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Liu X, Wang J, Li F, Timchenko N, Tsai RYL. Transcriptional control of a stem cell factor nucleostemin in liver regeneration and aging. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0310219. [PMID: 39259742 PMCID: PMC11389944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) plays a role in liver regeneration, and aging reduces its expression in the baseline and regenerating livers following 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). Here we interrogate the mechanism controlling NS expression during liver regeneration and aging. The NS promoter was analyzed by TRANSFAC. Functional studies were performed using cell-based luciferase assay, endogenous NS expression in Hep3B cells, mouse livers with a gain-of-function mutation of C/EBPα (S193D), and mouse livers with C/EBPα knockdown. We found a CAAT box with four C/EBPα binding sites (-1216 to -735) and a GC box with consensus binding sites for c-Myc, E2F1, and p300-associated protein complex (-633 to -1). Age-related changes in NS expression correlated positively with the expression of c-Myc, E2F1, and p300, and negatively with that of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ. PHx upregulated NS expression at 1d, coinciding with an increase in E2F1 and a decrease in C/EBPα. C/EBPα bound to the consensus sequences found in the NS promoter in vitro and in vivo, inhibited its transactivational activity in a binding site-dependent manner, and decreased the expression of endogenous NS in Hep3B cells. In vivo activation of C/EBPα by the S193D mutation resulted in a 4th-day post-PHx reduction of NS, a feature shared by 16-m/o livers. Finally, C/EBPα knockdown increased its expression in aged (24-m/o) livers under both baseline and regeneration conditions. This study reports the C/EBPα suppression of NS expression in aged livers, providing a new perspective on the mechanistic orchestration of tissue homeostasis in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Liu
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States of America
| | - Junying Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Fang Li
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Timchenko
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Robert Y L Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States of America
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Lebdy R, Canut M, Patouillard J, Cadoret JC, Letessier A, Ammar J, Basbous J, Urbach S, Miotto B, Constantinou A, Abou Merhi R, Ribeyre C. The nucleolar protein GNL3 prevents resection of stalled replication forks. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57585. [PMID: 37965896 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful DNA replication requires specific proteins that protect replication forks and so prevent the formation of DNA lesions that may damage the genome. Identification of new proteins involved in this process is essential to understand how DNA lesions accumulate in cancer cells and how they tolerate them. Here, we show that human GNL3/nucleostemin, a GTP-binding protein localized mostly in the nucleolus and highly expressed in cancer cells, prevents nuclease-dependent resection of nascent DNA in response to replication stress. We demonstrate that inhibiting origin firing reduces resection. This suggests that the heightened replication origin activation observed upon GNL3 depletion largely drives the observed DNA resection probably due to the exhaustion of the available RPA pool. We show that GNL3 and DNA replication initiation factor ORC2 interact in the nucleolus and that the concentration of GNL3 in the nucleolus is required to limit DNA resection. We propose that the control of origin firing by GNL3 through the sequestration of ORC2 in the nucleolus is critical to prevent nascent DNA resection in response to replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Lebdy
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Faculty of Sciences, Genomics and Surveillance Biotherapy (GSBT) Laboratory, R. Hariri Campus, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Marine Canut
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Julie Patouillard
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Anne Letessier
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Josiane Ammar
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jihane Basbous
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Inserm U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Angelos Constantinou
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Raghida Abou Merhi
- Faculty of Sciences, Genomics and Surveillance Biotherapy (GSBT) Laboratory, R. Hariri Campus, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Cyril Ribeyre
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Wolter JM, Le BD, Matoba N, Lafferty MJ, Aygün N, Liang D, Courtney K, Song J, Piven J, Zylka MJ, Stein JL. Cellular Genome-wide Association Study Identifies Common Genetic Variation Influencing Lithium-Induced Neural Progenitor Proliferation. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:8-17. [PMID: 36307327 PMCID: PMC9982734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric condition affecting more than 1% of the human population. Lithium salts are commonly prescribed as a mood stabilizer for individuals with bipolar disorder. Lithium is clinically effective in approximately half of treated individuals, and their genetic backgrounds are known to influence treatment outcomes. While the mechanism of lithium's therapeutic action is unclear, it stimulates adult neural progenitor cell proliferation, similar to some antidepressant drugs. METHODS To identify common genetic variants that modulate lithium-induced proliferation, we conducted an EdU incorporation assay in a library of 80 genotyped human neural progenitor cells treated with lithium. These data were used to perform a genome-wide association study to identify common genetic variants that influence lithium-induced neural progenitor cell proliferation. We manipulated the expression of a putatively causal gene using CRISPRi/a (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference/activation) constructs to experimentally verify lithium-induced proliferation effects. RESULTS We identified a locus on chr3p21.1 associated with lithium-induced proliferation. This locus is also associated with bipolar disorder risk, schizophrenia risk, and interindividual differences in intelligence. We identified a single gene, GNL3, whose expression temporally increased in an allele-specific fashion following lithium treatment. Experimentally increasing the expression of GNL3 led to increased proliferation under baseline conditions, while experimentally decreasing GNL3 expression suppressed lithium-induced proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments reveal that common genetic variation modulates lithium-induced neural progenitor proliferation and that GNL3 expression is necessary for the full proliferation-stimulating effects of lithium. These results suggest that performing genome-wide associations in genetically diverse human cell lines is a useful approach to discover context-specific pharmacogenomic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Wolter
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brandon D Le
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nana Matoba
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Lafferty
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nil Aygün
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dan Liang
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kenan Courtney
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Juan Song
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark J Zylka
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason L Stein
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Quiroga-Artigas G, de Jong D, Schnitzler CE. GNL3 is an evolutionarily conserved stem cell gene influencing cell proliferation, animal growth and regeneration in the hydrozoan Hydractinia. Open Biol 2022; 12:220120. [PMID: 36069077 PMCID: PMC9449814 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a vertebrate gene preferentially expressed in stem and cancer cells, which acts to regulate cell cycle progression, genome stability and ribosome biogenesis. NS and its paralogous gene, GNL3-like (GNL3L), arose in the vertebrate clade after a duplication event from their orthologous gene, G protein Nucleolar 3 (GNL3). Research on invertebrate GNL3, however, has been limited. To gain a greater understanding of the evolution and functions of the GNL3 gene, we have performed studies in the hydrozoan cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, a colonial hydroid that continuously generates pluripotent stem cells throughout its life cycle and presents impressive regenerative abilities. We show that Hydractinia GNL3 is expressed in stem and germline cells. The knockdown of GNL3 reduces the number of mitotic and S-phase cells in Hydractinia larvae of different ages. Genome editing of Hydractinia GNL3 via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in colonies with reduced growth rates, polyps with impaired regeneration capabilities, gonadal morphological defects, and low sperm motility. Collectively, our study shows that GNL3 is an evolutionarily conserved stem cell and germline gene involved in cell proliferation, animal growth, regeneration and sexual reproduction in Hydractinia, and sheds new light into the evolution of GNL3 and of stem cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Quiroga-Artigas
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Danielle de Jong
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Christine E Schnitzler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Cela I, Cufaro MC, Fucito M, Pieragostino D, Lanuti P, Sallese M, Del Boccio P, Di Matteo A, Allocati N, De Laurenzi V, Federici L. Proteomic Investigation of the Role of Nucleostemin in Nucleophosmin-Mutated OCI-AML 3 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147655. [PMID: 35886999 PMCID: PMC9317519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS; a product of the GNL3 gene) is a nucleolar–nucleoplasm shuttling GTPase whose levels are high in stem cells and rapidly decrease upon differentiation. NS levels are also high in several solid and hematological neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). While a role in telomere maintenance, response to stress stimuli and favoring DNA repair has been proposed in solid cancers, little or no information is available as to the role of nucleostemin in AML. Here, we investigate this issue via a proteomics approach. We use as a model system the OCI-AML 3 cell line harboring a heterozygous mutation at the NPM1 gene, which is the most frequent driver mutation in AML (approximately 30% of total AML cases). We show that NS is highly expressed in this cell line, and, contrary to what has previously been shown in other cancers, that its presence is dispensable for cell growth and viability. However, proteomics analysis of the OCI-AML 3 cell line before and after nucleostemin (NS) silencing showed several effects on different biological functions, as highlighted by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). In particular, we report an effect of down-regulating DNA repair through homologous recombination, and we confirmed a higher DNA damage rate in OCI-AML 3 cells when NS is depleted, which considerably increases upon stress induced by the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide. The data used are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD034012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cela
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Maria Concetta Cufaro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurine Fucito
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Adele Di Matteo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nerino Allocati
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Li J, Xu J, Wang Y, Li Q, Sun X, Fu W, Zhang B. Association of Nucleostemin Polymorphisms with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:255-262. [PMID: 35638911 PMCID: PMC9150128 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB) is a common infectious disease that poses a global economic and health burden due to its high morbidity and mortality. Studies have demonstrated that host genetic factors play critical roles in the susceptibility and outcome of CHB. Aims: In this study, we aimed to assess the potential role of genetic variants of the nucleostemin (NS) gene with respect to CHB susceptibility. Materials and Methods: Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NS gene were genotyped in 446 patients with CHB and 399 healthy controls all of Chinese Han origin using the polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reaction method. Results: The results showed that the three SNPs, rs3733039, rs1866268, and rs11177, were significantly associated with CHB. After a Bonferroni correction, the positive association of the rs3733039 SNP with CHB remained significant. Further analyses based on gender demonstrated that these SNPs are associated with CHB in both the female and male subgroups. After correction for multiple comparisons, all three SNPs in the female group were associated with CHB, whereas only the rs1866268 SNP in the male group was associated with CHB. Haplotype analysis showed that the C-C-G and T-T-T haplotypes in the block consisting of rs3733039-rs1866268-rs11177 were significantly associated with CHB. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a genetic association between SNPs in the NS gene and the risk of CHB in the Chinese Han population for the first time. Thus, variations in the NS gene might serve as potential genetic biomarkers of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Jinya Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Qishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yangui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xilian Sun
- Department of Nursing, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Wen Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
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On the Cutting Edge of Oral Cancer Prevention: Finding Risk-Predictive Markers in Precancerous Lesions by Longitudinal Studies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061033. [PMID: 35326482 PMCID: PMC8947091 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early identification and management of precancerous lesions at high risk of developing cancers is the most effective and economical way to reduce the incidence, mortality, and morbidity of cancers as well as minimizing treatment-related complications, including pain, impaired functions, and disfiguration. Reliable cancer-risk-predictive markers play an important role in enabling evidence-based decision making as well as providing mechanistic insight into the malignant conversion of precancerous lesions. The focus of this article is to review updates on markers that may predict the risk of oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) in developing into oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), which can logically be discovered only by prospective or retrospective longitudinal studies that analyze pre-progression OPL samples with long-term follow-up outcomes. These risk-predictive markers are different from those that prognosticate the survival outcome of cancers after they have been diagnosed and treated, or those that differentiate between different lesion types and stages. Up-to-date knowledge on cancer-risk-predictive markers discovered by longitudinally followed studies will be reviewed. The goal of this endeavor is to use this information as a starting point to address some key challenges limiting our progress in this area in the hope of achieving effective translation of research discoveries into new clinical interventions.
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8
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Crawford M, Liu X, Cheng YSL, Tsai RY. Nucleostemin upregulation and STAT3 activation as early events in oral epithelial dysplasia progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 2021; 23:1289-1299. [PMID: 34785448 PMCID: PMC8605099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most low-grade oral epithelial dysplasia remains static or regress, but a significant minority of them (4-11%) advances to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) within a few years. To monitor the progression of epithelial dysplasia for early cancer detection, we investigated the expression profiles of nucleostemin (NS) and phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3) in rodent and human samples of dysplasia and OSCCs. In a 4NQO-induced rat oral carcinogenesis model, the number and distribution of NS and p-STAT3-positive cells increased in hyperplastic, dysplastic, and neoplastic lesions compared to normal epithelium. In human samples, the NS signal significantly increased in high-grade dysplasia and poorly differentiated OSCC, whereas p-STAT3 was more ubiquitously expressed than NS and showed increased intensity in high-grade dysplasia and both well and poorly differentiated OSCC. Analyses of human dysplastic samples with longitudinally followed outcomes revealed that cells with prominent nucleolar NS signals were more abundant in low-grade dysplasia that advanced to OSCC in 2 or 3 years than those remaining static for 7-14 years. These results suggest that NS upregulation and STAT3 activation are early events in the progression of low-grade dysplasia to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Crawford
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W Holcombe Blvd, Rm 517, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W Holcombe Blvd, Rm 517, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Shing L Cheng
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
| | - Robert Yl Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W Holcombe Blvd, Rm 517, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Quinacrine Induces Nucleolar Stress in Treatment-Refractory Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184645. [PMID: 34572872 PMCID: PMC8466834 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable subset of gynecologic cancer patients experience disease recurrence or acquired resistance, which contributes to high mortality rates in ovarian cancer (OC). Our prior studies showed that quinacrine (QC), an antimalarial drug, enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity in treatment-refractory OC cells, including artificially generated chemoresistant and high-grade serous OC cells. In this study, we investigated QC-induced transcriptomic changes to uncover its cytotoxic mechanisms of action. Isogenic pairs of OC cells generated to be chemoresistant and their chemosensitive counterparts were treated with QC followed by RNA-seq analysis. Validation of selected expression results and database comparison analyses indicated the ribosomal biogenesis (RBG) pathway is inhibited by QC. RBG is commonly upregulated in cancer cells and is emerging as a drug target. We found that QC attenuates the in vitro and in vivo expression of nucleostemin (NS/GNL3), a nucleolar RBG and DNA repair protein, and the RPA194 catalytic subunit of Pol I that results in RBG inhibition and nucleolar stress. QC promotes the redistribution of fibrillarin in the form of extranuclear foci and nucleolar caps, an indicator of nucleolar stress conditions. In addition, we found that QC-induced downregulation of NS disrupted homologous recombination repair both by reducing NS protein levels and PARylation resulting in reduced RAD51 recruitment to DNA damage. Our data suggest that QC inhibits RBG and this inhibition promotes DNA damage by directly downregulating the NS-RAD51 interaction. Additionally, QC showed strong synergy with PARP inhibitors in OC cells. Overall, we found that QC downregulates the RBG pathway, induces nucleolar stress, supports the increase of DNA damage, and sensitizes cells to PARP inhibition, which supports new therapeutic stratagems for treatment-refractory OC. Our work offers support for targeting RBG in OC and determines NS to be a novel target for QC.
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10
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Yao X, Zhu Z, Manandhar U, Liao H, Yu T, Wang Y, Bian Y, Zhang B, Zhang X, Xie J, Song J. RNA-seq reveal RNA binding protein GNL3 as a key mediator in the development of psoriasis vulgaris by regulating the IL23/IL17 axis. Life Sci 2021; 293:119902. [PMID: 34487784 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a systemic chronic inflammatory skin disorder that was prone to recurrence. The RNA binding protein GNL3 has an important function in maintaining the proliferative ability of stem cells, and its overexpression leads to apoptosis. GNL3 is expressed in the epidermis, however, its regulatory mechanism in psoriasis vulgaris is still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To identify the role of GNL3 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris. MATERIALS AND METHODS RNA-seq was performed to obtain the data of genes' expression and splicing events in Hela cells after shGNL3 and shCtrl was transferred. High quality results of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and alternative splicing events (ASEs) were further attained by quality control and analysis. Through the functional enrichment analysis of DEGs and ASEs, the regulating effect of GNL3 was discussed, and the hypothesis was further confirmed in HaCat cells and psoriasis lesions. RESULTS The mRNA expression of IL23A in Hela cells was upregulated in GNL3 knockdown, and the ratio of ASE occurred in TNFAIP3 was increased. However, in HaCaT cells, the mRNA expression level of IL23A was downregulated in GNL3 knockdown, and the ratio of ASE of TNFAIP3 was decreased. Additionally, the results obtained in HaCaT cells was further validated in the lesional psoriatic skin. CONCLUSION GNL3 takes an important part in the development of psoriasis vulgaris by regulating the IL23/IL17 axis, which may serve as the basis of effective targeted treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yao
- Deparment of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of orthopedics, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Upasana Manandhar
- Deparment of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Han Liao
- Laboratory of General Surgery Department, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Tiexi Yu
- Department of orthopedics, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Deparment of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yawen Bian
- Deparment of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of orthopedics, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xuanhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Lujiang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Deparment of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China.
| | - Jiquan Song
- Deparment of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China.
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11
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Mobility of Nucleostemin in Live Cells Is Specifically Related to Transcription Inhibition by Actinomycin D and GTP-Binding Motif. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158293. [PMID: 34361059 PMCID: PMC8347349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, nucleostemin (NS) is an important marker of proliferation in several types of stem and cancer cells, and it can also interact with the tumor-suppressing transcription factor p53. In the present study, the intra-nuclear diffusional dynamics of native NS tagged with GFP and two GFP-tagged NS mutants with deleted guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding domains were analyzed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Free and slow binding diffusion coefficients were evaluated, either under normal culture conditions or under treatment with specific cellular proliferation inhibitors actinomycin D (ActD), 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), or trichostatin A (TSA). When treated with ActD, the fractional ratio of the slow diffusion was significantly decreased in the nucleoplasm. The decrease was proportional to ActD treatment duration. In contrast, DRB or TSA treatment did not affect NS diffusion. Interestingly, it was also found that the rate of diffusion of two NS mutants increased significantly even under normal conditions. These results suggest that the mobility of NS in the nucleoplasm is related to the initiation of DNA or RNA replication, and that the GTP-binding motif is also related to the large change of mobility.
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12
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Zhu Z, Xie J, Manandhar U, Yao X, Bian Y, Zhang B. RNA binding protein GNL3 up-regulates IL24 and PTN to promote the development of osteoarthritis. Life Sci 2021; 267:118926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Integrative analyses prioritize GNL3 as a risk gene for bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2672-2684. [PMID: 32826963 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with bipolar disorder (BD), but what the causal variants are and how they contribute to BD is largely unknown. In this study, we used FUMA, a GWAS annotation tool, to pinpoint potential causal variants and genes from the latest BD GWAS findings, and performed integrative analyses, including brain expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), gene coexpression network, differential gene expression, protein-protein interaction, and brain intermediate phenotype association analysis to identify the functions of a prioritized gene and its connection to BD. Convergent lines of evidence prioritized protein-coding gene G Protein Nucleolar 3 (GNL3) as a BD risk gene, with integrative analyses revealing GNL3's roles in cell proliferation, neuronal functions, and brain phenotypes. We experimentally revealed that BD-related eQTL SNPs rs10865973, rs12635140, and rs4687644 regulate GNL3 expression using dual luciferase reporter assay and CRISPR interference experiment in human neural progenitor cells. We further identified that GNL3 knockdown and overexpression led to aberrant neuronal proliferation and differentiation, using two-dimensional human neural cell cultures and three-dimensional forebrain organoid model. This study gathers evidence that BD-related genetic variants regulate GNL3 expression which subsequently affects neuronal proliferation and differentiation.
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Li J, Shang Y, Wang L, Zhao B, Sun C, Li J, Liu S, Li C, Tang M, Meng FL, Zheng P. Genome integrity and neurogenesis of postnatal hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells require a unique regulator Filia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eaba0682. [PMID: 33115731 PMCID: PMC7608785 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) formation and repair in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) play fundamental roles in neurogenesis and neurodevelopmental disorders. NSPCs exhibit heterogeneity in terms of lineage fates and neurogenesis activity. Whether NSPCs also have heterogeneous regulations on DSB formation and repair to accommodate region-specific neurogenesis has not been explored. Here, we identified a regional regulator Filia, which is predominantly expressed in mouse hippocampal NSPCs after birth and regulates DNA DSB formation and repair. On one hand, Filia protects stalling replication forks and prevents the replication stress-associated DNA DSB formation. On the other hand, Filia facilitates the homologous recombination-mediated DNA DSB repair. Consequently, Filia-/- mice had impaired hippocampal NSPC proliferation and neurogenesis and were deficient in learning, memory, and mood regulations. Thus, our study provided the first proof of concept demonstrating the region-specific regulations of DSB formation and repair in subtypes of NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yafang Shang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Chunli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Siling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Min Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Fei-Long Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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15
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Yan Y, Yin Y, Feng X, Chen Y, Shi J, Weng H, Wang D. Homocysteine aggravates DNA damage by impairing the FA/Brca1 Pathway in NE4C murine neural stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2477-2486. [PMID: 33029090 PMCID: PMC7532487 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is existing evidence that elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels are risk factors for some neurodegenerative disorders. The pathogenesis of neurological diseases could be contributed to excessive cell dysfunction and death caused by defective DNA damage response (DDR) and accumulated DNA damage. Hcy is a neurotoxic amino acid and acts as a DNA damage inducer. However, it is not clear whether Hcy participates in the DDR. To investigate the effects of Hcy on DNA damage and the DDR, we employed mitomycin C (MMC) to cause DNA damage in NE4C murine neural stem cells (NSCs). Compared to treatment with MMC alone, we found that co-treatment with MMC and Hcy worsened DNA damage and increased death in NE4C cells. Intriguingly, in this DNA damage model mimicked by MMC, immunoblotting results showed that the monoubiquitination levels of Fanconi anemia complementation group I (Fanci) and Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (Fancd2) were decreased to about 60.3% and 55.7% by supplementing cell culture medium with Hcy, indicating Hcy inactivates the function of Fanci and Fancd2 in DNA damage conditions. Given Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) is an important downstream of FANCD2, we next detected the interaction between Fancd2 and Brca1 in NE4C cells. Compared to treatment with MMC alone, the Fancd2-Brca1 interaction and the amount of Brca1 on chromatin were decreased when cells were co-exposed to MMC and Hcy, suggesting Hcy could impair the Fanconi anemia (FA)/Brca1 pathway. Taken together, our study demonstrates that Hcy may enhance cell death, which contributes to the accumulation of DNA damage and promotion of hypersensitivity to cytotoxicity by impairing the FA/Brca1 pathway in murine NSCs in the presence of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yandan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taizhou Women and Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Huachun Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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16
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Wang J, McGrail DJ, Bhupal PK, Zhang W, Lin KY, Ku YH, Lin T, Wu H, Tsai KC, Li K, Peng CY, Finegold MJ, Lin SY, Tsai RYL. Nucleostemin Modulates Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via a Tumor Adaptive Mechanism to Genomic Stress. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:723-734. [PMID: 32051231 PMCID: PMC7202947 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) are adapted to survive extreme genomic stress conditions imposed by hyperactive DNA replication and genotoxic drug treatment. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, but may involve intensified DNA damage response/repair programs. Here, we investigate a new role of nucleostemin (NS) in allowing HCC to survive its own malignancy, as NS was previously shown to promote liver regeneration via a damage repair mechanism. We first established that a higher NS transcript level correlates with high-HCC grades and poor prognostic signatures, and is an independent predictor of shorter overall and progression-free survival specifically for HCC and kidney cancer but not for others. Immunostaining confirmed that NS is most abundantly expressed in high-grade and metastatic HCCs. Genome-wide analyses revealed that NS is coenriched with MYC target and homologous recombination (HR) repair genes in human HCC samples and functionally intersects with those involved in replication stress response and HR repair in yeasts. In support, NS-high HCCs are more reliant on the replicative/oxidative stress response pathways, whereas NS-low HCCs depend more on the mTOR pathway. Perturbation studies showed NS function in protecting human HCC cells from replication- and drug-induced DNA damage. Notably, NS depletion in HCC cells increases the amounts of physical DNA damage and cytosolic double-stranded DNA, leading to a reactive increase of cytokines and PD-L1. This study shows that NS provides an essential mechanism for HCC to adapt to high genomic stress for oncogenic maintenance and propagation. NS deficiency sensitizes HCC cells to chemotherapy but also triggers tumor immune responses. IMPLICATIONS: HCC employs a novel, nucleostemin (NS)-mediated-mediated adaptive mechanism to survive high genomic stress conditions, a deficiency of which sensitizes HCC cells to chemotherapy but also triggers tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Parnit K Bhupal
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi-Hsuan Ku
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Tao Lin
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Hongfu Wu
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyle C Tsai
- Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professions, Houston, Texas
| | - Kaiyi Li
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shiaw-Yih Lin
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert Y L Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas.
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17
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Li T, Li L, Wu X, Tian K, Wang Y. The oncogenic role of GNL3 in the progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2179-2188. [PMID: 30936750 PMCID: PMC6421870 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s195360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GNL3 has been reported to be up-regulated in cancers and function in tumor progression, whereas the role of GNL3 in the progression of osteosarcoma remains unclear. Materials and methods In this study, we blocked the expression of GNL3 by siRNA interference in osteosarcoma cell lines MG63 and U20S. CCK8, colony formation, wound-healing, Transwell, flow cytometry, and Hoechst/PI staining assays were used to examine the effects of GNL3 knockdown on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis in MG63 and U20S cells. The relative activity of MMP9 was detected using Gelatin zymography assay. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of related proteins. Results We found that silencing of GNL3 reduced the growth, migration, and invasion abilities of MG63 and U20S cells. Moreover, silencing GNL3 triggered cell cycle arrest in MG63 and U20S cells, as well as promoted cell apoptosis. In addition, depletion of GNL3 was observed to reduce the activity of MMP9 and suppress the process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) through up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of N-cadherin. Furthermore, we found that X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) could bind to GNL3 using dual-luciferase reporter assay, and XBP1 overexpression could restore the inhibitory effects on proliferation, invasion, and EMT in MG63 and U20S cells caused by GNL3 knockdown. Conclusion These data suggest that GNL3 functions as an oncogene in the progression of osteosarcoma by regulation of EMT, and XBP1 is also involved in its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyou Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Kaixuan Tian
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
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18
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Sami MM, Hachim MY, Hachim IY, Elbarkouky AH, López-Ozuna VM. Nucleostemin expression in breast cancer is a marker of more aggressive phenotype and unfavorable patients' outcome: A STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14744. [PMID: 30817632 PMCID: PMC6831441 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are postulated to play significant role in the pathogenesis, progression as well as drug resistance of breast cancer. Nucleostemin (NS) is thought to be a key molecule for stemness, and the clinical impact of NS immunoreactivity in breast cancer can indicate its actual role and future therapeutic potentials.The current study is an observational study with an attempt to evaluate the correlation between NS expression (protein and gene expression levels) and different clinicopathological attributes of invasive breast cancer. For that reason, we investigated NS immunohistochemistry expression on commercial tissue microarray (TMA) of 102 patients and 51 archival specimens from patients admitted to Saqr Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah and diagnosed in Al Baraha Hospital, Dubai, UAE. In addition, the association between NS (GNL3) gene expression and different prognostic parameters as well as patient outcome was also evaluated using 2 large publicly available databases.Interestingly, we found NS expression to be associated with less differentiated and more advance stage. In addition, NS expression was significantly higher in larger size (P = .001) and LN-positive tumors (P = .007). Notably, NS expression was significantly correlated to P53 positive (P = .037) status. Furthermore, NS was found to be more expressed in the highly aggressive breast cancer subtypes including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. Moreover, our results also showed that high GNL3 gene expression to be associated with poor patient outcome and higher chances of tumor recurrence.Our results highlight NS expression as a marker of aggressive phenotype and poor outcome and indicate its possible use as a potential target for CSC-associated breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M. Sami
- Department of Pathology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia, Egypt
| | - Mahmood Y. Hachim
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibrahim Y. Hachim
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Cancer Research Program, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ahmed H. Elbarkouky
- Department of Pathology, Al Baraha Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Vanessa M. López-Ozuna
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Lin T, Lin TC, McGrail DJ, Bhupal PK, Ku YH, Zhang W, Meng L, Lin SY, Peng G, Tsai RYL. Nucleostemin reveals a dichotomous nature of genome maintenance in mammary tumor progression. Oncogene 2019; 38:3919-3931. [PMID: 30692636 PMCID: PMC6525051 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A defective homologous recombination (HR) repair program increases tumor incidence as well as providing a survival advantage in patients with breast and ovarian cancers. Here, we hypothesize that the tumor-promoting side of genome maintenance programs may be contributed by a self-renewal protein, nucleostemin (NS). To address this issue, we established its functional importance in mammary tumor progression in mice and showed that mammary tumor cells become highly susceptible to replicative DNA damage following NS depletion and are protected from hydroxyurea-induced damage by NS overexpression. Breast cancer cells with basal-like characters display more reliance on NS for genome maintenance than those with luminal characters. Mechanistically, NS-deficient cells demonstrate a significantly reduced HR repair activity. TCGA analyses of human breast cancers revealed that NS is co-enriched positively with HR repair proteins and that high NS expression correlates with low HR defects and predicts poor progression-free survival and resistance to knockdown of cell cycle checkpoint genes in triple-negative/basal-like breast cancers. This work indicates that NS constitutes a tumor-promoting genome maintenance program required for mammary tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tsung-Chin Lin
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Parnit K Bhupal
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Ku
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lingjun Meng
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shiaw-Yih Lin
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Y L Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Kavyasudha C, Joel JP, Devi A. Differential expression of nucleostemin in the cytoplasm and nuclei of normal and cancerous cell lines. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:250-258. [PMID: 30814887 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1712-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in the past decade have reported nucleostemin (NS) as a nucleolar protein that has a role in self-renewal and cell cycle regulation in cancer/stem cells, but is absent in differentiated cells. The localization and expression patterns of NS have always been disputed, as reports indicate its varied levels among tissues and cells. This study evaluates the expression and localization pattern of NS in normal cells, cancer cell lines, and stem cells. Our findings revealed that the expression of NS was high in cancers originating from the skin and liver compared to the normal cell lines. NS knockdown effects the proliferation of normal cell lines, similar to cancerous cell lines. The localization pattern of NS was analyzed by immunofluorescence, which showed that NS was localized in the nuclei of normal cell lines but is present both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of cancerous/stem cell lines. Interestingly, we observed that siNS cancerous cell lines had lower NS in the cytoplasm, which did not salvage the reduction in proliferation caused by siNS. We postulate that the loss of NS in the nucleus inhibits the proliferative ability of both normal and cancerous cells at similar rates, although the role of NS in the cytoplasm apart from proliferation needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavali Kavyasudha
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
| | - Joseph P Joel
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
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Bai SM, Wang Q, Yu XL, Chen T, Yang J, Shi JT, Tsai RY, Huang H. Grafted Neural Stem Cells Show Lesion-Specific Migration in Radiation-Injured Rat Brains. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5797-5805. [PMID: 29963303 PMCID: PMC6023401 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) exhibit preferential homing toward some types of brain lesion, but their migratory property during radiation brain injury (RBI) remains unexplored. Here, we use the superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology to determine the migration of transplanted NSCs in two partial RBI models in real time, created by administering 30–55 Gy of radiation to the right or posterior half of the adult rat brain. SPIO-labeled NSCs were stereotactically grafted into the uninjured side one week after RBI. The migration of SPIO-labeled NSCs in live radiation-injured brains was traced by MRI for up to 28 days after engraftment and quantified for their moving distances and speeds. A high labeling efficiency (>90%) was achieved by incubating NSCs with 100 μg ml−1 of SPIO for 12–24 hours. Upon stereotactic transplantation into the healthy side of the brain, SPIO-labeled NSCs were distinctively detected as hypointense signals on T2-weighted images (T2WI), showed sustained survival for up to 4 weeks, and exhibited directional migration to the radiation-injured side of the brain with a speed of 86–127 μm per day. The moving kinetics of grafted NSCs displayed no difference in brains receiving a high (55 Gy) vs. moderate (45 Gy) dose of radiation, but was slower in the right RBI model than in the posterior RBI model. This study shows that NSCs can be effectively labeled by SPIO and traced in vivo by MRI, and that grafted NSCs exhibit directional migration toward RBI sites in a route-dependent but radiation dose-independent manner. Neural stem cells (NSCs) exhibit preferential homing toward some types of brain lesion, but their migratory property during radiation brain injury (RBI) remains unexplored.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Min Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Tian Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert Yl Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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22
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da Silva PBG, Teixeira Dos Santos MC, Rodini CO, Kaid C, Pereira MCL, Furukawa G, da Cruz DSG, Goldfeder MB, Rocha CRR, Rosenberg C, Okamoto OK. High OCT4A levels drive tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of medulloblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19192-19204. [PMID: 28186969 PMCID: PMC5386677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a highly aggressive pediatric brain tumor, in which sporadic expression of the pluripotency factor OCT4 has been recently correlated with poor patient survival. However the contribution of specific OCT4 isoforms to tumor aggressiveness is still poorly understood. Here, we report that medulloblastoma cells stably overexpressing the OCT4A isoform displayed enhanced clonogenic, tumorsphere generation, and invasion capabilities. Moreover, in an orthotopic metastatic model of medulloblastoma, OCT4A overexpressing cells generated more developed, aggressive and infiltrative tumors, with tumor-bearing mice attaining advanced metastatic disease and shorter survival rates. Pro-oncogenic OCT4A effects were expression-level dependent and accompanied by distinct chromosomal aberrations. OCT4A overexpression in medulloblastoma cells also induced a marked differential expression of non-coding RNAs, including poorly characterized long non-coding RNAs and small nucleolar RNAs. Altogether, our findings support the relevance of pluripotency-related factors in the aggravation of medulloblastoma traits classically associated with poor clinical outcome, and underscore the prognostic and therapeutic value of OCT4A in this challenging type of pediatric brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Benites Gonçalves da Silva
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Teixeira Dos Santos
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Oliveira Rodini
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolini Kaid
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Leite Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Furukawa
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sanzio Gimenes da Cruz
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Keith Okamoto
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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Tang X, Zha L, Li H, Liao G, Huang Z, Peng X, Wang Z. Upregulation of GNL3 expression promotes colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2023-2032. [PMID: 28849076 PMCID: PMC5652940 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein nucleolar 3 (GNL3), a nucleolar GTP-binding protein, is highly expressed in progenitor cells, stem cells, and various types of cancer cells. Therefore, it is considered to have an important role in cancer pathogenesis. GNL3 has been reported to play crucial roles in cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, inhibition of differentiation, ribosome biogenesis, and the maintenance of stemness, genome stability and telomere integrity. Furthermore, GNL3 has recently been shown to be involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. However, the biological significance of GNL3 in the invasion and metastasis of colon cancer remains unclear. This study was performed to address this gap in knowledge. GNL3 expression was upregulated in colon cancer tissue specimens and correlated with tumor differentiation, invasion and metastasis. GNL3 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, invasion, migration and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colon cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of the EMT and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induced by GNL3 knockdown was partially reversed by lithium chloride (LiCl). Based on these data, GNL3 promotes the EMT in colon cancer by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In summary, GNL3 is upregulated in colon cancer and plays an important role in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Strategies targeting GNL3 are potential treatments for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lang Zha
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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24
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Scott DD, Oeffinger M. Nucleolin and nucleophosmin: nucleolar proteins with multiple functions in DNA repair. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:419-432. [PMID: 27673355 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus represents a highly multifunctional intranuclear organelle in which, in addition to the canonical ribosome assembly, numerous processes such as transcription, DNA repair and replication, the cell cycle, and apoptosis are coordinated. The nucleolus is further a key hub in the sensing of cellular stress and undergoes major structural and compositional changes in response to cellular perturbations. Numerous nucleolar proteins have been identified that, upon sensing nucleolar stress, deploy additional, non-ribosomal roles in the regulation of varied cell processes including cell cycle arrest, arrest of DNA replication, induction of DNA repair, and apoptosis, among others. The highly abundant proteins nucleophosmin (NPM1) and nucleolin (NCL) are two such factors that transit to the nucleoplasm in response to stress, and participate directly in the repair of numerous different DNA damages. This review discusses the contributions made by NCL and (or) NPM1 to the different DNA repair pathways employed by mammalian cells to repair DNA insults, and examines the implications of such activities for the regulation, pathogenesis, and therapeutic targeting of NPM1 and NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Scott
- a Laboratory of RNP Biochemistry, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- b Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A3, Canada
| | - Marlene Oeffinger
- a Laboratory of RNP Biochemistry, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- b Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A3, Canada
- c Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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25
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Tsai RYL. Balancing self-renewal against genome preservation in stem cells: How do they manage to have the cake and eat it too? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1803-23. [PMID: 26886024 PMCID: PMC5040593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are endowed with the awesome power of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation that allows them to be major contributors to tissue homeostasis. Owing to their longevity and self-renewal capacity, they are also faced with a higher risk of genomic damage compared to differentiated cells. Damage on the genome, if not prevented or repaired properly, will threaten the survival of stem cells and culminate in organ failure, premature aging, or cancer formation. It is therefore of paramount importance that stem cells remain genomically stable throughout life. Given their unique biological and functional requirement, stem cells are thought to manage genotoxic stress somewhat differently from non-stem cells. The focus of this article is to review the current knowledge on how stem cells escape the barrage of oxidative and replicative DNA damage to stay in self-renewal. A clear statement on this subject should help us better understand tissue regeneration, aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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26
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Katano M, Ema M, Nakachi Y, Mizuno Y, Hirasaki M, Suzuki A, Ueda A, Nishimoto M, Takahashi S, Okazaki Y, Okuda A. Forced expression of Nanog or Esrrb preserves the ESC status in the absence of nucleostemin expression. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1089-101. [PMID: 25522312 PMCID: PMC4409032 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a nucleolar GTP-binding protein that is involved in a plethora of functions including ribosomal biogenesis and maintenance of telomere integrity. In addition to its expression in cancerous cells, the NS gene is expressed in stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Previous knockdown and knockout studies have demonstrated that NS is important to preserve the self-renewality and high expression levels of pluripotency marker genes in ESCs. Here, we found that forced expression of Nanog or Esrrb, but not other pluripotency factors, resulted in the dispensability of NS expression in ESCs. However, the detrimental phenotypes of ESCs associated with ablation of NS expression were not mitigated by forced expression of Rad51 or a nucleolar localization-defective NS mutant that counteracts the damage associated with loss of NS expression in other NS-expressing cells such as neural stem/progenitor cells. Thus, our results indicate that NS participates in preservation of the viability and integrity of ESCs, which is distinct from that in other NS-expressing cells. Stem Cells2015;33:1089–1101
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Katano
- Division of Developmental Biology, Saitama Medical University, Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y L Tsai
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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28
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The relationship between the nucleolus and cancer: Current evidence and emerging paradigms. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 37-38:36-50. [PMID: 26721423 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear substructure assigned to produce ribosomes; molecular machines that are responsible for carrying out protein synthesis. To meet the increased demand for proteins during cell growth and proliferation the cell must increase protein synthetic capacity by upregulating ribosome biogenesis. While larger nucleolar size and number have been recognized as hallmark features of many tumor types, recent evidence has suggested that, in addition to overproduction of ribosomes, decreased ribosome biogenesis as well as qualitative changes in this process could also contribute to tumor initiation and cancer progression. Furthermore, the nucleolus has become the focus of intense attention for its involvement in processes that are clearly unrelated to ribosome biogenesis such as sensing and responding to endogenous and exogenous stressors, maintenance of genome stability, regulation of cell-cycle progression, cellular senescence, telomere function, chromatin structure, establishment of nuclear architecture, global regulation of gene expression and biogenesis of multiple ribonucleoprotein particles. The fact that dysregulation of many of these fundamental cellular processes may contribute to the malignant phenotype suggests that normal functioning of the nucleolus safeguards against the development of cancer and indicates its potential as a therapeutic approach. Here we review the recent advances made toward understanding these newly-recognized nucleolar functions and their roles in normal and cancer cells, and discuss possible future research directions.
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29
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Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) protects the genome from replication-induced DNA damage and has an indispensable role in maintaining the continuous proliferation of both p53-wild-type and mutant cells. Yet, some outcomes of NS-deficient cells appear to be shaped by their p53 status, which stimulates conflicting claims on the role of p53 in executing the NS function. This disparity was conveniently attributed to the usual suspect of cell-type variations. To provide a definitive resolution, we investigated the interplay between NS and p53 in two pairs of isogenic cells, that is, genetically modified mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells and HCT116 human colon cancer cells. In MEF cells, p53 deletion further compromises rather than rescues the proliferative potential of NS-depleted cells without changing their G2/M arrest fate before prophase entry. The detrimental effect of p53 loss in NS-depleted MEF cells correlates with a dramatic increase of polyploid giant cells (PGCs) (up to 24%), which indicates aberrant mitosis. To determine how p53 shapes the response of cells to NS depletion at the molecular level, we showed that p53 turns on the expression of reprimo and MDM2 in NS-deficient MEF cells. In absence of p53, NS-deficient MEF cells exhibit increased levels of phosphorylated cdc2 (Y15) protein and cyclin B1. In cancer (HCT116) cells, NS loss leads to G2/M arrest under both p53wt and p53ko conditions and increases phosphorylated cdc2 more in p53ko than in p53wt cells, as it does in MEF cells. Unlike its effect in MEF cells, NS depletion decreases tumor growth and increases the expression of reprimo and cyclin B1 in a p53-independent manner in HCT116 cells. Our data indicate that the p53 status of NS-deficient cells orchestrates how they respond to G2/M arrest in a normal versus cancer cell distinct fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Huang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of general surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Lingjun Meng
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert Y L Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77054, USA
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30
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Yuan F, Cheng Q, Li G, Tong T. Nucleostemin Knockdown Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Ultraviolet and Serum Starvation-Induced Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141678. [PMID: 26517370 PMCID: PMC4627730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a GTP-binding protein that is predominantly expressed in embryonic and adult stem cells but not in terminally differentiated cells. NS plays an essential role in maintaining the continuous proliferation of stem cells and some types of cancer cells. However, the role of NS in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the role of NS in HCC. First, we demonstrated high expression of NS in most HCC cell lines and liver cancer tissues. NS knockdown induced a severe decline in cell viability of MHCC97H cells as detected by MTT and cell proliferation assays. Next, we used ultraviolet (UV) and serum starvation-induced apoptosis models to investigate whether NS suppression or up-regulation affects HCC cell apoptosis. After UV treatment or serum starvation, apoptosis was strongly enhanced in MHCC97H and Bel7402 cells transfected with small interfering RNA against NS, whereas NS overexpression inhibited UV- and serum-induced apoptosis of HCC cells. Furthermore, after UV irradiation, inhibition of NS increased the expression of pro-apoptosis protein caspase 3 and decreased the expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. A caspase 3 inhibitor could obviously prevent NS knockdown-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, our study demonstrated overexpression of NS in most HCC tissues compared with their matched surrounding tissues, and silencing NS promoted UV- and serum starvation-induced apoptosis of MHCC97H and Bel7402 cells. Therefore, the NS gene might be a potential therapeutic target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwen Yuan
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Beijing, China
| | - Tanjun Tong
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Machado RA, Moreira HSB, de Aquino SN, Martelli-Junior H, de Almeida Reis SR, Persuhn DC, Wu T, Yuan Y, Coletta RD. Interactions between RAD51 rs1801321 and maternal cigarette smoking as risk factor for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:536-539. [PMID: 26507587 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Assis Machado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helenara Salvati Bertolossi Moreira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, State University of Western Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sibele Nascimento de Aquino
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Stomatology Clinic, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hercilio Martelli-Junior
- Stomatology Clinic, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of José Rosário Vellano, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Darlene Camati Persuhn
- Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Tao Wu
- Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Abstract
A veritable explosion of primary research papers within the past 10 years focuses on nucleolar and ribosomal stress, and for good reason: with ribosome biosynthesis consuming ~80% of a cell’s energy, nearly all metabolic and signaling pathways lead ultimately to or from the nucleolus. We begin by describing p53 activation upon nucleolar stress resulting in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The significance of this mechanism cannot be understated, as oncologists are now inducing nucleolar stress strategically in cancer cells as a potential anti-cancer therapy. We also summarize the human ribosomopathies, syndromes in which ribosome biogenesis or function are impaired leading to birth defects or bone narrow failures; the perplexing problem in the ribosomopathies is why only certain cells are affected despite the fact that the causative mutation is systemic. We then describe p53-independent nucleolar stress, first in yeast which lacks p53, and then in other model metazoans that lack MDM2, the critical E3 ubiquitin ligase that normally inactivates p53. Do these presumably ancient p53-independent nucleolar stress pathways remain latent in human cells? If they still exist, can we use them to target >50% of known human cancers that lack functional p53?
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison James
- a Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge, LA USA
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33
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Zhang C, Shi J, Qian L, Zhang C, Wu K, Yang C, Yan D, Wu X, Liu X. Nucleostemin exerts anti-apoptotic function via p53 signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:1064-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Tsai RYL. Pluripotency Versus Self-Renewal of ES Cells: Two Sides of the Same Coin or More? Stem Cells 2015; 33:2358-9. [PMID: 25809666 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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35
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Samse K, Emathinger J, Hariharan N, Quijada P, Ilves K, Völkers M, Ormachea L, De La Torre A, Orogo AM, Alvarez R, Din S, Mohsin S, Monsanto M, Fischer KM, Dembitsky WP, Gustafsson ÅB, Sussman MA. Functional Effect of Pim1 Depends upon Intracellular Localization in Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13935-47. [PMID: 25882843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.617431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cardiac progenitor cells (hCPC) improve heart function after autologous transfer in heart failure patients. Regenerative potential of hCPCs is severely limited with age, requiring genetic modification to enhance therapeutic potential. A legacy of work from our laboratory with Pim1 kinase reveals effects on proliferation, survival, metabolism, and rejuvenation of hCPCs in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that subcellular targeting of Pim1 bolsters the distinct cardioprotective effects of this kinase in hCPCs to increase proliferation and survival, and antagonize cellular senescence. Adult hCPCs isolated from patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation were engineered to overexpress Pim1 throughout the cell (PimWT) or targeted to either mitochondrial (Mito-Pim1) or nuclear (Nuc-Pim1) compartments. Nuc-Pim1 enhances stem cell youthfulness associated with decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, preserved telomere length, reduced expression of p16 and p53, and up-regulation of nucleostemin relative to PimWT hCPCs. Alternately, Mito-Pim1 enhances survival by increasing expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and decreasing cell death after H2O2 treatment, thereby preserving mitochondrial integrity superior to PimWT. Mito-Pim1 increases the proliferation rate by up-regulation of cell cycle modulators Cyclin D, CDK4, and phospho-Rb. Optimal stem cell traits such as proliferation, survival, and increased youthful properties of aged hCPCs are enhanced after targeted Pim1 localization to mitochondrial or nuclear compartments. Targeted Pim1 overexpression in hCPCs allows for selection of the desired phenotypic properties to overcome patient variability and improve specific stem cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlen Samse
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Jacqueline Emathinger
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Nirmala Hariharan
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Pearl Quijada
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Kelli Ilves
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Mirko Völkers
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Lucia Ormachea
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Andrea De La Torre
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Amabel M Orogo
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Roberto Alvarez
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Shabana Din
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Megan Monsanto
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Kimberlee M Fischer
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | | | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182,
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Overexpression of nucleostemin contributes to an advanced malignant phenotype and a poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2308-15. [PMID: 25314067 PMCID: PMC4264447 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleostemin (NS) is essential for the maintenance of stem cell properties, the functions of which remain poorly understood in cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of NS on malignancy and its clinical significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. METHODS We investigated the effects of NS on the proliferation and invasion of OSCC using NS-overexpressing or -knockdown OSCC cells. We assessed the activation of the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signalling pathway and the downstream targets in the cells with different expression levels of NS. An immunohistochemical analysis of NS was also performed in 54 OSCC patients who were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery. RESULTS The overexpression of NS significantly enhanced the proliferation and invasive potential of OSCC cells. On the other hand, downregulation of NS suppressed the invasiveness of the cells. The alterations of these malignant phenotypes were associated with the activation of STAT3 signalling and its downstream targets. An immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that a high NS tumour expression level significantly correlated with an advanced T-stage and N-stage. Furthermore, a Cox regression analysis revealed that the NS status (hazard ratio, 9.09; P=0.002) was a significant progression factor for OSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that targeting NS may provide a promising treatment for highly malignant OSCC.
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Tin AS, Park AH, Sundar SN, Firestone GL. Essential role of the cancer stem/progenitor cell marker nucleostemin for indole-3-carbinol anti-proliferative responsiveness in human breast cancer cells. BMC Biol 2014; 12:72. [PMID: 25209720 PMCID: PMC4180847 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleostemin is a nucleolus residing GTPase that is considered to be an important cancer stem/progenitor cell marker protein due to its high expression levels in breast cancer stem cells and its role in tumor-initiation of human mammary tumor cells. It has been proposed that nucleostemin may represent a valuable therapeutic target for breast cancer; however, to date evidence supporting the cellular mechanism has not been elucidated. RESULTS Expression of exogenous HER2, a member of the EGF receptor gene family, in the human MCF-10AT preneoplastic mammary epithelial cell line formed a new breast cancer cell line, 10AT-Her2, which is highly enriched in cells with stem/progenitor cell-like character. 10AT-Her2 cells display a CD44+/CD24-/low phenotype with high levels of the cancer stem/progenitor cell marker proteins nucleostemin, and active aldehyde dehydrogenase-1. The overall expression pattern of HER2 protein and the stem/progenitor cell marker proteins in the 10AT-Her2 cell population is similar to that of the luminal HER2+ SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line, whereas, both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells display reduced levels of nucleostemin and no detectable expression of ALDH-1. Importantly, in contrast to the other well-established human breast cancer cell lines, 10AT-Her2 cells efficiently form tumorspheres in suspension cultures and initiate tumor xenograft formation in athymic mice at low cell numbers. Furthermore, 10AT-Her2 cells are highly sensitive to the anti-proliferative apoptotic effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural anti-cancer indolecarbinol from cruciferous vegetables of the Brassica genus such as broccoli and cabbage. I3C promotes the interaction of nucleostemin with MDM2 (Murine Double Mutant 2), an inhibitor of the p53 tumor suppressor, and disrupts the MDM2 interaction with p53. I3C also induced nucleostemin to sequester MDM2 in a nucleolus compartment, thereby freeing p53 to mediate its apoptotic activity. siRNA knockdown of nucleostemin functionally documented that nucleostemin is required for I3C to trigger its cellular anti-proliferative responses, inhibit tumorsphere formation, and disrupt MDM2-p53 protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, expression of an I3C-resistant form of elastase, the only known target protein for I3C, prevented I3C anti-proliferative responses in cells and in tumor xenografts in vivo, as well as disrupt the I3C stimulated nucleostemin-MDM2 interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence that a natural anti-cancer compound mediates its cellular and in vivo tumor anti-proliferative responses by selectively stimulating cellular interactions of the stem/progenitor cell marker nucleostemin with MDM2, which frees p53 to trigger its apoptotic response. Furthermore, our study provides a new mechanistic template that can be potentially exploited for the development of cancer stem/progenitor cell targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
A quintessential trait of stem cells is embedded in their ability to self-renew without incurring DNA damage as a result of genome replication. One key self-renewal factor is the nucleolar GTP-binding protein nucleostemin (also known as guanine-nucleotide-binding protein-like 3, GNL3, in invertebrate species). Several studies have recently pointed to an unexpected role of nucleostemin in safeguarding the genome integrity of stem and cancer cells. Since its discovery, the predominant presence of nucleostemin in the nucleolus has led to the notion that it might function in the card-carrying event of the nucleolus--the biogenesis of ribosomes. As tantalizing as this might be, a ribosomal role of nucleostemin is refuted by evidence from recent studies, which argues that nucleostemin depletion triggers a primary event of DNA damage in S phase cells that then leads to ribosomal perturbation. Furthermore, there have been conflicting reports regarding the p53 dependency of nucleostemin activity and the cell cycle arrest profile of nucleostemin-depleted cells. In this Commentary, I propose a model that explains how the many contradictory observations surrounding nucleostemin can be reconciled and suggest that this protein might not be as multi-tasking as has been previously perceived. The story of nucleostemin highlights the complexity of the underlying molecular events associated with the appearance of any cell biological phenotype and also signifies a new understanding of the genome maintenance program in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ali MAE, Naka K, Yoshida A, Fuse K, Kasada A, Hoshii T, Tadokoro Y, Ueno M, Ohta K, Kobayashi M, Takahashi C, Hirao A. Association of a murine leukaemia stem cell gene signature based on nucleostemin promoter activity with prognosis of acute myeloid leukaemia in patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:837-43. [PMID: 24960197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous neoplastic disorder in which a subset of cells function as leukaemia-initiating cells (LICs). In this study, we prospectively evaluated the leukaemia-initiating capacity of AML cells fractionated according to the expression of a nucleolar GTP binding protein, nucleostemin (NS). To monitor NS expression in living AML cells, we generated a mouse AML model in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed under the control of a region of the NS promoter (NS-GFP). In AML cells, NS-GFP levels were correlated with endogenous NS mRNA. AML cells with the highest expression of NS-GFP were very immature blast-like cells, efficiently formed leukaemia colonies in vitro, and exhibited the highest leukaemia-initiating capacity in vivo. Gene expression profiling analysis revealed that cell cycle regulators and nucleotide metabolism-related genes were highly enriched in a gene set associated with leukaemia-initiating capacity that we termed the 'leukaemia stem cell gene signature'. This gene signature stratified human AML patients into distinct clusters that reflected prognosis, demonstrating that the mouse leukaemia stem cell gene signature is significantly associated with the malignant properties of human AML. Further analyses of gene regulation in leukaemia stem cells could provide novel insights into diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A E Ali
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Naka
- Exploratory Project on Cancer Stem Cells, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akiyo Yoshida
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fuse
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kasada
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshii
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuko Tadokoro
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Ueno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ohta
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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40
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Abstract
Long known as the center of ribosome synthesis, the nucleolus is connected to cell cycle regulation in more subtle ways. One is a surveillance system that reacts promptly when rRNA synthesis or processing is impaired, halting cell cycle progression. Conversely, the nucleolus also acts as a first-responder to growth-related stress signals. Here we review emerging concepts on how these "infraribosomal" links between the nucleolus and cell cycle progression operate in both forward and reverse gears. We offer perspectives on how new cancer therapeutic designs that target this infraribosomal mode of cell growth control may shape future clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA; and
| | - Thoru Pederson
- Program in Cell and Developmental Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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41
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Lin T, Meng L, Lin TC, Wu LJ, Pederson T, Tsai RYL. Nucleostemin and GNL3L exercise distinct functions in genome protection and ribosome synthesis, respectively. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2302-12. [PMID: 24610951 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.143842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian nucleolar proteins nucleostemin and GNL3-like (GNL3L) are encoded by paralogous genes that arose from an ancestral invertebrate gene, GNL3. Invertebrate GNL3 has been implicated in ribosome biosynthesis, as has its mammalian descendent, GNL3L. The paralogous mammalian nucleostemin protein has, instead, been implicated in cell renewal. Here, we found that depletion of nucleostemin in a human breast carcinoma cell line triggers prompt and significant DNA damage in S-phase cells without perturbing the initial step of ribosomal (r)RNA synthesis and only mildly affects the total ribosome production. By contrast, GNL3L depletion markedly impairs ribosome production without inducing appreciable DNA damage. These results indicate that, during vertebrate evolution, GNL3L retained the role of the ancestral gene in ribosome biosynthesis, whereas the paralogous nucleostemin acquired a novel genome-protective function. Our results provide a coherent explanation for what had seemed to be contradictory findings about the functions of the invertebrate versus vertebrate genes and are suggestive of how the nucleolus was fine-tuned for a role in genome protection and cell-cycle control as the vertebrates evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lingjun Meng
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tsung-Chin Lin
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura J Wu
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thoru Pederson
- Program in Cell and Developmental Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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42
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Yamashita M, Nitta E, Nagamatsu G, Ikushima YM, Hosokawa K, Arai F, Suda T. Nucleostemin is indispensable for the maintenance and genetic stability of hematopoietic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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Stem cells: Maintaining genomic integrity. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14:520. [PMID: 23835439 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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