonly known as Indian ginseng, has long been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments in the Indian context. Recently, WS and its phytoconstituents have shown promising anti-breast cancer properties and, as such, can be employed as prophylactic as well as therapeutic adjuncts to the main line of breast cancer treatment. The present review is an attempt to explore and provide experimental evidences in support of the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of WS in breast cancer, along with a deeper insight into the multiple molecular mechanisms and novel targets through which it acts against breast and other hormonally-induced cancers viz. ovarian, uterine and cervical. This exploration might prove crucial in providing better understanding of breast cancer progression and metastasis and its use as an adjunct in improving disease prognosis and therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Srivastava
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow 226003, UP., India.
| | - Rumana Ahmad
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow 226003, UP., India.
| | - Kusum Yadav
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, UP., India.
| | - Sahabjada Siddiqui
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow 226003, UP., India.
| | - Anchal Trivedi
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow 226003, UP., India.
| | - Aparna Misra
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow 226003, UP., India.
| | - Sudhir Mehrotra
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, UP., India.
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Research Cell, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow 226003, UP., India.
| | - Mohsin Ali Khan
- Dept. of Research & Development, Era University, Lucknow 226003, UP., India.
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2
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Hayakawa K, Zhou Y, Shinton SA. B-1 derived anti-Thy-1 B cells in old aged mice develop lymphoma/leukemia with high expression of CD11b and Hamp2 that different from TCL1 transgenic mice. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:22. [PMID: 38570827 PMCID: PMC10988983 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Human old aged unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia U-CLL are the TCL1+ZAP70+CD5+ B cells. Since CD5 makes the BCR signaling tolerance, ZAP70 increased in U-CLL not only TCL1+ alone. In mice, TCL1 (TCL1A) is the negative from neonate to old aged, as TC-. VH8-12/Vk21-5 is the anti-thymocyte/Thy-1 autoreactive ATA B cell. When ATA μκTg generation in mice, ATA B cells are the neonate generated CD5+ B cells in B-1, and in the middle age, CD5+ can be down or continuously CD5+, then, old aged CLL/lymphoma generation with increased CD11b in TC-ZAP70-CD5- or TC-ZAP70+CD5+. In this old aged TC-ATA B microarray analysis showed most similar to human CLL and U-CLL, and TC-ZAP70+CD5+ showed certain higher present as U-CLL. Original neonate ATA B cells showed with several genes down or further increase in old aged tumor, and old aged T-bet+CD11c+, CTNNB1hi, HMGBhi, CXCR4hi, DPP4hi and decreased miR181b. These old aged increased genes and down miR181b are similar to human CLL. Also, in old age ATA B cell tumor, high CD38++CD44++, increased Ki67+ AID+, and decreased CD180- miR15Olow are similar to U-CLL. In this old aged ATA B, increased TLR7,9 and Wnt10b. TC+Tg generated with ATAμκTg mice occurred middle age tumor as TC+ZAP70-CD5+ or TC+ZAP70+CD5+, with high NF-kB1, TLR4,6 and Wnt5b,6 without increased CD11b. Since neonatal state to age with TC+Tg continuously, middle age CLL/lymphoma generation is not similar to old aged generated, however, some increased in TC+ZAP70+ are similar to the old age TC- ATA B tumor. Then, TC- ATA B old age tumor showed some difference to human CLL. ATA B cells showed CD11b+CD22++, CD24 down, and hepcidin Hamp2++ with iron down. This mouse V8-12 similar to human V2-5, and V2-5 showed several cancers with macrophages/neutrophils generated hepcidin+ ironlow or some showed hepcidin- iron+ with tumor, and mouse V8-12 with different Vk19-17 generate MZ B cells strongly increased macrophage++ in old aged and generated intestine/colon tumor. Conclusion, neonate generated TC-ATA B1 cells in old aged tumor generation are CD11b+ in the leukemia CLL together with lymphoma cancer with hepcidin-related Hamp2++ in B-1 cell generation to control iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayakawa
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Susan A Shinton
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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3
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Jiao J, Lv Z, Wang Y, Fan L, Yang A. The off-target effects of AID in carcinogenesis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221528. [PMID: 37600817 PMCID: PMC10436223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) plays a crucial role in promoting B cell diversification through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). While AID is primarily associated with the physiological function of humoral immune response, it has also been linked to the initiation and progression of lymphomas. Abnormalities in AID have been shown to disrupt gene networks and signaling pathways in both B-cell and T-cell lineage lymphoblastic leukemia, although the full extent of its role in carcinogenesis remains unclear. This review proposes an alternative role for AID and explores its off-target effects in regulating tumorigenesis. In this review, we first provide an overview of the physiological function of AID and its regulation. AID plays a crucial role in promoting B cell diversification through SHM and CSR. We then discuss the off-target effects of AID, which includes inducing mutations of non-Igs, epigenetic modification, and the alternative role as a cofactor. We also explore the networks that keep AID in line. Furthermore, we summarize the off-target effects of AID in autoimmune diseases and hematological neoplasms. Finally, we assess the off-target effects of AID in solid tumors. The primary focus of this review is to understand how and when AID targets specific gene loci and how this affects carcinogenesis. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and off-target effects of AID, which will contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases, hematological neoplasms, and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhuangwei Lv
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Liye Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Angang Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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4
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Malagoli Tagliazucchi G, Wiecek AJ, Withnell E, Secrier M. Genomic and microenvironmental heterogeneity shaping epithelial-to-mesenchymal trajectories in cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:789. [PMID: 36774358 PMCID: PMC9922305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key cellular process underlying cancer progression, with multiple intermediate states whose molecular hallmarks remain poorly characterised. To fill this gap, we present a method to robustly evaluate EMT transformation in individual tumours based on transcriptomic signals. We apply this approach to explore EMT trajectories in 7180 tumours of epithelial origin and identify three macro-states with prognostic and therapeutic value, attributable to epithelial, hybrid E/M and mesenchymal phenotypes. We show that the hybrid state is relatively stable and linked with increased aneuploidy. We further employ spatial transcriptomics and single cell datasets to explore the spatial heterogeneity of EMT transformation and distinct interaction patterns with cytotoxic, NK cells and fibroblasts in the tumour microenvironment. Additionally, we provide a catalogue of genomic events underlying distinct evolutionary constraints on EMT transformation. This study sheds light on the aetiology of distinct stages along the EMT trajectory, and highlights broader genomic and environmental hallmarks shaping the mesenchymal transformation of primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna J Wiecek
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eloise Withnell
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria Secrier
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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5
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Thakur C, Qiu Y, Fu Y, Bi Z, Zhang W, Ji H, Chen F. Epigenetics and environment in breast cancer: New paradigms for anti-cancer therapies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:971288. [PMID: 36185256 PMCID: PMC9520778 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.971288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Delayed presentation of the disease, late stage at diagnosis, limited therapeutic options, metastasis, and relapse are the major factors contributing to breast cancer mortality. The development and progression of breast cancer is a complex and multi-step process that incorporates an accumulation of several genetic and epigenetic alterations. External environmental factors and internal cellular microenvironmental cues influence the occurrence of these alterations that drives tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss state-of-the-art information on the epigenetics of breast cancer and how environmental risk factors orchestrate major epigenetic events, emphasizing the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach toward a better understanding of the gene-environment interactions implicated in breast cancer. Since epigenetic modifications are reversible and are susceptible to extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli, they offer potential avenues that can be targeted for designing robust breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Thakur
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Yiran Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Zhuoyue Bi
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Haoyan Ji
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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6
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Dermenci H, Daglar Aday A, Akadam Teker AB, Hancer VS, Gelmez MY, Nalcaci M, Yavuz AS. Aberrant Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Gene Expression Links BCR/ABL1-Negative Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. HASEKI TIP BÜLTENI 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/haseki.galenos.2022.8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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7
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Vaghari-Tabari M, Targhazeh N, Moein S, Qujeq D, Alemi F, Majidina M, Younesi S, Asemi Z, Yousefi B. From inflammatory bowel disease to colorectal cancer: what's the role of miRNAs? Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:146. [PMID: 35410210 PMCID: PMC8996392 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with relapse and remission periods. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are two major forms of the disease. IBD imposes a lot of sufferings on the patient and has many consequences; however, the most important is the increased risk of colorectal cancer, especially in patients with Ulcerative colitis. This risk is increased with increasing the duration of disease, thus preventing the progression of IBD to cancer is very important. Therefore, it is necessary to know the details of events contributed to the progression of IBD to cancer. In recent years, the importance of miRNAs as small molecules with 20-22 nucleotides has been recognized in pathophysiology of many diseases, in which IBD and colorectal cancer have not been excluded. As a result, the effectiveness of these small molecules as therapeutic target is hopefully confirmed. This paper has reviewed the related studies and findings about the role of miRNAs in the course of events that promote the progression of IBD to colorectal carcinoma, as well as a review about the effectiveness of some of these miRNAs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Niloufar Targhazeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Forough Alemi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidina
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Simin Younesi
- Schoole of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melborne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Liu W, Deng Y, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhu X, Tan X, Cao G. Cancer Evo-Dev: A Theory of Inflammation-Induced Oncogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768098. [PMID: 34880864 PMCID: PMC8645856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a prerequisite for the development of cancers. Here, we present the framework of a novel theory termed as Cancer Evolution-Development (Cancer Evo-Dev) based on the current understanding of inflammation-related carcinogenesis, especially hepatocarcinogenesis induced by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. The interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, such as viral infection, maintains chronic non-resolving inflammation. Pollution, metabolic syndrome, physical inactivity, ageing, and adverse psychosocial exposure also increase the risk of cancer via inducing chronic low-grade smoldering inflammation. Under the microenvironment of non-resolving inflammation, pro-inflammatory factors facilitate the generation of somatic mutations and viral mutations by inducing the imbalance between the mutagenic forces such as cytidine deaminases and mutation-correcting forces including uracil-DNA glycosylase. Most cells with somatic mutations and mutated viruses are eliminated in survival competition. Only a small percentage of mutated cells survive, adapt to the hostile environment, retro-differentiate, and function as cancer-initiating cells via altering signaling pathways. These cancer-initiating cells acquire stem-ness, reprogram metabolic patterns, and affect the microenvironment. The carcinogenic process follows the law of "mutation-selection-adaptation". Chronic physical activity reduces the levels of inflammation via upregulating the activity and numbers of NK cells and lymphocytes and lengthening leukocyte telomere; downregulating proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 and senescent lymphocytes especially in aged population. Anti-inflammation medication reduces the occurrence and recurrence of cancers. Targeting cancer stemness signaling pathways might lead to cancer eradication. Cancer Evo-Dev not only helps understand the mechanisms by which inflammation promotes the development of cancers, but also lays the foundation for effective prophylaxis and targeted therapy of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Deng
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an, China
| | - Zishuai Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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9
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King JJ, Borzooee F, Im J, Asgharpour M, Ghorbani A, Diamond CP, Fifield H, Berghuis L, Larijani M. Structure-Based Design of First-Generation Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Catalytic Pockets of AID, APOBEC3A, and APOBEC3B. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1390-1407. [PMID: 34423273 PMCID: PMC8369683 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Activation-induced
cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates antibody
diversification by mutating immunoglobulin loci in B lymphocytes.
AID and related APOBEC3 (A3) enzymes also induce genome-wide mutations
and lesions implicated in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The
most prevalent mutation signatures across diverse tumor genomes are
attributable to the mistargeted mutagenic activities of AID/A3s. Thus,
inhibiting AID/A3s has been suggested to be of therapeutic benefit.
We previously used a computational-biochemical approach to gain insight
into the structure of AID’s catalytic pocket, which resulted
in the discovery of a novel type of regulatory catalytic pocket closure
that regulates AID/A3s that we termed the “Schrodinger’s
CATalytic pocket”. Our findings were subsequently confirmed
by direct structural studies. Here, we describe our search for small
molecules that target the catalytic pocket of AID. We identified small
molecules that inhibit purified AID, AID in cell extracts, and endogenous
AID of lymphoma cells. Analogue expansion yielded derivatives with
improved potencies. These were found to also inhibit A3A and A3B,
the two most tumorigenic siblings of AID. Two compounds exhibit low
micromolar IC50 inhibition of AID and A3A, exhibiting the
strongest potency for A3A. Docking suggests key interactions between
their warheads and residues lining the catalytic pockets of AID, A3A,
and A3B and between the tails and DNA-interacting residues on the
surface proximal to the catalytic pocket opening. Accordingly, mutants
of these residues decreased inhibition potency. The chemistry and
abundance of key stabilizing interactions between the small molecules
and residues within and immediately outside the catalytic pockets
are promising for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.,Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada
| | - Faezeh Borzooee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.,Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada
| | - Junbum Im
- Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada.,BC Cancer Research/Terry Fox Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Mahdi Asgharpour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.,Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada
| | - Atefeh Ghorbani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.,Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada
| | - Cody P Diamond
- Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada
| | - Heather Fifield
- Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada
| | - Lesley Berghuis
- Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.,Program in immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3 V6, Canada
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10
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Nojima T, Nonaka M, Seo Y, Yamamura Y, Mukai M. Increased Expression of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in Sinus Mucosa from IgG4-Related Disease Patients with Comorbid Chronic Rhinosinusitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2021; 83:286-294. [PMID: 34077941 DOI: 10.1159/000515797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic condition characterized by an elevated serum IgG4 level, localized infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, and lesions in various organs. IgG4-RD also shows high rates of complication with allergic diseases and is often accompanied by elevated serum IgE levels. Reports in recent years have also shown high rates of complication with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and its characteristic nasal manifestations. Accordingly, we speculate that there may be a distinct form of CRS that, as an IgG4-RD, differs from other CRS. Here, we investigated whether the elevated levels of factors that are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD are also seen in the sinus mucosa of IgG4-RD-associated CRS patients. METHODS Ethmoid sinus mucosa specimens from 9 IgG4-RD (6 Mikulicz disease and 3 Küttner's tumor) patients with elevated serum IgG4 and IgE and from 22 control CRS patients were examined immunohistochemically for Treg cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and immunocompetent cells. The 22 control CRS patients were divided into 3 subgroups based on the serological findings for IgG4 and IgE. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the expression of AID. RESULTS The ethmoid sinus mucosa from patients with IgG4-RD-associated CRS showed, in comparison with the 3 CRS control subgroups, significantly elevated AID production. Their mucosa also showed significantly increased infiltration of CD-20-positive immunocompetent cells compared with the controls. On the other hand, immunohistochemical examination found no significant differences in the number of IL-10- or TGF-β-positive cells. CONCLUSION Ethmoid sinus mucosa from IgG4-RD-associated CRS patients showed clearly increased AID production, suggesting AID involvement in class-switching to IgG4 in those local sites. This implies the existence of a distinct form of CRS that is an IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Nojima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Nonaka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Seo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Yamamura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mukai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Ghorbani A, Quinlan EM, Larijani M. Evolutionary Comparative Analyses of DNA-Editing Enzymes of the Immune System: From 5-Dimensional Description of Protein Structures to Immunological Insights and Applications to Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642343. [PMID: 34135887 PMCID: PMC8201067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is unique among all biological sub-systems in its usage of DNA-editing enzymes to introduce targeted gene mutations and double-strand DNA breaks to diversify antigen receptor genes and combat viral infections. These processes, initiated by specific DNA-editing enzymes, often result in mistargeted induction of genome lesions that initiate and drive cancers. Like other molecules involved in human health and disease, the DNA-editing enzymes of the immune system have been intensively studied in humans and mice, with little attention paid (< 1% of published studies) to the same enzymes in evolutionarily distant species. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature on the characterization of one such DNA-editing enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), from an evolutionary comparative perspective. The central thesis of this review is that although the evolutionary comparative approach represents a minuscule fraction of published works on this and other DNA-editing enzymes, this approach has made significant impacts across the fields of structural biology, immunology, and cancer research. Using AID as an example, we highlight the value of the evolutionary comparative approach in discoveries already made, and in the context of emerging directions in immunology and protein engineering. We introduce the concept of 5-dimensional (5D) description of protein structures, a more nuanced view of a structure that is made possible by evolutionary comparative studies. In this higher dimensional view of a protein's structure, the classical 3-dimensional (3D) structure is integrated in the context of real-time conformations and evolutionary time shifts (4th dimension) and the relevance of these dynamics to its biological function (5th dimension).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ghorbani
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Emma M Quinlan
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Schubert M, Gassner FJ, Huemer M, Höpner JP, Akimova E, Steiner M, Egle A, Greil R, Zaborsky N, Geisberger R. AID Contributes to Accelerated Disease Progression in the TCL1 Mouse Transplant Model for CLL. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112619. [PMID: 34073525 PMCID: PMC8198502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancers, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, frequently acquire consecutive somatic mutations in the genome, which contribute to disease progression and treatment resistance. Activation-induced deaminase is an enzyme responsible for generating the highly diverse B cell repertoire but it can also induce substantial collateral damage within the genome of cells. Hence, it is important to assess whether AID contributes to cancer mutations and to the course of disease. This research shows that AID contributes to the acquisition of somatic cancer-specific mutations in a mouse model for chronic lymphocytic leukemia reflected in prolonged overall survival of leukemic mice lacking AID expression. These data should initiate future studies to assess the effect of AID inhibition on the occurrence of drug resistance. Abstract Adaptive somatic mutations conferring treatment resistance and accelerated disease progression is still a major problem in cancer therapy. Additionally in CLL, patients receiving novel, efficient drugs frequently become treatment refractory and eventually relapse. Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is a cytosine deaminase that catalyzes somatic hypermutation of genomic DNA at the immunoglobulin locus in activated B cells. As considerable off-target mutations by AID have been discerned in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, it is essential to investigate to which extent these mutations contribute to disease progression to estimate whether AID inhibition could counteract drug resistance mechanisms. In this study, we examined the TCL1 mouse model for CLL on an AID pro- and deficient background by comparing disease development and mutational landscapes. We provide evidence that AID contributes to the acquisition of somatic cancer-specific mutations also in the TCL1 model and accelerates CLL development particularly in the transplant setting. We conclude that AID is directly determining the fitness of the CLL clone, which prompts further studies to assess the effect of AID inhibition on the occurrence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schubert
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
| | - Franz Josef Gassner
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
| | - Michael Huemer
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jan Philip Höpner
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ekaterina Akimova
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Steiner
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
| | - Alexander Egle
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
| | - Nadja Zaborsky
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (M.H.); (J.P.H.); (E.A.); (M.S.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Castro-Piedras I, Vartak D, Sharma M, Pandey S, Casas L, Molehin D, Rasha F, Fokar M, Nichols J, Almodovar S, Rahman RL, Pruitt K. Identification of Novel MeCP2 Cancer-Associated Target Genes and Post-Translational Modifications. Front Oncol 2020; 10:576362. [PMID: 33363010 PMCID: PMC7758440 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.576362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal regulation of DNA methylation and its readers has been associated with a wide range of cellular dysfunction. Disruption of the normal function of DNA methylation readers contributes to cancer progression, neurodevelopmental disorders, autoimmune disease and other pathologies. One reader of DNA methylation known to be especially important is MeCP2. It acts a bridge and connects DNA methylation with histone modifications and regulates many gene targets contributing to various diseases; however, much remains unknown about how it contributes to cancer malignancy. We and others previously described novel MeCP2 post-translational regulation. We set out to test the hypothesis that MeCP2 would regulate novel genes linked with tumorigenesis and that MeCP2 is subject to additional post-translational regulation not previously identified. Herein we report novel genes bound and regulated by MeCP2 through MeCP2 ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses in two breast cancer cell lines representing different breast cancer subtypes. Through genomics analyses, we localize MeCP2 to novel gene targets and further define the full range of gene targets within breast cancer cell lines. We also further examine the scope of clinical and pre-clinical lysine deacetylase inhibitors (KDACi) that regulate MeCP2 post-translationally. Through proteomics analyses, we identify many additional novel acetylation sites, nine of which are mutated in Rett Syndrome. Our study provides important new insight into downstream targets of MeCP2 and provide the first comprehensive map of novel sites of acetylation associated with both pre-clinical and FDA-approved KDACi used in the clinic. This report examines a critical reader of DNA methylation and has important implications for understanding MeCP2 regulation in cancer models and identifying novel molecular targets associated with epigenetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - David Vartak
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Somnath Pandey
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Laura Casas
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Mohamed Fokar
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jacob Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Parreira JR, Hernández-Castellano LE, Argüello A, Capote J, Castro N, de Sousa Araújo S, de Almeida AM. Understanding seasonal weight loss tolerance in dairy goats: a transcriptomics approach. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:629. [PMID: 32928114 PMCID: PMC7489022 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Seasonal weight loss (SWL) is a very important limitation to the production of ruminants in the Mediterranean and Tropical regions. In these areas, long dry seasons lead to poor pastures with low nutritional value. During the dry season, ruminants, particularly those raised in extensive production systems, lose around 30% of their body weight. Seasonal weight loss has important consequences on animal productive performance and health. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to characterize feed restriction effects in dairy goat of 2 breeds with different SWL tolerance: Majorera (tolerant) and Palmera (susceptible). Nine Majorera and ten Palmera goats were randomly distributed in a control and a restricted group: Majorera Control (adequately fed; MC; n = 4), Palmera Control (adequately fed; PC; n = 6), Majorera Restricted (feed restricted; ME; n = 5) and Palmera Restricted (feed restricted; PE; n = 4). On day 22 of the trial, mammary gland biopsies were collected for transcriptomics analysis. Results From these samples, 24,260 unique transcripts were identified. From those, 82 transcripts were differentially expressed between MC and ME, 99 between PC and PE, twelve between both control groups and twenty-nine between both restricted groups. Conclusions Feed restriction affected several biochemical pathways in both breeds such as: carbohydrate and lipid transport; intracellular trafficking, RNA processing and signal transduction. This research also highlights the importance or involvement of the genes in tolerance (ENPP1, S-LZ, MT2A and GPNB) and susceptibility (GPD1, CTPS1, ELOVL6 and NR4A1) to SWL with respectively higher expression in the Majorera restriced group and the Palmera restricted group in comparison to the control groups. In addition, results from the study may be extrapolated to other dairy ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Parreira
- IBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA - Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Anastasio Argüello
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413, Arucas, Spain
| | - Juan Capote
- Unit of Animal Production, Pasture, and Forage in Arid and Subtropical Areas, Canary Islands Institute for Agricultural Research, 38270, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Noemí Castro
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413, Arucas, Spain
| | - Susana de Sousa Araújo
- ITQB NOVA - Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Martinho de Almeida
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture And Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 13409-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Activation-induced cytidine deaminase: in sickness and in health. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2721-2730. [PMID: 32772231 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation Induced cytidine Deaminase (AID) is an essential enzyme of the adaptive immune system. Its canonical activity is restricted to B lymphocytes, playing an essential role in the diversification of antibodies by enhancing specificity and changing affinity. This is possible through its DNA deaminase function, leading to mutations in DNA. In the last decade, AID has been assigned an additional function: that of a powerful DNA demethylator. Adverse cellular conditions such as chronic inflammation can lead to its deregulation and overexpression. It is an important driver of B-cell lymphoma due to its natural ability to modify DNA through deamination, leading to mutations and epigenetic changes. However, the deregulation of AID is not restricted to lymphoid cells. Recent findings have provided new insights into the role that this protein plays in the development of non-lymphoid cancers, with some research shedding light on novel AID-driven mechanisms of cellular transformation. In this review, we provide an updated narrative of the normal physiological functions of AID. Additionally, we review and discuss the recent research studies that have implicated AID in carcinogenesis in varying tissue types including lymphoid and non-lymphoid cancers. We review the mechanisms, whereby AID promotes carcinogenesis and highlight important areas of future research.
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16
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Che Z, Fan J, Zhou Z, Li Q, Ma Z, Hu Z, Wu Y, Jin Y, Su Y, Liang P, Li H. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression Facilitates the Malignant Phenotype and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1299-1312. [PMID: 32551879 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although advances have been made in the development of antiangiogenesis targeted therapy and surgery, metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is still incurable. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is mainly expressed in a variety of germ and somatic cells, and induces somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination, playing a vital role in antibody diversification. We confirmed that AID was expressed at a higher level in ccRCC tissues than in the corresponding nontumor renal tissues. We explored the impact of AID on ccRCC proliferation, invasion, and migration. In 769-p and 786-0 cells, expression of an AID-specific short hairpin RNA significantly reduced AID expression, which markedly inhibited tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and migration. Previous studies showed that AID is associated with Wnt ligand secretion mediator (WLS/GPR177), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) regulation, which was further confirmed in human ccRCC tissues. Therefore, we studied the relationship between AID and these three molecules, and the impact of AID on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ccRCC. WLS/GPR177, SDF-1/CXCL12, and CDK4 were sensitive to 5-azacytidine (a DNA demethylation agent), which reverted the inhibition of carcinogenesis caused by AID repression. In summary, AID is an oncogene that might induce tumorigenesis through DNA demethylation. Targeting AID may represent a novel therapeutic approach to treat metastatic ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinfeng Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhanhao Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yaoxi Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yingxia Jin
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyu Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Haoyong Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Lineage plasticity in cancer: a shared pathway of therapeutic resistance. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:360-371. [PMID: 32152485 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lineage plasticity, the ability of cells to transition from one committed developmental pathway to another, has been proposed as a source of intratumoural heterogeneity and of tumour adaptation to an adverse tumour microenvironment including exposure to targeted anticancer treatments. Tumour cell conversion into a different histological subtype has been associated with a loss of dependency on the original oncogenic driver, leading to therapeutic resistance. A well-known pathway of lineage plasticity in cancer - the histological transformation of adenocarcinomas to aggressive neuroendocrine derivatives - was initially described in lung cancers harbouring an EGFR mutation, and was subsequently reported in multiple other adenocarcinomas, including prostate cancer in the presence of antiandrogens. Squamous transformation is a subsequently identified and less well-characterized pathway of adenocarcinoma escape from suppressive anticancer therapy. The increased practice of tumour re-biopsy upon disease progression has increased the recognition of these mechanisms of resistance and has improved our understanding of the underlying biology. In this Review, we provide an overview of the impact of lineage plasticity on cancer progression and therapy resistance, with a focus on neuroendocrine transformation in lung and prostate tumours. We discuss the current understanding of the molecular drivers of this phenomenon, emerging management strategies and open questions in the field.
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18
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Li L, Su N, Cui M, Li H, Zhang Q, Yu N, Wu S, Cao Z. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in colorectal cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:4119-4124. [PMID: 31933808 PMCID: PMC6949800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) produces immune-diversity by inducing somatic hypermutations and class-switch recombinations in human immunoglobulin genes. This role of AID in causing genomic mutations, also can potentially cause somatic mutations in various host genes of non-lymphoid tissues, and contribute to tumorigenesis. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether AID expression was involved in the development or progression of colorectal cancer, and the nuclear expression of p53 protein in cancer cells. We examined the pattern of expression of AID and p53 proteins in 71 colorectal adenomas and 122 sporadic colorectal cancers by immunohistochemistry. AID and p53 expression was detected in 57 (46.7%) and 78 (63.9%) out of 122 colorectal cancers, respectively. Statistically, the expression of the AID protein was not associated with the 5-year survival or clinical and pathological parameters, including tumor stage, location, size, and lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). However, the expression of the AID protein was associated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.004). In addition, a significant association was observed between AID and the nuclear expression of p53 in colorectal cancers (P = 0.0357). Only 3 (4.2%) of the 71 colorectal adenomas showed immunopostivity for AID, resulting in a significant difference between total colorectal cancers and adenomas (P < 0.001). The p53 expression was detected in 7 (9.9%) out of 71 colorectal adenomas. Statistically, AID protein was not associated with the degree of dysplasia and the nuclear expression of p53 in colorectal adenomas (P > 0.05). These results suggest that aberrant expression of the AID protein might play a role in the development of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Nana Su
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Binzhou City People’s HospitalBinzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhang Cao
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
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Li H, Li Q, Ma Z, Zhou Z, Fan J, Jin Y, Wu Y, Cheng F, Liang P. AID modulates carcinogenesis network via DNA demethylation in bladder urothelial cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:251. [PMID: 30874539 PMCID: PMC6420503 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases in the urinary system, with poor survival after metastasis. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a versatile enzyme involved in antibody diversification, is an oncogenic gene that induces somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination (CSR). However, the contribution of AID-mediated DNA demethylation to bladder urothelial cell carcinoma (BUCC) remains unclear. Herein, we evaluated the impact on BUCC caused by AID and explored the gene network downstream of AID by using a proteomic approach. Lentiviral vector containing AID-specific shRNA significantly reduced AID expression in T24 and 5637 cells. Silencing AID expression remarkably inhibited tumour malignancies, including cell proliferation, invasion and migration. We used Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomics analysis technology to study the underpinning mechanism in monoclonal T24 cells, with or without AID knockdown. Among the 6452 proteins identified, 99 and 142 proteins in shAICDA-T24 cells were significantly up- or downregulated, respectively (1.2-fold change) compared with the NC-T24 control. After a pipeline of bioinformatics analyses, we identified three tumour-associated factors, namely, matrix metallopeptidase 14 (MMP14), C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 12 and wntless Wnt ligand secretion mediator, which were further confirmed in human BUCC tissues. Nonetheless, only MMP14 was sensitive to the DNA demethylation molecule 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-azadC; 5 μM), which reversed the inhibition of carcinogenesis by AID silence in T24 and 5637 cells. Overall, AID is an oncogene that mediates tumourigenesis via DNA demethylation. Our findings provide novel insights into the clinical treatment for BUCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyong Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jinfeng Fan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yingxia Jin
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yaoxi Wu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Peiyu Liang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
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Activation-induced deaminase (AID) localizes to the nucleus in brief pulses. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007968. [PMID: 30811383 PMCID: PMC6411215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) converts C to U and 5-methyl-C to T. These mutagenic activities are critical to immunoglobulin (Ig) gene diversification and epigenetic reprogramming, but they must be tightly controlled to prevent compromising cell fitness. AID acts in the nucleus but localizes predominately to the cytoplasm. To address this apparent paradox, we have carried out time-lapse imaging of AID in single living B cells and fibroblasts. We demonstrate that AID enters the nucleus in brief (30 min) pulses, evident in about 10% of cells in the course of a single cell cycle (24 hr imaging). Pulses do not depend on AID catalytic activity, but they are coordinated with nuclear accumulation of P53. Pulsing may protect cells from pathologic consequences of excess exposure to AID, or enable AID to synchronize its activity with transcription of genes that are AID targets or with nuclear entry of factors that act at sites of AID-catalyzed DNA deamination to promote Ig gene diversification or epigenetic reprogramming.
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21
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Gonzalez-Fierro A, Dueñas-González A. Emerging DNA methylation inhibitors for cancer therapy: challenges and prospects. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2019.1571906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Can cerología, México City, Mexico
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22
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Schubert M, Hackl H, Gassner FJ, Greil R, Geisberger R. Investigating epigenetic effects of activation-induced deaminase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208753. [PMID: 30571766 PMCID: PMC6301619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation induced deaminase (AID) has two distinct and well defined roles, both relying on its deoxycytidine (dC) deaminating function: one as a DNA mutator and another in DNA demethylation. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), AID was previously shown to be an independent negative prognostic factor. While there is substantial impact on DNA mutations, effects of AID on gene expression by promoter demethylation of disease related target genes in leukemia has not been addressed. To shed light on this question, we aimed at determining genome wide methylation changes as well as gene expression changes in response to AID expression in CLL. Although we found minor differences in individual methylation variable positions following AID expression, we could not find recurrent methylation changes of specific target sites or changes in global methylation.
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MESH Headings
- Computational Biology
- DNA Methylation/physiology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Porphyria, Acute Intermittent/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schubert
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz Josef Gassner
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
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23
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La Noce M, Paino F, Mele L, Papaccio G, Regad T, Lombardi A, Papaccio F, Desiderio V, Tirino V. HDAC2 depletion promotes osteosarcoma's stemness both in vitro and in vivo: a study on a putative new target for CSCs directed therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:296. [PMID: 30509303 PMCID: PMC6276256 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in cancer initiation, progression and chemoresistance. Epigenetic alterations have been identified as prominent factors that contribute to the CSCs phenotype. Here, we investigated the effects of the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) and the demethylating agent, 5’azacytidine (DAC) on the stem phenotype of MG63 and Saos2 osteosarcoma cell lines. Methods Saos2 and MG63 cells were treated with DAC and VPA, alone and in combination. Untreated and treated cells were examined for stemness phenotype by cytometry and real-time PCR. Sarcospheres and colonies formation were also evaluated. Moreover, histone modification and methylation were tested by flow cytomery and western blotting. HDAC2 depleted cells were examined for stemness phenotype and their ability to generate tumors in NOD/SCID IL2R-gamma-0 (NSG) mice. HDAC2 expression on human osteosarcoma tissues was evaluated. Results We found that DAC and VPA induce an increased expression of stem markers including CD133, OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG, and an increased ability in sarcospheres and colonies formation efficiency. Interestingly, we showed that DAC and VPA treatment decreased repressive histone markers, while increased the active ones. These histone modifications were also associated with an increase of acetylation of histones H3, a decrease of DNA global methylation, HDAC2 and DNMT3a. Furthermore, HDAC2 silenced-MG63 and Saos2 cells acquired a stem phenotype, and promoted in vivo tumorigenesis. In human osteosarcoma tissues, HDAC2 was strongly expressed in nucleus. Conclusions Collectively, our results suggest that VPA and DAC induce an expansion of osteosarcoma CSCs, and we report for the first time that HDAC2 is a key factor regulating both CSCs phenotype and in vivo cancer growth. In conclusion, we have identified HDAC2 as a potential therapeutic target in human osteosarcoma treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0978-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella La Noce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Paino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Commenda,10, 20122, Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Mele
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Tarik Regad
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", via S. Pansini-Cappella Cangiani, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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24
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Widschwendter M, Jones A, Evans I, Reisel D, Dillner J, Sundström K, Steyerberg EW, Vergouwe Y, Wegwarth O, Rebitschek FG, Siebert U, Sroczynski G, de Beaufort ID, Bolt I, Cibula D, Zikan M, Bjørge L, Colombo N, Harbeck N, Dudbridge F, Tasse AM, Knoppers BM, Joly Y, Teschendorff AE, Pashayan N. Epigenome-based cancer risk prediction: rationale, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15:292-309. [PMID: 29485132 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2018.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is continuing to rise and risk-tailored early diagnostic and/or primary prevention strategies are urgently required. The ideal risk-predictive test should: integrate the effects of both genetic and nongenetic factors and aim to capture these effects using an approach that is both biologically stable and technically reproducible; derive a score from easily accessible biological samples that acts as a surrogate for the organ in question; and enable the effectiveness of risk-reducing measures to be monitored. Substantial evidence has accumulated suggesting that the epigenome and, in particular, DNA methylation-based tests meet all of these requirements. However, the development and implementation of DNA methylation-based risk-prediction tests poses considerable challenges. In particular, the cell type specificity of DNA methylation and the extensive cellular heterogeneity of the easily accessible surrogate cells that might contain information relevant to less accessible tissues necessitates the use of novel methods in order to account for these confounding issues. Furthermore, the engagement of the scientific community with health-care professionals, policymakers and the public is required in order to identify and address the organizational, ethical, legal, social and economic challenges associated with the routine use of epigenetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Widschwendter
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Allison Jones
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iona Evans
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Reisel
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Center for Medical Decision Sciences, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Vergouwe
- Center for Medical Decision Sciences, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Odette Wegwarth
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Adaptive Rationality, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix G Rebitschek
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Siebert
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research, and HTA, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.,Harvard T. C. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston, MA, USA.,Oncotyrol: Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gaby Sroczynski
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research, and HTA, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Inez D de Beaufort
- Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ineke Bolt
- Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Cibula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Medical Faculty of the Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zikan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Medical Faculty of the Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Line Bjørge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicoletta Colombo
- European Institute of Oncology and University Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Tasse
- Public Population Project in Genomics and Society, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Yann Joly
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew E Teschendorff
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, UK
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25
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Sheppard EC, Morrish RB, Dillon MJ, Leyland R, Chahwan R. Epigenomic Modifications Mediating Antibody Maturation. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535729 PMCID: PMC5834911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation status, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), all contribute to antibody maturation during somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR). Histone modifications alter the chromatin landscape and, together with DNA primary and tertiary structures, they help recruit Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) to the immunoglobulin (Ig) locus. AID is a potent DNA mutator, which catalyzes cytosine-to-uracil deamination on single-stranded DNA to create U:G mismatches. It has been shown that alternate chromatin modifications, in concert with ncRNAs and potentially DNA methylation, regulate AID recruitment and stabilize DNA repair factors. We, hereby, assess the combination of these distinct modifications and discuss how they contribute to initiating differential DNA repair pathways at the Ig locus, which ultimately leads to enhanced antibody–antigen binding affinity (SHM) or antibody isotype switching (CSR). We will also highlight how misregulation of epigenomic regulation during DNA repair can compromise antibody development and lead to a number of immunological syndromes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Sheppard
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael J Dillon
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard Chahwan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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26
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Gong F, Guo Y, Niu Y, Jin J, Zhang X, Shi X, Zhang L, Li R, Chen L, Ma RZ. Epigenetic silencing of TET2 and TET3 induces an EMT-like process in melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:315-328. [PMID: 27852070 PMCID: PMC5352122 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a critical step in the progression of cancer. Malignant melanoma, a cancer developed from pigmented melanocytes, metastasizes through an EMT-like process. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, catalyzing the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5-hmC), are down regulated in melanoma. However, their roles in the progression and the EMT-like process of melanoma are not fully understood. Here we report that DNA methylation induced silencing of TET2 and TET3 are responsible for the EMT-like process and the metastasis of melanoma. TET2 and TET3 are down regulated in the TGF-β1-induced EMT-like process, and the knocking down of TET2 or TET3 induced this EMT-like process. A DNA demethylating agent antagonized the TGF-β-induced suppression of TET2 and TET3. Furthermore, a ChIP analysis indicated that enhanced recruitment of DNMT3A (DNA Methyltransferase 3A) is the mechanism by which TGF-β induces the silencing of TET2 and TET3. Finally, the overexpression of the TET2 C-terminal sequence partially rescues the TGF-β1-induced EMT-like process in vitro and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Hence, our data suggest an epigenetic circuitry that mediates the EMT activated by TGF-β. As an effector, DNMT3A senses the TGF-β signal and silences TET2 and TET3 promoters to induce the EMT-like process and metastasis in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiqian Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiawei Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Limeng Zhang
- Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Runting Li
- Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Longxin Chen
- Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Runlin Z Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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27
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Biochemical Regulatory Features of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Remain Conserved from Lampreys to Humans. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00077-17. [PMID: 28716949 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00077-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a genome-mutating enzyme that initiates class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of antibodies in jawed vertebrates. We previously described the biochemical properties of human AID and found that it is an unusual enzyme in that it exhibits binding affinities for its substrate DNA and catalytic rates several orders of magnitude higher and lower, respectively, than a typical enzyme. Recently, we solved the functional structure of AID and demonstrated that these properties are due to nonspecific DNA binding on its surface, along with a catalytic pocket that predominantly assumes a closed conformation. Here we investigated the biochemical properties of AID from a sea lamprey, nurse shark, tetraodon, and coelacanth: representative species chosen because their lineages diverged at the earliest critical junctures in evolution of adaptive immunity. We found that these earliest-diverged AID orthologs are active cytidine deaminases that exhibit unique substrate specificities and thermosensitivities. Significant amino acid sequence divergence among these AID orthologs is predicted to manifest as notable structural differences. However, despite major differences in sequence specificities, thermosensitivities, and structural features, all orthologs share the unusually high DNA binding affinities and low catalytic rates. This absolute conservation is evidence for biological significance of these unique biochemical properties.
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28
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Liu J, Xiong E, Zhu H, Mori H, Yasuda S, Kinoshita K, Tsubata T, Wang JY. Efficient Induction of Ig Gene Hypermutation in Ex Vivo–Activated Primary B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3023-3030. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Hu Q, Baeg GH. Role of epigenome in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:663-668. [PMID: 28709969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed a tremendous advancement in understanding the genetic basis of major human diseases such as cancer. Intriguingly, there is also an evergrowing body of evidence that suggest the critical role of epigenetic regulation in pathogenesis. In contrast to genetic mechanisms often associated with changes in DNA sequence, epigenetics generally refers to the regulation of gene expression featuring alterations in histone modification, DNA methylation, chromatin conformation and non-coding RNAs, with the first two categories being the best-characterized so far. A growing list of epigenetic factors, including writers, readers and erasers have been identified, and huge differences in genome-wide epigenetic modifications, so-called epigenome, have been reported between normal tissues and cancer. Significantly, since the epigenetic regulation is largely dependent on enzymes, they are generally reversible and thus more amenable to pharmaceutical intervention. Hence, it is believed that a comprehensive understanding of how alterations in epigenome lead to tumorigenesis, progression and drug resistance is of primary importance to develop epigenetic therapies and to ensure long-term efficacy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117594, Singapore.
| | - Gyeong Hun Baeg
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117594, Singapore.
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30
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Akiyama M, Suzuki K, Yasuoka H, Kaneko Y, Yamaoka K, Takeuchi T. Follicular helper T cells in the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 57:236-245. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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31
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King JJ, Larijani M. A Novel Regulator of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase/APOBECs in Immunity and Cancer: Schrödinger's CATalytic Pocket. Front Immunol 2017; 8:351. [PMID: 28439266 PMCID: PMC5382155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and its relative APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases boost immune response by mutating immune or viral genes. Because of their genome-mutating activities, AID/APOBECs are also drivers of tumorigenesis. Due to highly charged surfaces, extensive non-specific protein-protein/nucleic acid interactions, formation of polydisperse oligomers, and general insolubility, structure elucidation of these proteins by X-ray crystallography and NMR has been challenging. Hence, almost all available AID/APOBEC structures are of mutated and/or truncated versions. In 2015, we reported a functional structure for AID using a combined computational-biochemical approach. In so doing, we described a new regulatory mechanism that is a first for human DNA/RNA-editing enzymes. This mechanism involves dynamic closure of the catalytic pocket. Subsequent X-ray and NMR studies confirmed our discovery by showing that other APOBEC3s also close their catalytic pockets. Here, we highlight catalytic pocket closure as an emerging and important regulatory mechanism of AID/APOBEC3s. We focus on three sub-topics: first, we propose that variable pocket closure rates across AID/APOBEC3s underlie differential activity in immunity and cancer and review supporting evidence. Second, we discuss dynamic pocket closure as an ever-present internal regulator, in contrast to other proposed regulatory mechanisms that involve extrinsic binding partners. Third, we compare the merits of classical approaches of X-ray and NMR, with that of emerging computational-biochemical approaches, for structural elucidation specifically for AID/APOBEC3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. King
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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32
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DiMenna LJ, Yen WF, Nicolas L, Sharma R, Saldanha ZN, Chaudhuri J. Cutting Edge: The Transcription Factor Sox2 Regulates AID Expression in Class-Switched B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2244-2248. [PMID: 28188246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgH class switch recombination (CSR) occurs through the deliberate introduction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-instigated DNA double-strand breaks into the IgH loci. Because double-strand breaks are generally highly toxic, mechanisms that regulate AID expression are of much relevance to CSR and genomic integrity; however, effectors of such regulatory processes are still poorly understood. In this article, we show that the transcription factor sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) is expressed in activated B cells, but almost exclusively in those that have undergone CSR. We demonstrate that enforced expression of Sox2 in splenic B cells severely inhibits AID expression and CSR, whereas deletion of Sox2 increases the frequency of IgH:c-Myc translocations. These results suggest that Sox2 may regulate AID expression in class-switched B cells to suppress genomic instability associated with CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J DiMenna
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Wei-Feng Yen
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Laura Nicolas
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Zara N Saldanha
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and .,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
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Patel SA, Vanharanta S. Epigenetic determinants of metastasis. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:79-96. [PMID: 27756687 PMCID: PMC5423227 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of cancer progression in patient samples and model systems have thus far failed to identify specific mutational drivers of metastasis. Yet, at least in experimental systems, metastatic cancer clones display stable traits that can facilitate progression through the many steps of metastasis. How cancer cells establish and maintain the transcriptional programmes required for metastasis remains mostly unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that metastatic traits may arise from epigenetically altered transcriptional output of the oncogenic signals that drive tumour initiation and early progression. Molecular dissection of such mechanisms remains a central challenge for a comprehensive understanding of the origins of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroor A Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom.
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Wang B, Chen Q, Cao Y, Ma X, Yin C, Jia Y, Zang A, Fan W. LGR5 Is a Gastric Cancer Stem Cell Marker Associated with Stemness and the EMT Signature Genes NANOG, NANOGP8, PRRX1, TWIST1, and BMI1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168904. [PMID: 28033430 PMCID: PMC5199039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essential for cancer initiation, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the functional association of gastric CSC markers with stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature genes is unclear. Methods qPCR was performed to measure the expression profiles of stemness and EMT signature genes and their association with putative CSC markers in gastric cancer tissues, cancer cell lines and sphere cells. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the results of the transcript analysis. Cell proliferation, cell migration, drug resistance and sphere cell growth assays were conducted to measure the expansion and invasion abilities of the cells. Tumor xenograft experiments were performed in NOD/SCID mice to test cell stemness in vivo. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze cell subpopulations. Results The expression of LGR5 was strikingly up-regulated in sphere cells but not in cancer tissues or parental adherent cells. The up-regulation of LGR5 was also positively associated with stemness regulators (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, and AICDA) and EMT inducers (PRRX1, TWIST1, and BMI1). In addition, sphere cells exhibited up-regulated vimentin and down-regulated E-cadherin expression. Using gene-specific primers, we found that the NANOG expression primarily originates from the retrogene NANOGP8. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of both LGR5 and NANOG is significantly higher in sphere cells. LGR5 over-expression significantly enhanced sphere cell growth, cell proliferation, cell migration and drug resistance in MGC803 cells. Tumor xenografts in nude mice showed that sphere cells are at least 10 times more efficient at tumor initiation than adherent cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ~20% of sphere cells are LGR5+/CD54+, but only ~3% of adherent cells are Lgr5+/CD54+. Immunofluorescence staining supports the above results. Conclusion The LGR5-expressing fraction of CD54+ cells represents gastric cancer CSCs, in which LGR5 is closely associated with stemness and EMT core genes, and NANOG expression is mainly contributed by the retrogene NANOGP8. Sphere cells are the best starting materials for the characterization of CSCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/deficiency
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 7/genetics
- Nanog Homeobox Protein/genetics
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Organoplatinum Compounds/pharmacology
- Oxaliplatin
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Twist-Related Protein 1/genetics
- Up-Regulation
- Vimentin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Queting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xia Ma
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chenxing Yin
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Youchao Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Aimin Zang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wufang Fan
- Molecular Biology Lab of Gastric Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- * E-mail:
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35
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Sapoznik S, Bahar-Shany K, Brand H, Pinto Y, Gabay O, Glick-Saar E, Dor C, Zadok O, Barshack I, Zundelevich A, Gal-Yam EN, Yung Y, Hourvitz A, Korach J, Beiner M, Jacob J, Levanon EY, Barak M, Aviel-Ronen S, Levanon K. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Links Ovulation-Induced Inflammation and Serous Carcinogenesis. Neoplasia 2016; 18:90-9. [PMID: 26936395 PMCID: PMC5005261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the notion that ovarian carcinoma results from ovulation-induced inflammation of the fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTECs) has gained evidence. However, the mechanistic pathway for this process has not been revealed yet. In the current study, we propose the mutator protein activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) as a link between ovulation-induced inflammation in FTECs and genotoxic damage leading to ovarian carcinogenesis. We show that AID, previously shown to be functional only in B lymphocytes, is expressed in FTECs under physiological conditions, and is induced in vitro upon ovulatory-like stimulation and in vivo in carcinoma-associated FTECs. We also report that AID activity results in epigenetic, genetic and genomic damage in FTECs. Overall, our data provides new insights into the etiology of ovarian carcinogenesis and may set the ground for innovative approaches aimed at prevention and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Sapoznik
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Keren Bahar-Shany
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Hadar Brand
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yishay Pinto
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Orshay Gabay
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Efrat Glick-Saar
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Chen Dor
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Oranit Zadok
- Department of Pathology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Adi Zundelevich
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Einav Nili Gal-Yam
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel; The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Yuval Yung
- IVF Unit and Reproduction Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Ariel Hourvitz
- IVF Unit and Reproduction Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Jacob Korach
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Mario Beiner
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Jasmine Jacob
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Michal Barak
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Sarit Aviel-Ronen
- Department of Pathology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel; The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Keren Levanon
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel; The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel.
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36
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Chen CH, Su YH, Lee KH, Chuang CK. Germline Competent Pluripotent Mouse Stem Cells Generated by Plasmid Vectors. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 27:157-65. [PMID: 26980563 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1140056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We developed nonintegrated methods to reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using pig pOct4, pSox2, and pc-Myc as well as human hKLF4, hAID, and hTDG that were carried by plasmid vectors. The 4F method employed pOct4, pSox2, pc-Myc, and hKLF4 to derive iPSC clones with naive embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like morphology. These 4F clones expressed endogenous mouse Nanog protein and could generate chimeras. In addition to the four conventional reprogramming factors used in the 4F method, hAID and hTDG were utilized in a 6F method to increase the conversion efficiency of reprogramming by approximately five-fold. One of the 6F plasmid derived iPSC (piPSC) clones was shown to be germline transmission competent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hong Chen
- a Division of Animal Technology, Laboratories of Animal Technology , Agricultural Technology Research Institute , Hsinchu City , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Su
- a Division of Animal Technology, Laboratories of Animal Technology , Agricultural Technology Research Institute , Hsinchu City , Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsiung Lee
- b Division of Biotechnology , Animal Technology Institute Taiwan , Chunan , Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Chin-kai Chuang
- a Division of Animal Technology, Laboratories of Animal Technology , Agricultural Technology Research Institute , Hsinchu City , Taiwan
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Abstract
The AID/APOBEC family enzymes convert cytosines in single-stranded DNA to uracils, causing base substitutions and strand breaks. They are induced by cytokines produced during the body's inflammatory response to infections, and they help combat infections through diverse mechanisms. AID is essential for the maturation of antibodies and causes mutations and deletions in antibody genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) processes. One member of the APOBEC family, APOBEC1, edits mRNA for a protein involved in lipid transport. Members of the APOBEC3 subfamily in humans (APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H) inhibit infections of viruses such as HIV-1, HBV, and HCV, and retrotransposition of endogenous retroelements through mutagenic and nonmutagenic mechanisms. There is emerging consensus that these enzymes can cause mutations in the cellular genome at replication forks or within transcription bubbles depending on the physiological state of the cell and the phase of the cell cycle during which they are expressed. We describe here the state of knowledge about the structures of these enzymes, regulation of their expression, and both the advantageous and deleterious consequences of their expression, including carcinogenesis. We highlight similarities among them and present a holistic view of their regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachini U Siriwardena
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Mucosal Immunology Studies Team, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Ashok S Bhagwat
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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38
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Pruitt K. Molecular and Cellular Changes During Cancer Progression Resulting From Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:3-47. [PMID: 27865461 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex process that involves a persistent dismantling of cellular safeguards and checkpoints. These molecular and cellular changes that accumulate over months or decades lead to a change in the fundamental identity of a cell as it transitions from normal to malignant. In this chapter, we will examine some of the molecular changes in the evolving relationship between the genome and epigenome and highlight some of the key changes that occur as normal cells progress to tumor cells. For many years tumorigenesis was almost exclusively attributed to mutations in protein-coding genes. This notion that mutations in protein-coding genes were a fundamental driver of tumorigenesis enabled the development of several novel therapeutics that targeted the mutant protein or overactive pathway responsible for driving a significant portion of the tumor growth. However, because many therapeutic challenges remained in the face of these advances, it was clear that other pieces to the puzzle had yet to be discovered. Advances in molecular and genomics techniques continued and the study of epigenetics began to expand and helped reshape the view that drivers of tumorigenesis extended beyond mutations in protein-coding genes. Studies in the field of epigenetics began to identify aberrant epigenetic marks which created altered chromatin structures and enabled protein expression in tissues that defied rules governing tissue-specificity. Not only were epigenetic alterations found to enable overexpression of proto-oncogenes, they also led to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes. With these discoveries, it became clear that tumor growth could be stimulated by much more than mutations in protein-coding genes. In fact, it became increasingly clear that much of the human genome, while transcribed, did not lead to proteins. This discovery further led to studies that began to uncover the role of noncoding RNAs in regulating chromatin structure, gene transcription, and tumor biology. In this chapter, some of the key alterations in the genome and epigenome will be explored, and some of the cancer therapies that were developed as a result of these discoveries will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pruitt
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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39
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Knisbacher BA, Gerber D, Levanon EY. DNA Editing by APOBECs: A Genomic Preserver and Transformer. Trends Genet 2016; 32:16-28. [PMID: 26608778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Information warfare is not limited to the cyber world because it is waged within our cells as well. The unique AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase)/APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide) family comprises proteins that alter DNA sequences by converting deoxycytidines to deoxyuridines through deamination. This C-to-U DNA editing enables them to inhibit parasitic viruses and retrotransposons by disrupting their genomic content. In addition to attacking genomic invaders, APOBECs can target their host genome, which can be beneficial by initiating processes that create antibody diversity needed for the immune system or by accelerating the rate of evolution. AID can also alter gene regulation by removing epigenetic modifications from genomic DNA. However, when uncontrolled, these powerful agents of change can threaten genome stability and eventually lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyamin A Knisbacher
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900 Israel
| | - Doron Gerber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900 Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900 Israel.
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40
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Duenas-Gonzalez A, Medina-Franco JL, Chavez-Blanco A, Dominguez-Gomez G, Fernández-de Gortari E. Developmental DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in the treatment of gynecologic cancers. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 17:323-38. [PMID: 26559668 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methylation has become an attractive target for the treatment of cancer. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have proven useful for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome and are being evaluated in gynecological neoplasias. AREAS COVERED We provide an overview of the current knowledge on DNA methylation and cancer and the role of DNA methylation in cervical, ovarian and endometrial carcinomas. The results of recent clinical trials with demethylating agents for cervical and ovarian cancer treatment are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION There are few studies of DNA demethylating agents for cervical and ovarian cancer treatment; nevertheless, the results are promising. To accelerate these advances, there are at least two actions that can be simultaneously pursued. One is to greatly increase the number of small clinical exploratory trials with existing demethylating drugs and using methylome analyses to identify predictive factors for response and/or toxicity. The second is finding out epigenetic 'drivers' unique to gynecological cancers and their subtypes, and then proceed to clinical trials in a highly selected population of patients. It is expected that in the future, DNA demethylation could have a role in the treatment of gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- b Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City , México
| | - Alma Chavez-Blanco
- c Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , México
| | | | - Eli Fernández-de Gortari
- b Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City , México
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41
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Le Q, Maizels N. Cell Cycle Regulates Nuclear Stability of AID and Determines the Cellular Response to AID. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005411. [PMID: 26355458 PMCID: PMC4565580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AID (Activation Induced Deaminase) deaminates cytosines in DNA to initiate immunoglobulin gene diversification and to reprogram CpG methylation in early development. AID is potentially highly mutagenic, and it causes genomic instability evident as translocations in B cell malignancies. Here we show that AID is cell cycle regulated. By high content screening microscopy, we demonstrate that AID undergoes nuclear degradation more slowly in G1 phase than in S or G2-M phase, and that mutations that affect regulatory phosphorylation or catalytic activity can alter AID stability and abundance. We directly test the role of cell cycle regulation by fusing AID to tags that destabilize nuclear protein outside of G1 or S-G2/M phases. We show that enforced nuclear localization of AID in G1 phase accelerates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination, and is well-tolerated; while nuclear AID compromises viability in S-G2/M phase cells. We identify AID derivatives that accelerate somatic hypermutation with minimal impact on viability, which will be useful tools for engineering genes and proteins by iterative mutagenesis and selection. Our results further suggest that use of cell cycle tags to regulate nuclear stability may be generally applicable to studying DNA repair and to engineering the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Le
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nancy Maizels
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Immunology, Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Brown GT, Murray GI. Current mechanistic insights into the roles of matrix metalloproteinases in tumour invasion and metastasis. J Pathol 2015; 237:273-81. [PMID: 26174849 DOI: 10.1002/path.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent mechanistic developments elucidating the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in tumour invasion and metastasis. The ability of tumour cells to invade, migrate, and subsequently metastasize is a fundamental characteristic of cancer. Tumour invasion and metastasis are increasingly being characterized by the dynamic relationship between cancer cells and their microenvironment and developing a greater understanding of these basic pathological mechanisms is crucial. While MMPs have been strongly implicated in these processes as a result of extensive circumstantial evidence--for example, increased expression of individual MMPs in tumours and association of specific MMPs with prognosis--the underpinning mechanisms are only now being elucidated. Recent studies are now providing a mechanistic basis, highlighting and reinforcing the catalytic and non-catalytic roles of specific MMPs as key players in tumour invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T Brown
- Pathology, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Pathology, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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43
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Montamat-Sicotte D, Liztler LC, Abreu C, Safavi S, Zahn A, Orthwein A, Muschen M, Oppezzo P, Muñoz DP, Di Noia JM. HSP90 inhibitors decrease AID levels and activity in mice and in human cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2365-76. [PMID: 25912253 PMCID: PMC4536124 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation induced deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of the Ig genes in antigen-activated B cells, underpinning antibody affinity maturation and isotype switching. AID can also be pathogenic by contributing to autoimmune diseases and oncogenic mutations. Moreover, AID can exert noncanonical functions when aberrantly expressed in epithelial cells. The lack of specific inhibitors prevents therapeutic applications to modulate AID functions. Here, we have exploited our previous finding that the HSP90 molecular chaperoning pathway stabilizes AID in B cells, to test whether HSP90 inhibitors could target AID in vivo. We demonstrate that chronic administration of HSP90 inhibitors decreases AID protein levels and isotype switching in immunized mice. HSP90 inhibitors also reduce disease severity in a mouse model of acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia in which AID accelerates disease progression. We further show that human AID protein levels are sensitive to HSP90 inhibition in normal and leukemic B cells, and that HSP90 inhibition prevents AID-dependent epithelial to mesenchymal transition in a human breast cancer cell line in vitro. Thus, we provide proof-of-concept that HSP90 inhibitors indirectly target AID in vivo and that endogenous human AID is widely sensitive to them, which could have therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludivine C Liztler
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Abreu
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Shiva Safavi
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Astrid Zahn
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Markus Muschen
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco,USA
| | - Pablo Oppezzo
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Denise P Muñoz
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital and Research Institute at Oakland, Oakland, USA
| | - Javier M Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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44
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Rebhandl S, Geisberger R. AIDing cancer treatment: Reducing AID activity via HSP90 inhibition. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2208-11. [PMID: 26151367 PMCID: PMC4677455 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The activation induced deaminase (AID) catalyses the two key events underlying humoral adaptive immunity: class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of antibody genes in B lymphocytes. AID accomplishes this task by directly deaminating cytosines within the genomic immunoglobulin locus, thereby triggering a complex mutagenic process eventually leading to improved effector function of antibodies. However, it has long been noticed that AID can be aberrantly expressed in cancer and that its activity is not absolutely restricted to antibody genes, as substantial genome‐wide off‐target mutations have been observed, which contribute to tumorigenesis and clonal evolution of AID‐expressing malignancies. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Montamat‐Sicotte et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 2365–2376] investigate the feasibility and efficacy of in vivo inhibition of AID with HSP90 inhibitors in a mouse model of B‐cell leukemia and in vitro with a human breast cancer cell line, thereby demonstrating that cancer patients may benefit from preventing noncanonical AID functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rebhandl
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
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45
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Roca H, McCauley LK. Inflammation and skeletal metastasis. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:706. [PMID: 26131358 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
On the road to metastasis a cancer cell has to overcome two major obstacles: the physical escape from the primary tumor to a distant tissue and the adaptation to the new microenvironment via colonization and the formation of a secondary tumor. Accumulated scientific findings support the hypothesis that inflammation is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment and develops as a result of tumor-induced recruitment of inflammatory cells and their reciprocal interaction with other cells from the tumor network. These interactions modulate immune responses to suppress antitumor immunity and activate feedback amplification signaling loops that link nearly all the cells in the cancer inflammatory milieu. The coordinated regulation of cytokines/chemokines, receptors and other inflammatory mediators enables the different steps of the metastatic cascade. As a target organ for colonization, the bone is rich in inflammatory mediators that are critical for successful cancer growth. In this review, we focus on the inflammatory cells, molecules and mechanisms that facilitate the expansion of cancer cells from the primary tumor to their new 'home' in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Roca
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry , Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Rebhandl S, Huemer M, Greil R, Geisberger R. AID/APOBEC deaminases and cancer. Oncoscience 2015; 2:320-33. [PMID: 26097867 PMCID: PMC4468319 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations are the basis for evolution and the development of genetic diseases. Especially in cancer, somatic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes alongside the occurrence of passenger mutations have been observed by recent deep-sequencing approaches. While mutations have long been considered random events induced by DNA-replication errors or by DNA damaging agents, genome sequencing led to the discovery of non-random mutation signatures in many human cancer. Common non-random mutations comprise DNA strand-biased mutation showers and mutations restricted to certain DNA motifs, which recently have become attributed to the activity of the AID/APOBEC family of DNA deaminases. Hence, APOBEC enzymes, which have evolved as key players in natural and adaptive immunity, have been proposed to contribute to cancer development and clonal evolution of cancer by inducing collateral genomic damage due to their DNA deaminating activity. This review focuses on how mutagenic events through AID/APOBEC deaminases may contribute to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rebhandl
- Department of internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria ; Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Huemer
- Department of internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria ; Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria ; Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Department of internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria ; Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
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Hamm CA, Costa FF. Epigenomes as therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:72-86. [PMID: 25797698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a molecular phenomenon that pertains to heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications in a whole genome, known as the epigenome, play an essential role in the regulation of gene expression in both normal development and disease. Traditional epigenetic changes include DNA methylation and histone modifications. Recent evidence reveals that other players, such as non-coding RNAs, may have an epigenetic regulatory role. Aberrant epigenetic signaling is becoming to be known as a central component of human disease, and the reversible nature of the epigenetic modifications provides an exciting opportunity for the development of clinically relevant therapeutics. Current epigenetic therapies provide a clinical benefit through disrupting DNA methyltransferases or histone deacetylases. However, the emergence of next-generation epigenetic therapies provides an opportunity to more effectively disrupt epigenetic disease states. Novel epigenetic therapies may improve drug targeting and drug delivery, optimize dosing schedules, and improve the efficacy of preexisting treatment modalities (chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy). This review discusses the epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to the disease, available epigenetic therapies, epigenetic therapies currently in development, and the potential future use of epigenetic therapeutics in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hamm
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 220, Chicago, IL 60611-2605, USA.
| | - Fabricio F Costa
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 220, Chicago, IL 60611-2605, USA; StartUp Health Academy, 2000 Broadway St, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10.023, USA; Genomic Enterprise, 2405 N. Sheffield Av., # 14088, Chicago, IL 60.614, USA; Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, UCB - Brasilia, SGAN 916 Modulo B, Bloco C, 70.790-160 Brasilia, Brazil.
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Ramiro AR, Barreto VM. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase and active DNA demethylation. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:172-81. [PMID: 25661247 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of demethylation in vertebrates has begun to be elucidated in the past decade. However, a possible involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in this process remains uncertain. We survey the data supporting or casting doubt on such a role, and propose that there is no strong evidence for an involvement of AID in genome-wide active demethylation processes. Conversely, we present evidence that favors AID involvement in gene-specific demethylation events underlying cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena R Ramiro
- B Cell Biology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle de Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vasco M Barreto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Dominguez PM, Shaknovich R. Epigenetic function of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and its link to lymphomagenesis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:642. [PMID: 25566255 PMCID: PMC4270259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is essential for somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes during B cell maturation and immune response. Expression of AID is tightly regulated due to its mutagenic and recombinogenic potential, which is known to target not only Ig genes, but also non-Ig genes, contributing to lymphomagenesis. In recent years, a new epigenetic function of AID and its link to DNA demethylation came to light in several developmental systems. In this review, we summarize existing evidence linking deamination of unmodified and modified cytidine by AID to base-excision repair and mismatch repair machinery resulting in passive or active removal of DNA methylation mark, with the focus on B cell biology. We also discuss potential contribution of AID-dependent DNA hypomethylation to lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar M Dominguez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Rita Shaknovich
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
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Processive DNA demethylation via DNA deaminase-induced lesion resolution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97754. [PMID: 25025377 PMCID: PMC4098905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Base modifications of cytosine are an important aspect of chromatin biology, as they can directly regulate gene expression, while DNA repair ensures that those modifications retain genome integrity. Here we characterize how cytosine DNA deaminase AID can initiate DNA demethylation. In vitro, AID initiated targeted DNA demethylation of methyl CpGs when in combination with DNA repair competent extracts. Mechanistically, this is achieved by inducing base alterations at or near methyl-cytosine, with the lesion being resolved either via single base substitution or a more efficient processive polymerase dependent repair. The biochemical findings are recapitulated in an in vivo transgenic targeting assay, and provide the genetic support of the molecular insight into DNA demethylation. This targeting approach supports the hypothesis that mCpG DNA demethylation can proceed via various pathways and mCpGs do not have to be targeted to be demethylated.
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