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Cheong KL, Liu K, Chen W, Zhong S, Tan K. Recent progress in Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural insights, and their impact on gastrointestinal health and oxidative stress management. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101414. [PMID: 38711774 PMCID: PMC11070828 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyra haitanensis, a red seaweed species, represents a bountiful and sustainable marine resource. P. haitanensis polysaccharide (PHP), has garnered considerable attention for its numerous health benefits. However, the comprehensive utilization of PHP on an industrial scale has been limited by the lack of comprehensive information. In this review, we endeavor to discuss and summarize recent advancements in PHP extraction, purification, and characterization. We emphasize the multifaceted mechanisms through which PHP promotes gastrointestinal health. Furthermore, we present a summary of compelling evidence supporting PHP's protective role against oxidative stress. This includes its demonstrated potent antioxidant properties, its ability to neutralize free radicals, and its capacity to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The information presented here also lays the theoretical groundwork for future research into the structural and functional aspects of PHP, as well as its potential applications in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-Leong Cheong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Keying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Wenting Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Karsoon Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
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2
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Koff M, Monagas-Valentin P, Novikov B, Chandel I, Panin V. Protein O-mannosylation: one sugar, several pathways, many functions. Glycobiology 2023; 33:911-926. [PMID: 37565810 PMCID: PMC10859634 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has unveiled numerous important functions of protein glycosylation in development, homeostasis, and diseases. A type of glycosylation taking the center stage is protein O-mannosylation, a posttranslational modification conserved in a wide range of organisms, from yeast to humans. In animals, protein O-mannosylation plays a crucial role in the nervous system, whereas protein O-mannosylation defects cause severe neurological abnormalities and congenital muscular dystrophies. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying protein O-mannosylation functions and biosynthesis remain not well understood. This review outlines recent studies on protein O-mannosylation while focusing on the functions in the nervous system, summarizes the current knowledge about protein O-mannosylation biosynthesis, and discusses the pathologies associated with protein O-mannosylation defects. The evolutionary perspective revealed by studies in the Drosophila model system are also highlighted. Finally, the review touches upon important knowledge gaps in the field and discusses critical questions for future research on the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with protein O-mannosylation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Koff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Pedro Monagas-Valentin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Boris Novikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Ishita Chandel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Vladislav Panin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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3
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Canse C, Yildirim E, Yaba A. Overview of junctional complexes during mammalian early embryonic development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150017. [PMID: 37152932 PMCID: PMC10158982 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions form strong intercellular connections and mediate communication between blastomeres during preimplantation embryonic development and thus are crucial for cell integrity, polarity, cell fate specification and morphogenesis. Together with cell adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal elements, intercellular junctions orchestrate mechanotransduction, morphokinetics and signaling networks during the development of early embryos. This review focuses on the structure, organization, function and expressional pattern of the cell-cell junction complexes during early embryonic development. Understanding the importance of dynamic junction formation and maturation processes will shed light on the molecular mechanism behind developmental abnormalities of early embryos during the preimplantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Canse
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ecem Yildirim
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aylin Yaba
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- *Correspondence: Aylin Yaba,
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4
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Quereda C, Pastor À, Martín-Nieto J. Involvement of abnormal dystroglycan expression and matriglycan levels in cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:395. [PMID: 36494657 PMCID: PMC9733019 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan (DG) is a glycoprotein composed of two subunits that remain non-covalently bound at the plasma membrane: α-DG, which is extracellular and heavily O-mannosyl glycosylated, and β-DG, an integral transmembrane polypeptide. α-DG is involved in the maintenance of tissue integrity and function in the adult, providing an O-glycosylation-dependent link for cells to their extracellular matrix. β-DG in turn contacts the cytoskeleton via dystrophin and participates in a variety of pathways transmitting extracellular signals to the nucleus. Increasing evidence exists of a pivotal role of DG in the modulation of normal cellular proliferation. In this context, deficiencies in DG glycosylation levels, in particular those affecting the so-called matriglycan structure, have been found in an ample variety of human tumors and cancer-derived cell lines. This occurs together with an underexpression of the DAG1 mRNA and/or its α-DG (core) polypeptide product or, more frequently, with a downregulation of β-DG protein levels. These changes are in general accompanied in tumor cells by a low expression of genes involved in the last steps of the α-DG O-mannosyl glycosylation pathway, namely POMT1/2, POMGNT2, CRPPA, B4GAT1 and LARGE1/2. On the other hand, a series of other genes acting earlier in this pathway are overexpressed in tumor cells, namely DOLK, DPM1/2/3, POMGNT1, B3GALNT2, POMK and FKTN, hence exerting instead a pro-oncogenic role. Finally, downregulation of β-DG, altered β-DG processing and/or impaired β-DG nuclear levels are increasingly found in human tumors and cell lines. It follows that DG itself, particular genes/proteins involved in its glycosylation and/or their interactors in the cell could be useful as biomarkers of certain types of human cancer, and/or as molecular targets of new therapies addressing these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quereda
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Campus Universitario San Vicente, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Àngels Pastor
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Campus Universitario San Vicente, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Martín-Nieto
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Campus Universitario San Vicente, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain ,grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio ‘Ramón Margalef’, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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5
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Sigle LT, Jones M, Novelo M, Ford SA, Urakova N, Lymperopoulos K, Sayre RT, Xi Z, Rasgon JL, McGraw EA. Assessing Aedes aegypti candidate genes during viral infection and Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:356-368. [PMID: 35112745 PMCID: PMC9081237 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One approach to control dengue virus transmission is the symbiont Wolbachia, which limits viral infection in mosquitoes. Despite plans for its widespread use in Aedes aegypti, Wolbachia's mode of action remains poorly understood. Many studies suggest that the mechanism is likely multifaceted, involving aspects of immunity, cellular stress and nutritional competition. A previous study from our group used artificial selection to identify a new mosquito candidate gene related to viral blocking; alpha-mannosidase-2a (alpha-Mann-2a) with a predicted role in protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation pathways tend to be involved in complex host-viral interactions; however, the function of alpha-mannosidases has not been described in mosquito-virus interactions. We examined alpha-Mann-2a expression in response to virus and Wolbachia infections and whether reduced gene expression, caused by RNA interference, affected viral loads. We show that dengue virus (DENV) infection affects the expression of alpha-Mann-2a in a tissue- and time-dependent manner, whereas Wolbachia infection had no effect. In the midgut, DENV prevalence increased following knockdown of alpha-Mann-2a expression in Wolbachia-free mosquitoes, suggesting that alpha-Mann-2a interferes with infection. Expression knockdown had the same effect on the togavirus chikungunya virus, indicating that alpha-Mann-2a may have broad antivirus effects in the midgut. Interestingly, we were unable to knockdown the expression in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. We also provide evidence that alpha-Mann-2a may affect the transcriptional level of another gene predicted to be involved in viral blocking and cell adhesion; cadherin87a. These data support the hypothesis that glycosylation and adhesion pathways may broadly be involved in viral infection in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T. Sigle
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Matthew Jones
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mario Novelo
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Suzanne A. Ford
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | - Zhiyong Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. McGraw
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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6
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Hang J, Wang J, Lu M, Xue Y, Qiao J, Tao L. Protein O-mannosylation across kingdoms and related diseases: From glycobiology to glycopathology. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112685. [PMID: 35149389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of proteins by O-linked α-mannose is conserved from bacteria to humans. Due to advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry-based approaches, a variety of glycoproteins are identified to be O-mannosylated. Various proteins with O-mannosylation are involved in biological processes, providing essential necessity for proper growth and development. In this review, we summarize the process and regulation of O-mannosylation. The multi-step O-mannosylation procedures are quite dynamic and complex, especially when considering the structural and functional inspection of the involved enzymes. The widely studied O-mannosylated proteins in human include α-Dystroglycan (α-DG), cadherins, protocadherins, and plexin, and their aberrant O-mannosylation are associated with many diseases. In addition, O-mannosylation also contributes to diverse functions in lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Finally, we present the relationship between O-mannosylation and gut microbiota (GM), and elucidate that O-mannosylation in microbiome is of great importance in the dynamic balance of GM. Our study provides an overview of the processes of O-mannosylation in mammalian cells and other organisms, and also associated regulated enzymes and biological functions, which could contribute to the understanding of newly discovered O-mannosylated glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Minzhen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuchuan Xue
- The First Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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7
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Williams SE, Noel M, Lehoux S, Cetinbas M, Xavier RJ, Sadreyev RI, Scolnick EM, Smoller JW, Cummings RD, Mealer RG. Mammalian brain glycoproteins exhibit diminished glycan complexity compared to other tissues. Nat Commun 2022; 13:275. [PMID: 35022400 PMCID: PMC8755730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is essential to brain development and function, but prior studies have often been limited to a single analytical technique and excluded region- and sex-specific analyses. Here, using several methodologies, we analyze Asn-linked and Ser/Thr/Tyr-linked protein glycosylation between brain regions and sexes in mice. Brain N-glycans are less complex in sequence and variety compared to other tissues, consisting predominantly of high-mannose and fucosylated/bisected structures. Most brain O-glycans are unbranched, sialylated O-GalNAc and O-mannose structures. A consistent pattern is observed between regions, and sex differences are minimal compared to those in plasma. Brain glycans correlate with RNA expression of their synthetic enzymes, and analysis of glycosylation genes in humans show a global downregulation in the brain compared to other tissues. We hypothesize that this restricted repertoire of protein glycans arises from their tight regulation in the brain. These results provide a roadmap for future studies of glycosylation in neurodevelopment and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Williams
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maxence Noel
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Lehoux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Murat Cetinbas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward M Scolnick
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of Harvard/MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of Harvard/MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert G Mealer
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of Harvard/MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Noor SI, Hoffmann M, Rinis N, Bartels MF, Winterhalter PR, Hoelscher C, Hennig R, Himmelreich N, Thiel C, Ruppert T, Rapp E, Strahl S. Glycosyltransferase POMGNT1 deficiency strengthens N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100433. [PMID: 33610554 PMCID: PMC7994789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in protein O-mannosylation lead to severe congenital muscular dystrophies collectively known as α-dystroglycanopathy. A hallmark of these diseases is the loss of the O-mannose-bound matriglycan on α-dystroglycan, which reduces cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in protein O-mannose β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGNT1), which is crucial for the elongation of O-mannosyl glycans, have mainly been associated with muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease. In addition to defects in cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, aberrant cell-cell adhesion has occasionally been observed in response to defects in POMGNT1. However, specific molecular consequences of POMGNT1 deficiency on cell-cell adhesion are largely unknown. We used POMGNT1 knockout HEK293T cells and fibroblasts from an MEB patient to gain deeper insight into the molecular changes in POMGNT1 deficiency. Biochemical and molecular biological techniques combined with proteomics, glycoproteomics, and glycomics revealed that a lack of POMGNT1 activity strengthens cell-cell adhesion. We demonstrate that the altered intrinsic adhesion properties are due to an increased abundance of N-cadherin (N-Cdh). In addition, site-specific changes in the N-glycan structures in the extracellular domain of N-Cdh were detected, which positively impact on homotypic interactions. Moreover, in POMGNT1-deficient cells, ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways are activated and transcriptional changes that are comparable with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are triggered, defining a possible molecular mechanism underlying the observed phenotype. Our study indicates that changes in cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and other EMT-related processes may contribute to the complex clinical symptoms of MEB or α-dystroglycanopathy in general and suggests that the impact of changes in O-mannosylation on N-glycosylation has been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ibne Noor
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Glycobiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Rinis
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Glycobiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus F Bartels
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Glycobiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick R Winterhalter
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Glycobiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Hoelscher
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Glycobiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany; glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nastassja Himmelreich
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department Pediatrics I, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department Pediatrics I, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruppert
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany; glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Strahl
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Glycobiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Borgert A, Foley BL, Live D. Contrasting the conformational effects of α-O-GalNAc and α-O-Man glycan protein modifications and their impact on the mucin-like region of alpha-dystroglycan. Glycobiology 2020; 31:649-661. [PMID: 33295623 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have carried out a comparative study of the conformational impact of modifications to threonine residues of either α-O-Man or α-O-GalNAc in the context of a sequence from the mucin-like region of α-dystroglycan. Both such modifications can coexist in this domain of the glycoprotein. Solution NMR experiments and molecular dynamics calculations were employed. Comparing the results for an unmodified peptide Ac- PPTTTTKKP-NH2 sequence from α-dystroglycan, and glycoconjugates with either modification on the Ts, we find that the impact of the α-O-Man modification on the peptide scaffold is quite limited, while that of the α-O-GalNAc is more profound. The results for the α-O-GalNAc glycoconjugate are consistent with what has been seen earlier in other systems. Further examination of the NMR-based structure and the MD results suggest a more extensive network of hydrogen bond interactions within the α-O-GalNAc-threonine residue than has been previously appreciated, which influences the properties of the protein backbone. The conformational effects are relevant to the mechanical properties of α-dystroglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Borgert
- Department of Medical Research, Gundersen Health System, 1900 South Ave., La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - B Lachele Foley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Live
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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10
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Graham JB, Sunryd JC, Mathavan K, Weir E, Larsen ISB, Halim A, Clausen H, Cousin H, Alfandari D, Hebert DN. Endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein TMTC3 contributes to O-mannosylation of E-cadherin, cellular adherence, and embryonic gastrulation. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:167-183. [PMID: 31851597 PMCID: PMC7001481 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-07-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation plays essential roles in protein structure, stability, and activity such as cell adhesion. The cadherin superfamily of adhesion molecules carry O-linked mannose glycans at conserved sites and it was recently demonstrated that the transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat-containing proteins 1-4 (TMTC1-4) gene products contribute to the addition of these O-linked mannoses. Here, biochemical, cell biological, and organismal analysis was used to determine that TMTC3 supports the O-mannosylation of E-cadherin, cellular adhesion, and embryonic gastrulation. Using genetically engineered cells lacking all four TMTC genes, overexpression of TMTC3 rescued O-linked glycosylation of E-cadherin and cell adherence. The knockdown of the Tmtcs in Xenopus laevis embryos caused a delay in gastrulation that was rescued by the addition of human TMTC3. Mutations in TMTC3 have been linked to neuronal cell migration diseases including Cobblestone lissencephaly. Analysis of TMTC3 mutations associated with Cobblestone lissencephaly found that three of the variants exhibit reduced stability and missence mutations were unable to complement TMTC3 rescue of gastrulation in Xenopus embryo development. Our study demonstrates that TMTC3 regulates O-linked glycosylation and cadherin-mediated adherence, providing insight into its effect on cellular adherence and migration, as well the basis of TMTC3-associated Cobblestone lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Graham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Johan C. Sunryd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ketan Mathavan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Emma Weir
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ida Signe Bohse Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Adnan Halim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Hélène Cousin
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Dominque Alfandari
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Daniel N. Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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11
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Ma M, Fu Y, Zhou X, Guan F, Wang Y, Li X. Functional roles of fucosylated and O-glycosylated cadherins during carcinogenesis and metastasis. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109365. [PMID: 31352008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reduced cellular adhesiveness as a result of cadherin dysfunction is a defining feature of cancer and the mechanism involved in many aspects. Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications to cadherin. Major changes of glycosylation on cadherins can affect its stability, trafficking, and cell-adhesion properties. It has been reported that the different glycoforms of cadherins are promising biomarkers in cancer, with potential clinical application to constitute targets for the development of new therapies. Among the various glycoforms of cadherins, fucosylated and O-glycosylated cadherins are attracting more attention for their important roles in regulating cadherin functions during carcinogenesis. This review will discuss the most recent insights of the functional roles of fucosylated and O-glycosylated cadherins and their regulation mechanisms during carcinogenesis and metastasis. In summary, more understanding of fucosylated and O-glycosylated cadherins will lead to development of novel therapeutic approaches targeted to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxing Ma
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Department of Oncology, the Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Yutong Fu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng Guan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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12
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Larsen ISB, Narimatsu Y, Clausen H, Joshi HJ, Halim A. Multiple distinct O-Mannosylation pathways in eukaryotes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:171-178. [PMID: 30999272 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation (O-Man), originally discovered in yeast five decades ago, is an important post-translational modification (PTM) conserved from bacteria to humans, but not found in plants or nematodes. Until recently, the homologous family of ER-located protein O-mannosyl transferases (PMT1-7 in yeast; POMT1/POMT2 in humans), were the only known enzymes involved in directing O-Man biosynthesis in eukaryotes. However, recent studies demonstrate the existence of multiple distinct O-Man glycosylation pathways indicating that the genetic and biosynthetic regulation of O-Man in eukaryotes is more complex than previously envisioned. Introduction of sensitive glycoproteomics strategies provided an expansion of O-Man glycoproteomes in eukaryotes (yeast and mammalian cell lines) leading to the discovery of O-Man glycosylation on important mammalian cell adhesion (cadherin superfamily) and signaling (plexin family) macromolecules, and to the discovery of unique nucleocytoplasmic O-Man glycosylation in yeast. It is now evident that eukaryotes have multiple distinct O-Man glycosylation pathways including: i) the classical PMT1-7 and POMT1/POMT2 pathway conserved in all eukaryotes apart from plants; ii) a yet uncharacterized nucleocytoplasmic pathway only found in yeast; iii) an ER-located pathway directed by the TMTC1-4 genes found in metazoans and protists and primarily dedicated to the cadherin superfamily; and iv) a yet uncharacterized pathway found in metazoans primarily dedicated to plexins. O-Man glycosylation is thus emerging as a much more widespread and evolutionary diverse PTM with complex genetic and biosynthetic regulation. While deficiencies in the POMT1/POMT2 O-Man pathway underlie muscular dystrophies, the TMTC1-4 pathway appear to be involved in distinct congenital disorders with neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Here, we review and discuss the recent discoveries of the new non-classical O-Man glycosylation pathways, their substrates, functions and roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Signe Bohse Larsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Adnan Halim
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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13
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Brodehl A, Stanasiuk C, Anselmetti D, Gummert J, Milting H. Incorporation of desmocollin-2 into the plasma membrane requires N-glycosylation at multiple sites. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:996-1007. [PMID: 30942563 PMCID: PMC6487837 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmocollin‐2 (DSC2) is a desmosomal protein of the cadherin family. Desmosomes are multiprotein complexes, which are involved in cell adhesion of cardiomyocytes and of keratinocytes. The molecular structure of the complete extracellular domain (ECD) of DSC2 was recently described, revealing three disulfide bridges, four N‐glycosylation sites, and four O‐mannosylation sites. However, the functional relevance of these post‐translational modifications for the protein trafficking of DSC2 to the plasma membrane is still unknown. Here, we generated a set of DSC2 mutants, in which we systematically exchanged all N‐glycosylation sites, O‐mannosylation sites, and disulfide bridges within the ECD and investigated the resulting subcellular localization by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Of note, all single and double N‐glycosylation‐ deficient mutants were efficiently incorporated into the plasma membrane, indicating that the absence of these glycosylation sites has a minor effect on the protein trafficking of DSC2. However, the exchange of multiple N‐glycosylation sites resulted in intracellular accumulation. Colocalization analysis using cell compartment trackers revealed that N‐glycosylation‐ deficient DSC2 mutants were retained within the Golgi apparatus. In contrast, elimination of the four O‐mannosylation sites or the disulfide bridges in the ECD has no obvious effect on the intracellular protein processing of DSC2. These experiments underscore the importance of N‐glycosylation at multiple sites of DSC2 for efficient intracellular transport to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brodehl
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development (EHKI), Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Caroline Stanasiuk
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development (EHKI), Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Faculty of Physics, Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Bielefeld Institute for Nanoscience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Jan Gummert
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development (EHKI), Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development (EHKI), Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Oeynhausen, Germany
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14
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Debus JD, Milting H, Brodehl A, Kassner A, Anselmetti D, Gummert J, Gaertner-Rommel A. In vitro analysis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy associated desmoglein-2 (DSG2) mutations reveals diverse glycosylation patterns. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:303-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Kumari K, Das B, Adhya AK, Rath AK, Mishra SK. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals six contravened targets of EZH2 associated with breast cancer patient survival. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1974. [PMID: 30760814 PMCID: PMC6374476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Several pioneering work have established that apart from genetic alterations, epigenetic modifications contribute significantly in tumor progression. Remarkable role of EZH2 in cancer highlights the importance of identifying its targets. Although much emphasis has been placed in recent years in designing drugs and inhibitors targeting EZH2, less effort has been given in exploring its existing targets that will help in understanding the oncogenic role of EZH2 in turn which may provide a more stringent method of targeting EZH2. In the present study, we validated six direct targets of EZH2 that are GPNMB, PMEPA1, CoL5A1, VGLL4, POMT2 and SUMF1 associated with cancer related pathways. Upon EZH2 knockdown, more than two fold increase in the target gene expression was evident. CHIP-qPCR performed in both MCF-7 and MDA-MDA-231 confirmed the in-vivo binding of EZH2 on its identified target. Thirty invasive breast carcinoma cases with their adjacent normal tissues were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry in primary breast tumor tissue array showed tumor dependent expression of EZH2. Array of MERAV expression database revealed the strength of association of EZH2 with its target genes. Real time PCR performed with RNA extracted from breast tumor tissues further authenticated the existing negative correlation between EZH2 and its target genes. Pearson correlation coefficient & statistical significance computed using the matrix provided in the database strengthened the negative correlation between identified target genes and EZH2. KM plotter analysis showed improved relapse-free survival with increased expression of PMEPA1, POMT2, VGLL4 and SUMF1 in breast cancer patients indicating their therapeutic potential. While investigating the relevance of these target genes, different mutations of them were found in breast cancer patients. Seeking the clinical relevance of our study, following our recent publication that reports the role of EZH2 in nicotine-mediated breast cancer development and progression, we observed significant reduced expression of SUMF1 in breast cancer patient samples with smoking history in comparison to never-smoked patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit K Adhya
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Arabinda K Rath
- Hemalata Hospitals and Research Centre, Chandrashekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sandip K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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16
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Nickolls AR, Bönnemann CG. The roles of dystroglycan in the nervous system: insights from animal models of muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/12/dmm035931. [PMID: 30578246 PMCID: PMC6307911 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a cell membrane protein that binds to the extracellular matrix in a variety of mammalian tissues. The α-subunit of dystroglycan (αDG) is heavily glycosylated, including a special O-mannosyl glycoepitope, relying upon this unique glycosylation to bind its matrix ligands. A distinct group of muscular dystrophies results from specific hypoglycosylation of αDG, and they are frequently associated with central nervous system involvement, ranging from profound brain malformation to intellectual disability without evident morphological defects. There is an expanding literature addressing the function of αDG in the nervous system, with recent reports demonstrating important roles in brain development and in the maintenance of neuronal synapses. Much of these data are derived from an increasingly rich array of experimental animal models. This Review aims to synthesize the information from such diverse models, formulating an up-to-date understanding about the various functions of αDG in neurons and glia of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Where possible, we integrate these data with our knowledge of the human disorders to promote translation from basic mechanistic findings to clinical therapies that take the neural phenotypes into account. Summary: Dystroglycan is a ubiquitous matrix receptor linked to brain and muscle disease. Unraveling the functions of this protein will inform basic and translational research on neural development and muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec R Nickolls
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Jia F, Zhang Z, Zhang X. MicroRNA-338-3p inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in osteosarcoma cells by targeting RUNX2/CDK4 and inhibition of MAPK pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6420-6430. [PMID: 30484892 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most aggressive bone tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to implicate in the pathogenesis of different types of cancers, including OS. This study aimed to explore the roles of miR-338-3p in OS and investigate the underlying mechanism. Human OS cell lines (MG-63 and U2OS) and osteoblast (hFOB) cell line were used in the study. The expression levels of miR-338-3p, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) were altered by transient transfection and determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction/Western blot analysis. Cell viability, colony numbers, migration, and invasion, and apoptotic cells were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the target gene of miR-338-3p. Western blot assay was carried to measure the protein expression levels involved in cell apoptosis, migration, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. We found that the expression of miR-338-3p was downregulated in MG-63 cell and U2OS cells, compared with hFOB cells. MiR-338-3p suppression significantly increased cell viability and colony numbers, promoted cell migration, and invasion, but suppressed cell apoptosis in MG-63 and U2OS cells. Opposite results were observed in the miR-338-3p overexpression. Interestingly, RUNX2 and CDK4 were direct target genes of miR-338-3p. RUNX2 inhibition shared a similar effect of miR-338-3p mimic on MG-63 cells. Furthermore, miR-338-3p inhibited the activation of MAPK pathway in MG-63 cells. To conclude, these findings suggested that miR-338-3p functioned as a tumor suppressor in OS cells by targeting RUNX2 and CDK4, as well as inhibition of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jia
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ping An (Hefei) Internet Hospital, Hefei, China
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18
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Glycosylation in cancer: Selected roles in tumour progression, immune modulation and metastasis. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Liu Z, Wang C, Liu X, Kuang S. Shisa2 regulates the fusion of muscle progenitors. Stem Cell Res 2018; 31:31-41. [PMID: 30007221 PMCID: PMC6171505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscles are comprised of multinuclear muscle cells called myofibers. During skeletal muscle development and regeneration, mononuclear progenitor cells (myoblasts) fuse to form multinuclear myotubes, which mature and become myofibers. The molecular events mediating myoblast fusion are not fully understood. Here we report that Shisa2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized protein, regulates the fusion of muscle satellite cell-derived primary myoblasts. Shisa2 expression is repressed by Notch signaling, elevated in activated compared to quiescent satellite cells, and further upregulated during myogenic differentiation. Knockdown of Shisa2 inhibits the fusion of myoblasts without affecting proliferation. Conversely, Shisa2 overexpression in proliferating myoblasts inhibits their proliferation but promotes premature fusion. Interestingly, Shisa2-overexpressing nascent myotubes actively recruit myoblasts to fuse with. At the molecular level, Rac1/Cdc42-mediated cytoskeletal F-actin remodeling is required for Shisa2 to promote myoblast fusion. These results provide a novel mechanism through which an ER protein regulates myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojun Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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20
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Meng C, Sasmal A, Zhang Y, Gao T, Liu CC, Khan N, Varki A, Wang F, Cao H. Chemoenzymatic Assembly of Mammalian O-Mannose Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caicai Meng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center; University of California; San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
| | - Tian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Chang-Cheng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center; University of California; San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center; University of California; San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 China
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21
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Meng C, Sasmal A, Zhang Y, Gao T, Liu CC, Khan N, Varki A, Wang F, Cao H. Chemoenzymatic Assembly of Mammalian O-Mannose Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9003-9007. [PMID: 29802667 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
O-Mannose glycans account up to 30 % of total O-glycans in the brain. Previous synthesis and functional studies have only focused on the core M3 O-mannose glycans of α-dystroglycan, which are a causative factor for various muscular diseases. In this study, a highly efficient chemoenzymatic strategy was developed that enabled the first collective synthesis of 63 core M1 and core M2 O-mannose glycans. This chemoenzymatic strategy features the gram-scale chemical synthesis of five judiciously designed core structures, and the diversity-oriented modification of the core structures with three enzyme modules to provide 58 complex O-mannose glycans in a linear sequence that does not exceed four steps. The binding profiles of synthetic O-mannose glycans with a panel of lectins, antibodies, and brain proteins were also explored by using a printed O-mannose glycan array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caicai Meng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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22
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O-mannosylation and N-glycosylation: two coordinated mechanisms regulating the tumour suppressor functions of E-cadherin in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65231-65246. [PMID: 27533452 PMCID: PMC5323151 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of tumor suppressor protein E-cadherin is an early molecular event in cancer. O-mannosylation profile of E-cadherin is a newly-described post-translational modification crucial for its adhesive functions in homeostasis. However, the role of O-mannosyl glycans in E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion in cancer and their interplay with N-glycans remains largely unknown. We herein demonstrated that human gastric carcinomas exhibiting a non-functional E-cadherin display a reduced expression of O-mannosyl glycans concomitantly with increased modification with branched complex N-glycans. Accordingly, overexpression of MGAT5-mediated branched N-glycans both in gastric cancer cells and transgenic mice models led to a significant decrease of O-mannosyl glycans attached to E-cadherin that was associated with impairment of its tumour suppressive functions. Importantly, overexpression of protein O-mannosyltransferase 2 (POMT2) induced a reduced expression of branched N-glycans which led to a protective effect of E-cadherin biological functions. Overall, our results reveal a newly identified mechanism of (dys)regulation of E-cadherin that occur through the interplay between O-mannosylation and N-glycosylation pathway.
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23
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Wang Y, Zhou T, Wan J, Yang Y, Chen X, Wang J, Zhou C, Liu M, Ling X, Zhang J. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals a regulatory network of microRNA-29b during mouse early embryonic development. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53772-53782. [PMID: 27449102 PMCID: PMC5288220 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are endogenous ~22 nt RNAs that regulate gene expression by translational inhibition and mRNA destabilization. MicroRNA-29b (miR-29b) is essential for progression of mouse embryos past preimplantation development; however, details of the underlying regulatory network remain to be elucidated. Here, we used RNA sequencing to identify changes in the transcriptome of mouse embryos in response to miR-29b inhibition. Morula-stage embryos that had been subject to miR-29b inhibition throughout preimplantation development exhibited significant expression changes in 870 genes compared with controls. Among 405 genes that were downregulated, 30 genes encoded factors with known essential function during early embryonic development, including the pluripotent stem cell factor Nanog. We identified 19 genes encoding putative miR-29b target transcripts. These included Zbtb40, Hbp1, Ccdc117, Ypel2, Klf4, and Tmed9, which are upregulated at the 4-cell state of mouse development concomitant with miR-29b downregulation. Luciferase reporter analysis confirmed that Zbtb40, Hbp1, Ccdc117, Ypel2, and Klf4 transcripts are direct targets of miR-29b. These results suggest that miR-29b decreases the mRNA levels of several target genes during early mouse development, including the gene encoding the reprogramming factor Klf4. We hypothesize that inhibition of miR-29b causes overexpression of its target genes, triggering downstream signaling networks to decrease the expression of genes that are essential for embryonic development. In conclusion, miR-29b controls an extensive regulatory network in early mouse embryos, which comprises reprogramming factors and molecular regulators of post-transcriptional modification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Reproduction, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Reproduction, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Department of Reproduction, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Reproduction, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiufeng Ling
- Department of Reproduction, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, P.R. China
| | - Junqiang Zhang
- Department of Reproduction, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, P.R. China
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CD133+ cancer stem-like cells promote migration and invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma by inducing vasculogenic mimicry formation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29051-62. [PMID: 27074560 PMCID: PMC5045377 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have gained much attention due to their roles in the invasion and metastasis of numerous kinds of human cancers. Here, we showed that the positive expression of CD133, the stemness marker, was positively associated with vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation, local regional recurrence, distant metastasis and poorer prognosis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) specimens. Compared with CD133− ACC cells, CD133+ cancer stem-like cells had more migration and invasion capabilities, as well as more VM formation. The levels of endothelial cell marker VE-cadherin, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in CD133+ cancer stem-like cells and xenograft tumors of nude mice injected with CD133+ cells were significantly higher than those with CD133− cells. The data indicated that CD133+ cancer stem-like cells might contribute to the migration and invasion of ACC through inducing VM formation.
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25
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Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF. Analysis of Mammalian O-Glycopeptides-We Have Made a Good Start, but There is a Long Way to Go. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:2-17. [PMID: 29162637 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.mr117.000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is perhaps the most common post-translational modification. Recently there has been growing interest in cataloging the glycan structures, glycoproteins, and specific sites modified and deciphering the biological functions of glycosylation. Although the results are piling up for N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation is seriously trailing behind. In our review we reiterate the difficulties researchers have to overcome in order to characterize O-glycosylation. We describe how an ingenious cell engineering method delivered exciting results, and what could we gain from "wild-type" samples. Although we refer to the biological role(s) of O-glycosylation, we do not provide a complete inventory on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Darula
- From the ‡Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, 62 Temesvari krt, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- From the ‡Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, 62 Temesvari krt, Szeged, Hungary; .,§Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, N472A, MC 2240, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2517
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26
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Shabareesh PRV, Kumar A, Salunke DM, Kaur KJ. Structural and functional studies of differentially O-glycosylated analogs of a thrombin inhibitory peptide - variegin. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:880-888. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology; NCR Biotech Science Cluster; 3rd Milestone Faridabad 121001 India
| | - Dinakar M. Salunke
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Kanwal J. Kaur
- National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi 110067 India
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27
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Discovery of an O-mannosylation pathway selectively serving cadherins and protocadherins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11163-11168. [PMID: 28973932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708319114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin (cdh) superfamily of adhesion molecules carry O-linked mannose (O-Man) glycans at highly conserved sites localized to specific β-strands of their extracellular cdh (EC) domains. These O-Man glycans do not appear to be elongated like O-Man glycans found on α-dystroglycan (α-DG), and we recently demonstrated that initiation of cdh/protocadherin (pcdh) O-Man glycosylation is not dependent on the evolutionary conserved POMT1/POMT2 enzymes that initiate O-Man glycosylation on α-DG. Here, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 genetic dissection strategy combined with sensitive and quantitative O-Man glycoproteomics to identify a homologous family of four putative protein O-mannosyltransferases encoded by the TMTC1-4 genes, which were found to be imperative for cdh and pcdh O-Man glycosylation. KO of all four TMTC genes in HEK293 cells resulted in specific loss of cdh and pcdh O-Man glycosylation, whereas combined KO of TMTC1 and TMTC3 resulted in selective loss of O-Man glycans on specific β-strands of EC domains, suggesting that each isoenzyme serves a different function. In addition, O-Man glycosylation of IPT/TIG domains of plexins and hepatocyte growth factor receptor was not affected in TMTC KO cells, suggesting the existence of yet another O-Man glycosylation machinery. Our study demonstrates that regulation of O-mannosylation in higher eukaryotes is more complex than envisioned, and the discovery of the functions of TMTCs provide insight into cobblestone lissencephaly caused by deficiency in TMTC3.
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28
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Xu F, Liu XC, Li L, Ma CN, Zhang YJ. Effects of TRPC1 on epithelial mesenchymal transition in human airway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8166. [PMID: 29068985 PMCID: PMC5671818 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effects of TRPC1 on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human airway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS A total of 94 patients who underwent lobectomy were selected and divided into COPD (49 cases) and control (45 cases) groups. Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect expression of E-cadherin and vimentin and TRPC1. Correlation of TRPC1 expression with E-cadherin and vimentin expression, and correlations of lung function indicators in COPD patients with expression of TRPC1, E-cadherin, and vimentin were analyzed. Human airway epithelial cells (16HBE) were used for cell experiments; and cigarette smoking extract (CSE) was adopted to establish the COPD model using TRPC1 recombinant plasmids and siRNA. Cells were assigned into the control, CSE, CSE + vector, CSE + TRPC1, CSE + si-NC, and CSE + si-TRPC1 groups. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were implemented to detect expression of TRPC1, E-cadherin, and vimentin. RESULTS Compared with the control group, expression of TRPC1 and vimentin significantly increased while expression of E-cadherin decreased in the COPD group, and protein expression of TRPC1 was positively correlated with the protein expression of vimentin but negatively correlated with the protein expression of E-cadherin. Patients exhibiting positive expression of TRPC1 had lower FEV1, FEV1%Pred, and FEV1/FVC, compared with the patients exhibiting negative expression of TRPC1. Compared with the control group, expression of TRPC1 and vimentin increased, whereas expression of E-cadherin decreased in the CSE, CSE + vector, CSE + TRPC1, and CSE + si-NC groups. Compared with the CSE and CSE + vector groups, the expression of TRPC1 and vimentin increased but the expression of E-cadherin decreased in the CSE + TRPC1 group. Compared with the CSE and CSE + si-NC groups, the expression of TRPC1 and vimentin decreased but the expression of E-cadherin increased in the CSE + si-TRPC1 group. No significant differences were observed among the CSE, CSE + vector and CSE + si-NC groups. CONCLUSION Overexpression of TRPC1 in COPD promoted EMT process and TRPC1 may be a new and interesting focus for COPD new treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Respiration, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
| | - Xiao-Chun Liu
- Department of Respiration, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
| | - Li Li
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Nan Ma
- Department of Respiration, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
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29
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Sheikh MO, Halmo SM, Wells L. Recent advancements in understanding mammalian O-mannosylation. Glycobiology 2017; 27:806-819. [PMID: 28810660 PMCID: PMC6082599 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of select proteins by O-linked mannose (O-mannose or O-man) is a conserved modification from yeast to humans and has been shown to be necessary for proper development and growth. The most well studied O-mannosylated mammalian protein is α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Hypoglycosylation of α-DG results in varying severities of congenital muscular dystrophies, cancer progression and metastasis, and inhibited entry and infection of certain arenaviruses. Defects in the gene products responsible for post-translational modification of α-DG, primarily glycosyltransferases, are the basis for these diseases. The multitude of clinical phenotypes resulting from defective O-mannosylation highlights the biomedical significance of this unique modification. Elucidation of the various O-mannose biosynthetic pathways is imperative to understanding a broad range of human diseases and for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries delineating the various enzymes, structures and functions associated with O-mannose-initiated glycoproteins. Additionally, we discuss current gaps in our knowledge of mammalian O-mannosylation, discuss the evolution of this pathway, and illustrate the utility and limitations of model systems to study functions of O-mannosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephanie M Halmo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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30
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Sheikh MO, Wells L. Whoa man! Unexpected protein O-mannosylation pathways in mammals. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11599-11600. [PMID: 28687598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.h117.794487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent expansion of well-characterized O-mannosylated mammalian proteins beyond the archetypical example of α-dystroglycan has inspired new interest in the possibility of additional functional roles of this modification. In an effort to explore those roles, a new study now serendipitously uncovers the existence of an alternative pathway to the well-described POMT (protein O-mannosyltransferase) family of O-mannosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance Wells
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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31
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Manya H, Endo T. Glycosylation with ribitol-phosphate in mammals: New insights into the O-mannosyl glycan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2462-2472. [PMID: 28711406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND O-mannosyl glycans have been found in a limited number of glycoproteins of the brain, nerves, and skeletal muscles, particularly in α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Defects in O-mannosyl glycan on α-DG are the primary cause of a group of congenital muscular dystrophies, which are collectively termed α-dystroglycanopathy. Recent studies have revealed various O-mannosyl glycan structures, which can be classified as core M1, core M2, and core M3 glycans. Although many dystroglycanopathy genes are involved in core M3 processing, the structure and biosynthesis of core M3 glycan remains only partially understood. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents recent findings about the structure, biosynthesis, and pathology of O-mannosyl glycans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Recent studies have revealed that the entire structure of core M3 glycan, including ribitol-5-phosphate, is a novel structure in mammals; its unique biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated by the identification of new causative genes for α-dystroglycanopathies and their functions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE O-mannosyl glycan has a novel, unique structure that is important for the maintenance of brain and muscle functions. These findings have opened up a new field in glycoscience. These studies will further contribute to the understanding of the pathomechanism of α-dystroglycanopathy and the development of glycotherapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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32
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Larsen ISB, Narimatsu Y, Joshi HJ, Yang Z, Harrison OJ, Brasch J, Shapiro L, Honig B, Vakhrushev SY, Clausen H, Halim A. Mammalian O-mannosylation of cadherins and plexins is independent of protein O-mannosyltransferases 1 and 2. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11586-11598. [PMID: 28512129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation is found in yeast and metazoans, and a family of conserved orthologous protein O-mannosyltransferases is believed to initiate this important post-translational modification. We recently discovered that the cadherin superfamily carries O-linked mannose (O-Man) glycans at highly conserved residues in specific extracellular cadherin domains, and it was suggested that the function of E-cadherin was dependent on the O-Man glycans. Deficiencies in enzymes catalyzing O-Man biosynthesis, including the two human protein O-mannosyltransferases, POMT1 and POMT2, underlie a subgroup of congenital muscular dystrophies designated α-dystroglycanopathies, because deficient O-Man glycosylation of α-dystroglycan disrupts laminin interaction with α-dystroglycan and the extracellular matrix. To explore the functions of O-Man glycans on cadherins and protocadherins, we used a combinatorial gene-editing strategy in multiple cell lines to evaluate the role of the two POMTs initiating O-Man glycosylation and the major enzyme elongating O-Man glycans, the protein O-mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, POMGnT1. Surprisingly, O-mannosylation of cadherins and protocadherins does not require POMT1 and/or POMT2 in contrast to α-dystroglycan, and moreover, the O-Man glycans on cadherins are not elongated. Thus, the classical and evolutionarily conserved POMT O-mannosylation pathway is essentially dedicated to α-dystroglycan and a few other proteins, whereas a novel O-mannosylation process in mammalian cells is predicted to serve the large cadherin superfamily and other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Signe Bohse Larsen
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, and
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, and
| | - Hiren Jitendra Joshi
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, and
| | - Zhang Yang
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, and
| | | | - Julia Brasch
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Systems Biology, and
| | - Barry Honig
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Systems Biology, and.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, and
| | - Henrik Clausen
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, and
| | - Adnan Halim
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, and
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33
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Yu J, Grant OC, Pett C, Strahl S, Stahl S, Woods RJ, Westerlind U. Induction of Antibodies Directed Against Branched Core O-Mannosyl Glycopeptides-Selectivity Complimentary to the ConA Lectin. Chemistry 2017; 23:3466-3473. [PMID: 28079948 PMCID: PMC5548291 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian protein O-mannosylation, initiated by attachment of α-mannopyranose to Ser or Thr residues, comprise a group of post-translational modifications (PTMs) involved in muscle and brain development. Recent advances in glycoproteomics methodology and the "SimpleCell" strategy have enabled rapid identification of glycoproteins and specific glycosylation sites. Despite the enormous progress made, the biological impact of the mammalian O-mannosyl glycoproteome remains largely unknown to date. Tools are still needed to investigate the structure, role, and abundance of O-mannosyl glycans. Although O-mannosyl branching has been shown to be of relevance in integrin-dependent cell migration, and also plays a role in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, a broader understanding of the biological roles of branched O-mannosyl glycans is lacking in part due to the paucity of detection tools. In this work, a glycopeptide vaccine construct was synthesized and used to generate antibodies against branched O-mannosyl glycans. Glycopeptide microarray screening revealed high selectivity of the induced antibodies for branched glycan core structures presented on different peptide backbones, with no cross-reactivity observed with related linear glycans. For comparison, microarray screening of the mannose-binding lectin concanavalin A (ConA), which is commonly used in glycoproteomics workflows to enrich tryptic O-mannosyl peptides, showed that the ConA lectin did not recognize branched O-mannosyl glycans. The binding preference of ConA for short linear O-mannosyl glycans was rationalized in terms of molecular structure using crystallographic data augmented by molecular modeling. The contrast between the ConA binding specificity and that of the new antibodies indicates a novel role for the antibodies in studies of protein O-mannosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V., ISAS-Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Christian Pett
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V., ISAS-Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Stahl
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ulrika Westerlind
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V., ISAS-Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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34
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Brüser L, Bogdan S. Adherens Junctions on the Move-Membrane Trafficking of E-Cadherin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a029140. [PMID: 28096264 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-based adherens junctions are conserved structures that mediate epithelial cell-cell adhesion in invertebrates and vertebrates. Despite their pivotal function in epithelial integrity, adherens junctions show a remarkable plasticity that is a prerequisite for tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) is continuously turned over and undergoes cycles of endocytosis, sorting and recycling back to the plasma membrane. Mammalian cell culture and genetically tractable model systems such as Drosophila have revealed conserved, but also distinct, mechanisms in the regulation of E-cadherin membrane trafficking. Here, we discuss our current knowledge about molecules and mechanisms controlling endocytosis, sorting and recycling of E-cadherin during junctional remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Brüser
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Zellphysiologie, Phillips-Universität Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Straße 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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35
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Protein O-Mannosylation in the Murine Brain: Occurrence of Mono-O-Mannosyl Glycans and Identification of New Substrates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166119. [PMID: 27812179 PMCID: PMC5094735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation is a post-translational modification essential for correct development of mammals. In humans, deficient O-mannosylation results in severe congenital muscular dystrophies often associated with impaired brain and eye development. Although various O-mannosylated proteins have been identified in the recent years, the distribution of O-mannosyl glycans in the mammalian brain and target proteins are still not well defined. In the present study, rabbit monoclonal antibodies directed against the O-mannosylated peptide YAT(α1-Man)AV were generated. Detailed characterization of clone RKU-1-3-5 revealed that this monoclonal antibody recognizes O-linked mannose also in different peptide and protein contexts. Using this tool, we observed that mono-O-mannosyl glycans occur ubiquitously throughout the murine brain but are especially enriched at inhibitory GABAergic neurons and at the perineural nets. Using a mass spectrometry-based approach, we further identified glycoproteins from the murine brain that bear single O-mannose residues. Among the candidates identified are members of the cadherin and plexin superfamilies and the perineural net protein neurocan. In addition, we identified neurexin 3, a cell adhesion protein involved in synaptic plasticity, and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor 5, a protease inhibitor important in stabilizing the extracellular matrix, as new O-mannosylated glycoproteins.
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36
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Carvalho S, Reis CA, Pinho SS. Cadherins Glycans in Cancer: Sweet Players in a Bitter Process. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:519-531. [PMID: 28741480 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins are key components in tissue morphogenesis and architecture, contributing to the establishment of cohesive cell adhesion. Reduced cellular adhesiveness as a result of cadherin dysfunction is a defining feature of cancer. During tumor development and progression, major changes in the glycan repertoire of cancer cells take place, affecting the stability, trafficking, and cell-adhesion properties of cadherins. Importantly, the different glycoforms of cadherins are promising biomarkers, with potential clinical application to improve the management of patients, and constitute targets for the development of new therapies. This review discusses the most recent insights on the impact of glycan structure on the regulation of cadherin function in cancer, and provides a perspective on how cadherin glycans constitute tumor biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salomé S Pinho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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37
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Protein O-mannosylation in the early secretory pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bausewein D, Engel J, Jank T, Schoedl M, Strahl S. Functional Similarities between the Protein O-Mannosyltransferases Pmt4 from Bakers' Yeast and Human POMT1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18006-15. [PMID: 27358400 PMCID: PMC5016187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.739128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation is an essential post-translational modification. It is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum by a family of protein O-mannosyltransferases that are conserved from yeast (PMTs) to human (POMTs). The degree of functional conservation between yeast and human protein O-mannosyltransferases is uncharacterized. In bakers' yeast, the main in vivo activities are due to heteromeric Pmt1-Pmt2 and homomeric Pmt4 complexes. Here we describe an enzymatic assay that allowed us to monitor Pmt4 activity in vitro. We demonstrate that detergent requirements and acceptor substrates of yeast Pmt4 are different from Pmt1-Pmt2, but resemble that of human POMTs. Furthermore, we mimicked two POMT1 amino acid exchanges (G76R and V428D) that result in severe congenital muscular dystrophies in humans, in yeast Pmt4 (I112R and I435D). In vivo and in vitro analyses showed that general features such as protein stability of the Pmt4 variants were not significantly affected, however, the mutants proved largely enzymatically inactive. Our results demonstrate functional and biochemical similarities between POMT1 and its orthologue from bakers' yeast Pmt4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bausewein
- From the Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Engel
- From the Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jank
- From the Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Schoedl
- From the Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Strahl
- From the Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular adhesive junctions that impart strength to vertebrate tissues. Their dense, ordered intercellular attachments are formed by desmogleins (Dsgs) and desmocollins (Dscs), but the nature of trans-cellular interactions between these specialized cadherins is unclear. Here, using solution biophysics and coated-bead aggregation experiments, we demonstrate family-wise heterophilic specificity: All Dsgs form adhesive dimers with all Dscs, with affinities characteristic of each Dsg:Dsc pair. Crystal structures of ectodomains from Dsg2 and Dsg3 and from Dsc1 and Dsc2 show binding through a strand-swap mechanism similar to that of homophilic classical cadherins. However, conserved charged amino acids inhibit Dsg:Dsg and Dsc:Dsc interactions by same-charge repulsion and promote heterophilic Dsg:Dsc interactions through opposite-charge attraction. These findings show that Dsg:Dsc heterodimers represent the fundamental adhesive unit of desmosomes and provide a structural framework for understanding desmosome assembly.
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40
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Gerin I, Ury B, Breloy I, Bouchet-Seraphin C, Bolsée J, Halbout M, Graff J, Vertommen D, Muccioli GG, Seta N, Cuisset JM, Dabaj I, Quijano-Roy S, Grahn A, Van Schaftingen E, Bommer GT. ISPD produces CDP-ribitol used by FKTN and FKRP to transfer ribitol phosphate onto α-dystroglycan. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11534. [PMID: 27194101 PMCID: PMC4873967 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes required for the glycosylation of α-dystroglycan lead to muscle and brain diseases known as dystroglycanopathies. However, the precise structure and biogenesis of the assembled glycan are not completely understood. Here we report that three enzymes mutated in dystroglycanopathies can collaborate to attach ribitol phosphate onto α-dystroglycan. Specifically, we demonstrate that isoprenoid synthase domain-containing protein (ISPD) synthesizes CDP-ribitol, present in muscle, and that both recombinant fukutin (FKTN) and fukutin-related protein (FKRP) can transfer a ribitol phosphate group from CDP-ribitol to α-dystroglycan. We also show that ISPD and FKTN are essential for the incorporation of ribitol into α-dystroglycan in HEK293 cells. Glycosylation of α-dystroglycan in fibroblasts from patients with hypomorphic ISPD mutations is reduced. We observe that in some cases glycosylation can be partially restored by addition of ribitol to the culture medium, suggesting that dietary supplementation with ribitol should be evaluated as a therapy for patients with ISPD mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gerin
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Ury
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Breloy
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Céline Bouchet-Seraphin
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Bolsée
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathias Halbout
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Graff
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Seta
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Cuisset
- Hôpital Roger-Salengro, Service de neuropédiatrie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, CHRU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ivana Dabaj
- AP-HP, Hôpital R Poincaré, Service de pédiatrie, F-92380 Garches, France
| | - Susana Quijano-Roy
- AP-HP, Hôpital R Poincaré, Service de pédiatrie, F-92380 Garches, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, F-92380 Garches, France.,Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ - INSERM, F-78180 Montigny, France
| | - Ammi Grahn
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido T Bommer
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Goodman KM, Rubinstein R, Thu CA, Bahna F, Mannepalli S, Ahlsén G, Rittenhouse C, Maniatis T, Honig B, Shapiro L. Structural Basis of Diverse Homophilic Recognition by Clustered α- and β-Protocadherins. Neuron 2016; 90:709-23. [PMID: 27161523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin proteins (α-, β-, and γ-Pcdhs) provide a high level of cell-surface diversity to individual vertebrate neurons, engaging in highly specific homophilic interactions to mediate important roles in mammalian neural circuit development. How Pcdhs bind homophilically through their extracellular cadherin (EC) domains among dozens of highly similar isoforms has not been determined. Here, we report crystal structures for extracellular regions from four mouse Pcdh isoforms (α4, α7, β6, and β8), revealing a canonical head-to-tail interaction mode for homophilic trans dimers comprising primary intermolecular EC1:EC4 and EC2:EC3 interactions. A subset of trans interface residues exhibit isoform-specific conservation, suggesting roles in recognition specificity. Mutation of these residues, along with trans-interacting partner residues, altered the specificities of Pcdh interactions. Together, these data show how sequence variation among Pcdh isoforms encodes their diverse strict homophilic recognition specificities, which are required for their key roles in neural circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Marie Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chan Aye Thu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Göran Ahlsén
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chelsea Rittenhouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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42
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Enzymes for N-Glycan Branching and Their Genetic and Nongenetic Regulation in Cancer. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6020025. [PMID: 27136596 PMCID: PMC4919920 DOI: 10.3390/biom6020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycan, a fundamental and versatile protein modification in mammals, plays critical roles in various physiological and pathological events including cancer progression. The formation of N-glycan branches catalyzed by specific N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases [GnT-III, GnT-IVs, GnT-V, GnT-IX (Vb)] and a fucosyltransferase, Fut8, provides functionally diverse N-glycosylated proteins. Aberrations of these branches are often found in cancer cells and are profoundly involved in cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we focus on the GlcNAc and fucose branches of N-glycans and describe how their expression is dysregulated in cancer by genetic and nongenetic mechanisms including epigenetics and nucleotide sugar metabolisms. We also survey the roles that these N-glycans play in cancer progression and therapeutics. Finally, we discuss possible applications of our knowledge on basic glycobiology to the development of medicine and biomarkers for cancer therapy.
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43
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Neubert P, Halim A, Zauser M, Essig A, Joshi HJ, Zatorska E, Larsen ISB, Loibl M, Castells-Ballester J, Aebi M, Clausen H, Strahl S. Mapping the O-Mannose Glycoproteome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1323-37. [PMID: 26764011 PMCID: PMC4824858 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.057505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Mannosylation is a vital protein modification conserved from fungi to humans. Yeast is a perfect model to study this post-translational modification, because in contrast to mammals O-mannosylation is the only type of O-glycosylation. In an essential step toward the full understanding of protein O-mannosylation we mapped the O-mannose glycoproteome in baker's yeast. Taking advantage of an O-glycan elongation deficient yeast strain to simplify sample complexity, we identified over 500 O-glycoproteins from all subcellular compartments for which over 2300 O-mannosylation sites were mapped by electron-transfer dissociation (ETD)-based MS/MS. In this study, we focus on the 293 O-glycoproteins (over 1900 glycosylation sites identified by ETD-MS/MS) that enter the secretory pathway and are targets of ER-localized protein O-mannosyltransferases. We find that O-mannosylation is not only a prominent modification of cell wall and plasma membrane proteins, but also of a large number of proteins from the secretory pathway with crucial functions in protein glycosylation, folding, quality control, and trafficking. The analysis of glycosylation sites revealed that O-mannosylation is favored in unstructured regions and β-strands. Furthermore, O-mannosylation is impeded in the proximity of N-glycosylation sites suggesting the interplay of these types of post-translational modifications. The detailed knowledge of the target proteins and their O-mannosylation sites opens for discovery of new roles of this essential modification in eukaryotes, and for a first glance on the evolution of different types of O-glycosylation from yeast to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neubert
- From the ‡Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Department of Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adnan Halim
- §Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin Zauser
- From the ‡Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Department of Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Essig
- ¶Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- §Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ewa Zatorska
- From the ‡Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Department of Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ida Signe Bohse Larsen
- §Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin Loibl
- From the ‡Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Department of Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joan Castells-Ballester
- From the ‡Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Department of Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Aebi
- ¶Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Clausen
- §Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sabine Strahl
- From the ‡Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Department of Cell Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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44
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Ragni E, Lommel M, Moro M, Crosti M, Lavazza C, Parazzi V, Saredi S, Strahl S, Lazzari L. Protein O-mannosylation is crucial for human mesencyhmal stem cells fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:445-58. [PMID: 26245304 PMCID: PMC11108538 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are promising cell types in the field of regenerative medicine. Although many pathways have been dissected in the effort to better understand and characterize MSC potential, the impact of protein N- or O-glycosylation has been neglected. Deficient protein O-mannosylation is a pathomechanism underlying severe congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) that start to develop at the embryonic developmental stage and progress in the adult, often in tissues where MSC exert their function. Here we show that O-mannosylation genes, many of which are putative or verified glycosyltransferases (GTs), are expressed in a similar pattern in MSC from adipose tissue, bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood and that their expression levels are retained constant during mesengenic differentiation. Inhibition of the first players of the enzymatic cascade, POMT1/2, resulted in complete abolishment of chondrogenesis and alterations of adipogenic and osteogenic potential together with a lethal effect during myogenic induction. Since to date, no therapy for CMD is available, we explored the possibility of using MSC extracellular vesicles (EVs) as molecular source of functional GTs mRNA. All MSC secrete POMT1 mRNA-containing EVs that are able to efficiently fuse with myoblasts which are among the most affected cells by CMD. Intriguingly, in a pomt1 patient myoblast line EVs were able to partially revert O-mannosylation deficiency and contribute to a morphology recovery. Altogether, these results emphasize the crucial role of protein O-mannosylation in stem cell fate and properties and open the possibility of using MSC vesicles as a novel therapeutic approach to CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ragni
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Lommel
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Moro
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - M Crosti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - C Lavazza
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - V Parazzi
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Saredi
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - S Strahl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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45
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Rubinstein R, Thu CA, Goodman KM, Wolcott HN, Bahna F, Mannepalli S, Ahlsen G, Chevee M, Halim A, Clausen H, Maniatis T, Shapiro L, Honig B. Molecular logic of neuronal self-recognition through protocadherin domain interactions. Cell 2015; 163:629-42. [PMID: 26478182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Self-avoidance, a process preventing interactions of axons and dendrites from the same neuron during development, is mediated in vertebrates through the stochastic single-neuron expression of clustered protocadherin protein isoforms. Extracellular cadherin (EC) domains mediate isoform-specific homophilic binding between cells, conferring cell recognition through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we report crystal structures for the EC1-EC3 domain regions from four protocadherin isoforms representing the α, β, and γ subfamilies. All are rod shaped and monomeric in solution. Biophysical measurements, cell aggregation assays, and computational docking reveal that trans binding between cells depends on the EC1-EC4 domains, which interact in an antiparallel orientation. We also show that the EC6 domains are required for the formation of cis-dimers. Overall, our results are consistent with a model in which protocadherin cis-dimers engage in a head-to-tail interaction between EC1-EC4 domains from apposed cell surfaces, possibly forming a zipper-like protein assembly, and thus providing a size-dependent self-recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chan Aye Thu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kerry Marie Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Holly Noelle Wolcott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Goran Ahlsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maxime Chevee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adnan Halim
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Preventing E-cadherin aberrant N-glycosylation at Asn-554 improves its critical function in gastric cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:1619-31. [PMID: 26189796 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a central molecule in the process of gastric carcinogenesis and its posttranslational modifications by N-glycosylation have been described to induce a deleterious effect on cell adhesion associated with tumor cell invasion. However, the role that site-specific glycosylation of E-cadherin has in its defective function in gastric cancer cells needs to be determined. Using transgenic mice models and human clinical samples, we demonstrated that N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V)-mediated glycosylation causes an abnormal pattern of E-cadherin expression in the gastric mucosa. In vitro models further indicated that, among the four potential N-glycosylation sites of E-cadherin, Asn-554 is the key site that is selectively modified with β1,6 GlcNAc-branched N-glycans catalyzed by GnT-V. This aberrant glycan modification on this specific asparagine site of E-cadherin was demonstrated to affect its critical functions in gastric cancer cells by affecting E-cadherin cellular localization, cis-dimer formation, molecular assembly and stability of the adherens junctions and cell-cell aggregation, which was further observed in human gastric carcinomas. Interestingly, manipulating this site-specific glycosylation, by preventing Asn-554 from receiving the deleterious branched structures, either by a mutation or by silencing GnT-V, resulted in a protective effect on E-cadherin, precluding its functional dysregulation and contributing to tumor suppression.
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Abstract
This review presents principles of glycosylation, describes the relevant glycosylation pathways and their related disorders, and highlights some of the neurological aspects and issues that continue to challenge researchers. More than 100 rare human genetic disorders that result from deficiencies in the different glycosylation pathways are known today. Most of these disorders impact the central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Patients typically have developmental delays/intellectual disabilities, hypotonia, seizures, neuropathy, and metabolic abnormalities in multiple organ systems. Among these disorders there is great clinical diversity because all cell types differentially glycosylate proteins and lipids. The patients have hundreds of misglycosylated products, which afflict a myriad of processes, including cell signaling, cell-cell interaction, and cell migration. This vast complexity in glycan composition and function, along with the limited availability of analytic tools, has impeded the identification of key glycosylated molecules that cause pathologies. To date, few critical target proteins have been pinpointed.
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Xu C, Ng DT. O-mannosylation: The other glycan player of ER quality control. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tariq H, Bella J, Jowitt TA, Holmes DF, Rouhi M, Nie Z, Baldock C, Garrod D, Tabernero L. Cadherin flexibility provides a key difference between desmosomes and adherens junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5395-400. [PMID: 25855637 PMCID: PMC4418904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420508112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes and adherens junctions are intercellular adhesive structures essential for the development and integrity of vertebrate tissue, including the epidermis and heart. Their cell adhesion molecules are cadherins: type 1 cadherins in adherens junctions and desmosomal cadherins in desmosomes. A fundamental difference is that desmosomes have a highly ordered structure in their extracellular region and exhibit calcium-independent hyperadhesion, whereas adherens junctions appear to lack such ordered arrays, and their adhesion is always calcium-dependent. We present here the structure of the entire ectodomain of desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, electron microscopy, and solution-based biophysical techniques. This structure reveals that the ectodomain of Dsg2 is flexible even in the calcium-bound state and, on average, is shorter than the type 1 cadherin crystal structures. The Dsg2 structure has an excellent fit with the electron tomography reconstructions of human desmosomes. This fit suggests an arrangement in which desmosomal cadherins form trans interactions but are too far apart to interact in cis, in agreement with previously reported observations. Cadherin flexibility may be key to explaining the plasticity of desmosomes that maintain tissue integrity in their hyperadhesive form, but can adopt a weaker, calcium-dependent adhesion during wound healing and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Tariq
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Bella
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David F Holmes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Mansour Rouhi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Zhuxiang Nie
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Clair Baldock
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David Garrod
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Tabernero
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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50
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Yoshida-Moriguchi T, Campbell KP. Matriglycan: a novel polysaccharide that links dystroglycan to the basement membrane. Glycobiology 2015; 25:702-13. [PMID: 25882296 PMCID: PMC4453867 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between cells and the basement membrane are critical for a variety of biological events including cell proliferation, cell migration, cell differentiation and the maintenance of tissue integrity. Dystroglycan is a highly glycosylated basement membrane receptor, and is involved in physiological processes that maintain integrity of the skeletal muscle, as well as development and function of the central nervous system. Aberrant O-glycosylation of the α subunit of this protein, and a concomitant loss of dystroglycan's ability to function as a receptor for extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands that bear laminin globular (LG) domains, occurs in several congenital/limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (also referred to as dystroglycanopathies). Recent genetic studies revealed that mutations in DAG1 (which encodes dystroglycan) and at least 17 other genes disrupt the ECM receptor function of dystroglycan and cause disease. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the enzymatic functions of two of these disease genes: the like-glycosyltransferase (LARGE) and protein O-mannose kinase (POMK, previously referred to as SGK196). In addition, we discuss the structure of the glycan that directly binds the ECM ligands and the mechanisms by which this functional motif is linked to dystroglycan. In light of the fact that dystroglycan functions as a matrix receptor and the polysaccharide synthesized by LARGE is the binding motif for matrix proteins, we propose to name this novel polysaccharide structure matriglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yoshida-Moriguchi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 4283 Carver Biomedical Research Building, 285 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 4283 Carver Biomedical Research Building, 285 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA
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