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Wholey WY, Meyer AR, Yoda ST, Mueller JL, Mathenge R, Chackerian B, Zikherman J, Cheng W. An integrated signaling threshold initiates IgG response towards virus-like immunogens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.28.577643. [PMID: 38469153 PMCID: PMC10926662 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.28.577643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Class-switched neutralizing antibody (nAb) production is rapidly induced upon many viral infections. However, due to the presence of multiple components in typical virions, the precise biochemical and biophysical signals from viral infections that initiate nAb responses remain inadequately defined. Using a reductionist system of synthetic virus-like structures (SVLS) containing minimal, highly purified biochemical components commonly found in enveloped viruses, here we show that a foreign protein on a virion-sized liposome can serve as a stand-alone danger signal to initiate class-switched nAb responses in the absence of cognate T cell help or Toll-like receptor signaling but requires CD19, the antigen (Ag) coreceptor on B cells. Introduction of internal nucleic acids (iNAs) obviates the need for CD19, lowers the epitope density (ED) required to elicit the Ab response and transforms these structures into highly potent immunogens that rival conventional virus-like particles in their ability to elicit strong Ag-specific IgG. As early as day 5 after immunization, structures harbouring iNAs and decorated with just a few molecules of surface Ag at doses as low as 100 ng induced all IgG subclasses of Ab known in mice and reproduced the IgG2a/2c restriction that has been long observed in live viral infections. These findings reveal a shared mechanism for nAb response upon viral infection. High ED is capable but not necessary for driving Ab secretion in vivo . Instead, even a few molecules of surface Ag, when combined with nucleic acids within these structures, can trigger strong antiviral IgG production. As a result, the signaling threshold for the induction of neutralizing IgG is set by dual signals originating from both ED on the surface and the presence of iNAs within viral particulate immunogens. One-sentence summary Reconstitution of minimal viral signals necessary to initiate antiviral IgG.
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Zhang X, Zhou Z. The Mechanism of bnAb Production and Its Application in Mutable Virus Broad-Spectrum Vaccines: Inspiration from HIV-1 Broad Neutralization Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1143. [PMID: 37514959 PMCID: PMC10384589 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers among HIV-1-infected individuals have demonstrated a stronger ability to control the viral load in their bodies. Scientists have isolated antibodies with strong neutralizing ability from these individuals, which can neutralize HIV-1 variations; these are known as broadly neutralizing antibodies. The nucleic acid of some viruses will constantly mutate during replication (such as SARS-CoV-2), which will reduce the protective ability of the corresponding vaccines. The immune escape caused by this mutation is the most severe challenge faced by humans in the battle against the virus. Therefore, developing broad-spectrum vaccines that can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against various viruses and their mutated strains is the best way to combat virus mutations. Exploring the mechanism by which the human immune system produces broadly neutralizing antibodies and its induction strategies is crucial in the design process of broad-spectrum vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Wen L, Zhang B, Wu X, Liu R, Fan H, Han L, Zhang Z, Ma X, Chu CQ, Shi X. Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 regulate the proliferation and differentiation of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093208. [PMID: 36875095 PMCID: PMC9975558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune illness marked by the loss of immune tolerance and the production of autoantibodies against nucleic acids and other nuclear antigens (Ags). B lymphocytes are important in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. Multiple receptors control abnormal B-cell activation in SLE patients, including intrinsic Toll-like receptors (TLRs), B-cell receptors (BCRs), and cytokine receptors. The role of TLRs, notably TLR7 and TLR9, in the pathophysiology of SLE has been extensively explored in recent years. When endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid ligands are recognized by BCRs and internalized into B cells, they bind TLR7 or TLR9 to activate related signalling pathways and thus govern the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Surprisingly, TLR7 and TLR9 appear to play opposing roles in SLE B cells, and the interaction between them is still poorly understood. In addition, other cells can enhance TLR signalling in B cells of SLE patients by releasing cytokines that accelerate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Therefore, the delineation of how TLR7 and TLR9 regulate the abnormal activation of B cells in SLE may aid the understanding of the mechanisms of SLE and provide directions for TLR-targeted therapies for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinfeng Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Rongzeng Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Cong-Qiu Chu
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Kugler‐Umana O, Zhang W, Kuang Y, Liang J, Castonguay CH, Tonkonogy SL, Marshak‐Rothstein A, Devarajan P, Swain SL. IgD + age-associated B cells are the progenitors of the main T-independent B cell response to infection that generates protective Ab and can be induced by an inactivated vaccine in the aged. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13705. [PMID: 36056604 PMCID: PMC9577953 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABC) accumulate with age and are associated with autoimmunity and chronic infection. However, their contributions to acute infection in the aged and their developmental pathways are unclear. We find that the response against influenza A virus infection in aged mice is dominated by a Fas+ GL7- effector B cell population we call infection-induced ABC (iABC). Most iABC express IgM and include antibody-secreting cells in the spleen, lung, and bone marrow. We find that in response to influenza, IgD+ CD21- CD23- ABC are the precursors of iABC and become memory B cells. These IgD+ ABC develop in germ-free mice, so are independent of foreign antigen recognition. The response of ABC to influenza infection, resulting in iABC, is T cell independent and requires both extrinsic TLR7 and TLR9 signals. In response to influenza infection, IgD+ ABC can induce a faster recovery of weight and higher total anti-influenza IgG and IgM titers that can neutralize virus. Immunization with whole inactivated virus also generates iABC in aged mice. Thus, in unimmunized aged mice, whose other B and T cell responses have waned, IgD+ ABC are likely the naive B cells with the potential to become Ab-secreting cells and to provide protection from infection in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kugler‐Umana
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jialing Liang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Catherine H. Castonguay
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Susan L. Tonkonogy
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ann Marshak‐Rothstein
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
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5
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Meyer-Hermann M. Investigating the Mechanism of Germinal Center Shutdown. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922318. [PMID: 35911680 PMCID: PMC9329532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are transient structures where affinity maturation of B cells gives rise to high affinity plasma and memory cells. The mechanism of GC shutdown is unclear, despite being an important phenomenon maintaining immune homeostasis. In this study, we used a mathematical model to identify mechanisms that can independently promote contraction of GCs leading to shutdown. We show that GC shutdown can be promoted by antigen consumption by B cells, antigen masking by soluble antibodies, alterations in follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network area, modulation of immune complex cycling rate constants, alterations in T follicular helper signaling, increased terminal differentiation and reduced B cell division capacity. Proposed mechanisms promoted GC contraction by ultimately decreasing the number of B cell divisions and recycling cells. Based on the in-silico predictions, we suggest a combination of experiments that can be potentially employed by future studies to unravel the mechanistic basis of GC shutdown such as measurements of the density of pMHC presentation of B cells, FDC network size per B cell, fraction of cells expressing differentiation markers. We also show that the identified mechanisms differentially affect the efficiency of GC reaction estimated based on the quantity and quality of resulting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C. Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Meyer-Hermann,
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Li Z, Derking R, Lee WH, Bosman GP, Ward AB, Sanders RW, Boons GJ. Conjugation of a Toll-like Receptor Agonist to Glycans of an HIV Native-like Envelope Trimer Preserves Neutralization Epitopes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200236. [PMID: 35647713 PMCID: PMC9510654 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule adjuvants are attractive for enhancing broad protection and durability of immune responses elicited by subunit vaccines. Covalent attachment of an adjuvant to an immunogen is particularly attractive because it simultaneously delivers both entities to antigen presenting cells resulting in more efficient immune activation. There is, however, a lack of methods to conjugate small molecule immune potentiators to viral glycoprotein immunogens without compromising epitope integrity. We describe herein a one-step enzymatic conjugation approach for the covalent attachment of small molecule adjuvants to N -linked glycans of viral glycoproteins. It involves the attachment of an immune potentiator to CMP-Neu5AcN 3 by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-cycloaddition followed by sialyltransferase-mediated transfer to N -glycans of a viral glycoprotein. The method was employed to modify a native-like HIV envelope trimer with a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist. The modification did not compromise Env-trimer recognition by several broadly neutralization antibodies. Electron microscopy confirmed structural integrity of the modified immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshi Li
- Utrecht University: Universiteit Utrecht, Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, NETHERLANDS
| | - Ronald Derking
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology, NETHERLANDS
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- The Scripps Research Institute, Integrative Structural and Computationla Biology, UNITED STATES
| | - Gerlof P Bosman
- Utrecht University: Universiteit Utrecht, Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, NETHERLANDS
| | - Andrew B Ward
- The Scripps Research Institute, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, UNITED STATES
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology, NETHERLANDS
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Chemistry, 315 Riverbend Road, 30602, Athens, UNITED STATES
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7
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Adjuvant Activity of CpG-Oligonucleotide Administered Transcutaneously in Combination with Vaccination Using a Self-Dissolving Microneedle Patch in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121480. [PMID: 34960226 PMCID: PMC8707324 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the mechanism of transcutaneous adjuvant activity of the CpG-oligonucleotide (K3) in mice. Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) with an ovalbumin-loaded self-dissolving microneedle patch (OVA-sdMN) and K3-loaded hydrophilic gel patch (HG) increased OVA-specific Th2- and Th1-type IgG subclass antibody titers more rapidly and strongly than those after only OVA-sdMN administration. However, the antigen-specific proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells was similar between the OVA-only and the OVA+K3 groups. Population analysis of various immune cells in draining lymph nodes (dLNs) in the primary immune response revealed that the OVA+K3 combination doubled the number of dLN cells, with the most significant increase in B cells. Phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry revealed that B-cell activation and maturation were promoted in the OVA+K3 group, suggesting that direct B-cell activation by K3 largely contributed to the rapid increase in antigen-specific antibody titer in TCI. In the secondary immune response, a significant increase in effector T cells and effector memory T cells, and an increase in memory B cells were observed in the OVA+K3 group compared with that in the OVA-only group. Thus, K3, as a transcutaneous adjuvant, can promote the memory differentiation of T and B cells.
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8
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Du L, Hou L, Yu X, Cheng H, Chen J, Zheng Q, Hou J. Pattern-Recognition Receptor Agonist-Containing Immunopotentiator CVC1302 Boosts High-Affinity Long-Lasting Humoral Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697292. [PMID: 34867941 PMCID: PMC8637734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideally, a vaccine should provide life-long protection following a single administered dose. In our previous study, the immunopotentiator CVC1302, which contains pattern- recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, was demonstrated to prolong the lifetime of the humoral immune response induced by killed foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine. To elucidate the mechanism by which CVC1302 induces long-term humoral immunity, we used 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP)-OVA as a pattern antigen and administered it to mice along with CVC1302, emulsified together with Marcol 52 mineral oil (NP-CVC1302). From the results of NP-specific antibody levels, we found that CVC1302 could induce not only higher levels of NP-specific antibodies but also high-affinity NP-specific antibody levels. To detect the resulting NP-specific immune cells, samples were taken from the injection sites, draining lymph nodes (LNs), and bone marrow of mice injected with NP-CVC1302. The results of these experiments show that, compared with mice injected with NP alone, those injected with NP-CVC1302 had higher percentages of NP+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the injection sites and draining LNs, higher percentages of follicular helper T cells (TFH), germinal center (GC) B cells, and NP+ plasma-blasts in the draining LNs, as well as higher percentages of NP+ long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in the bone marrow. Additionally, we observed that the inclusion of CVC1302 in the immunization prolonged the lifetime of LLPCs in the bone marrow by improving the transcription expression of anti-apoptotic transcription factors such as Mcl-1, Bcl-2, BAFF, BCMA, Bax, and IRF-4. This research provides a blueprint for designing new generations of immunopotentiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Du
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Liting Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiwei Cheng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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A recombinant herpes virus expressing influenza hemagglutinin confers protection and induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110714118. [PMID: 34417304 PMCID: PMC8403974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110714118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread yearly vaccination, influenza leads to significant morbidity and mortality across the globe. To make a more broadly protective influenza vaccine, it may be necessary to elicit antibodies that can activate effector functions in immune cells, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). There is growing evidence supporting the necessity for ADCC in protection against influenza and herpes simplex virus (HSV), among other infectious diseases. An HSV-2 strain lacking the essential glycoprotein D (gD), was used to create ΔgD-2, which is a highly protective vaccine against lethal HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in mice. It also elicits high levels of IgG2c antibodies that bind FcγRIV, a receptor that activates ADCC. To make an ADCC-eliciting influenza vaccine, we cloned the hemagglutinin (HA) gene from an H1N1 influenza A strain into the ΔgD-2 HSV vector. Vaccination with ΔgD-2::HAPR8 was protective against homologous influenza challenge and elicited an antibody response against HA that inhibits hemagglutination (HAI+), is predominantly IgG2c, strongly activates FcγRIV, and protects against influenza challenge following passive immunization of naïve mice. Prior exposure of mice to HSV-1, HSV-2, or a replication-defective HSV-2 vaccine (dl5-29) does not reduce protection against influenza by ΔgD-2::HAPR8 This vaccine also continues to elicit protection against both HSV-1 and HSV-2, including high levels of IgG2c antibodies against HSV-2. Mice lacking the interferon-α/β receptor and mice lacking the interferon-γ receptor were also protected against influenza challenge by ΔgD-2::HAPR8 Our results suggest that ΔgD-2 can be used as a vaccine vector against other pathogens, while also eliciting protective anti-HSV immunity.
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10
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Robert PA, Meyer-Hermann M. Germinal Centre Shutdown. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705240. [PMID: 34305944 PMCID: PMC8293096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal Centres (GCs) are transient structures in secondary lymphoid organs, where affinity maturation of B cells takes place following an infection. While GCs are responsible for protective antibody responses, dysregulated GC reactions are associated with autoimmune disease and B cell lymphoma. Typically, ‘normal’ GCs persist for a limited period of time and eventually undergo shutdown. In this review, we focus on an important but unanswered question – what causes the natural termination of the GC reaction? In murine experiments, lack of antigen, absence or constitutive T cell help leads to premature termination of the GC reaction. Consequently, our present understanding is limited to the idea that GCs are terminated due to a decrease in antigen access or changes in the nature of T cell help. However, there is no direct evidence on which biological signals are primarily responsible for natural termination of GCs and a mechanistic understanding is clearly lacking. We discuss the present understanding of the GC shutdown, from factors impacting GC dynamics to changes in cellular interactions/dynamics during the GC lifetime. We also address potential missing links and remaining questions in GC biology, to facilitate further studies to promote a better understanding of GC shutdown in infection and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Matsuda Y, Watanabe T, Li XK. Approaches for Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection Through Targeting B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682334. [PMID: 34276669 PMCID: PMC8282180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR), which are directly mediated by B cells, remain difficult to treat. Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in bone marrow (BM) play a crucial role in the production of the antibodies that induce AMR. However, LLPCs survive through a T cell-independent mechanism and resist conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Desensitization therapy is therefore performed, although it is accompanied by severe side effects and the pathological condition may be at an irreversible stage when these antibodies, which induce AMR development, are detected in the serum. In other words, AMR control requires the development of a diagnostic method that predicts its onset before LLPC differentiation and enables therapeutic intervention and the establishment of humoral immune monitoring methods providing more detailed information, including individual differences in the susceptibility to immunosuppressive agents and the pathological conditions. In this study, we reviewed recent studies related to the direct or indirect involvement of immunocompetent cells in the differentiation of naïve-B cells into LLPCs, the limitations of conventional methods, and the possible development of novel control methods in the context of AMR. This information will significantly contribute to the development of clinical applications for AMR and improve the prognosis of patients who undergo organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2021; 53:1136-1150. [PMID: 33326765 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses. Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF sites, followed by GC producing somatically mutated memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells. However, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation can take place at both sites, and a substantial fraction of MBC are produced prior to GC formation. Infection responses range from GC responses that persist for months to persistent EF responses with dominant suppression of GCs. Here, we review the current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them. We discuss the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses, and outline gaps in knowledge and important areas of inquiry. Understanding such molecular switches will be critical for vaccine development, interpretation of vaccine efficacy and the treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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13
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Yao Y, Chen C, Yu D, Liu Z. Roles of follicular helper and regulatory T cells in allergic diseases and allergen immunotherapy. Allergy 2021; 76:456-470. [PMID: 33098663 DOI: 10.1111/all.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are characterized by overactive type 2 immune responses to allergens and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity. Emerging evidence suggests that follicular helper T (TFH ) cells, rather than type 2 T-helper (TH 2) cells, play a crucial role in controlling IgE production. However, follicular regulatory T (TFR ) cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T (TREG ) cells resident in B-cell follicles, restricts TFH cell-mediated help in extrafollicular antibody production, germinal center (GC) formation, immunoglobulin affinity maturation, and long-lived, high-affinity plasma and memory B-cell differentiation. In mouse models of allergic asthma and food allergy, CXCR5+ TFH cells, not CXCR5- conventional TH 2 cells, are needed to support IgE production, otherwise exacerbated by CXCR5+ TFR cell deletion. Upregulation of TFH cell activities, including a skewing toward type 2 TFH (TFH 2) and IL-13 producing TFH (TFH 13) phenotypes, and defects in TFR cells have been identified in patients with allergic diseases. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) reinstates the balance between TFH and TFR cells in patients with allergic diseases, resulting in clinical benefits. Collectively, further understanding of TFH and TFR cells and their role in the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases creates opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Cai‐Ling Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Di Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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14
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Matsuda Y, Hiramitsu T, Li XK, Watanabe T. Characteristics of Immunoglobulin M Type Antibodies of Different Origins from the Immunologic and Clinical Viewpoints and Their Application in Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010004. [PMID: 33374617 PMCID: PMC7822424 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR) hinders patient prognosis after organ transplantation. Current studies concerning AMR have mainly focused on the diagnostic value of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-type donor-specific antihuman leukocyte antigen antibodies (DSAs), primarily because of their antigen specificity, whereas the clinical significance of immunoglobulin M (IgM)-type DSAs has not been thoroughly investigated in the context of organ transplantation because of their nonspecificity against antigens. Although consensus regarding the clinical significance and role of IgM antibodies is not clear, as discussed in this review, recent findings strongly suggest that they also have a huge potential in novel diagnostic as well as therapeutic application for the prevention of AMR. Most serum IgM antibodies are known to comprise natural antibodies with low affinity toward antigens, and this is derived from B-1 cells (innate B cells). However, some of the serum IgM-type antibodies reportedly also produced by B-2 cells (conventional B cells). The latter are known to have a high affinity for donor-specific antigens. In this review, we initially discuss how IgM-type antibodies of different origins participate in the pathology of various diseases, directly or through cell surface receptors, complement activation, or cytokine production. Then, we discuss the clinical applicability of B-1 and B-2 cell-derived IgM-type antibodies for controlling AMR with reference to the involvement of IgM antibodies in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Takahisa Hiramitsu
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross-Hospital, Aichi 466-8650, Japan;
| | - Xiao-kang Li
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
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Lu L, Fong CHY, Zhang AJ, Wu WL, Li IC, Lee ACY, Dissanayake TK, Chen L, Hung IFN, Chan KH, Chu H, Kok KH, Yuen KY, To KKW. Repurposing of Miltefosine as an Adjuvant for Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040754. [PMID: 33322574 PMCID: PMC7768360 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that topical imiquimod can improve the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine. This study investigated another FDA-approved drug, miltefosine (MTF), as a vaccine adjuvant. Mice immunized with an influenza vaccine with or without MTF adjuvant were challenged by a lethal dose of influenza virus 3 or 7 days after vaccination. Survival, body weight, antibody response, histopathological changes, viral loads, cytokine levels, and T cell frequencies were compared. The MTF-adjuvanted vaccine (MTF-VAC) group had a significantly better survival rate than the vaccine-only (VAC) group, when administered 3 days (80% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.0063) or 7 days (96% vs. 65%, p = 0.0041) before influenza virus challenge. Lung damage was significantly ameliorated in the MTF-VAC group. Antibody response was significantly augmented in the MTF-VAC group against both homologous and heterologous influenza strains. There was a greater T follicular helper cell (TFH) response and an enhanced germinal center (GC) reaction in the MTF-VAC group. MTF-VAC also induced both TH1 and TH2 antigen-specific cytokine responses. MTF improved the efficacy of the influenza vaccine against homologous and heterologous viruses by improving the TFH and antibody responses. Miltefosine may also be used for other vaccines, including the upcoming vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Carol Ho-Yan Fong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Wai-Lan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Iris Can Li
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Thrimendra Kaushika Dissanayake
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Linlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Fukuyama H, Shinnakasu R, Kurosaki T. Influenza vaccination strategies targeting the hemagglutinin stem region. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:132-141. [PMID: 32542739 PMCID: PMC7323124 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is one of the best examples of highly mutable viruses that are able to escape immune surveillance. Indeed, in response to influenza seasonal infection or vaccination, the majority of the induced antibodies are strain‐specific. Current vaccine against the seasonal strains with the strategy of surveillance‐prediction‐vaccine does not cover an unmet virus strain leading to pandemic. Recently, antibodies targeting conserved epitopes on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been identified, albeit rarely, and they often showed broad protection. These antibody discoveries have brought the feasibility to develop a universal vaccine. Most of these antibodies bind the HA stem domain and accumulate in the memory B cell compartment. Broadly reactive stem‐biased memory responses were induced by infection with antigenically divergent influenza strains and were able to eradicate these viruses, together indicating the importance of generating memory B cells expressing high‐quality anti‐stem antibodies. Here, we emphasize recent progress in our understanding of how such memory B cells can be generated and discuss how these advances may be relevant to the quest for a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Fukuyama
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Cellular Systems Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,INSERM EST, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Gao W, Sun X, Li D, Sun L, He Y, Wei H, Jin F, Cao Y. Toll-like receptor 7 and Toll-like receptor 9 agonists effectively enhance immunological memory in Plasmodium chabaudi infected BALB/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106248. [PMID: 32007799 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China; Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Huanping Wei
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
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Turner JS, Ke F, Grigorova IL. B Cell Receptor Crosslinking Augments Germinal Center B Cell Selection when T Cell Help Is Limiting. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1395-1403.e4. [PMID: 30403996 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-dependent engagement of germinal center (GC) B cell receptors (BCRs) promotes antigen internalization and presentation for follicular helper T cells. However, whether BCR signaling is critical or synergistic with T cell help for GC B cell selection or differentiation is unclear. Here, by adapting an experimental approach that enables independent delivery of BCR-crosslinking antigen or T cell help to GC B cells in vivo, we showed that T cell help was sufficient to induce GC B cell expansion and plasmablast formation. However, although BCR crosslinking could not by itself promote GC B cell selection or differentiation, it could synergize with T cell help to enhance the GC and plasmablast responses when T cell help was limiting. These findings indicate that GC B cells can integrate variable inputs from T cell help and BCR signaling in vivo for an optimal process of selection and differentiation, critical for potent long-term humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Steed Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fang Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Irina Leonidovna Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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19
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Johnson JL, Scholz JL, Marshak-Rothstein A, Cancro MP. Molecular pattern recognition in peripheral B cell tolerance: lessons from age-associated B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:33-38. [PMID: 31446338 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although central tolerance mechanisms purge self-reactive B cells during development based on BCR signal strength, mechanisms that block the differentiation of autoreactive effector and memory B cells from mature pools remain poorly understood. Prior observations implicate nucleic acid sensing TLRs in autoimmunity, and more recent findings show that TLR9 is also involved in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Studies of the immunological changes that occur during aging revealed a subset of B cells denoted Age-associated B cells which expands in settings of aging and in autoimmunity. Further studies demonstrated that TLR9 signals poise activated B cells to adopt an Age-associated B cell phenotype, but BCR-delivered TLR9 signals cause programmed cell death that, if circumvented by costimulation, allows continued differentiation to the ABC fate. Together, these observations suggest molecular pattern recognition, rather than BCR epitope specificity per se, is a fundamental mediator of tolerogenic outcomes in the peripheral B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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20
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Wigton EJ, DeFranco AL, Ansel KM. Antigen Complexed with a TLR9 Agonist Bolsters c-Myc and mTORC1 Activity in Germinal Center B Lymphocytes. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:389-401. [PMID: 31427364 PMCID: PMC6738343 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is the anatomical site where humoral immunity evolves. B cells undergo cycles of proliferation and selection to produce high-affinity Abs against Ag. Direct linkage of a TLR9 agonist (CpG) to a T-dependent Ag increases the number of GC B cells. We used a T-dependent Ag complexed with CpG and a genetic model for ablating the TLR9 signaling adaptor molecule MyD88 specifically in B cells (B-MyD88- mice) together with transcriptomics to determine how this innate pathway positively regulates the GC. GC B cells from complex Ag-immunized B-MyD88- mice were defective in inducing gene expression signatures downstream of c-Myc and mTORC1. In agreement with the latter gene signature, ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation was increased in GC B cells from wild-type mice compared with B-MyD88- mice. However, GC B cell expression of a c-Myc protein reporter was enhanced by CpG attached to Ag in both wild-type and B-MyD88- mice, indicating a B cell-extrinsic effect on c-Myc protein expression combined with a B cell-intrinsic enhancement of gene expression downstream of c-Myc. Both mTORC1 activity and c-Myc are directly induced by T cell help, indicating that TLR9 signaling in GC B cells either enhances their access to T cell help or directly influences these pathways to further enhance the effect of T cell help. Taken together, these findings indicate that TLR9 signaling in the GC could provide a surrogate prosurvival stimulus, "TLR help," thus lowering the threshold for selection and increasing the magnitude of the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Wigton
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Anthony L DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Mastelic-Gavillet B, Vono M, Gonzalez-Dias P, Ferreira FM, Cardozo L, Lambert PH, Nakaya HI, Siegrist CA. Neonatal T Follicular Helper Cells Are Lodged in a Pre-T Follicular Helper Stage Favoring Innate Over Adaptive Germinal Center Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1845. [PMID: 31456798 PMCID: PMC6700230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have emerged as a critical limiting factor for controlling the magnitude of neonatal germinal center (GC) reactions and primary vaccine antibody responses. We compared the functional attributes of neonatal and adult Tfh cells at the transcriptomic level and demonstrated that the Tfh cell program is well-initiated in neonates although the Tfh gene-expression pattern (i.e., CXCR5, IL-21, BCL6, TBK1, STAT4, ASCL2, and c-MAF) is largely underrepresented as compared to adult Tfh cells. Importantly, we identified a TH2-bias of neonatal Tfh cells, with preferential differentiation toward short-lived pre-Tfh effector cells. Remarkably, adjuvantation with CpG-ODNs redirect neonatal pre-Tfh cells toward committed GC-Tfh cells, as illustrated by increased expression of Tfh signature genes and reduced expression of TH2-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vono
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia Gonzalez-Dias
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Moraes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Medicine, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardozo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Lee MSJ, Natsume-Kitatani Y, Temizoz B, Fujita Y, Konishi A, Matsuda K, Igari Y, Tsukui T, Kobiyama K, Kuroda E, Onishi M, Marichal T, Ise W, Inoue T, Kurosaki T, Mizuguchi K, Akira S, Ishii KJ, Coban C. B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling controls IFN-γ-mediated early IgG2c class switching in mice in response to a particulate adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1433-1440. [PMID: 31087643 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants improve the potency of vaccines, but the modes of action (MOAs) of most adjuvants are largely unknown. TLR-dependent and -independent innate immune signaling through the adaptor molecule MyD88 has been shown to be pivotal to the effects of most adjuvants; however, MyD88's involvement in the TLR-independent MOAs of adjuvants is poorly understood. Here, using the T-dependent antigen NIPOVA and a unique particulate adjuvant called synthetic hemozoin (sHZ), we show that MyD88 is required for early GC formation and enhanced antibody class-switch recombination (CSR) in mice. Using cell-type-specific MyD88 KO mice, we found that IgG2c class switching, but not IgG1 class switching, was controlled by B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling. Notably, IFN-γ produced by various cells including T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells was the primary cytokine for IgG2c CSR and B-cell intrinsic MyD88 is required for IFN-γ production. Moreover, IFN-γ receptor (IFNγR) deficiency abolished sHZ-induced IgG2c production, while recombinant IFN-γ administration successfully rescued IgG2c CSR impairment in mice lacking B-cell intrinsic MyD88. Together, our results show that B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling is involved in the MOA of certain particulate adjuvants and this may enhance our specific understanding of how adjuvants and vaccines work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sue Jann Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Natsume-Kitatani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Burcu Temizoz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujita
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aki Konishi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Igari
- ZENOAQ, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co. Ltd., Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tsukui
- ZENOAQ, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co. Ltd., Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Onishi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Wataru Ise
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Crotty S. T Follicular Helper Cell Biology: A Decade of Discovery and Diseases. Immunity 2019; 50:1132-1148. [PMID: 31117010 PMCID: PMC6532429 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Helping B cells and antibody responses is a major function of CD4+ T cells. It has been 10 years since the publication of Bcl6 as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation and the requirement of Tfh cells as the specialized subset of CD4+ T cells needed for germinal centers (the microanatomical sites of B cell mutation and antibody affinity maturation) and related B cell responses. A great deal has been learned about Tfh cells in the past 10 years, particularly regarding their roles in a surprising range of diseases. Advances in the understanding of Tfh cell differentiation and function are discussed, as are the understanding of Tfh cells in infectious diseases, vaccines, autoimmune diseases, allergies, atherosclerosis, organ transplants, and cancer. This includes discussion of Tfh cells in the human immune system. Based on the discoveries to date, the next decade of Tfh research surely holds many more surprises. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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24
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Cyster JG, Allen CDC. B Cell Responses: Cell Interaction Dynamics and Decisions. Cell 2019; 177:524-540. [PMID: 31002794 PMCID: PMC6538279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the different paths to generate short- and long-lived plasma cells, germinal center cells, and memory cells; and how each path impacts antibody diversity, selectivity, and affinity. We discuss how basic research is informing efforts to generate vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against viral pathogens, revealing the special features associated with allergen-reactive IgE responses and uncovering the antibody-independent mechanisms by which B cells contribute to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Anatomy, and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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25
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Luo Z, Li Y, Zhou M, Lv L, Wu Q, Chen C, Zhang Y, Sui B, Tu C, Cui M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Enhances Rabies Virus-Induced Humoral Immunity by Facilitating the Formation of Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2019; 10:429. [PMID: 30906301 PMCID: PMC6418000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes fatal encephalitis in mammals and poses a public health threat in many parts of the world. Vaccination remains the most effective means for prevention and control of rabies. Studies focusing on the mechanism of RABV immunogenicity are necessary for improvement of rabies vaccines. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), an innate receptor sensing single-stranded viral RNA, is important for the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. Our studies revealed that the absence of TLR7 led to a lower antibody production in mice immunized with RABV. It is further found that TLR7 deficiency affected the recruitment of germinal center (GC) B cells and led to lessened GCs formation. Consistently, there were less plasma cells (PCs) and antibody secreting cells (ASC) in TLR7-/- mice than those in wild type (WT) mice, resulting in impaired production of RABV-neutralizing antibodies (VNA). TLR7 deficiency also impaired the generation of memory B cells (MBCs) and the induction of secondary immune responses. Moreover, TLR7 deficiency down-regulated the induction of some cytokines/chemokines, especially IFN-γ, resulting in a Th2-biased antibody production. Overall, our results suggest that TLR7 facilitates the induction of the humoral immunity in response to RABV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Yang J, Sakai J, Siddiqui S, Lee RC, Ireland DDC, Verthelyi D, Akkoyunlu M. IL-6 Impairs Vaccine Responses in Neonatal Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3049. [PMID: 30619375 PMCID: PMC6307459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability of infants to mount proper follicular helper T (TFH) cell response renders this age group susceptible to infectious diseases. Initial instruction of T cells by antigen presenting cells and subsequent differentiation into TFH cells are controlled by T cell receptor signal strength, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-21. In immunized adults, IL-6 promotes TFH development by increasing the expression of CXCR5 and the TFH master transcription factor, B cell lymphoma 6. Underscoring the importance of IL-6 in TFH generation, we found improved antibody responses accompanied by increased TFH cells and decreased follicular regulatory helper T (TFR) cells, a Foxp3 expressing inhibitory CD4+ T cell occupying the germinal center (GC), when a tetanus toxoid conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide type 14 vaccine was injected in adult mice together with IL-6. Paradoxically, in neonates IL-6 containing PPS14-TT vaccine suppressed the already impaired TFH development and antibody responses in addition to increasing TFR cell population. Supporting the diminished TFH development, we detected lower frequency of phospho-STAT-3+ TFH in immunized neonatal T cells after IL-6 stimulation than adult cells. Moreover, IL-6 induced more phospho-STAT-3+ TFR in neonatal cells than adult cells. We also measured lower expression of IL-6R on TFH cells and higher expression on TFR cells in neonatal cells than adult cells, a possible explanation for the difference in IL-6 induced signaling in different age groups. Supporting the flow cytometry findings, microscopic examination revealed the localization of Treg cells in the splenic interfollicular niches of immunized adult mice compared to splenic follicles in neonatal mice. In addition to the limitations in the formation of IL-21 producing TFH cells, neonatal mice GC B cells also expressed lower levels of IL-21R in comparison to the adult mice cells. These findings point to diminished IL-6 activity on neonatal TFH cells as an underlying mechanism of the increased TFR: TFH ratio in immunized neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yang
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jiro Sakai
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shafiuddin Siddiqui
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Robert C Lee
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Derek D C Ireland
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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27
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Hong S, Zhang Z, Liu H, Tian M, Zhu X, Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhou X, Zhang F, Ge Q, Zhu B, Tang H, Hua Z, Hou B. B Cells Are the Dominant Antigen-Presenting Cells that Activate Naive CD4+ T Cells upon Immunization with a Virus-Derived Nanoparticle Antigen. Immunity 2018; 49:695-708.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Innate and adaptive signals enhance differentiation and expansion of dual-antibody autoreactive B cells in lupus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3973. [PMID: 30266981 PMCID: PMC6162205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells have a major function in autoimmunity. A small subset of B cells expressing two distinct B-cell-antigen-receptors (B2R cells) is elevated in many patients with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in the MRL(/lpr) mouse model of lupus, and is often autoreactive. Here we show, using RNAseq and in vitro and in vivo analyses, signals that are required for promoting B2R cell numbers and effector function in autoimmune mice. Compared with conventional B cells, B2R cells are more responsive to Toll-like receptor 7/9 and type I/II interferon treatment, display higher levels of MHCII and co-receptors, and depend on IL-21 for their homeostasis; moreover they expand better upon T cell-dependent antigen stimulation, and mount a more robust memory response, which are characteristics essential for enhanced (auto)immune responses. Our findings thus provide insights on the stimuli for the expansion of an autoreactive B cell subset that may contribute to the etiology of SLE.
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29
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T follicular helper cell development and functionality in immune ageing. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1925-1935. [PMID: 30185614 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By 2050, there will be over 1.6 billion adults aged 65 years and older, making age-related diseases and conditions a growing public health concern. One of the leading causes of death in the ageing population is pathogenic infections (e.g. influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae). This age-dependent susceptibility to infection has been linked to a reduced ability of the ageing immune system to mount protective responses against infectious pathogens, as well as to vaccines against these pathogens. The primary immune response that promotes protection is the production of antibodies by B cells - a response that is directly mediated by T follicular helper (TFH) cells within germinal centers (GCs) in secondary lymphoid tissues. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the development and functionality of TFH cells, the use of circulating TFH (cTFH) cells as vaccine biomarkers, and the influence of age on these processes. Moreover, we will discuss the strategies for overcoming TFH cell dysfunction to improve protective antibody responses in the ageing human population.
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30
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Raso F, Sagadiev S, Du S, Gage E, Arkatkar T, Metzler G, Stuart LM, Orr MT, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW, Lacy-Hulbert A, Acharya M. αv Integrins regulate germinal center B cell responses through noncanonical autophagy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4163-4178. [PMID: 29999501 PMCID: PMC6118577 DOI: 10.1172/jci99597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are major sites of clonal B cell expansion and generation of long-lived, high-affinity antibody responses to pathogens. Signaling through TLRs on B cells promotes many aspects of GC B cell responses, including affinity maturation, class switching, and differentiation into long-lived memory and plasma cells. A major challenge for effective vaccination is identifying strategies to specifically promote GC B cell responses. Here, we have identified a mechanism of regulation of GC B cell TLR signaling, mediated by αv integrins and noncanonical autophagy. Using B cell-specific αv-KO mice, we show that loss of αv-mediated TLR regulation increased GC B cell expansion, somatic hypermutation, class switching, and generation of long-lived plasma cells after immunization with virus-like particles (VLPs) or antigens associated with TLR ligand adjuvants. Furthermore, targeting αv-mediated regulation increased the magnitude and breadth of antibody responses to influenza virus vaccination. These data therefore identify a mechanism of regulation of GC B cells that can be targeted to enhance antibody responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Raso
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Sagadiev
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel Du
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily Gage
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Genita Metzler
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lynda M. Stuart
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark T. Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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31
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Gallotta M, Assi H, Degagné É, Kannan SK, Coffman RL, Guiducci C. Inhaled TLR9 Agonist Renders Lung Tumors Permissive to PD-1 Blockade by Promoting Optimal CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell Interplay. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4943-4956. [PMID: 29945961 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently approved inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway represent a major advance for the treatment of lung cancers, yet they are ineffective in a majority of patients due to lack of preexisting T-cell reactivity. Here, we show that a TLR9 agonist delivered by inhalation is able to prime T-cell responses against poorly immunogenic lung tumors and to complement the effects of PD-1 blockade. Inhaled TLR9 agonist causes profound remodeling in tumor-bearing lungs, leading to the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures adjacent to the tumors, CD8+ T-cell infiltration into the tumors, dendritic cell expansion, and antibody production. Inhalation of TLR9 agonist also increased the pool of functional PD-1lowT-bethigh effector CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing lungs. Effector CD8+ T cells generated by inhaled TLR9 agonist treatment were licensed by PD-1 blockade to become highly functional CTLs, leading to a durable rejection of both lung tumors and tumor lesions outside the lungs. CD4+ T cells activated in response to inhaled TLR9 play a critical role in this process by controlling the proliferation, preventing exhaustion, and guiding the differentiation of optimally functional CTLs. This study characterizes a strategy to apply localized TLR9 stimulation to a tumor type not accessible for direct injection, a strategy that may expand the therapeutic potential of PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer.Significance: These findings demonstrate that local delivery of a toll-like receptor 9 agonist can change the immune content of an entire organ and enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/17/4943/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(17); 4943-56. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hikmat Assi
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Berkeley, California
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32
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Harnessing T Follicular Helper Cell Responses for HIV Vaccine Development. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060336. [PMID: 29921828 PMCID: PMC6024737 DOI: 10.3390/v10060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) capable of recognizing a broad range of viral strains to non-human primates has led to protection from infection with chimeric SIV/HIV virus (SHIV). This data suggests that generating protective antibody responses could be an effective strategy for an HIV vaccine. However, classic vaccine approaches have failed so far to induce such protective antibodies in HIV vaccine trials. HIV-specific bNAbs identified in natural infection show high levels of somatic hypermutations, demonstrating that they underwent extensive affinity maturation. It is likely that to gain ability to recognize diverse viral strains, vaccine-induced humoral responses will also require complex, iterative maturation. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are a specialized CD4+ T cell subset that provides help to B cells in the germinal center for the generation of high-affinity and long-lasting humoral responses. It is therefore probable that the quality and quantity of Tfh responses upon vaccination will impact development of bNAbs. Here, we review studies that advanced our understanding of Tfh differentiation, function and regulation. We discuss correlates of Tfh responses and bNAb development in natural HIV infection. Finally, we highlight recent strategies to optimize Tfh responses upon vaccination and their impact on prophylactic HIV vaccine research.
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33
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DeFranco AL. Multilayer Control of B Cell Activation by the B Cell Antigen Receptor: Following Themes Initiated With Bill Paul. Front Immunol 2018; 9:739. [PMID: 29740430 PMCID: PMC5925841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the work I did in Bill Paul's lab as a postdoctoral fellow between 1979 and 1983, and to a lesser extent puts that work in the context of other work on B cell activation and antibody responses that was going on in Bill's lab at that time and shortly beforehand, including the discovery of interleukin 4. In addition, this work describes the subsequent and continuing work in my own lab following-up on themes I began during my time working directly with Bill. A particular emphasis was on understanding the biochemical mechanisms of signaling by the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) to the interior of the B cell. Some of the studies from my lab related to the regulation of BCR signaling by Lyn are described in relationship to the lymphocyte tuning hypothesis put forth by Grossman and Paul in 1992 and subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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34
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Matsubara N, Imamura A, Yonemizu T, Akatsu C, Yang H, Ueki A, Watanabe N, Abdu-Allah H, Numoto N, Takematsu H, Kitazume S, Tedder TF, Marth JD, Ito N, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M, Tsubata T. CD22-Binding Synthetic Sialosides Regulate B Lymphocyte Proliferation Through CD22 Ligand-Dependent and Independent Pathways, and Enhance Antibody Production in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:820. [PMID: 29725338 PMCID: PMC5917077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are expressed in various immune cells and most of them carry signaling functions. High-affinity synthetic sialoside ligands have been developed for various Siglecs. Therapeutic potentials of the nanoparticles and compounds that contain multiple numbers of these sialosides and other reagents such as toxins and antigens have been demonstrated. However, whether immune responses can be regulated by monomeric sialoside ligands has not yet been known. CD22 (also known as Siglec-2) is an inhibitory molecule preferentially expressed in B lymphocytes (B cells) and is constitutively bound and functionally regulated by α2,6 sialic acids expressed on the same cell (cis-ligands). Here, we developed synthetic sialosides GSC718 and GSC839 that bind to CD22 with high affinity (IC50 ~100 nM), and inhibit ligand binding of CD22. When B cells are activated by B cell antigen receptor (BCR) ligation, both GSC718 and GSC839 downregulate proliferation of B cells, and this regulation requires both CD22 and α2,6 sialic acids. This result suggests that these sialosides regulate BCR ligation-induced B cell activation by reversing endogenous ligand-mediated regulation of CD22. By contrast, GSC718 and GSC839 augment B cell proliferation induced by TLR ligands or CD40 ligation, and this augmentation requires CD22 but not α2,6 sialic acids. Thus, these sialosides appear to enhance B cell activation by directly suppressing the inhibitory function of CD22 independently of endogenous ligand-mediated regulation. Moreover, GSC839 augments B cell proliferation that depends on both BCR ligation and CD40 ligation as is the case for in vivo B cell responses to antigens, and enhanced antibody production to the extent comparable to CpG oligonuleotides or a small amount of alum. Although these known adjuvants induce production of the inflammatory cytokines or accumulation of inflammatory cells, CD22-binding sialosides do not. Thus, synthetic sialosides that bind to CD22 with high-affinity modulate B cell activation through endogenous ligand-dependent and independent pathways, and carry an adjuvant activity without inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Matsubara
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yonemizu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizuru Akatsu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongrui Yang
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiharu Ueki
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hajjaj Abdu-Allah
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Thomas F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jamey D Marth
- Center for Nanomedicine, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is based on the loss of self-tolerance against ubiquitous autoantigens involving all mechanisms of adaptive immunity. However, data accumulating over the last decade imply an important role also for numerous elements of innate immunity, namely the Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of SLE. Here we discuss their role in the most common organ complication of SLE, i.e. lupus nephritis. We summarize experimental and clinical data on the expression and functional contribution of the Toll-like receptors in immune complex glomerulonephritis, and intrarenal inflammation. Based on these discoveries Toll-like receptors are evolving as therapeutic targets for the treatment of SLE and lupus nephritis.
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36
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Devarajan P, Jones MC, Kugler-Umana O, Vong AM, Xia J, Swain SL. Pathogen Recognition by CD4 Effectors Drives Key Effector and Most Memory Cell Generation Against Respiratory Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:596. [PMID: 29632538 PMCID: PMC5879149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although much is known about the mechanisms by which pathogen recognition drives the initiation of T cell responses, including those to respiratory viruses, the role of pathogen recognition in fate decisions of T cells once they have become effectors remains poorly defined. Here, we review our recent studies that suggest that the generation of CD4 T cell memory is determined by recognition of virus at an effector “checkpoint.” We propose this is also true of more highly differentiated tissue-restricted effector cells, including cytotoxic “ThCTL” in the site of infection and TFH in secondary lymphoid organs. We point out that ThCTL are key contributors to direct viral clearance and TFH to effective Ab response, suggesting that the most protective immunity to influenza, and by analogy to other respiratory viruses, requires prolonged exposure to antigen and to infection-associated signals. We point out that many vaccines used today do not provide such prolonged signals and suggest this contributes to their limited effectiveness. We also discuss how aging impacts effective CD4 T cell responses and how new insights about the response of aged naive CD4 T cells and B cells might hold implications for effective vaccine design for both the young and aged against respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Devarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Michael C Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Olivia Kugler-Umana
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Allen M Vong
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jingya Xia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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37
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Malkiel S, Barlev AN, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Suurmond J, Diamond B. Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathways in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29556239 PMCID: PMC5845388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are responsible for the production of protective antibodies against infectious agents but they also produce pathogenic antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditionally, high affinity IgG autoantibodies are thought to arise through germinal center (GC) responses. However, class switching and somatic hypermutation can occur in extrafollicular (EF) locations, and this pathway has also been implicated in SLE. The pathway from which PCs originate may determine several characteristics, such as PC lifespan and sensitivity to therapeutics. Although both GC and EF responses have been implicated in SLE, we hypothesize that one of these pathways dominates in each individual patient and genetic risk factors may drive this predominance. While it will be important to distinguish polymorphisms that contribute to a GC-driven or EF B cell response to develop targeted treatments, the challenge will be not only to identify the differentiation pathway but the molecular mechanisms involved. In B cells, this task is complicated by the cross-talk between the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors (TLR), and cytokine signaling molecules, which contribute to both GC and EF responses. While risk variants that affect the function of dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells are likely to primarily influence GC responses, it will be important to discover whether some risk variants in the interferon and TLR pathways preferentially influence EF responses. Identifying the pathways of autoreactive PC differentiation in SLE may help us to understand patient heterogeneity and thereby guide precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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38
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Akkaya M, Akkaya B, Kim AS, Miozzo P, Sohn H, Pena M, Roesler AS, Theall BP, Henke T, Kabat J, Lu J, Dorward DW, Dahlstrom E, Skinner J, Miller LH, Pierce SK. Toll-like receptor 9 antagonizes antibody affinity maturation. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:255-266. [PMID: 29476183 PMCID: PMC5839995 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Key events in T cell-dependent antibody responses, including affinity maturation, are dependent on the B cell’s presentation of antigen to helper T cells at critical check points in germinal center formation in secondary lymphoid organs. Here we show that Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling blocked the ability of antigen-specific B cells to capture, process and present antigen and to activate antigen-specific helper T cells in vitro. In a mouse model in vivo and in a human clinical trial the TLR9 agonist, CpG, enhanced the magnitude of the antibody response to a protein vaccine but failed to promote affinity maturation. Thus, TLR9 signaling may enhance antibody titers at the expense of the ability of B cells to engage in germinal center events that are highly dependent on B cells’ antigen capture and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann S Kim
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Pietro Miozzo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mirna Pena
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alexander S Roesler
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Brandon P Theall
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Travis Henke
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinghua Lu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David W Dorward
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Eric Dahlstrom
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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39
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Zhang P, Yang CL, Liu RT, Li H, Zhang M, Zhang N, Yue LT, Wang CC, Dou YC, Duan RS. Toll-like receptor 9 antagonist suppresses humoral immunity in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:200-208. [PMID: 29331804 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signalling in autoimmune diseases, but its role in myasthenia gravis (MG) has not been fully established. We show herein that blocking TLR9 signalling via the suppressive oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) H154 alleviated the symptoms of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). With the downregulation of dendritic cells (DCs), TLR9 interruption reduced follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and germinal centre (GC) B cells, leading to decreased antibody production. In addition, TLR9+ B cells as well as total B cells in the spleen were inhibited by H154. These findings highlight the critical role of TLR9 in EAMG and suggest that the inhibition of the TLR9 pathway might be a potential pharmacological strategy for the treatment of myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Chun-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ru-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Long-Tao Yue
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Cong-Cong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ying-Chun Dou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Rui-Sheng Duan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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40
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Tian M, Hua Z, Hong S, Zhang Z, Liu C, Lin L, Chen J, Zhang W, Zhou X, Zhang F, DeFranco AL, Hou B. B Cell–Intrinsic MyD88 Signaling Promotes Initial Cell Proliferation and Differentiation To Enhance the Germinal Center Response to a Virus-like Particle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:937-948. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Yan L, de Leur K, Hendriks RW, van der Laan LJW, Shi Y, Wang L, Baan CC. T Follicular Helper Cells As a New Target for Immunosuppressive Therapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1510. [PMID: 29163552 PMCID: PMC5681999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, antibody-mediated (humoral) rejection has been recognized as a common cause of graft dysfunction after organ transplantation and an important determinant for graft loss. In humoral alloimmunity, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a crucial role, because they help naïve B cells to differentiate into memory B cells and alloantibody-producing plasma cells within germinal centers. In this way, they contribute to the induction of donor-specific antibodies, which are responsible for the humoral immune response to the allograft. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the effects of immunosuppressive therapies on Tfh cell development and function, and discuss possible new approaches to influence the activity of Tfh cells. In addition, we discuss the potential use of Tfh cells as a pharmacodynamic biomarker to improve alloimmune-risk stratification and tailoring of immunosuppression to individualize therapy after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kitty de Leur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yunying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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42
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An aberrant NOTCH2-BCR signaling axis in B cells from patients with chronic GVHD. Blood 2017; 130:2131-2145. [PMID: 28851699 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-782466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells contribute to pathogenesis in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a condition manifested by both B-cell autoreactivity and immune deficiency. We hypothesized that constitutive BCR activation precluded functional B-cell maturation in cGVHD. To address this, we examined BCR-NOTCH2 synergy because NOTCH has been shown to increase BCR responsiveness in normal mouse B cells. We conducted ex vivo activation and signaling assays of 30 primary samples from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients with and without cGVHD. Consistent with a molecular link between pathways, we found that BCR-NOTCH activation significantly increased the proximal BCR adapter protein BLNK. BCR-NOTCH activation also enabled persistent NOTCH2 surface expression, suggesting a positive feedback loop. Specific NOTCH2 blockade eliminated NOTCH-BCR activation and significantly altered NOTCH downstream targets and B-cell maturation/effector molecules. Examination of the molecular underpinnings of this "NOTCH2-BCR axis" in cGVHD revealed imbalanced expression of the transcription factors IRF4 and IRF8, each critical to B-cell differentiation and fate. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased IRF4 expression, restored the IRF4-to-IRF8 ratio, abrogated BCR-NOTCH hyperactivation, and reduced NOTCH2 expression in cGVHD B cells without compromising viability. ATRA-treated cGVHD B cells had elevated TLR9 and PAX5, but not BLIMP1 (a gene-expression pattern associated with mature follicular B cells) and also attained increased cytosine guanine dinucleotide responsiveness. Together, we reveal a mechanistic link between NOTCH2 activation and robust BCR responses to otherwise suboptimal amounts of surrogate antigen. Our findings suggest that peripheral B cells in cGVHD patients can be pharmacologically directed from hyperactivation toward maturity.
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43
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Robinet M, Villeret B, Maillard S, Cron MA, Berrih-Aknin S, Le Panse R. Use of Toll-Like Receptor Agonists to Induce Ectopic Lymphoid Structures in Myasthenia Gravis Mouse Models. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1029. [PMID: 28970832 PMCID: PMC5609563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction. MG symptoms are characterized by muscle weaknesses. The thymus of MG patients is very often abnormal and possesses all the characteristics of tertiary lymphoid organs such as neoangiogenesis processes, overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and infiltration of B lymphocytes leading to ectopic germinal center (GC) development. We previously demonstrated that injections of mice with polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)], a synthetic double-stranded RNA mimicking viral infection, induce thymic changes and trigger MG symptoms. Upon Poly(I:C) injections, we observed increased thymic expressions of α-AChR, interferon-β and chemokines such as CXCL13 and CCL21 leading to B-cell recruitment. However, these changes were only transient. In order to develop an experimental MG model associated with thymic GCs, we used Poly(I:C) in the classical experimental autoimmune MG model induced by immunizations with purified AChR emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant. We observed that Poly(I:C) strongly favored the development of MG as almost all mice displayed MG symptoms. Nevertheless, we did not observe any ectopic GC development. We next challenged mice with Poly(I:C) together with other toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists known to be involved in GC development and that are overexpressed in MG thymuses. Imiquimod and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides that activate TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, did not induce thymic changes. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide that activates TLR4 potentiated Poly(I:C) effects and induced a significant expression of CXCL13 mRNA in the thymus associated with a higher recruitment of B cells that induced over time thymic B-lymphoid structures. Altogether, these data suggest that tertiary lymphoid genesis in MG thymus could result from a combined activation of TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Robinet
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de myologie, Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Villeret
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de myologie, Paris, France
| | - Solène Maillard
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de myologie, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie A Cron
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de myologie, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de myologie, Paris, France
| | - Rozen Le Panse
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de myologie, Paris, France
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44
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Braun RO, Python S, Summerfield A. Porcine B Cell Subset Responses to Toll-like Receptor Ligands. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1044. [PMID: 28890720 PMCID: PMC5574874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) triggering of B cells are known to promote B cell expansion, differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing and memory cells, but the TLR responses of porcine B cells is poorly characterized. Therefore, this study investigated the response pattern of porcine B cell subsets to a large collection of TLR ligands and demonstrates that the TLR2 ligand Pam3Cys-SK4 and the TLR7/8 ligands gardiquimod and resiquimod are particularly efficient at inducing proliferation, CD25 and CCR7. This activation was also determined in B-cell subpopulations including a CD21+IgM+ subset, an IgG+ subset and two putative B1-like subsets, defined as CD21-IgMhighCD11R1+CD11c+CD14+ and CD21-IgMhigh CD11R1-CD11c+CD14- B cells. The latter two were larger and expressed higher levels of CD80/86 and spontaneous phospholipase C-γ2 phosphorylation. All porcine B-cell subsets were activated by TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands. Naïve and memory conventional B cells responded similar to TLR ligands. The CD11R1+ B1-like subset had the highest proliferative responses. While both B1-like subsets did not spontaneously secrete IgM, they were the only subsets to produce high level of TLR-induced IgM. Similar to polyclonal IgM responses, memory B cells were efficiently induced to produce specific antibodies by CpG oligodinucleotide, resiquimod, and to a weaker extend by Pam3Cys-SK4. Depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) enhanced TLR-induced antibodies. The same set of TLR ligands also induced CD40 on cDCs, pDCs, and monocytes with the exception of TLR4 ligand being unable to activate pDCs. Gardiquimod and resiquimod were particularly efficient at inducing CCR7 on pDCs. Porcine B cells expressed high levels of TLR7, but relatively little other TLR mRNA. Nevertheless, TLR2 on B cells was rapidly upregulated following stimulation, explaining the strong responses following stimulation. Subset-specific analysis of TLR expression demonstrated a comparable expression of TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 in all B cell subsets, but TLR3 was restricted to B1-like cells, whereas TLR4 was only expressed on conventional B cells, although both at low levels. Altogether, our data describe porcine innate B1-like cells, and how different B cell subsets are involved in innate sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Othmar Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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45
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Akkaya M, Akkaya B, Sheehan PW, Miozzo P, Pena M, Qi CF, Manzella-Lapeira J, Bolland S, Pierce SK. T cell-dependent antigen adjuvanted with DOTAP-CpG-B but not DOTAP-CpG-A induces robust germinal center responses and high affinity antibodies in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1890-1899. [PMID: 28762497 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines for infectious diseases for which we currently have none, including HIV, will likely require the use of adjuvants that strongly promote germinal center responses and somatic hypermutation to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here we compared the outcome of immunization with the T-cell dependent antigen, NP-conjugated to chicken gamma globulin (NP-CGG) adjuvanted with the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligands, CpG-A or CpG-B, alone or conjugated with the cationic lipid carrier, DOTAP. We provide evidence that only NP-CGG adjuvanted with DOTAP-CpG-B was an effective vaccine in mice resulting in robust germinal center responses, isotype switching and high affinity NP-specific antibodies. The effectiveness of DOTAP-CpG-B as an adjuvant was dependent on the expression of the TLR9 signaling adaptor MyD88 in immunized mice. These results indicate DOTAP-CpG-B but not DOTAP-CpG-A is an effective adjuvant for T cell-dependent protein antigen-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Pietro Miozzo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mirna Pena
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Javier Manzella-Lapeira
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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46
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Arutla V, Leal J, Liu X, Sokalingam S, Raleigh M, Adaralegbe A, Liu L, Pentel PR, Hecht SM, Chang Y. Prescreening of Nicotine Hapten Linkers in Vitro To Select Hapten-Conjugate Vaccine Candidates for Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Vivo. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:286-298. [PMID: 28383252 PMCID: PMC5916772 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the demonstration of nicotine vaccines as a possible therapeutic intervention for the effects of tobacco smoke, extensive effort has been made to enhance nicotine specific immunity. Linker modifications of nicotine haptens have been a focal point for improving the immunogenicity of nicotine, in which the evaluation of these modifications usually relies on in vivo animal models, such as mice, rats or nonhuman primates. Here, we present two in vitro screening strategies to estimate and predict the immunogenic potential of our newly designed nicotine haptens. One utilizes a competition enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) to profile the interactions of nicotine haptens or hapten-protein conjugates with nicotine specific antibodies, both polyclonal and monoclonal. Another relies on computational modeling of the interactions between haptens and amino acid residues near the conjugation site of the carrier protein to infer linker-carrier protein conjugation effect on antinicotine antibody response. Using these two in vitro methods, we ranked the haptens with different linkers for their potential as viable vaccine candidates. The ELISA-based hapten ranking was in an agreement with the results obtained by in vivo nicotine pharmacokinetic analysis. A correlation was found between the average binding affinity (IC50) of the haptens to an anti-Nic monoclonal antibody and the average brain nicotine concentration in the immunized mice. The computational modeling of hapten and carrier protein interactions helps exclude conjugates with strong linker-carrier conjugation effects and low in vivo efficacy. The simplicity of these in vitro screening strategies should facilitate the selection and development of more effective nicotine conjugate vaccines. In addition, these data highlight a previously under-appreciated contribution of linkers and hapten-protein conjugations to conjugate vaccine immunogenicity by virtue of their inclusion in the epitope that binds and activates B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Arutla
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Joseph Leal
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Sriram Sokalingam
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Michael Raleigh
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, United States
| | - Adejimi Adaralegbe
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Li Liu
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Paul R. Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, United States
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yung Chang
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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47
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Mosaheb MM, Reiser ML, Wetzler LM. Toll-Like Receptor Ligand-Based Vaccine Adjuvants Require Intact MyD88 Signaling in Antigen-Presenting Cells for Germinal Center Formation and Antibody Production. Front Immunol 2017; 8:225. [PMID: 28316602 PMCID: PMC5334362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are critical in the fight against infectious diseases, and immune-stimulating adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine efficacy. However, the precise mechanisms of action of most adjuvants are unknown. There is an urgent need for customized and adjuvant formulated vaccines against immune evading pathogens that remain a risk today. Understanding the specific role of various cell types in adjuvant-induced protective immune responses is vital for an effective vaccine design. We have investigated the role of cell-specific MyD88 signaling in vaccine adjuvant activity in vivo, using Neisserial porin B (PorB), a TLR2 ligand-based adjuvant, compared with an endosomal TLR9 ligand (CpG) and toll-like receptor (TLR)-independent (alum, MF59) adjuvants. We found that intact MyD88 signaling is essential, separately, in all three antigen-presenting cell types [B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs)] for optimal TLR ligand-based adjuvant activity. The role of MyD88 signaling in B cell and DC in vaccine adjuvant has been previously investigated. In this study, we now demonstrate that the immune response was also reduced in mice with macrophage-specific MyD88 deletion (Mac-MyD88-/-). We demonstrate that TLR-dependent adjuvants are potent inducers of germinal center (GC) responses, but GCs are nearly absent in Mac-MyD88-/- mice following immunization with TLR-dependent adjuvants PorB or CpG, but not with TLR-independent adjuvants MF59 or alum. Our findings reveal a unique and here-to-for unrecognized importance of intact MyD88 signaling in macrophages, to allow for a robust vaccine-induced immune responses when TLR ligand-based adjuvants are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir M. Mosaheb
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L. Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee M. Wetzler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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DeFranco AL. Germinal centers and autoimmune disease in humans and mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:918-924. [PMID: 27562062 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. Although the mechanisms underlying the antibody response to infection or vaccination are reasonably well understood, we still have a poor understanding of the nature of autoimmune antibody responses. The most well studied are the anti-nuclear antibody responses characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus and studies over the past decade or so have demonstrated a critical role for signaling by TLR7 and/or TLR9 in B cells to promote these responses. These Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can promote T-cell-independent extrafollicular antibody responses with a heavy-chain class switch and a low degree of somatic mutation, but they can also strongly boost the germinal center response that gives rise to high-affinity antibodies and long-lived plasma cells. TLRs have been shown to enhance affinity maturation in germinal center responses to produce high-affinity neutralizing antibodies in several virus infection models of mice. Although more data are needed, it appears that anti-nuclear antibodies in mouse models of lupus and in lupus patients can be generated by either pathway, provided there are genetic susceptibility alleles that compromise B-cell tolerance at one or another stage. Limited data in other autoimmune diseases suggest that the germinal center response may be the predominant pathway leading to autoantibodies in those diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms of autoantibody production may ultimately be helpful in the development of targeted therapeutics for lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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49
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Moody MA, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Vandergrift NA, Chui C, Lloyd KE, Parks R, Soderberg KA, Ogbe AT, Cohen MS, Liao HX, Gao F, McMichael AJ, Montefiori DC, Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Huang J, Shea PR, Connors M, Borrow P, Haynes BF. Immune perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:aag0851. [PMID: 28783677 PMCID: PMC5589960 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. bnAbs occur in some HIV-1-infected individuals and frequently have characteristics of autoantibodies. We have studied cohorts of HIV-1-infected individuals who made bnAbs and compared them with those who did not do so, and determined immune traits associated with the ability to produce bnAbs. HIV-1-infected individuals with bnAbs had a higher frequency of blood autoantibodies, a lower frequency of regulatory CD4+ T cells, a higher frequency of circulating memory T follicular helper CD4+ cells, and a higher T regulatory cell level of programmed cell death-1 expression compared with HIV-1-infected individuals without bnAbs. Thus, induction of HIV-1 bnAbs may require vaccination regimens that transiently mimic immunologic perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cecilia Chui
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Krissey E Lloyd
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly A Soderberg
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ane T Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Myron S Cohen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Patrick R Shea
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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50
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Rioux G, Carignan D, Russell A, Bolduc M, Gagné MÈL, Savard P, Leclerc D. Influence of PapMV nanoparticles on the kinetics of the antibody response to flu vaccine. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:43. [PMID: 27282291 PMCID: PMC4901503 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The addition of an adjuvant to a vaccine is a promising approach to increasing strength and immunogenicity towards antigens. Despite the fact that adjuvants have been used in vaccines for decades, their mechanisms of action and their influence on the kinetics of the immune response are still not very well understood. The use of papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) nanoparticles-a novel TLR7 agonist-was recently shown to improve and broaden the immune response directed to trivalent inactivated flu vaccine (TIV) in mice and ferrets. RESULTS We investigated the capacity of PapMV nanoparticles to increase the speed of the immune response toward TIV. PapMV nanoparticles induced a faster and stronger humoral response to TIV that was measured as early as 5 days post-immunization. The addition of PapMV nanoparticles was shown to speed up the differentiation of B-cells into early plasma cells, and increased the growth of germinal centers in a CD4+ dependent manner. TIV vaccination with PapMV nanoparticles as an adjuvant protected mice against a lethal infection as early as 10 days post-immunization. CONCLUSION In conclusion, PapMV nanoparticles are able to accelerate a broad humoral response to TIV. This property is of the utmost importance in the field of vaccination, especially in the case of pandemics, where populations need to be protected as soon as possible after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Rioux
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Damien Carignan
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Alexis Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marilène Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Laliberté Gagné
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pierre Savard
- Neurosciences, Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Denis Leclerc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Quebec City, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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