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Barnes RC, Banjara S, McHann MC, Almodovar S, Henderson-Redmond AN, Morgan DJ, Castro-Piedras I, Guindon J. Assessing Dose- and Sex-Dependent Antinociceptive Effects of Cannabidiol and Amitriptyline, Alone and in Combination, and Exploring Mechanism of Action Involving Serotonin 1A Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:655-669. [PMID: 38129125 PMCID: PMC10801786 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is caused by tissue hypersensitization and is a component of rheumatic diseases, frequently causing chronic pain. Current guidelines use a multimodal approach to pain and sociocultural changes have renewed interest in cannabinoid use, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), for pain. The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (AT) is approved for use in pain-related syndromes, alone and within a multimodal approach. Therefore, we investigated sex- and dose-dependent effects of CBD and AT antinociception in the 2.5% formalin inflammatory pain model. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with either vehicle, CBD (0.3-100 mg/kg), or AT (0.1-30 mg/kg) prior to formalin testing. In the acute phase, CBD induced antinociception after administration of 30-100 mg/kg in males and 100 mg/kg in females and in the inflammatory phase at doses of 2.5-100 mg/kg in males and 10-100 mg/kg in females. In the acute phase, AT induced antinociception at 10 mg/kg for all mice, and at 0.3 mg/kg in males and 3 mg/kg in female mice in the inflammatory phase. Combining the calculated median effective doses of CBD and AT produced additive effects for all mice in the acute phase and for males only in the inflammatory phase. Use of selective serotonin 1A receptor antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1 piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY-100635) maleate (0.1 mg/kg) before co-administration of CBD and AT reversed antinociception in the acute and partially reversed antinociception in the inflammatory phase. Administration of AT was found to enhance cannabinoid receptor type 1mRNA expression only in female mice. These results suggest a role for serotonin and sex in mediating cannabidiol and amitriptyline-induced antinociception in inflammatory pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Inflammatory pain is an important component of both acute and chronic pain. We have found that cannabidiol (CBD) and amitriptyline (AT) show dose-dependent, and that AT additionally shows sex-dependent, antinociceptive effects in an inflammatory pain model. Additionally, the combination of CBD and AT was found to have enhanced antinociceptive effects that is partially reliant of serotonin 1A receptors and supports the use of CBD within a multimodal approach to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Satish Banjara
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Melissa C McHann
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Angela N Henderson-Redmond
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Josée Guindon
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
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Rasha F, Boligala GP, Yang MV, Martinez-Marin D, Castro-Piedras I, Furr K, Snitman A, Khan SY, Brandi L, Castro M, Khan H, Jahan N, Almodovar S, Melkus MW, Pruitt K, Layeequr Rahman R. Dishevelled 2 regulates cancer cell proliferation and T cell mediated immunity in HER2-positive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:172. [PMID: 36809986 PMCID: PMC9942370 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dishevelled paralogs (DVL1, 2, 3) are key mediators of Wnt pathway playing a role in constitutive oncogenic signaling influencing the tumor microenvironment. While previous studies showed correlation of β-catenin with T cell gene expression, little is known about the role of DVL2 in modulating tumor immunity. This study aimed to uncover the novel interaction between DVL2 and HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) in regulating tumor immunity and disease progression. METHODS DVL2 loss of function studies were performed with or without a clinically approved HER2 inhibitor, Neratinib in two different HER2+ BC cell lines. We analyzed RNA (RT-qPCR) and protein (western blot) expression of classic Wnt markers and performed cell proliferation and cell cycle analyses by live cell imaging and flow cytometry, respectively. A pilot study in 24 HER2+ BC patients was performed to dissect the role of DVL2 in tumor immunity. Retrospective chart review on patient records and banked tissue histology were performed. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 25) and GraphPad Prism (version 7) at a significance p < 0.05. RESULTS DVL2 regulates the transcription of immune modulatory genes involved in antigen presentation and T cell maintenance. DVL2 loss of function down regulated mRNA expression of Wnt target genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, invasion in HER2+ BC cell lines (±Neratinib). Similarly, live cell proliferation and cell cycle analyses reveal that DVL2 knockdown (±Neratinib) resulted in reduced proliferation, higher growth arrest (G1), limited mitosis (G2/M) compared to non-targeted control in one of the two cell lines used. Analyses on patient tissues who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 14) further demonstrate that higher DVL2 expression at baseline biopsy pose a significant negative correlation with % CD8α levels (r = - 0.67, p < 0.05) while have a positive correlation with NLR (r = 0.58, p < 0.05), where high NLR denotes worse cancer prognosis. These results from our pilot study reveal interesting roles of DVL2 proteins in regulating tumor immune microenvironment and clinical predictors of survival in HER2+ BC. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates potential immune regulatory role of DVL2 proteins in HER2+ BC. More in-depth mechanistic studies of DVL paralogs and their influence on anti-tumor immunity may provide insight into DVLs as potential therapeutic targets benefiting BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Rasha
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Geetha Priya Boligala
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Depart of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Mingxiao V. Yang
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Dalia Martinez-Marin
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Depart of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Kathryn Furr
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Annie Snitman
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Sonia Y. Khan
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Breast Center of Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Luis Brandi
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Maribel Castro
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Hafiz Khan
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Public Health, Julia Jones Matthews, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Michael W. Melkus
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Breast Center of Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA. .,Depart of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Rakhshanda Layeequr Rahman
- Depart of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA. .,Breast Center of Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Rodriguez-Irizarry VJ, Schneider AC, Ahle D, Smith JM, Suarez-Martinez EB, Salazar EA, McDaniel Mims B, Rasha F, Moussa H, Moustaïd-Moussa N, Pruitt K, Fonseca M, Henriquez M, Clauss MA, Grisham MB, Almodovar S. Mice with humanized immune system as novel models to study HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936164. [PMID: 35990658 PMCID: PMC9390008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV and who receive antiretroviral therapy have a significantly improved lifespan, compared to the early days without therapy. Unfortunately, persisting viral replication in the lungs sustains chronic inflammation, which may cause pulmonary vascular dysfunction and ultimate life-threatening Pulmonary Hypertension (PH). The mechanisms involved in the progression of HIV and PH remain unclear. The study of HIV-PH is limited due to the lack of tractable animal models that recapitulate infection and pathobiological aspects of PH. On one hand, mice with humanized immune systems (hu-mice) are highly relevant to HIV research but their suitability for HIV-PH research deserves investigation. On another hand, the Hypoxia-Sugen is a well-established model for experimental PH that combines hypoxia with the VEGF antagonist SU5416. To test the suitability of hu-mice, we combined HIV with either SU5416 or hypoxia. Using right heart catheterization, we found that combining HIV+SU5416 exacerbated PH. HIV infection increases human pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs, compared to uninfected mice. Histopathological examinations showed pulmonary vascular inflammation with arterial muscularization in HIV-PH. We also found an increase in endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) when combining HIV+SU5416. Therefore, combinations of HIV with SU5416 or hypoxia recapitulate PH in hu-mice, creating well-suited models for infectious mechanistic pulmonary vascular research in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Rodriguez-Irizarry
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States,Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico in Ponce, Ponce, PR, United States
| | - Alina C. Schneider
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Ahle
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Justin M. Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Ethan A. Salazar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Brianyell McDaniel Mims
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Hanna Moussa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Naima Moustaïd-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Marcelo Fonseca
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Henriquez
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matthias A. Clauss
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Sharilyn Almodovar,
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4
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Sharma M, Castro-Piedras I, Rasha F, Ramachandran S, Sennoune SR, Furr K, Almodovar S, Ganapathy V, Grisham MB, Rahman RL, Pruitt K. Dishevelled-1 DIX and PDZ domain lysine residues regulate oncogenic Wnt signaling. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2234-2251. [PMID: 34733415 PMCID: PMC8555683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DVL proteins are central mediators of the Wnt pathway and relay complex input signals into different branches of the Wnt signaling network. However, molecular mechanism(s) that regulate DVL-mediated relay of Wnt signals still remains unclear. Here, for the first time, we elucidate the functional significance of three DVL-1 lysines (K/Lys) which are subject to post-translational acetylation. We demonstrate that K34 Lys residue in the DIX domain regulates subcellular localization of β-catenin, thereby influencing downstream Wnt target gene expression. Additionally, we show that K69 (DIX domain) and K285 (PDZ domain) regulate binding of DVL-1 to Wnt target gene promoters and modulate expression of Wnt target genes including CMYC, OCT4, NANOG, and CCND1, in cell line models and xenograft tumors. Finally, we report that conserved DVL-1 lysines modulate various oncogenic functions such as cell migration, proliferation, cell-cycle progression, 3D-spheroid formation and in-vivo tumor growth in breast cancer models. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of DVL-1 domain-specific lysines which were recently shown to be acetylated and characterize their influence on Wnt signaling. These site-specific modifications may be subject to regulation by therapeutics already in clinical use (lysine deacetylase inhibitors such as Panobinostat and Vorinostat) or may possibly have prognostic utility in translational efforts that seek to modulate dysfunctional Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sharma
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fahmida Rasha
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sabarish Ramachandran
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Souad R. Sennoune
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn Furr
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Kumar A, Mahajan A, Salazar EA, Pruitt K, Guzman CA, Clauss MA, Almodovar S, Dhillon NK. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on pulmonary vascular disease. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2021; 2021:e202112. [PMID: 34285903 PMCID: PMC8272407 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of anti-retroviral therapy, non-AIDS-related comorbidities have increased in people living with HIV. Among these comorbidities, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. Although chronic HIV-1 infection is independently associated with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension, PH in people living with HIV may also be the outcome of various co-morbidities commonly observed in these individuals including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left heart disease and co-infections. In addition, the association of these co-morbidities and other risk factors, such as illicit drug use, can exacerbate the development of pulmonary vascular disease. This review will focus on these complex interactions contributing to PH development and exacerbation in HIV patients. We also examine the interactions of HIV proteins, including Nef, Tat, and gp120 in the pulmonary vasculature and how these proteins alter the endothelial and smooth muscle function by transforming them into susceptible PH phenotype. The review also discusses the available infectious and non-infectious animal models to study HIV-associated PAH, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each model, along with their ability to mimic the clinical manifestations of HIV-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Aatish Mahajan
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ethan A Salazar
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Christian Arce Guzman
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthias A Clauss
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Evans N, Nichols J, Pruitt K, Almodovar S. “Lung Time No See”: SARS‐Cov‐2 Spike Protein Changes Genetic Expression in Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells After Recovery. FASEB J 2021. [PMCID: PMC8239499 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Current reports show that people infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 do not recover completely, and even asymptomatic COVID‐19 patients may experience slight changes in their overall health, which is the basis of the new area of study termed “Long‐Haul COVID”. Our hypothesis is that even in the asymptomatic infection, exposures to the viral spike protein are enough to induce long‐lasting changes in baseline genetic expression. Objective This study sought to survey what type of cell biological processes would be affected in human primary bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) post‐exposure to spike protein and whether they would persist post‐recovery. Methods Herein, we advanced an Air Liquid Interface (ALI) cell culture technique to simulate the physiological conditions in the lung airway in vitro. Briefly, HBECs were grown and differentiated, before treatment with either a low (50 ng/mL) or high (5 ug/mL) concentration of recombinant SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein for 4 hours. After a 48‐hour recovery, cells were processed for RNA extractions and qPCR to screen genes using Qiagen RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays; data were analyzed in GeneGlobe. Results We used the (2^ (‐Delta Delta CT)) method to analyze the gene expression data, using both ACTB and RPLP0 as reference genes for normalization. Our survey included genes related to oxidative stress, hypoxia, osmotic stress, cell death, inflammatory response, DNA damage and unfolded protein response. We found that the genes CCL2, IL1A, IL1B, and MMP9 showed fold changes greater than 2.00 in the low and high concentration treatments after recovery. Conclusions Our preliminary results suggest that the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein is enough to change the baseline protein expression in primary HBECs. After recovery, genes related to immune response retained changes in gene expression, and these may indicate relevant long‐term effects in asymptomatic patients. Additionally, the interplay between immune response and other pathways after SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein exposure should be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Evans
- Immunology and Molecular MicrobiologyTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTX
| | - Jacob Nichols
- Internal MedicineTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTX
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Immunology and Molecular MicrobiologyTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTX
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Immunology and Molecular MicrobiologyTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTX
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Evans N, Martinez E, Petrosillo N, Nichols J, Islam E, Pruitt K, Almodovar S. SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2021; 13:361-375. [PMID: 33833585 PMCID: PMC8020331 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s300055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramount efforts worldwide are seeking to increase understanding of the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, characterize the spectrum of complications associated with COVID-19, and develop vaccines that can protect from new and recurrent infections with SARS-CoV-2. While we continue learning about this new virus, it is clear that 1) the virus is spread via the respiratory route, primarily by droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites, as well as by aerosol formation during invasive respiratory procedures; 2) the airborne route is still controversial; and 3) that those infected can spread the virus without necessarily developing COVID-19 (ie, asymptomatic). With the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increasing globally, the possibility of co-infections and/or co-morbidities is becoming more concerning. Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one such example of polyparasitism of interest. This military-themed comparative review of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV details their virology and describes them figuratively as separate enemy armies. HIV, an old enemy dug into trenches in individuals already infected, and SARS-CoV-2 the new army, attempting to attack and capture territories, tissues and organs, in order to provide resources for their expansion. This analogy serves to aid in discussion of three main areas of focus and draw attention to how these viruses may cooperate to gain the upper hand in securing a host. Here we compare their target, the key receptors found on those tissues, viral lifecycles and tactics for immune response surveillance. The last focus is on the immune response to infection, addressing similarities in cytokines released. While the majority of HIV cases can be successfully managed with antiretroviral therapy nowadays, treatments for SARS-CoV-2 are still undergoing research given the novelty of this army.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Evans
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Edgar Martinez
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacob Nichols
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ebtesam Islam
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Shi Y, Colomer-Lluch M, Song Y, Mowery K, Almodovar S, Bansal A, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer K, Liang C, Serra-Moreno R. HIV-1 Nef counteracts autophagy restriction by enhancing the association between BECN1 and its inhibitor BCL2 in a PRKN-dependent manner. Autophagy 2021; 17:553-577. [PMID: 32097085 PMCID: PMC8007141 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an auto-digestive pro-survival pathway activated in response to stress to target cargo for lysosomal degradation. In recent years, autophagy has become prominent as an innate antiviral defense mechanism through multiple processes, such as targeting virions and viral components for elimination. These exciting findings have encouraged studies on the ability of autophagy to restrict HIV. However, the role of autophagy in HIV infection remains unclear. Whereas some reports indicate that autophagy is detrimental for HIV, others have claimed that HIV deliberately activates this pathway to increase its infectivity. Moreover, these contrasting findings seem to depend on the cell type investigated. Here, we show that autophagy poses a hurdle for HIV replication, significantly reducing virion production. However, HIV-1 uses its accessory protein Nef to counteract this restriction. Previous studies have indicated that Nef affects autophagy maturation by preventing the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Here, we uncover that Nef additionally blocks autophagy initiation by enhancing the association between BECN1 and its inhibitor BCL2, and this activity depends on the cellular E3 ligase PRKN. Remarkably, the ability of Nef to counteract the autophagy block is more frequently observed in pandemic HIV-1 and its simian precursor SIVcpz infecting chimpanzees than in HIV-2 and its precursor SIVsmm infecting sooty mangabeys. In summary, our findings demonstrate that HIV-1 is susceptible to autophagy restriction and define Nef as the primary autophagy antagonist of this antiviral process.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin, beta; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; BCL2: bcl2 apoptosis regulator; BECN1: beclin 1; cDNA: complementary DNA; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescence protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; Gag/p55: group-specific antigen; GFP: green fluorescence protein; GST: glutathione S transferase; HA: hemagglutinin; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IP: immunoprecipitation; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; Nef: negative factor; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin ligase; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate; PTM: post-translational modification; RT-qPCR: reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR; RUBCN: rubicon autophagy regulator; SEM: standard error of the mean; SERINC3: serine incorporator 3; SERINC5: serine incorporator 5; SIV: simian immunodeficiency virus; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated gene; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yuhang Shi
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ying Song
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Mowery
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Anju Bansal
- Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Chengyu Liang
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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9
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Castro-Piedras I, Vartak D, Sharma M, Pandey S, Casas L, Molehin D, Rasha F, Fokar M, Nichols J, Almodovar S, Rahman RL, Pruitt K. Identification of Novel MeCP2 Cancer-Associated Target Genes and Post-Translational Modifications. Front Oncol 2020; 10:576362. [PMID: 33363010 PMCID: PMC7758440 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.576362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal regulation of DNA methylation and its readers has been associated with a wide range of cellular dysfunction. Disruption of the normal function of DNA methylation readers contributes to cancer progression, neurodevelopmental disorders, autoimmune disease and other pathologies. One reader of DNA methylation known to be especially important is MeCP2. It acts a bridge and connects DNA methylation with histone modifications and regulates many gene targets contributing to various diseases; however, much remains unknown about how it contributes to cancer malignancy. We and others previously described novel MeCP2 post-translational regulation. We set out to test the hypothesis that MeCP2 would regulate novel genes linked with tumorigenesis and that MeCP2 is subject to additional post-translational regulation not previously identified. Herein we report novel genes bound and regulated by MeCP2 through MeCP2 ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses in two breast cancer cell lines representing different breast cancer subtypes. Through genomics analyses, we localize MeCP2 to novel gene targets and further define the full range of gene targets within breast cancer cell lines. We also further examine the scope of clinical and pre-clinical lysine deacetylase inhibitors (KDACi) that regulate MeCP2 post-translationally. Through proteomics analyses, we identify many additional novel acetylation sites, nine of which are mutated in Rett Syndrome. Our study provides important new insight into downstream targets of MeCP2 and provide the first comprehensive map of novel sites of acetylation associated with both pre-clinical and FDA-approved KDACi used in the clinic. This report examines a critical reader of DNA methylation and has important implications for understanding MeCP2 regulation in cancer models and identifying novel molecular targets associated with epigenetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - David Vartak
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Somnath Pandey
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Laura Casas
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Mohamed Fokar
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jacob Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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10
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Sandoval-Gutiérrez JL, Almodovar S, Rivera-Morales RM, Rodríguez-Silverio J. Underexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase leads to more severe pulmonary complex vascular lesions associated with HIV patients. Arch Cardiol Mex 2020; 90:93-98. [PMID: 31996864 DOI: 10.24875/acm.19000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite increase in survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients due to highly active antiretroviral therapy, non-infectious complications are still prevalent such as presentation of lung vasculopathy, even in asymptomatic patients. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is necessary to produce nitric oxide that causes pulmonary endothelial vasodilation. Participation of this protein in the pulmonary circulation in HIV patients has not been elucidated. This work studied the presence and expression of eNOS in pulmonary complex vascular lesions associated with HIV (PCVL/HIV). Methods In lung tissues from patients who died from complications of HIV, we used immunohistochemistry and immune chemiluminescence (imageJ) to determine the different degrees of expression of eNOS in PCVL-HIV in comparison with non-PCVL/HIV. Reagents used were anti-eNOS and an automated system. All data are presented as mean and standard deviation. Differences were analyzed with Wilcoxon; p < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results In 57 tissues, the histological evidence of pulmonary vasculopathy was showed as different types (proliferative, obliterative, and plexiform) and severe presentation of vasculopathy than non-PCVL/HIV. A statistically significant decrease of eNOS was observed in all PCVL/HIV tissue samples. Conclusion eNOS has a relevant role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vasculopathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. It is necessary to determine in the future the participation of eNOS and other mechanisms involved in PCVL/HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Sandoval-Gutiérrez
- Department of Pneumology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas, USA
| | - Rosa M Rivera-Morales
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Silverio
- Department of Pharmacology. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
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11
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Almodovar S, Wade BE, Porter KM, Smith JM, Lopez-Astacio RA, Bijli K, Kang BY, Cribbs SK, Guidot DM, Molehin D, McNair BK, Pumarejo-Gomez L, Perez Hernandez J, Salazar EA, Martinez EG, Huang L, Kessing CF, Suarez-Martinez EB, Pruitt K, Hsue PY, Tyor WR, Flores SC, Sutliff RL. HIV X4 Variants Increase Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase in the Pulmonary Microenvironment and are associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11696. [PMID: 32678115 PMCID: PMC7366722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is overrepresented in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH). HIV protein gp120 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HIV-PAH. Genetic changes in HIV gp120 determine viral interactions with chemokine receptors; specifically, HIV-X4 viruses interact with CXCR4 while HIV-R5 interact with CCR5 co-receptors. Herein, we leveraged banked samples from patients enrolled in the NIH Lung HIV studies and used bioinformatic analyses to investigate whether signature sequences in HIV-gp120 that predict tropism also predict PAH. Further biological assays were conducted in pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro and in HIV-transgenic rats. We found that significantly more persons living with HIV-PAH harbor HIV-X4 variants. Multiple HIV models showed that recombinant gp120-X4 as well as infectious HIV-X4 remarkably increase arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) expression. ALOX5 is essential for the production of leukotrienes; we confirmed that leukotriene levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patients. This is the first report associating HIV-gp120 genotype to a pulmonary disease phenotype, as we uncovered X4 viruses as potential agents in the pathophysiology of HIV-PAH. Altogether, our results allude to the supplementation of antiretroviral therapy with ALOX5 antagonists to rescue patients with HIV-X4 variants from fatal PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Brandy E Wade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristi M Porter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Justin M Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert A Lopez-Astacio
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico in Ponce, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Kaiser Bijli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Sushma K Cribbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - David M Guidot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Bryan K McNair
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Pumarejo-Gomez
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jaritza Perez Hernandez
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ethan A Salazar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Edgar G Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cari F Kessing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Priscilla Y Hsue
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Tyor
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonia C Flores
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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12
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Rodriguez‐Irizarry V, Washburn R, Peña Y, Suarez‐Martinez EB, Almodovar S. Host‐Pathogen Interactions in the Pulmonary Vasculature During Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.792.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Rodriguez‐Irizarry
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Puerto Rico‐PoncePoncePR
- Immunology & Molecular MicrobiologyTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTX
| | - Rachel Washburn
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTX
| | - Yazmeane Peña
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTX
| | | | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Immunology & Molecular MicrobiologyTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTX
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13
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Castro-Piedras I, Sharma M, den Bakker M, Molehin D, Martinez EG, Vartak D, Pruitt WM, Deitrick J, Almodovar S, Pruitt K. DVL1 and DVL3 differentially localize to CYP19A1 promoters and regulate aromatase mRNA in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35639-35654. [PMID: 30479694 PMCID: PMC6235026 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CYP19A1 gene encodes aromatase, an enzyme that converts androgens into estrogens and consequently directly contributes to both the depletion of androgens and the synthesis of estrogens in several organs. Aromatase is critical for diverse biological processes such as proliferation, regulation of fat metabolism and hormone signaling. Additionally, it is also overexpressed in diverse cancers and drives hormone-dependent tumor progression and increases 17-β-estradiol (E2) within tumors and the tumor microenvironment. Although the inhibition of E2 production via aromatase inhibitors represents a major therapeutic paradigm in clinical oncology, fundamental questions regarding how cancer cells gain the capacity to overexpress aromatase remain unanswered. Multiple tissue-specific CYP19A1 promoters are known to be aberrantly active in tumors, yet how this occurs is unclear. Here, for the first time, we report that Dishevelled (DVL) proteins, which are key mediators of Wnt signaling, regulate aromatase expression in multiple breast cancer cell lines. We also report that DVL enters the nucleus and localizes to at least two different CYP19A1 promoters (pII and I.4) previously reported to drive overexpression in breast tumors and to a very distal CYP19A1 placental promoter (I.1) that remains poorly characterized. We go on to demonstrate that DVL-1 and DVL-3 loss of function leads to differential changes in various aromatase transcripts and in E2 production. The report, herein, uncovers a new regulator of CYP19A1 transcription and for the first time demonstrates that DVL, a critical mediator of WNT signaling, contributes to aberrant breast cancer-associated estrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Meghan den Bakker
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Edgar G Martinez
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - David Vartak
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Wendy M Pruitt
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jena Deitrick
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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14
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Almodovar S, Swanson J, Giavedoni LD, Kanthaswamy S, Long CS, Voelkel NF, Edwards MG, Folkvord JM, Connick E, Westmoreland SV, Luciw PA, Flores SC. Lung Vascular Remodeling, Cardiac Hypertrophy, and Inflammatory Cytokines in SHIVnef-Infected Macaques. Viral Immunol 2017; 31:206-222. [PMID: 29256819 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) affects HIV-infected individuals at significantly higher frequencies. We previously showed plexiform-like lesions characterized by recanalized lumenal obliteration, intimal disruption, medial hypertrophy, and thrombosis consistent with PAH in rhesus macaques infected with chimeric SHIVnef but not with the parental SIVmac239, suggesting that Nef is implicated in the pathophysiology of HIV-PAH. However, the current literature on non-human primates as animal models for SIV(HIV)-associated pulmonary disease reports the ultimate pathogenic pulmonary outcomes of the research efforts; however, the variability and features in the actual disease progression remain poorly described, particularly when using different viral sources for infection. We analyzed lung histopathology, performed immunophenotyping of cells in plexogenic lesions pathognomonic of PAH, and measured cardiac hypertrophy biomarkers and cytokine expression in plasma and lung of juvenile SHIVnef-infected macaques. Here, we report significant hematopathologies, changes in cardiac biomarkers consistent with ventricular hypertrophy, significantly increased levels of interleukin-12 and GM-CSF and significantly decreased sCD40 L, CCL-2, and CXCL-1 in plasma of the SHIVnef group. Pathway analysis of inflammatory gene expression predicted activation of NF-κB transcription factor RelB and inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein type-2 in the setting of SHIVnef infection. Our findings highlight the utility of SHIVnef-infected macaques as suitable models of HIV-associated pulmonary vascular remodeling as pathogenetic changes are concordant with features of idiopathic, familial, scleroderma, and HIV-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn Almodovar
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,2 Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, Texas
| | - Jessica Swanson
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Luis D Giavedoni
- 3 Department of Virology and Immunology, and Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sreetharan Kanthaswamy
- 4 School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University , Arizona
| | - Carlin S Long
- 5 Department of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- 6 Victoria Johnson Center for Obstructive Lung Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Michael G Edwards
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joy M Folkvord
- 7 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- 7 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Susan V Westmoreland
- 8 New England Primate Research Center , Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Paul A Luciw
- 9 Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sonia C Flores
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
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15
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Manoharan M, He Q, Flores S, Almodovar S. HIV X4 Viruses as Potential Agents in the Pathophysiology of HIV‐associated Pulmonary Hypertension. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qianbin He
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine University of ColoradoDenverUnited States
| | - Sonia Flores
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine University of ColoradoDenverUnited States
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine University of ColoradoDenverUnited States
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16
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Almodovar S. The complexity of HIV persistence and pathogenesis in the lung under antiretroviral therapy: challenges beyond AIDS. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:186-99. [PMID: 24797368 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a significant milestone in the battle against AIDS. However, we continue learning about HIV and confronting challenges 30 years after its discovery. HIV has cleverly tricked both the host immune system and ART. First, the many HIV subtypes and recombinant forms have different susceptibilities to antiretroviral drugs, which may represent an issue in countries where ART is just being introduced. Second, even under the suppressive pressures of ART, HIV still increases inflammatory mediators, deregulates apoptosis and proliferation, and induces oxidative stress in the host. Third, the preference of HIV for CXCR4 as a co-receptor may also have noxious outcomes, including potential malignancies. Furthermore, HIV still replicates cryptically in anatomical reservoirs, including the lung. HIV impairs bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte and macrophage immune responses, rendering the lung susceptible to comorbidities. In addition, HIV-infected individuals are significantly more susceptible to long-term HIV-associated complications. This review focuses on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary arterial hypertension, and lung cancer. Almost two decades after the advent of highly active ART, we now know that HIV-infected individuals on ART live as long as the uninfected population. Fortunately, its availability is rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries. Nevertheless, ART is not risk-free: the developed world is facing issues with antiretroviral drug toxicity, resistance, and drug-drug interactions, while developing countries are confronting issues with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Several aspects of the complexity of HIV persistence and challenges with ART are discussed, as well as suggestions for new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn Almodovar
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
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17
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Wang T, Green LA, Gupta SK, Kim C, Wang L, Almodovar S, Flores SC, Prudovsky IA, Jolicoeur P, Liu Z, Clauss M. Transfer of intracellular HIV Nef to endothelium causes endothelial dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91063. [PMID: 24608713 PMCID: PMC3946685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are emerging as a major cause of morbidity and death in the aging HIV-infected population. To address whether HIV-Nef, a viral protein produced in infected cells even when virus production is halted by ART, can lead to endothelial activation and dysfunction, we tested Nef protein transfer to and activity in endothelial cells. We demonstrated that Nef is essential for major endothelial cell activating effects of HIV-infected Jurkat cells when in direct contact with the endothelium. In addition, we found that Nef protein in endothelial cells is sufficient to cause apoptosis, ROS generation and release of monocyte attractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The Nef protein-dependent endothelial activating effects can be best explained by our observation that Nef protein rapidly transfers from either HIV-infected or Nef-transfected Jurkat cells to endothelial cells between these two cell types. These results are of in vivo relevance as we demonstrated that Nef protein induces GFP transfer from T cells to endothelium in CD4.Nef.GFP transgenic mice and Nef is present in chimeric SIV-infected macaques. Analyzing the signal transduction effects of Nef in endothelial cells, we found that Nef-induced apoptosis is mediated through ROS-dependent mechanisms, while MCP-1 production is NF-kB dependent. Together, these data indicate that inhibition of Nef-associated pathways may be promising new therapeutic targets for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Linden A. Green
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Samir K. Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chul Kim
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sonia C. Flores
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Igor A. Prudovsky
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Paul Jolicoeur
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
The following state-of-the-art seminar was delivered as part of the Aspen Lung Conference on Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Diseases held in Aspen, Colorado in June 2012. This paper will summarize the lecture and present results from a nonhuman primate model of infection with Simian (Human) Immunodeficiency Virus - nef chimeric virions as well as the idea that polymorphisms in the HIV-1 nef gene may be driving the immune response that results in exuberant inflammation and aberrant endothelial cell (EC) function. We will present data gathered from primary HIV nef isolates where we tested the biological consequences of these polymorphisms and how their presence in human populations may predict patients at risk for developing this disease. In this article, we also discuss how a dysregulated immune system, in conjunction with a viral infection, could contribute to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Both autoimmune diseases and some viruses are associated with defects in the immune system, primarily in the function of regulatory T cells. These T-cell defects may be a common pathway in the formation of plexiform lesions. Regardless of the route by which viruses may lead to PAH, it is important to recognize their role in this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C Flores
- Section of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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19
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Almodovar S, Knight R, Allshouse AA, Roemer S, Lozupone C, McDonald D, Widmann J, Voelkel NF, Shelton RJ, Suarez EB, Hammer KW, Goujard C, Petrosillo N, Simonneau G, Hsue PY, Humbert M, Flores SC. Human Immunodeficiency Virus nef signature sequences are associated with pulmonary hypertension. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:607-18. [PMID: 22066947 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with vascular remodeling is a long-term complication of HIV infection (HIV-PH) affecting 1/200 infected individuals vs. 1/200,000 frequency in the uninfected population. Factors accounting for increased PH susceptibility in HIV-infected individuals are unknown. Rhesus macaques infected with chimeric SHIVnef virions but not with SIV display PH-like pulmonary vascular remodeling suggesting that HIV-Nef is associated with PH; these monkeys showed changes in nef sequences that correlated with pathogenesis after passage in vivo. We further examined whether HIV-nef alleles in HIV-PH subjects have signature sequences associated with the disease phenotype. We evaluated specimens from participants with and without HIV-PH from European Registries and validated results with samples collected as part of the Lung-HIV Studies in San Francisco. We found that 10 polymorphisms in nef were overrepresented in blood cells or lung tissue specimens from European HIV-PH individuals but significantly less frequent in HIV-infected individuals without PH. These polymorphisms mapped to known functional domains in Nef. In the validation cohort, 7/10 polymorphisms in the HIV-nef gene were confirmed; these polymorphisms arose independently from viral load, CD4(+) T cell counts, length of infection, and antiretroviral therapy status. Two out of 10 polymorphisms were previously reported in macaques with PH-like pulmonary vascular remodeling. Cloned recombinant Nef proteins from clinical samples down-regulated CD4, suggesting that these primary isolates are functional. This study offers new insights into the association between Nef polymorphisms in functional domains and the HIV-PH phenotype. The utility of these polymorphisms as predictors of PH should be examined in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn Almodovar
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Amanda A. Allshouse
- Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah Roemer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine Lozupone
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Daniel McDonald
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Jeremy Widmann
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Norbert F. Voelkel
- Victoria Johnson Center for Obstructive Lung Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robert J. Shelton
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Edu B. Suarez
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico in Ponce, and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Kenneth W. Hammer
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cecile Goujard
- INSERM U802, Université Paris 11 and Service de Médecine Interne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Second Infectious Diseases Division, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Gerald Simonneau
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Service de Pneumologie, Centre National de Référence de I'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hộpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Priscilla Y. Hsue
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Service de Pneumologie, Centre National de Référence de I'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Hộpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Sonia C. Flores
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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20
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Cicalini S, Almodovar S, Grilli E, Flores S. Pulmonary hypertension and human immunodeficiency virus infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical approach. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:25-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Almodovar S, Cicalini S, Petrosillo N, Flores SC. Pulmonary hypertension associated with HIV infection: pulmonary vascular disease: the global perspective. Chest 2010; 137:6S-12S. [PMID: 20522575 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of antiretroviral therapies in improving the survival of patients infected with HIV and reducing HIV-associated opportunistic infections is undisputed. Nevertheless, long-term outcomes such as noninfectious cardiovascular complications, including cardiomegaly, pericarditis, myocarditis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension, are now serious concerns. The lung is a frequent target organ for disorders associated with HIV infection. HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension (HRPAH) affects more individuals who are infected with HIV than individuals who are uninfected. Moreover, the long-standing estimated prevalence of HRPAH in developed countries (calculated at 0.5%) is increasing as more clinician-scientists unify their efforts to screen patients who are pulmonary asymptomatic for pulmonary arterial hypertension. In order to decrease mortality, efforts are directed at early detection, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions before the disease compromises patients' quality of life. This article reviews the logistics of screening approaches for HRPAH and discusses the substantial disease burden currently faced by developing countries, where the prevalence of HIV infection is higher and complicated by hyperendemic risk factors, limited access to antiretrovirals, and lack of screening tools. We also present mechanistic insights into HRPAH, including the role of HIV proteins and their potential use as screening tools, and, finally, areas that still need intense research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn Almodovar
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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22
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Flores SC, Almodovar S. HIV‐1 nef signature sequences and pulmonary arterial hypertension: structure‐function relationships to pathogenesis. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.331.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Castro Flores
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado, DenverAuroraCO
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado, DenverAuroraCO
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23
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Gonzalez‐Ramirez S, Almodovar S, Colon M, Lorenzo E, Contreras‐Galindo RA. Purification of HIV‐1 LTR circles from PBMCs to selectively amplify episomal env sequences. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a492-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Lorenzo E, Colon MC, Almodovar S, Maldonado IM, Gonzalez S, Costa SE, Hill MD, Mendoza R, Sepulveda G, Yanagihara R, Nerurkar V, Kumar R, Yamamura Y, Scott WA, Kumar A. Influence of CD4+ T cell counts on viral evolution in HIV-infected individuals undergoing suppressive HAART. Virology 2005; 330:116-26. [PMID: 15527839 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the viral C2-V4 envelope diversity, glycosylation patterns, and dS/dN ratios of plasma HIV-1 in an attempt to better understand the complex interaction between viral quasispecies and the host-selective pressures pre- and post-HAART. Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene of five patients revealed monophyletic clustering in patients with higher CD4+ T cell counts and sequence intermingling in those with lower CD4+ T cells in relation to the stage of HAART. Our analyses also showed clear shifts in N-linked glycosylation patterns in patients with higher CD4+ T cells, suggesting possible distinct immunological pressures pre- and post-HAART. The relative preponderance of synonymous/nonsynonymous changes in the envelope region suggested a positive selection in patients with higher CD4+ T cells, whereas lack of evidence for positive selection was found in the patients with lower CD4+ T cells. An exception to the last analysis occurred in the only patient who reached complete viral suppression, maybe due to drug pressure exerted over the pol gene that may obscure the immune pressure/selection at the envelope in this analysis. All these indications may suggest that even when HAART generates viral suppression, quasispecies evolve in the envelope gene probably resulting from host-selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lorenzo
- AIDS Research Program, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico.
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