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Cho H, Huh KM, Shim MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kwon YJ, Kang HC. Selective delivery of imaging probes and therapeutics to the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus: Current strategies and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115386. [PMID: 38971180 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
To maximize therapeutic effects and minimize unwanted effects, the interest in drug targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus (GA) has been recently growing because two organelles are distributing hubs of cellular building/signaling components (e.g., proteins, lipids, Ca2+) to other organelles and the plasma membrane. Their structural or functional damages induce organelle stress (i.e., ER or GA stress), and their aggravation is strongly related to diseases (e.g., cancers, liver diseases, brain diseases). Many efforts have been developed to image (patho)physiological functions (e.g., oxidative stress, protein/lipid-related processing) and characteristics (e.g., pH, temperature, biothiols, reactive oxygen species) in the target organelles and to deliver drugs for organelle disruption using organelle-targeting moieties. Therefore, this review will overview the structure, (patho)physiological functions/characteristics, and related diseases of the organelles of interest. Future direction on ER or GA targeting will be discussed by understanding current strategies and investigations on targeting, imaging/sensing, and therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Departments of Polymer Science and Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Wang SK, Zhang H, Wang YL, Lin HY, Seymen F, Koruyucu M, Wright JT, Kim JW, Simmer JP, Hu JCC. FAM20A mutations and transcriptome analyses of dental pulp tissues of enamel renal syndrome. Int Endod J 2023; 56:943-954. [PMID: 37159186 PMCID: PMC10524697 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Biallelic loss-of-function FAM20A mutations cause amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) type IG, better known as enamel renal syndrome (ERS), characterized by severe enamel hypoplasia, delayed/failed tooth eruption, intrapulpal calcifications, gingival hyperplasia and nephrocalcinosis. FAM20A binds to FAM20C, the Golgi casein kinase (GCK) and potentiates its function to phosphorylate secreted proteins critical for biomineralization. While many FAM20A pathogenic mutations have been reported, the pathogeneses of orodental anomalies in ERS remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to identify disease-causing mutations for patients with ERS phenotypes and to discern the molecular mechanism underlying ERS intrapulpal calcifications. METHODOLOGY Phenotypic characterization and whole exome analyses were conducted for 8 families and 2 sporadic cases with hypoplastic AI. A minigene assay was performed to investigate the molecular consequences of a FAM20A splice-site variant. RNA sequencing followed by transcription profiling and gene ontology (GO) analyses were carried out for dental pulp tissues of ERS and the control. RESULTS Biallelic FAM20A mutations were demonstrated for each affected individual, including 7 novel pathogenic variants: c.590-5T>A, c.625T>A (p.Cys209Ser), c.771del (p.Gln258Argfs*28), c.832_835delinsTGTCCGACGGTGTCCGACGGTGTC CA (p.Val278Cysfs*29), c.1232G>A (p.Arg411Gln), c.1297A>G (p.Arg433Gly) and c.1351del (p.Gln451Serfs*4). The c.590-5T>A splice-site mutation caused Exon 3 skipping, which resulted in an in-frame deletion of a unique region of the FAM20A protein, p.(Asp197_Ile214delinsVal). Analyses of differentially expressed genes in ERS pulp tissues demonstrated that genes involved in biomineralization, particularly dentinogenesis, were significantly upregulated, such as DSPP, MMP9, MMP20 and WNT10A. Enrichment analyses indicated overrepresentation of gene sets associated with BMP and SMAD signalling pathways. In contrast, GO terms related to inflammation and axon development were underrepresented. Among BMP signalling genes, BMP agonists GDF7, GDF15, BMP3, BMP8A, BMP8B, BMP4 and BMP6 were upregulated, while BMP antagonists GREM1, BMPER and VWC2 showed decreased expression in ERS dental pulp tissues. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of BMP signalling underlies intrapulpal calcifications in ERS. FAM20A plays an essential role in pulp tissue homeostasis and prevention of ectopic mineralization in soft tissues. This critical function probably depends upon MGP (matrix Gla protein), a potent mineralization inhibitor that must be properly phosphorylated by FAM20A-FAM20C kinase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Kai Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Changde St., Taipei City 100229, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, No.8, Zhongshan S. Rd., Taipei City 100226, Taiwan
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Changde St., Taipei City 100229, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, No.8, Zhongshan S. Rd., Taipei City 100226, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ying Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital; No.1, Changde St., Taipei City 100229, Taiwan
| | - Figen Seymen
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Altinbas University, Istanbul, 34147, Turkey
| | - Mine Koruyucu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34116, Turkey
| | - J Timothy Wright
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, CB 7450, 228 Brauer Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - James P. Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Jan C.-C. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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Koike T, Mikami T, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. Altered sulfation status of FAM20C-dependent chondroitin sulfate is associated with osteosclerotic bone dysplasia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7952. [PMID: 36572689 PMCID: PMC9792594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Raine syndrome, a lethal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia in humans, is caused by loss-of-function mutations in FAM20C; however, Fam20c deficiency in mice does not recapitulate the human disorder, so the underlying pathoetiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that FAM20C, in addition to the reported casein kinase activity, also fine-tunes the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains to impact bone homeostasis. Specifically, FAM20C with Raine-originated mutations loses the ability to interact with chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1, and is associated with reduced 4-sulfation/6-sulfation (4S/6S) ratio of CS chains and upregulated biomineralization in human osteosarcoma cells. By contrast, overexpressing chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 reduces CS 4S/6S ratio, and induces osteoblast differentiation in vitro and higher bone mineral density in transgenic mice. Meanwhile, a potential xylose kinase activity of FAM20C does not impact CS 4S/6S ratio, and is not associated with Raine syndrome mutations. Our results thus implicate CS 4S/6S ratio imbalances caused by FAM20C mutations as a contributor of Raine syndrome etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Koike
- grid.411100.50000 0004 0371 6549Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, 658-8558 Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- grid.411100.50000 0004 0371 6549Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, 658-8558 Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- grid.411100.50000 0004 0371 6549Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, 658-8558 Japan
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Xu R, Tan H, Zhang J, Yuan Z, Xie Q, Zhang L. Fam20C in Human Diseases: Emerging Biological Functions and Therapeutic Implications. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:790172. [PMID: 34988120 PMCID: PMC8721277 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.790172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fam20C, a typical member of Fam20 family, has been well-known as a Golgi casein kinase, which is closely associated with Raine Syndrome (RS). It can phosphorylate many secreted proteins and multiple substrates, and thereby plays a crucial role in biological functions. More importantly, Fam20C has also been found to enhance the metastasis of several types of human cancers, such as breast cancer, indicating that Fam20C may be a promising therapeutic target. Accordingly, some small-molecule inhibitors of Fam20C have been reported in cancer. Taken together, these inspiring findings would shed new light on exploiting Fam20C as a potential therapeutic target and inhibiting Fam20C with small-molecule compounds would provide a clue on discovery of more candidate small-molecule drugs for fighting with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Huidan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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Proteolytic processing of secretory pathway kinase Fam20C by site-1 protease promotes biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100133118. [PMID: 34349020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100133118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20C (Fam20C), the major protein kinase in the secretory pathway, generates the vast majority of the secreted phosphoproteome. However, the regulatory mechanisms of Fam20C transport, secretion, and function remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that Fam20C exists as a type II transmembrane protein within the secretory compartments, with its N-terminal signal peptide-like region serving as a membrane anchor for Golgi retention. The secretion and kinase activity of Fam20C are governed by site-1 protease (S1P), a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. We find that only mature Fam20C processed by S1P functions in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Together, our findings reveal a unique mechanism for Fam20C secretion and activation via proteolytic regulation, providing a molecular link between biomineralization and lipid metabolism.
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FAM20C Overview: Classic and Novel Targets, Pathogenic Variants and Raine Syndrome Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158039. [PMID: 34360805 PMCID: PMC8348777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM20C is a gene coding for a protein kinase that targets S-X-E/pS motifs on different phosphoproteins belonging to diverse tissues. Pathogenic variants of FAM20C are responsible for Raine syndrome (RS), initially described as a lethal and congenital osteosclerotic dysplasia characterized by generalized atherosclerosis with periosteal bone formation, characteristic facial dysmorphisms and intracerebral calcifications. The aim of this review is to give an overview of targets and variants of FAM20C as well as RS aspects. We performed a wide phenotypic review focusing on clinical aspects and differences between all lethal (LRS) and non-lethal (NLRS) reported cases, besides the FAM20C pathogenic variant description for each. As new targets of FAM20C kinase have been identified, we reviewed FAM20C targets and their functions in bone and other tissues, with emphasis on novel targets not previously considered. We found the classic lethal and milder non-lethal phenotypes. The milder phenotype is defined by a large spectrum ranging from osteonecrosis to osteosclerosis with additional congenital defects or intellectual disability in some cases. We discuss our current understanding of FAM20C deficiency, its mechanism in RS through classic FAM20C targets in bone tissue and its potential biological relevance through novel targets in non-bone tissues.
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Yao J, Huang X, Ren J. In situ determination of secretory kinase Fam20C from living cells using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Talanta 2021; 232:122473. [PMID: 34074441 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Secretory proteins constitute a biologically crucial subset of proteins for regulation of some pathological and physiological processes, and they have become very important biomarkers in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic targets. So far, secretory protein functions and mechanisms have not been fully understood due to methodological limitations in detection of low-abundance proteins against medium background. Here, we propose a strategy to determine secretory protein from living cells in situ using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). In this study, the recombinant protein Fam20C with SNAP-tag was used as a model protein, and O6-benzylguanine (BG) derivatives bearing fluorescent dye as probes. We synthesized three fluorescent probes and investigated their fluorescent properties and diffusion behaviors in solution, and found the probe BG-Bodipy-561 more suitable for in situ labeling of Fam20C. We confirmed the specific binding of the probe to the target protein by combining FCS and in-gel fluorescence scanning methods. We studied the effects of some factors of the secretory Fam20C, and found that RNA interference significantly inhibited the synthesis of secretory fused Fam20C, and myriocin had no significant effect on the expression of secretory Fam20C, which indirectly illustrated that sphingolipid signaling can regulate the Fam20C activity. We believe that FCS is a very promising method to analyze secretory proteins from living cells in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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The ABCs of the atypical Fam20 secretory pathway kinases. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100267. [PMID: 33759783 PMCID: PMC7948968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of extracellular phosphorylation was initiated in late 19th century when the secreted milk protein, casein, and egg-yolk protein, phosvitin, were shown to be phosphorylated. However, it took more than a century to identify Fam20C, which phosphorylates both casein and phosvitin under physiological conditions. This kinase, along with its family members Fam20A and Fam20B, defined a new family with altered amino acid sequences highly atypical from the canonical 540 kinases comprising the kinome. Fam20B is a glycan kinase that phosphorylates xylose residues and triggers peptidoglycan biosynthesis, a role conserved from sponges to human. The protein kinase, Fam20C, conserved from nematodes to humans, phosphorylates well over 100 substrates in the secretory pathway with overall functions postulated to encompass endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, nutrition, cardiac function, coagulation, and biomineralization. The preferred phosphorylation motif of Fam20C is SxE/pS, and structural studies revealed that related member Fam20A allosterically activates Fam20C by forming a heterodimeric/tetrameric complex. Fam20A, a pseudokinase, is observed only in vertebrates. Loss-of-function genetic alterations in the Fam20 family lead to human diseases such as amelogenesis imperfecta, nephrocalcinosis, lethal and nonlethal forms of Raine syndrome with major skeletal defects, and altered phosphate homeostasis. Together, these three members of the Fam20 family modulate a diverse network of secretory pathway components playing crucial roles in health and disease. The overarching theme of this review is to highlight the progress that has been made in the emerging field of extracellular phosphorylation and the key roles secretory pathway kinases play in an ever-expanding number of cellular processes.
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Ran C, Shi Y, Li N, Liu C, Xiao J. FAM20A is Dispensable for Dentinogenesis and Osteogenesis. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.30.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Ran
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
| | - Yiding Shi
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
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Discovery of a novel small-molecule inhibitor of Fam20C that induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in triple negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:113088. [PMID: 33316691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The family with sequence similarity 20, member C (Fam20C), a Golgi casein kinase, has been recently regarded as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Lacking enzyme activity center has been becoming an obstacle to the development of small-molecule inhibitors of Fam20C. Herein, we combined in silico high-throughput screening with chemical synthesis methods to obtain a new small-molecule Fam20C inhibitor 3r, which exhibited desired anti-proliferative activities against MDA-MB-231 cells and also inhibited migration. Subsequently, the enzymatic assay, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for validating that 3r could bind to Fam20C. In addition, 3r was found to induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells as well as to inhibit cell migration. Moreover, we demonstrated that 3r inhibited tumor growth in vivo and thereby having a good therapeutic potential on TNBC. Taken together, these results suggest that 3r may be a novel Fam20C inhibitor with anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities, which would shed light on discovering more small-molecule drugs for the future TNBC therapy.
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Freitas C, Plannic J, Isticato R, Pelosi A, Zilhão R, Serrano M, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E, Elsholz AKW, Losick R, O. Henriques A. A protein phosphorylation module patterns the Bacillus subtilis spore outer coat. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:934-951. [PMID: 32592201 PMCID: PMC7821199 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat involves over 80 proteins which self-organize into a basal layer, a lamellar inner coat, a striated electrodense outer coat and a more external crust. CotB is an abundant component of the outer coat. The C-terminal moiety of CotB, SKRB , formed by serine-rich repeats, is polyphosphorylated by the Ser/Thr kinase CotH. We show that another coat protein, CotG, with a central serine-repeat region, SKRG , interacts with the C-terminal moiety of CotB and promotes its phosphorylation by CotH in vivo and in a heterologous system. CotG itself is phosphorylated by CotH but phosphorylation is enhanced in the absence of CotB. Spores of a strain producing an inactive form of CotH, like those formed by a cotG deletion mutant, lack the pattern of electrondense outer coat striations, but retain the crust. In contrast, deletion of the SKRB region, has no major impact on outer coat structure. Thus, phosphorylation of CotG by CotH is a key factor establishing the structure of the outer coat. The presence of the cotB/cotH/cotG cluster in several species closely related to B. subtilis hints at the importance of this protein phosphorylation module in the morphogenesis of the spore surface layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Freitas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e BiológicaUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
- Present address:
Department of EcophysiologyMax‐Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Str. 10MarburgD‐35043Germany
| | - Jarnaja Plannic
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e BiológicaUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
- University of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | | | | | - Rita Zilhão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e BiológicaUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
- Departamento de Biologia VegetalUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Mónica Serrano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e BiológicaUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | | | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of BiologyUniversity Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Alexander K. W. Elsholz
- Biological LaboratoriesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Present address:
Max Planck Unit for the Science of PathogensCharitèplatz 1Berlin10117Germany
| | | | - Adriano O. Henriques
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e BiológicaUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
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Burns NM, Hopkins CR, Bailey DM, Wright PJ. Otolith chemoscape analysis in whiting links fishing grounds to nursery areas. Commun Biol 2020; 3:690. [PMID: 33214649 PMCID: PMC7677557 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding life stage connectivity is essential to define appropriate spatial scales for fisheries management and develop effective strategies to reduce undersized bycatch. Despite many studies of population structure and connectivity in marine fish, most management units do not reflect biological populations and protection is rarely given to juvenile sources of the fished stock. Direct, quantitative estimates that link specific fishing grounds to the nursery areas, which produced the caught fish are essential to meet these objectives. Here we develop a continuous-surface otolith microchemistry approach to geolocate whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and infer life stage connectivity across the west coast of the UK. We show substantial connectivity across existing stock boundaries and identify the importance of the Firth of Clyde nursery area. This approach offers fisheries managers the ability to account for the benefits of improved fishing yields derived from spatial protection while minimising revenue loss. Neil Burns et al. use a continuous-surface otolith microchemistry approach to geolocate whiting across the west coast of the UK and show connectivity across existing stock boundaries, highlighting the importance of the Firth of Clyde nursery area. This study is important for fisheries management and will have an influence on methods used to infer connectivity from otolith microchemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Burns
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Charlotte R Hopkins
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - David M Bailey
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Peter J Wright
- Marine Scotland Science, Ecology and Conservation Group, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
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Reiter A, Bengesser SA, Hauschild AC, Birkl-Töglhofer AM, Fellendorf FT, Platzer M, Färber T, Seidl M, Mendel LM, Unterweger R, Lenger M, Mörkl S, Dalkner N, Birner A, Queissner R, Hamm C, Maget A, Pilz R, Kohlhammer-Dohr A, Wagner-Skacel J, Kreuzer K, Schöggl H, Amberger-Otti D, Lahousen T, Leitner-Afschar B, Haybäck J, Kapfhammer HP, Reininghaus E. Interleukin-6 Gene Expression Changes after a 4-Week Intake of a Multispecies Probiotic in Major Depressive Disorder-Preliminary Results of the PROVIT Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2575. [PMID: 32858844 PMCID: PMC7551871 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent disease, in which one third of sufferers do not respond to antidepressants. Probiotics have the potential to be well-tolerated and cost-efficient treatment options. However, the molecular pathways of their effects are not fully elucidated yet. Based on previous literature, we assume that probiotics can positively influence inflammatory mechanisms. We aimed at analyzing the effects of probiotics on gene expression of inflammation genes as part of the randomized, placebo-controlled, multispecies probiotics PROVIT study in Graz, Austria. Fasting blood of 61 inpatients with MDD was collected before and after four weeks of probiotic intake or placebo. We analyzed the effects on gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In IL-6 we found no significant main effects for group (F(1,44) = 1.33, p = ns) nor time (F(1,44) = 0.00, p = ns), but interaction was significant (F(1,44) = 5.67, p < 0.05). The intervention group showed decreasing IL-6 gene expression levels while the placebo group showed increasing gene expression levels of IL-6. Probiotics could be a useful additional treatment in MDD, due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Results of the current study are promising, but further studies are required to investigate the beneficial effects of probiotic interventions in depressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Reiter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Susanne A. Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Anne-Christin Hauschild
- Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Anna-Maria Birkl-Töglhofer
- Institute for Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.-M.B.-T.); (J.H.)
| | - Frederike T. Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Martina Platzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Tanja Färber
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany;
| | - Matthias Seidl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Lilli-Marie Mendel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Renate Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Armin Birner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Robert Queissner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Carlo Hamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Alexander Maget
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Rene Pilz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Alexandra Kohlhammer-Dohr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Jolana Wagner-Skacel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Kathrin Kreuzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Helmut Schöggl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Daniela Amberger-Otti
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Theresa Lahousen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Birgitta Leitner-Afschar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Johannes Haybäck
- Institute for Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.-M.B.-T.); (J.H.)
| | - Hans-Peter Kapfhammer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Eva Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
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14
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Christensen B, Schytte GN, Scavenius C, Enghild JJ, McKee MD, Sørensen ES. FAM20C-Mediated Phosphorylation of MEPE and Its Acidic Serine- and Aspartate-Rich Motif. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10378. [PMID: 32803110 PMCID: PMC7422707 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) is expressed in bone and teeth where it has multiple functions. The C-terminus of MEPE contains a mineral-binding, acidic serine- and aspartate-rich motif (ASARM) that is also present in other noncollagenous proteins of mineralized tissues. MEPE-derived ASARM peptides function in phosphate homeostasis and direct inhibition of bone mineralization in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. MEPE is phosphorylated by family with sequence similarity 20, member C (FAM20C), which is the main kinase phosphorylating secreted phosphoprotein. Although the functional importance of protein phosphorylation status in mineralization processes has now been well-established for secreted bone and tooth proteins (particularly for osteopontin), the phosphorylation pattern of MEPE has not been previously determined. Here we provide evidence for a very high phosphorylation level of this protein, reporting on the localization of 31 phosphoresidues in human MEPE after coexpression with FAM20C in HEK293T cells. This includes the finding that all serine residues located in the canonical target sequence of FAM20C (Ser-x-Glu) were phosphorylated, thus establishing the major target sites for this kinase. We also show that MEPE has numerous other phosphorylation sites, these not being positioned in the canonical phosphorylation sequence. Of note, and underscoring a possible important function in mineralization biology, all nine serine residues in the ASARM were phosphorylated, even though only two of these were positioned in the Ser-x-Glu sequence. The presence of many phosphorylated amino acids in MEPE, and particularly their high density in the ASARM motif, provides an important basis for the understanding of structural and functional interdependencies in mineralization and phosphate homeostasis. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Gitte N Schytte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Marc D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Esben S Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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15
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Yu J, Li T, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang X, Shi G, Lou J, Wang L, Wang CC, Wang L. Phosphorylation switches protein disulfide isomerase activity to maintain proteostasis and attenuate ER stress. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103841. [PMID: 32149426 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR) to increase ER protein folding capacity. ER proteostasis and UPR signaling need to be regulated in a precise and timely manner. Here, we identify phosphorylation of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), one of the most abundant and critical folding catalysts in the ER, as an early event during ER stress. The secretory pathway kinase Fam20C phosphorylates Ser357 of PDI and responds rapidly to various ER stressors. Phosphorylation of Ser357 induces an open conformation of PDI and turns it from a "foldase" into a "holdase", which is critical for preventing protein misfolding in the ER. Phosphorylated PDI also binds to the lumenal domain of IRE1α, a major UPR signal transducer, and attenuates excessive IRE1α activity. Importantly, PDI-S359A knock-in mice display enhanced IRE1α activation and liver damage under acute ER stress. We conclude that the Fam20C-PDI axis constitutes a post-translational response to maintain ER proteostasis and plays a vital role in protecting against ER stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xi Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi'e Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guizhi Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center of Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Aviation General Hospital of Beijing, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhong Lou
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Likun Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chih-Chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Hernández-Zavala A, Cortés-Camacho F, Palma-Lara I, Godínez-Aguilar R, Espinosa AM, Pérez-Durán J, Villanueva-Ocampo P, Ugarte-Briones C, Serrano-Bello CA, Sánchez-Santiago PJ, Bonilla-Delgado J, Yáñez-López MA, Victoria-Acosta G, López-Ornelas A, García Alonso-Themann P, Moreno J, Palacios-Reyes C. Two Novel FAM20C Variants in A Family with Raine Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020222. [PMID: 32093234 PMCID: PMC7073523 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two siblings from a Mexican family who carried lethal Raine syndrome are presented. A newborn term male (case 1) and his 21 gestational week brother (case 2), with a similar osteosclerotic pattern: generalized osteosclerosis, which is more evident in facial bones and cranial base. Prenatal findings at 21 weeks and histopathological features for case 2 are described. A novel combination of biallelic FAM20C pathogenic variants were detected, a maternal cytosine duplication at position 456 and a paternal deletion of a cytosine in position 474 in exon 1, which change the reading frame with a premature termination at codon 207 and 185 respectively. These changes are in concordance with a negative detection of the protein in liver and kidney as shown in case 2. Necropsy showed absence of pancreatic Langerhans Islets, which are reported here for the first time. Corpus callosum absence is added to the few reported cases of brain defects in Raine syndrome. This report shows two new FAM20C variants not described previously, and negative protein detection in the liver and the kidney. We highlight that lethal Raine syndrome is well defined as early as 21 weeks, including mineralization defects and craniofacial features. Pancreas and brain defects found here in FAM20C deficiency extend the functional spectrum of this protein to previously unknown organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Hernández-Zavala
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
| | - Fernando Cortés-Camacho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Icela Palma-Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
| | - Ricardo Godínez-Aguilar
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Ana María Espinosa
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Javier Pérez-Durán
- National Institute of Perinatology, Calle Montes Urales 800, Lomas - Virreyes, Lomas de Chapultepec IV Section, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (J.P.-D.); (P.G.A.-T.)
| | - Patricia Villanueva-Ocampo
- Deparment of Ginecology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Ugarte-Briones
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Serrano-Bello
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - Paula Jesús Sánchez-Santiago
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - José Bonilla-Delgado
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Marco Antonio Yáñez-López
- Department of Radiology & Imagenology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - Georgina Victoria-Acosta
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Adolfo López-Ornelas
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Patricia García Alonso-Themann
- National Institute of Perinatology, Calle Montes Urales 800, Lomas - Virreyes, Lomas de Chapultepec IV Section, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (J.P.-D.); (P.G.A.-T.)
| | - José Moreno
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Carmen Palacios-Reyes
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ashraf Y, Duval S, Sachan V, Essalmani R, Susan-Resiga D, Roubtsova A, Hamelin J, Gerhardy S, Kirchhofer D, Tagliabracci VS, Prat A, Kiss RS, Seidah NG. Proprotein convertase 7 (PCSK7) reduces apoA-V levels. FEBS J 2020; 287:3565-3578. [PMID: 31945259 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The locus of the human proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type-7 (PC7) gene (PCSK7) is on chromosome 11q23.3 close to the gene cluster APOA5/APOA4/APOC3/APOA1, a region implicated in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism. A GWAS reported the association of PCSK7 SNPs with plasma triglyceride (TG), and exome sequencing of African Americans revealed the association of a low-frequency coding variant of PC7 (R504H; SNP rs142953140) with a ~ 30% TG reduction. Another PCSK7 SNP rs508487 is in linkage disequilibrium with a promoter variant of the liver-derived apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V), an indirect activator of the lipoprotein lipase (LpL), and is associated with elevated TG levels. We thus hypothesized that PC7 regulates the levels/activity of apoA-V. Studies in the human hepatic cell line HuH7 revealed that wild-type (WT) PC7 and its endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retained forms bind to and enhance the degradation of human apoA-V in acidic lysosomes in a nonenzymatic fashion. PC7-induced degradation of apoA-V is inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and the alkalinizing agents: chloroquine and NH4 Cl. Thus, the PC7-induced apoA-V degradation implicates an ER-lysosomal communication inhibited by bafilomycin A1. In vitro, the natural R504H mutant enhances PC7 Ser505 phosphorylation at the structurally exposed Ser-X-Glu507 motif recognized by the secretory kinase Fam20C. Co-expression of the phosphomimetic PC7-S505E with apoA-V resulted in lower degradation compared to WT, suggesting that Ser505 phosphorylation of PC7 lowers TG levels via reduced apoA-V degradation. In agreement, in Pcsk7-/- mice fed high-fat diet, plasma apoA-V levels and adipocyte LpL activity are increased, providing an in vivo mechanistic link for a role of liver PC7 in enhanced TG storage in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ashraf
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Duval
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vatsal Sachan
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Roubtsova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Hamelin
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Scott Kiss
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
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18
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Modi V, Dunbrack RL. A Structurally-Validated Multiple Sequence Alignment of 497 Human Protein Kinase Domains. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19790. [PMID: 31875044 PMCID: PMC6930252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the structures and functions of individual kinases have been used to understand the biological properties of other kinases that do not yet have experimental structures. The key factor in accurate inference by homology is an accurate sequence alignment. We present a parsimonious, structure-based multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of 497 human protein kinase domains excluding atypical kinases. The alignment is arranged in 17 blocks of conserved regions and unaligned blocks in between that contain insertions of varying lengths present in only a subset of kinases. The aligned blocks contain well-conserved elements of secondary structure and well-known functional motifs, such as the DFG and HRD motifs. From pairwise, all-against-all alignment of 272 human kinase structures, we estimate the accuracy of our MSA to be 97%. The remaining inaccuracy comes from a few structures with shifted elements of secondary structure, and from the boundaries of aligned and unaligned regions, where compromises need to be made to encompass the majority of kinases. A new phylogeny of the protein kinase domains in the human genome based on our alignment indicates that ten kinases previously labeled as "OTHER" can be confidently placed into the CAMK group. These kinases comprise the Aurora kinases, Polo kinases, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Modi
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
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19
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Gerson-Gurwitz A, Worby CA, Lee KY, Khaliullin R, Bouffard J, Cheerambathur D, Oegema K, Cram EJ, Dixon JE, Desai A. Ancestral roles of the Fam20C family of secreted protein kinases revealed in C. elegans. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3795-3811. [PMID: 31541016 PMCID: PMC6829671 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerson-Gurwitz et al. show that FAMK-1, the sole Fam20-like secreted protein kinase in C. elegans, contributes to embryonic development and fertility, acts in the late secretory pathway, phosphorylates lectins, and is important in embryonic and tissue contexts where cells are subjected to mechanical strain. Fam20C is a secreted protein kinase mutated in Raine syndrome, a human skeletal disorder. In vertebrates, bone and enamel proteins are major Fam20C substrates. However, Fam20 kinases are conserved in invertebrates lacking bone and enamel, suggesting other ancestral functions. We show that FAMK-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans Fam20C orthologue, contributes to fertility, embryogenesis, and development. These functions are not fulfilled when FAMK-1 is retained in the early secretory pathway. During embryogenesis, FAMK-1 maintains intercellular partitions and prevents multinucleation; notably, temperature elevation or lowering cortical stiffness reduces requirement for FAMK-1 in these contexts. FAMK-1 is expressed in multiple adult tissues that undergo repeated mechanical strain, and selective expression in the spermatheca restores fertility. Informatic, biochemical, and functional analysis implicate lectins as FAMK-1 substrates. These findings suggest that FAMK-1 phosphorylation of substrates, including lectins, in the late secretory pathway is important in embryonic and tissue contexts where cells are subjected to mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Gerson-Gurwitz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Carolyn A Worby
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kian-Yong Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Renat Khaliullin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeff Bouffard
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Erin J Cram
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA .,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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20
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Ben Djoudi Ouadda A, Gauthier MS, Susan-Resiga D, Girard E, Essalmani R, Black M, Marcinkiewicz J, Forget D, Hamelin J, Evagelidis A, Ly K, Day R, Galarneau L, Corbin F, Coulombe B, Çaku A, Tagliabracci VS, Seidah NG. Ser-Phosphorylation of PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin 9) by Fam20C (Family With Sequence Similarity 20, Member C) Kinase Enhances Its Ability to Degrade the LDLR (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1996-2013. [PMID: 31553664 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin 9) enhances the degradation of the LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) in endosomes/lysosomes. This study aimed to determine the sites of PCSK9 phosphorylation at Ser-residues and the consequences of such posttranslational modification on the secretion and activity of PCSK9 on the LDLR. Approach and Results: Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) phosphorylates serines in secretory proteins containing the motif S-X-E/phospho-Ser, including the cholesterol-regulating PCSK9. In situ hybridization of Fam20C mRNA during development and in adult mice revealed a wide tissue distribution, including liver, but not small intestine. Here, we show that Fam20C phosphorylates PCSK9 at Serines 47, 666, 668, and 688. In hepatocytes, phosphorylation enhances PCSK9 secretion and maximizes its induced degradation of the LDLR via the extracellular and intracellular pathways. Replacing any of the 4 Ser by the phosphomimetic Glu or Asp enhanced PCSK9 activity only when the other sites are phosphorylated, whereas Ala substitutions reduced it, as evidenced by Western blotting, Elisa, and LDLR-immunolabeling. This newly uncovered PCSK9/LDLR regulation mechanism refines our understanding of the implication of global PCSK9 phosphorylation in the modulation of LDL-cholesterol and rationalizes the consequence of natural mutations, for example, S668R and E670G. Finally, the relationship of Ser-phosphorylation to the implication of PCSK9 in regulating LDL-cholesterol in the neurological Fragile X-syndrome disorder was investigated. CONCLUSIONS Ser-phosphorylation of PCSK9 maximizes both its secretion and activity on the LDLR. Mass spectrometric approaches to measure such modifications were developed and applied to quantify the levels of bioactive PCSK9 in human plasma under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben Djoudi Ouadda
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Soleil Gauthier
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Emmanuelle Girard
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Miles Black
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.B., V.S.T.)
| | - Jadwiga Marcinkiewicz
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Diane Forget
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Josée Hamelin
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Alexandra Evagelidis
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Kevin Ly
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (K.L., R.D.)
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (K.L., R.D.)
| | - Luc Galarneau
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Francois Corbin
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.B., V.S.T.)
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
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21
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Hung CY, Rodriguez M, Roberts A, Bauer M, Mihalek I, Bodamer O. A novel FAM20C mutation causes a rare form of neonatal lethal Raine syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1866-1871. [PMID: 31297960 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Raine syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive, osteosclerotic bone dysplasia due to pathogenic variants in FAM20C. The clinical phenotype is characterized by generalized osteosclerosis affecting all bones, cerebral calcifications, and craniofacial dysmorphism. Most cases present during the neonatal period with early lethality due to pulmonary hypoplasia and respiratory compromise while only few affected individuals have been reported to survive into adulthood. FAM20C is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that contains five functional domains including a catalytic domain, a binding pocket for FAM20A and three distinct N-glycosylation sites. We report a newborn infant with a history of prenatal onset fractures, generalized osteosclerosis, and craniofacial dysmorphism and early lethality. The clinical presentation was highly suggestive of Raine syndrome. A homozygous, novel missense variant in exon 5 of FAM20C (c.1007T>G; p.Met336Arg) was identified by targeted Sanger sequencing. Following in silico analysis and mapping of the variant on a three-dimensional (3D) model of FAM20C it is predicted to be deleterious and to affect N-glycosylation, protein folding, and subsequent secretion of FAM20C. In addition, we reviewed all published FAM20C mutations and observed that most pathogenic variants affect functional regions within the protein establishing evidence for an emerging genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Y Hung
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mario Rodriguez
- Hussmann Institute of Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Abra Roberts
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mislen Bauer
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Nicklas Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Ivana Mihalek
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Abstract
Herb Tabor was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) spanning the years 1971-2010. This year, Herb turns 100. What do you give a person turning 100? Our answer to this question was to dedicate two of our favorite JBC papers to Herb. Both of these papers focus on reversible phosphorylation, which we briefly review. In addition, we delve into a new finding that centers around a novel family of secreted kinases, suggesting that there are many new and exciting discoveries yet to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Worby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
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23
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Pollak AJ, Liu C, Gudlur A, Mayfield JE, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Chen J, Heller Brown J, Hogan PG, Wiley SE, Peterson KL, Dixon JE. A secretory pathway kinase regulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ homeostasis and protects against heart failure. eLife 2018; 7:41378. [PMID: 30520731 PMCID: PMC6298778 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling is important for many cellular and physiological processes, including cardiac function. Although sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins involved in Ca2+ signaling have been shown to be phosphorylated, the biochemical and physiological roles of protein phosphorylation within the lumen of the SR remain essentially uncharacterized. Our laboratory recently identified an atypical protein kinase, Fam20C, which is uniquely localized to the secretory pathway lumen. Here, we show that Fam20C phosphorylates several SR proteins involved in Ca2+ signaling, including calsequestrin2 and Stim1, whose biochemical activities are dramatically regulated by Fam20C mediated phosphorylation. Notably, phosphorylation of Stim1 by Fam20C enhances Stim1 activation and store-operated Ca2+ entry. Physiologically, mice with Fam20c ablated in cardiomyocytes develop heart failure following either aging or induced pressure overload. We extended these observations to show that non-muscle cells lacking Fam20C display altered ER Ca2+ signaling. Overall, we show that Fam20C plays an overarching role in ER/SR Ca2+ homeostasis and cardiac pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Pollak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Aparna Gudlur
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, United States
| | - Joshua E Mayfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Nancy D Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Joan Heller Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Patrick G Hogan
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, United States.,Program in Immunology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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24
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Cozza G, Moro E, Black M, Marin O, Salvi M, Venerando A, Tagliabracci VS, Pinna LA. The Golgi 'casein kinase' Fam20C is a genuine 'phosvitin kinase' and phosphorylates polyserine stretches devoid of the canonical consensus. FEBS J 2018; 285:4674-4683. [PMID: 30387551 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Egg yolk phosvitins, generated through the fragmentation of vitellogenins (VTGs), are among the most heavily phosphorylated proteins ever described. Despite the early discovery in 1900 that chicken phosvitin is a phosphoprotein and its subsequent employment as an artificial substrate for a number of protein kinases, the identity of the enzyme(s) responsible for its phosphorylation remained a matter of conjecture until present. Here, we provide evidence that phosvitin phosphorylation is catalyzed by a family with sequence similarity 20, member C (Fam20C), an atypical protein kinase recently identified as the genuine casein kinase and responsible for the phosphorylation of many other secreted proteins at residues specified by the S-x-E/pS consensus. Such a conclusion is grounded on the following observations: (a) the levels of Fam20C and phosphorylated VTG rise in parallel upon treatment of zebrafish with oestrogens; (b) zebrafish phosvitin is readily phosphorylated upon coexpression in U2OS cells with Fam20C, but not with its catalytically inactive mutant; (c) a peptide reproducing a stretch of 12 serines, which are phosphorylated in chicken phosvitin despite lacking the C-terminal priming motif S-x-E, is efficiently phosphorylated by both recombinant and native Fam20C. The last finding expands the repertoire of potential targets of Fam20C to include several proteins known to harbor (p-Ser)n clusters not specified by any known kinase consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Moro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Miles Black
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Venerando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.,CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
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25
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Qiu Y, Poppleton E, Mekkat A, Yu H, Banerjee S, Wiley SE, Dixon JE, Kaplan DL, Lin YS, Brodsky B. Enzymatic Phosphorylation of Ser in a Type I Collagen Peptide. Biophys J 2018; 115:2327-2335. [PMID: 30527445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoproteomics studies have reported phosphorylation at multiple sites within collagen, raising the possibility that these post-translational modifications regulate the physical or biological properties of collagen. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies were carried out on model peptides to establish foundational principles of phosphorylation of Ser residues in collagen. A (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)11 peptide was designed to include a Ser-containing sequence from type I collagen that was reported to be phosphorylated. The physiological kinase involved in collagen phosphorylation is not known. In vitro studies showed that a model kinase ERK1 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1) would phosphorylate Ser within the consensus sequence if the collagen-like peptide is in the denatured state but not in the triple-helical state. The peptide was not a substrate for FAM20C, a kinase present in the secretory pathway, which has been shown to phosphorylate many extracellular matrix proteins. The unfolded single chain (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)11 peptide containing phosphoSer was able to refold to form a stable triple helix but at a reduced folding rate and with a small decrease in thermal stability relative to the nonphosphorylated peptide at neutral pH. These biophysical studies on model peptides provide a basis for investigations into the physiological consequences of collagen phosphorylation and the application of phosphorylation to regulate the properties of collagen biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Erik Poppleton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Arya Mekkat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Brodsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
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26
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Jeschke GR, Lou HJ, Weise K, Hammond CI, Demonch M, Brennwald P, Turk BE. Substrate priming enhances phosphorylation by the budding yeast kinases Kin1 and Kin2. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18353-18364. [PMID: 30305396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite phosphorylation of proteins is a common mechanism for signal integration and amplification in eukaryotic signaling networks. Proteins are commonly phosphorylated at multiple sites in an ordered manner, whereby phosphorylation by one kinase primes the substrate by generating a recognition motif for a second kinase. Here we show that substrate priming promotes phosphorylation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kin1 and Kin2, kinases that regulate cell polarity, exocytosis, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Kin1/Kin2 phosphorylated substrates within the context of a sequence motif distinct from those of their most closely related kinases. In particular, the rate of phosphorylation of a peptide substrate by Kin1/Kin2 increased >30-fold with incorporation of a phosphoserine residue two residues downstream of the phosphorylation site. Recognition of phosphorylated substrates by Kin1/Kin2 was mediated by a patch of basic residues located in the region of the kinase αC helix. We identified a set of candidate Kin1/Kin2 substrates reported to be dually phosphorylated at sites conforming to the Kin1/Kin2 consensus sequence. One of these proteins, the t-SNARE protein Sec9, was confirmed to be a Kin1/Kin2 substrate both in vitro and in vivo Sec9 phosphorylation by Kin1 in vitro was enhanced by prior phosphorylation at the +2 position. Recognition of primed substrates was not required for the ability of Kin2 to suppress the growth defect of secretory pathway mutants but was necessary for optimal growth under conditions of ER stress. These results suggest that at least some endogenous protein substrates of Kin1/Kin2 are phosphorylated in a priming-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R Jeschke
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Hua Jane Lou
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Keith Weise
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Charlotte I Hammond
- the Department of Biology, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut 06518, and
| | - Mallory Demonch
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Patrick Brennwald
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,.
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27
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Zhang J, Zhu Q, Wang X, Yu J, Chen X, Wang J, Wang X, Xiao J, Wang CC, Wang L. Secretory kinase Fam20C tunes endoplasmic reticulum redox state via phosphorylation of Ero1α. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798699. [PMID: 29858230 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20C (Fam20C), the physiological Golgi casein kinase, phosphorylates numerous secreted proteins that are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. However, the role of Fam20C in regulating proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen is largely unknown. Here, we report that Fam20C interacts with various luminal proteins and that its depletion results in a more reduced ER lumen. We further show that ER oxidoreductin 1α (Ero1α), the pivotal sulfhydryl oxidase that catalyzes disulfide formation in the ER, is phosphorylated by Fam20C in the Golgi apparatus and retrograde-transported to the ER mediated by ERp44. The phosphorylation of Ser145 greatly enhances Ero1α oxidase activity and is critical for maintaining ER redox homeostasis and promoting oxidative protein folding. Notably, phosphorylation of Ero1α is induced under hypoxia, reductive stress, and secretion-demanding conditions such as mammalian lactation. Collectively, our findings open a door to uncover how oxidative protein folding is regulated by phosphorylation in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi'e Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chih-Chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Zhang H, Zhu Q, Cui J, Wang Y, Chen MJ, Guo X, Tagliabracci VS, Dixon JE, Xiao J. Structure and evolution of the Fam20 kinases. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1218. [PMID: 29572475 PMCID: PMC5865150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fam20 proteins are novel kinases that phosphorylate secreted proteins and proteoglycans. Fam20C phosphorylates hundreds of secreted proteins and is activated by the pseudokinase Fam20A. Fam20B phosphorylates a xylose residue to regulate proteoglycan synthesis. Despite these wide-ranging and important functions, the molecular and structural basis for the regulation and substrate specificity of these kinases are unknown. Here we report molecular characterizations of all three Fam20 kinases, and show that Fam20C is activated by the formation of an evolutionarily conserved homodimer or heterodimer with Fam20A. Fam20B has a unique active site for recognizing Galβ1-4Xylβ1, the initiator disaccharide within the tetrasaccharide linker region of proteoglycans. We further show that in animals the monomeric Fam20B preceded the appearance of the dimeric Fam20C, and the dimerization trait of Fam20C emerged concomitantly with a change in substrate specificity. Our results provide comprehensive structural, biochemical, and evolutionary insights into the function of the Fam20 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jixin Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yuxin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Mark J Chen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38015, USA
| | - Xing Guo
- The Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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30
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Du S, Qu LJ, Xiao J. Crystal structures of the extracellular domains of the CrRLK1L receptor-like kinases ANXUR1 and ANXUR2. Protein Sci 2018; 27:886-892. [PMID: 29388293 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus Receptor-Like Kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) proteins contain two tandem malectin-like modules in their extracellular domains (ECDs) and function in diverse signaling pathways in plants. Malectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein in animals and recognizes a number of diglucosides; however, it remains unclear how the two malectin-like domains in the CrRLK1L proteins sense the ligand molecule. In this study, we reveal the crystal structures of the ECDs of ANXUR1 and ANXUR2, two CrRLK1L members in Arabidopsis thaliana that have critical functions in controlling pollen tube rupture during the fertilization process. We show that the two malectin-like domains in these proteins pack together to form a rigid architecture. Unlike animal malectin, these malectin-like domains lack residues involved in binding to the diglucosides, suggesting that they have a distinct ligand-binding mechanism. A cleft is observed between the two malectin-like domains, which might function as a potential ligand-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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31
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Marie B, Arivalagan J, Mathéron L, Bolbach G, Berland S, Marie A, Marin F. Deep conservation of bivalve nacre proteins highlighted by shell matrix proteomics of the Unionoida Elliptio complanata and Villosa lienosa. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0846. [PMID: 28123096 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of the molluscan shell nacre is regulated to a large extent by a matrix of extracellular macromolecules that are secreted by the shell-forming tissue, the mantle. This so-called 'calcifying matrix' is a complex mixture of proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides that is assembled and occluded within the mineral phase during the calcification process. Better molecular-level characterization of the substances that regulate nacre formation is still required. Notable advances in expressed tag sequencing of freshwater mussels, such as Elliptio complanata and Villosa lienosa, provide a pre-requisite to further characterize bivalve nacre proteins by a proteomic approach. In this study, we have identified a total of 48 different proteins from the insoluble matrices of the nacre, 31 of which are common to both E. complanata and V. lienosa A few of these proteins, such as PIF, MSI60, CA, shematrin-like, Kunitz-like, LamG, chitin-binding-containing proteins, together with A-, D-, G-, M- and Q-rich proteins, appear to be analogues, if not true homologues, of proteins previously described from the pearl oyster or the edible mussel nacre matrices, thus forming a remarkable list of deeply conserved nacre proteins. This work constitutes a comprehensive nacre proteomic study of non-pteriomorphid bivalves that has enabled us to describe the molecular basis of a deeply conserved biomineralization toolkit among nacreous shell-bearing bivalves, with regard to proteins associated with other shell microstructures, with those of other mollusc classes (gastropods, cephalopods) and, finally, with other lophotrochozoans (brachiopods).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jaison Arivalagan
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Lucrèce Mathéron
- UMR 7203 CNRS/UPMC/ENS/INSERM Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Bolbach
- UMR 7203 CNRS/UPMC/ENS/INSERM Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Berland
- UMR 7208 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/IRD Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR 6282 CNRS/uB Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UB-FC), Dijon, France
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32
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Pollak AJ, Haghighi K, Kunduri S, Arvanitis DA, Bidwell PA, Liu GS, Singh VP, Gonzalez DJ, Sanoudou D, Wiley SE, Dixon JE, Kranias EG. Phosphorylation of serine96 of histidine-rich calcium-binding protein by the Fam20C kinase functions to prevent cardiac arrhythmia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9098-9103. [PMID: 28784772 PMCID: PMC5576816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706441114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise Ca cycling through the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a Ca storage organelle, is critical for proper cardiac muscle function. This cycling initially involves SR release of Ca via the ryanodine receptor, which is regulated by its interacting proteins junctin and triadin. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase (SERCA) pump then refills SR Ca stores. Histidine-rich Ca-binding protein (HRC) resides in the lumen of the SR, where it contributes to the regulation of Ca cycling by protecting stressed or failing hearts. The common Ser96Ala human genetic variant of HRC strongly correlates with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the underlying molecular pathways of this disease remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that family with sequence similarity 20C (Fam20C), a recently characterized protein kinase in the secretory pathway, phosphorylates HRC on Ser96. HRC Ser96 phosphorylation was confirmed in cells and human hearts. Furthermore, a Ser96Asp HRC variant, which mimics constitutive phosphorylation of Ser96, diminished delayed aftercontractions in HRC null cardiac myocytes. This HRC phosphomimetic variant was also able to rescue the aftercontractions elicited by the Ser96Ala variant, demonstrating that phosphorylation of Ser96 is critical for the cardioprotective function of HRC. Phosphorylation of HRC on Ser96 regulated the interactions of HRC with both triadin and SERCA2a, suggesting a unique mechanism for regulation of SR Ca homeostasis. This demonstration of the role of Fam20C-dependent phosphorylation in heart disease will open new avenues for potential therapeutic approaches against arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Pollak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kobra Haghighi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Swati Kunduri
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Demetrios A Arvanitis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Philip A Bidwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Guan-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Vivek P Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital-Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Evangelia G Kranias
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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33
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Qin Z, Wang P, Li X, Zhang S, Tian M, Dai Y, Fu L. Systematic network-based discovery of a Fam20C inhibitor (FL-1607) with apoptosis modulation in triple-negative breast cancer. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2108-18. [PMID: 27113542 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20, member C (Fam20C) is a physiological Golgi casein kinase that phosphorylates multiple secreted proteins. Recently, it has been reported that Fam20C can be identified as a novel kinase target for therapeutic development. Thus, inhibition of Fam20C will be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent tumor cell progression and metastasis. In our study, based upon the systems-biology network, molecular modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we discovered a novel Fam20C inhibitor (FL-1607) with potent anti-proliferative effects on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Subsequently, we found that this Fam20C inhibitor could induce apoptosis and inhibit cell migration in MDA-MB-468 cells. Together, these findings would provide a new clue to the exploration of more novel Fam20C inhibitors for future TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Qin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Peiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shouyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yi Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Leilei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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34
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From the research laboratory to the database: the Caenorhabditis elegans kinome in UniProtKB. Biochem J 2017; 474:493-515. [PMID: 28159896 PMCID: PMC5290486 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases form one of the largest protein families and are found in all species, from viruses to humans. They catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of proteins, often modifying their activity and localization. They are implicated in virtually all cellular processes and are one of the most intensively studied protein families. In recent years, they have become key therapeutic targets in drug development as natural mutations affecting kinase genes are the cause of many diseases. The vast amount of data contained in the primary literature and across a variety of biological data collections highlights the need for a repository where this information is stored in a concise and easily accessible manner. The UniProt Knowledgebase meets this need by providing the scientific community with a comprehensive, high-quality and freely accessible resource of protein sequence and functional information. Here, we describe the expert curation process for kinases, focusing on the Caenorhabditis elegans kinome. The C. elegans kinome is composed of 438 kinases and almost half of them have been functionally characterized, highlighting that C. elegans is a valuable and versatile model organism to understand the role of kinases in biological processes.
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35
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Cui J, Zhu Q, Zhang H, Cianfrocco MA, Leschziner AE, Dixon JE, Xiao J. Structure of Fam20A reveals a pseudokinase featuring a unique disulfide pattern and inverted ATP-binding. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28432788 PMCID: PMC5413348 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in FAM20A cause tooth enamel defects known as Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) and renal calcification. We previously showed that Fam20A is a secretory pathway pseudokinase and allosterically activates the physiological casein kinase Fam20C to phosphorylate secreted proteins important for biomineralization (Cui et al., 2015). Here we report the nucleotide-free and ATP-bound structures of Fam20A. Fam20A exhibits a distinct disulfide bond pattern mediated by a unique insertion region. Loss of this insertion due to abnormal mRNA splicing interferes with the structure and function of Fam20A, resulting in AI. Fam20A binds ATP in the absence of divalent cations, and strikingly, ATP is bound in an inverted orientation compared to other kinases. Fam20A forms a dimer in the crystal, and residues in the dimer interface are critical for Fam20C activation. Together, these results provide structural insights into the function of Fam20A and shed light on the mechanism by which Fam20A mutations cause disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23990.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael A Cianfrocco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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36
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Whyte MP, McAlister WH, Fallon MD, Pierpont ME, Bijanki VN, Duan S, Otaify GA, Sly WS, Mumm S. Raine Syndrome (OMIM #259775), Caused By FAM20C Mutation, Is Congenital Sclerosing Osteomalacia With Cerebral Calcification (OMIM 259660). J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:757-769. [PMID: 27862258 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 1985, we briefly reported infant sisters with a unique, lethal, autosomal recessive disorder designated congenital sclerosing osteomalacia with cerebral calcification. In 1986, this condition was entered into Mendelian Inheritance In Man (MIM) as osteomalacia, sclerosing, with cerebral calcification (MIM 259660). However, no attestations followed. Instead, in 1989 Raine and colleagues published an affected neonate considering unprecedented the striking clinical and radiographic features. In 1992, "Raine syndrome" entered MIM formally as osteosclerotic bone dysplasia, lethal (MIM #259775). In 2007, the etiology emerged as loss-of-function mutation of FAM20C that encodes family with sequence similarity 20, member C. FAM20C is highly expressed in embryonic calcified tissues and encodes a kinase (dentin matrix protein 4) for most of the secreted phosphoproteome including FGF23, osteopontin, and other regulators of skeletal mineralization. Herein, we detail the clinical, radiological, biochemical, histopathological, and FAM20C findings of our patients. Following premortem tetracycline labeling, the proposita's non-decalcified skeletal histopathology after autopsy indicated no rickets but documented severe osteomalacia. Archival DNA revealed the sisters were compound heterozygotes for a unique missense mutation and a novel deletion in FAM20C. Individuals heterozygous for the missense mutation seemed to prematurely fuse their metopic suture and develop a metopic ridge sometimes including trigonocephaly. Our findings clarify FAM20C's role in hard tissue formation and mineralization, and show that Raine syndrome is congenital sclerosing osteomalacia with cerebral calcification. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William H McAlister
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Fallon
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Ella Pierpont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vinieth N Bijanki
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shenghui Duan
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ghada A Otaify
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, Centre of Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - William S Sly
- E.A. Doisey Department of Biochemistry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven Mumm
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
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37
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Periodontal disease and FAM20A mutations. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:679-686. [PMID: 28298625 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enamel-renal-gingival syndrome (ERGS; OMIM #204690), a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in FAM20A, is characterized by nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, amelogenesis imperfecta, hypoplastic type, gingival fibromatosis and other dental abnormalities, including hypodontia and unerupted teeth with large dental follicles. We report three patients and their families with findings suggestive of ERGS. Mutation analysis of FAM20A was performed in all patients and their family members. Patients with homozygous frameshift and compound heterozygous mutations in FAM20A had typical clinical findings along with periodontitis. The other had a novel homozygous missense mutation in exon 10, mild gingival fibromatosis and renal calcifications. The periodontitis in our patients may be a syndrome component, and similar findings in previous reports suggest more than coincidence. Fam20a is an allosteric activator that increases Fam20c kinase activity. It is hypothesized that lack of FAM20A activation of FAM20C in our patients with FAM20A mutations might have caused amelogenesis imperfecta, abnormal bone remodeling and periodontitis. Nephrocalcinosis appears not to be a consistent finding of the syndrome and the missense mutation may correlate with mild gingival fibromatosis. Here we report three patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in FAM20A and findings that extend the phenotypic spectrum of this disorder, showing that protein truncation is associated with greater clinical severity.
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38
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Nagae M, Mishra SK, Neyazaki M, Oi R, Ikeda A, Matsugaki N, Akashi S, Manya H, Mizuno M, Yagi H, Kato K, Senda T, Endo T, Nogi T, Yamaguchi Y. 3D structural analysis of protein O-mannosyl kinase, POMK, a causative gene product of dystroglycanopathy. Genes Cells 2017; 22:348-359. [PMID: 28251761 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orchestration of the multiple enzymes engaged in O-mannose glycan synthesis provides a matriglycan on α-dystroglycan (α-DG) which attracts extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as laminin. Aberrant O-mannosylation of α-DG leads to severe congenital muscular dystrophies due to detachment of ECM proteins from the basal membrane. Phosphorylation at C6-position of O-mannose catalyzed by protein O-mannosyl kinase (POMK) is a crucial step in the biosynthetic pathway of O-mannose glycan. Several mis-sense mutations of the POMK catalytic domain are known to cause a severe congenital muscular dystrophy, Walker-Warburg syndrome. Due to the low sequence similarity with other typical kinases, structure-activity relationships of this enzyme remain unclear. Here, we report the crystal structures of the POMK catalytic domain in the absence and presence of an ATP analogue and O-mannosylated glycopeptide. The POMK catalytic domain shows a typical protein kinase fold consisting of N- and C-lobes. Mannose residue binds to POMK mainly via the hydroxyl group at C2-position, differentiating from other monosaccharide residues. Intriguingly, the two amino acid residues K92 and D228, interacting with the triphosphate group of ATP, are donated from atypical positions in the primary structure. Mutations in this protein causing muscular dystrophies can now be rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nagae
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sushil K Mishra
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makiko Neyazaki
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Rika Oi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akemi Ikeda
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naohiro Matsugaki
- Structural Biology Research Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Satoko Akashi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mizuno
- The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0003, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.,Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Terukazu Nogi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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39
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Keira Y, Wada M, Ishikawa HO. Regulation of Drosophila Development by the Golgi Kinase Four-Jointed. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 123:143-179. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zhu Q, Venzke D, Walimbe AS, Anderson ME, Fu Q, Kinch LN, Wang W, Chen X, Grishin NV, Huang N, Yu L, Dixon JE, Campbell KP, Xiao J. Structure of protein O-mannose kinase reveals a unique active site architecture. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27879205 PMCID: PMC5142810 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘pseudokinase’ SgK196 is a protein O-mannose kinase (POMK) that catalyzes an essential phosphorylation step during biosynthesis of the laminin-binding glycan on α-dystroglycan. However, the catalytic mechanism underlying this activity remains elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of Danio rerio POMK in complex with Mg2+ ions, ADP, aluminum fluoride, and the GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc-β4-Man trisaccharide substrate, thereby providing a snapshot of the catalytic transition state of this unusual kinase. The active site of POMK is established by residues located in non-canonical positions and is stabilized by a disulfide bridge. GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc-β4-Man is recognized by a surface groove, and the GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc moiety mediates the majority of interactions with POMK. Expression of various POMK mutants in POMK knockout cells further validated the functional requirements of critical residues. Our results provide important insights into the ability of POMK to function specifically as a glycan kinase, and highlight the structural diversity of the human kinome. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22238.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - David Venzke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Ameya S Walimbe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Mary E Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Qiuyu Fu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yu
- Medical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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41
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Phosphorylation of spore coat proteins by a family of atypical protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3482-91. [PMID: 27185916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605917113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The modification of proteins by phosphorylation occurs in all life forms and is catalyzed by a large superfamily of enzymes known as protein kinases. We recently discovered a family of secretory pathway kinases that phosphorylate extracellular proteins. One member, family with sequence similarity 20C (Fam20C), is the physiological Golgi casein kinase. While examining distantly related protein sequences, we observed low levels of identity between the spore coat protein H (CotH), and the Fam20C-related secretory pathway kinases. CotH is a component of the spore in many bacterial and eukaryotic species, and is required for efficient germination of spores in Bacillus subtilis; however, the mechanism by which CotH affects germination is unclear. Here, we show that CotH is a protein kinase. The crystal structure of CotH reveals an atypical protein kinase-like fold with a unique mode of ATP binding. Examination of the genes neighboring cotH in B. subtilis led us to identify two spore coat proteins, CotB and CotG, as CotH substrates. Furthermore, we show that CotH-dependent phosphorylation of CotB and CotG is required for the efficient germination of B. subtilis spores. Collectively, our results define a family of atypical protein kinases and reveal an unexpected role for protein phosphorylation in spore biology.
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42
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Abstract
The regulation of phosphate metabolism as an influence on bone homeostasis is profound. Recent advances in understanding the systemic control of Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) has uncovered novel effectors of endocrine feedback loops for calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D balance that interact with 'traditional' feedback loops for mineral metabolism. Not only are these findings re-shaping research studying phosphate handling and skeletal interactions, they have provided new therapeutic interventions. Emerging data support that the control of FGF23 production in bone and its circulating concentrations is a multi-layered process, with some influences affecting FGF23 transcription and some post-translational modification of the secreted, bioactive protein. Additionally, the actions of FGF23 on its target tissues via its co-receptor αKlotho, are subject to regulatory events just coming to light. The recent findings of systemic influences on circulating FGF23 and the downstream manifestations on bone homeostasis will be reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Clinkenbeard
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kenneth E White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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43
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Abstract
Members of the four-jointed and VLK families of secretory pathway kinases appear to be responsible for the phosphorylation of secreted proteins and proteoglycans. These enzymes have been implicated in many biological processes and mutations in several of these kinases cause human diseases. Here, we describe methods to purify and assay two members of the four-jointed family of secretory kinases: the Fam20C protein kinase and the Fam20B proteoglycan kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9148, USA.
| | - Jianzhong Wen
- Discovery Bioanalytics, Merck and Co, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Junyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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44
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Silvennoinen O. Nucleotide-binding mechanisms in pseudokinases. Biosci Rep 2015; 36:e00282. [PMID: 26589967 PMCID: PMC4718504 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudokinases are classified by the lack of one or several of the highly conserved motifs involved in nucleotide (nt) binding or catalytic activity of protein kinases (PKs). Pseudokinases represent ∼10% of the human kinome and they are found in all evolutionary classes of kinases. It has become evident that pseudokinases, which were initially considered somewhat peculiar dead kinases, are important components in several signalling cascades. Furthermore, several pseudokinases have been linked to human diseases, particularly cancer, which is raising interest for therapeutic approaches towards these proteins. The ATP-binding pocket is a well-established drug target and elucidation of the mechanism and properties of nt binding in pseudokinases is of significant interest and importance. Recent studies have demonstrated that members of the pseudokinase family are very diverse in structure as well as in their ability and mechanism to bind nts or perform phosphoryl transfer reactions. This diversity also precludes prediction of pseudokinase function, or the importance of nt binding for said function, based on primary sequence alone. Currently available data indicate that ∼40% of pseudokinases are able to bind nts, whereas only few are able to catalyse occasional phosphoryl transfer. Pseudokinases employ diverse mechanisms to bind nts, which usually occurs at low, but physiological, affinity. ATP binding serves often a structural role but in most cases the functional roles are not precisely known. In the present review, we discuss the various mechanisms that pseudokinases employ for nt binding and how this often low-affinity binding can be accurately analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik M Hammarén
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anniina T Virtanen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland Clinical Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Medisiinarinkatu 3, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The conventional term 'casein kinase' (CK) denotes three classes of kinases - CK1, CK2 and Golgi-CK (G-CK)/Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) - sharing the ability to phoshorylate casein in vitro, but otherwise unrelated to each other. All CKs have been reported to be implicated in human diseases, and reviews individually dealing with the druggability of CK1 and CK2 are available. Our aim is to provide a comparative analysis of the three classes of CKs as therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED CK2 is the CK for which implication in neoplasia is best documented, with the survival of cancer cells often relying on its overexpression. An ample variety of cell-permeable CK2 inhibitors have been developed, with a couple of these now in clinical trials. Isoform-specific CK1 inhibitors that are expected to play a beneficial role in oncology and neurodegeneration have been also developed. In contrast, the pathogenic potential of G-CK/Fam20C is caused by its loss of function. Activators of Fam20C, notably sphingolipids and their analogs, may prove beneficial in this respect. EXPERT OPINION Optimization of CK2 and CK1 inhibitors will prove useful to develop new therapeutic strategies for treating cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, while the design of potent activators of G-CK/Fam20C will provide a new tool in the fields of bio-mineralization and hypophosphatemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- a 1 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- a 1 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy .,b 2 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences , Padova, Italy ;
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46
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Cozza G, Salvi M, Banerjee S, Tibaldi E, Tagliabracci VS, Dixon JE, Pinna LA. A new role for sphingosine: Up-regulation of Fam20C, the genuine casein kinase that phosphorylates secreted proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1718-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tagliabracci VS, Wiley SE, Guo X, Kinch LN, Durrant E, Wen J, Xiao J, Cui J, Nguyen KB, Engel JL, Coon JJ, Grishin N, Pinna LA, Pagliarini DJ, Dixon JE. A Single Kinase Generates the Majority of the Secreted Phosphoproteome. Cell 2015; 161:1619-32. [PMID: 26091039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The existence of extracellular phosphoproteins has been acknowledged for over a century. However, research in this area has been undeveloped largely because the kinases that phosphorylate secreted proteins have escaped identification. Fam20C is a kinase that phosphorylates S-x-E/pS motifs on proteins in milk and in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth. Here, we show that Fam20C generates the majority of the extracellular phosphoproteome. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, mass spectrometry, and biochemistry, we identify more than 100 secreted phosphoproteins as genuine Fam20C substrates. Further, we show that Fam20C exhibits broader substrate specificity than previously appreciated. Functional annotations of Fam20C substrates suggest roles for the kinase beyond biomineralization, including lipid homeostasis, wound healing, and cell migration and adhesion. Our results establish Fam20C as the major secretory pathway protein kinase and serve as a foundation for new areas of investigation into the role of secreted protein phosphorylation in human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Eric Durrant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jianzhong Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Junyu Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jixin Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kim B Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James L Engel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nick Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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48
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Abstract
The interaction between an active kinase and an 'inactive' pseudokinase provides clues about how these enzymes were regulated in the past, and how this regulation has evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Andrey S Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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49
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Sreelatha A, Kinch LN, Tagliabracci VS. The secretory pathway kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1687-93. [PMID: 25862977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a nearly universal post-translation modification involved in a plethora of cellular events. Even though phosphorylation of extracellular proteins had been observed, the identity of the kinases that phosphorylate secreted proteins remained a mystery until only recently. Advances in genome sequencing and genetic studies have paved the way for the discovery of a new class of kinases that localize within the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the extracellular space. These novel kinases phosphorylate proteins and proteoglycans in the secretory pathway and appear to regulate various extracellular processes. Mutations in these kinases cause human disease, thus underscoring the biological importance of phosphorylation within the secretory pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sreelatha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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What is nephrocalcinosis? Kidney Int 2015; 88:35-43. [PMID: 25807034 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The available publications on nephrocalcinosis are wide-ranging and have documented multiple causes and associations of macroscopic or radiological nephrocalcinosis, most often located in the renal medulla, with various metabolic and genetic disorders; in fact, so many and various are these that it is difficult to define a common underlying mechanism. We have reviewed nephrocalcinosis in relation to its definition, genetic associations, animal models, and putative mechanisms. We have concluded, and hypothesized, that nephrocalcinosis is primarily a renal interstitial process, resembling metastatic calcification, and that it may have some features in common with, and pathogenic links to, vascular calcification.
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