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Azar A, Hubert T, Adams TG, Cisler JM, Crombie KM. Exercise and Fear and Safety Learning. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39039358 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Fear conditioning paradigms have been studied for over 100 years and are of great interest to the behavioral and clinical sciences given that several safety learning processes (e.g., extinction learning and recall) are thought to be fundamental to the success of exposure-based therapies for anxiety and related disorders. This chapter provides an overview of preclinical and clinical investigations that examined the effects of exercise on initial fear acquisition, fear extinction learning and consolidation, and return of fear outcomes. This chapter highlights the collective body of evidence suggesting that exercise administered after extinction learning enhances the consolidation and subsequent recall of extinction memories to a greater extent than exercise administered prior to extinction learning. This suggests that the addition of exercise after exposure therapy sessions may improve treatment outcomes for people with anxiety and related disorders. Potential mechanisms are discussed in addition to suggestions for future research to improve our understanding of the effects of exercise on fear conditioning and extinction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera Azar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Troy Hubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
| | - Thomas G Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Josh M Cisler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Crombie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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Farias CP, Leite AKO, Schmidt BE, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Wyse ATS. The 5-HT2A, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT6 serotonergic receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex behave differently in extinction learning: Does social support play a role? Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114922. [PMID: 38408524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Studies on the social modulation of fear have revealed that in social species, individuals in a distressed state show better recovery from aversive experiences when accompanied - referred to as social buffering. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, hindering the understanding of such an approach. Our previous data showed that the presence of a conspecific during the extinction task inhibited the retrieval of fear memory without affecting the extinction memory in the retention test. Here, we investigate the role of serotonergic receptors (5-HTRs), specifically 5-HT2A, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT6 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), In the retention of extinction after the extinction task, in the absence or presence of social support. Extinction training was conducted on 60-day-old male Wistar rats either alone or with a conspecific (a familiar cagemate, non-fearful). The antagonists for these receptors were administered directly into the mPFC immediately after the extinction training. The results indicate that blocking 5-HT5A (SB-699551-10 μg/side) and 5-HT6 (SB-271046A - 10 μg/side) receptors in the mPFC impairs the consolidation of CFC in the social support group. Interestingly, blocking 5-HT2A receptors (R65777 - 4 μg/side) in the mPFC led to impaired CFC specifically in the group undergoing extinction training alone. These findings contribute to a better understanding of brain mechanisms and neuromodulation associated with social support during an extinction protocol. They are consistent with previously published research, suggesting that the extinction of contextual fear conditioning with social support involves distinct neuromodulatory processes compared to when extinction training is conducted alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Penha Farias
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Ana Karla Oliveira Leite
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Bianca Estefani Schmidt
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Nachtigall EG, de C Myskiw J, Izquierdo I, Furini CRG. Cellular mechanisms of contextual fear memory reconsolidation: Role of hippocampal SFKs, TrkB receptors and GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:61-73. [PMID: 37700085 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Memories are stored into long-term representations through a process that depends on protein synthesis. However, a consolidated memory is not static and inflexible and can be reactivated under certain circumstances, the retrieval is able to reactivate memories and destabilize them engaging a process of restabilization known as reconsolidation. Although the molecular mechanisms that mediate fear memory reconsolidation are not entirely known, so here we investigated the molecular mechanisms in the hippocampus involved in contextual fear conditioning memory (CFC) reconsolidation in male Wistar rats. We demonstrated that the blockade of Src family kinases (SFKs), GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and TrkB receptors (TrkBR) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus immediately after the reactivation session impaired contextual fear memory reconsolidation. These impairments were blocked by the neurotrophin BDNF and the NMDAR agonist, D-Serine. Considering that the study of the link between synaptic proteins is crucial for understanding memory processes, targeting the reconsolidation process may provide new ways of disrupting maladaptive memories, such as those seen in post-traumatic stress disorder. Here we provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in contextual fear memory reconsolidation, demonstrating that SFKs, GluN2B-containing NMDAR, and TrkBR are necessary for the reconsolidation process. Our findings suggest a link between BDNF and SFKs and GluN2B-containing NMDAR as well as a link between NMDAR and SFKs and TrkBR in fear memory reconsolidation. These preliminary pharmacological findings provide new evidence of the mechanisms involved in the reconsolidation of fear memory and have the potential to contribute to the development of treatments for psychiatric disorders involving maladaptive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda G Nachtigall
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2nd floor - HSL, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Jociane de C Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2nd floor - HSL, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2nd floor - HSL, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R G Furini
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2nd floor - HSL, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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Lima KR, Alves N, Lopes LF, Picua SS, da Silva de Vargas L, Daré LR, Ramborger B, Roehrs R, de Gomes MG, Mello-Carpes PB. Novelty facilitates the persistence of aversive memory extinction by dopamine regulation in the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110832. [PMID: 37463639 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Aversive memory extinction comprises a novel learning that blocks retrieving a previously formed traumatic memory. In this sense, aversive memory extinction is an excellent tool for decreasing fear responses. However, this tool it's not effective in the long term because of original memory spontaneous recovery. Thus, searching for alternative strategies that strengthen extinction learning is essential. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of a novel context (i.e., novelty) exposure on aversive memory extinction enhancement over days and the dopaminergic system requirement. Given the purpose, experiments were conducted using 3-month-old male Wistar rats. Animals were trained in inhibitory avoidance (IA). Twenty-four hours later, rats were submitted to a weak extinction protocol. Still, 30 min before the first extinction session, animals were submitted to an exploration of a novel context for 5 min. After, memory retention and persistence were evaluated 24 h, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days later. The exposition of a novel context caused a decrease in aversive responses in all days analyzed and an increase in dopamine levels in the hippocampus. The intrahippocampal infusion of dopamine in the CA1 area or the stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by a glutamatergic agonist (NMDA) showed similar effects of novelty. In contrast, VTA inhibition by a gabaergic agonist (muscimol) impaired the persistence of extinction learning induced by novelty exposition and caused a decrease in hippocampal dopamine levels. In summary, we show that novel context exposure promotes persistent aversive memory extinction, revealing the significant role of the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Niege Alves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Freitas Lopes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Steffanie Severo Picua
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Liane da Silva de Vargas
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Ramborger
- Interdisciplinary Group of Research in Teaching Practice, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Interdisciplinary Group of Research in Teaching Practice, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes de Gomes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Billig Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Budriesi P, Tintorelli R, Correa J, Villar ME, Marchal P, Giurfa M, Viola H. A behavioral tagging account of kinase contribution to memory formation after spaced aversive training. iScience 2023; 26:107278. [PMID: 37520708 PMCID: PMC10372744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) can be induced by repeated spaced training trials. Using the weak inhibitory avoidance (wIA) task, we showed that one wIA session does not lead to a 24-h LTM, whereas two identical wIA sessions spaced by 15 min to 6 h induce a 24-h LTM. This LTM promotion depends both on hippocampal protein synthesis and the activity of several kinases. In agreement with the behavioral tagging (BT) hypothesis, our results suggest that the two training sessions induce transient learning tags and lead, via a cooperative effect, to the synthesis of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) that become available and captured by the tag from the second session. Although ERKs1/2 are needed for PRPs synthesis and CaMKs are required for tag setting, PKA participates in both processes. We conclude that the BT mechanism accounts for the molecular constraints underlying the classic effect of spaced learning on LTM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Budriesi
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Tintorelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Correa
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Eugenia Villar
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Marchal
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Poe Lab, Integrative Biology and Physiology department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Haydee Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular “Dr. Héctor Maldonado” (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Nachtigall EG, D R de Freitas J, de C Myskiw J, R G Furini C. Role of hippocampal Wnt signaling pathways on contextual fear memory reconsolidation. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00248-8. [PMID: 37286160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Memories already consolidated when reactivated return to a labile state and can be modified, this process is known as reconsolidation. It is known the Wnt signaling pathways can modulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity as well as learning and memory. Yet, Wnt signaling pathways interact with NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors. However, whether canonical Wnt/β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathways are required in the CA1 region of hippocampus for contextual fear memory reconsolidation remains unclear. So, here we verified that the inhibition of canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway with DKK1 (Dickkopf-1) into CA1 impaired the reconsolidation of contextual fear conditioning (CFC) memory when administered immediately and 2h after reactivation session but not 6h later, while the inhibition of non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway with SFRP1 (Secreted frizzled-related protein-1) into CA1 immediately after reactivation session had no effect. Moreover, the impairment induced by DKK1 was blocked by the administration of the agonist of the NMDA receptors glycine site, D-Serine, immediately and 2h after reactivation session. We found that hippocampal canonical Wnt/β-catenin is necessary to the reconsolidation of CFC memory at least two hours after reactivation, while non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway is not involved in this process and, that there is a link between Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and NMDA receptors. In view of this, this study provides new evidence regarding the neural mechanisms underlying contextual fear memory reconsolidation and contributes to provide a new possible target for the treatment of fear related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda G Nachtigall
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - Bldg. 63, 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia D R de Freitas
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - Bldg. 63, 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jociane de C Myskiw
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation Laboratory (LPBNC), Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bldg. 43422, room 208A, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R G Furini
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - Bldg. 63, 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681 - Bldg. 40, 8(th) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Crombie KM, Azar A, Botsford C, Heilicher M, Moughrabi N, Gruichich TS, Schomaker CM, Dunsmoor JE, Cisler JM. Aerobic exercise after extinction learning reduces return of fear and enhances memory of items encoded during extinction learning. Ment Health Phys Act 2023; 24:100510. [PMID: 37065640 PMCID: PMC10104454 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Fear conditioning paradigms are widely used in laboratory settings to discover treatments that enhance memory consolidation and various fear processes (extinction learning, limit return of fear) that are relevant targets of exposure-based therapies. However, traditional lab-based paradigms often use the exact same conditioned stimuli for acquisition and extinction (typically differentiated with a context manipulation), whereas the opposite is true in clinical settings, as exposure therapy rarely (if ever) uses precisely the exact same stimuli from an individual's learning history. Accordingly, this study utilized a novel three-day category-based fear conditioning protocol (that uses categories of non-repeating objects [animals and tools] as conditioned stimuli during fear conditioning and extinction) to determine if aerobic exercise enhances the consolidation of extinction learning (reduces return of fear) and memory (for items encoded during extinction) during subsequent tests of extinction recall. Participants (n=40) completed a fear acquisition (day 1), fear extinction (day 2), and extinction recall (day 3) protocol. On day 1, participants completed a fear acquisition task in which they were trained to associate a category of conditioned stimuli (CS+) with the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (US). On day 2, participants were administered a fear extinction procedure during which CS+ and CS- categorical stimuli were presented in absence of the occurrence of the US. After completing the task, participants were randomly assigned to either receive moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (EX) or a light-intensity control (CON) condition. On day 3, participants completed fear recall tests (during which day 1, day 2, and novel CS+ and CS- stimuli were presented). Fear responding was assessed via threat expectancy ratings and skin conductance responses (SCR). During the fear recall tests, the EX group reported significantly lower threat expectancy ratings to the CS+ and CS- and exhibited greater memory of CS+ and CS- stimuli that were previously presented during day 2. There were no significant group differences for SCR. These results suggests that administration of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise following extinction learning contributes to reduced threat expectancies during tests of fear recall and enhanced memory of items encoded during extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Crombie
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Ameera Azar
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Chloe Botsford
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Mickela Heilicher
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Nicole Moughrabi
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Tijana Sagorac Gruichich
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Chloe M. Schomaker
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Joseph E. Dunsmoor
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Josh M. Cisler
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
- Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
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Crombie KM, Adams TG, Dunsmoor JE, Greenwood BN, Smits JA, Nemeroff CB, Cisler JM. Aerobic exercise in the treatment of PTSD: An examination of preclinical and clinical laboratory findings, potential mechanisms, clinical implications, and future directions. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 94:102680. [PMID: 36773486 PMCID: PMC10084922 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with heightened emotional responding, avoidance of trauma related stimuli, and physical health concerns (e.g., metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease). Existing treatments such as exposure-based therapies (e.g., prolonged exposure) aim to reduce anxiety symptoms triggered by trauma reminders, and are hypothesized to work via mechanisms of extinction learning. However, these conventional gold standard psychotherapies do not address physical health concerns frequently presented in PTSD. In addition to widely documented physical and mental health benefits of exercise, emerging preclinical and clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that precisely timed administration of aerobic exercise can enhance the consolidation and subsequent recall of fear extinction learning. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise may be a promising adjunctive strategy for simultaneously improving physical health while enhancing the effects of exposure therapies, which is desirable given the suboptimal efficacy and remission rates. Accordingly, this review 1) encompasses an overview of preclinical and clinical exercise and fear conditioning studies which form the basis for this claim; 2) discusses several plausible mechanisms for enhanced consolidation of fear extinction memories following exercise, and 3) provides suggestions for future research that could advance the understanding of the potential importance of incorporating exercise into the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Crombie
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
| | - Tom G Adams
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, 105 Kastle Hill, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, United States of America; Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N Greenwood
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Psychology, Campus Box 173, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364, United States of America
| | - Jasper A Smits
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, 108 E Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America; Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Josh M Cisler
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America; Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
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9
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Song I, Kuznetsova T, Baidoe-Ansah D, Mirzapourdelavar H, Senkov O, Hayani H, Mironov A, Kaushik R, Druzin M, Johansson S, Dityatev A. Heparan Sulfates Regulate Axonal Excitability and Context Generalization through Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050744. [PMID: 36899880 PMCID: PMC10000602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that enzymatic removal of highly sulfated heparan sulfates with heparinase 1 impaired axonal excitability and reduced expression of ankyrin G at the axon initial segments in the CA1 region of the hippocampus ex vivo, impaired context discrimination in vivo, and increased Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity in vitro. Here, we show that in vivo delivery of heparinase 1 in the CA1 region of the hippocampus elevated autophosphorylation of CaMKII 24 h after injection in mice. Patch clamp recording in CA1 neurons revealed no significant heparinase effects on the amplitude or frequency of miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents, while the threshold for action potential generation was increased and fewer spikes were generated in response to current injection. Delivery of heparinase on the next day after contextual fear conditioning induced context overgeneralization 24 h after injection. Co-administration of heparinase with the CaMKII inhibitor (autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide) rescued neuronal excitability and expression of ankyrin G at the axon initial segment. It also restored context discrimination, suggesting the key role of CaMKII in neuronal signaling downstream of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and highlighting a link between impaired CA1 pyramidal cell excitability and context generalization during recall of contextual memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Baidoe-Ansah
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hadi Mirzapourdelavar
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Senkov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hussam Hayani
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Mironov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Druzin
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Staffan Johansson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Güricke-Universität Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-67-24526; Fax: +49-391-6724530
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10
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Rosa J, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Fiorenza NG, Furini CRG, Sapiras GG, Izquierdo I. Hippocampal cholinergic receptors and the mTOR participation in fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance extinction memory. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114129. [PMID: 36179804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated the hippocampal cholinergic system and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) participation during the memory formation of aversive events. This study assessed the role of these systems in the hippocampus for the extinction memory process by submitting male Wistar rats to fear-motivated step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA). The post-extinction session administration of the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists, mecamylamine and scopolamine, respectively, both at doses of 2 µg/µl/side, and rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor (0.02 µg/µl/side), into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, impaired the IA extinction memory. Furthermore, the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists, nicotine and muscarine, respectively, had a dose-dependent effect on the IA extinction memory when administered intra-CA1, immediately after the extinction session. Nicotine (0.6 µg/µl/side) and muscarine (0.02 µg/µl/side), respectively, had no effect, while the higher doses (6 and 2 µg/µl/side, respectively) impaired the IA extinction memory. Interestingly, the co-administration of muscarine at the lower dose blocked the impairment that was induced by rapamycin. This effect was not observed when nicotine at the lower dose was co-administered. These results have demonstrated the participation of the cholinergic receptors and mTOR in the hippocampus for IA extinction, and that the cholinergic agonists had a dose-dependent effect on the IA extinction memory. This study provides insights related to the behavioural aspects and the neurobiological properties underlying the early stage of fear-motivated IA extinction memory consolidation and suggests that there is hippocampal muscarinic receptor participation independent of mTOR in this memory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rosa
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Bento Gonçalves 9500, Building 43422, Room 208 A, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia Gindri Fiorenza
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Branch Ceara, 60760-000 Eusebio, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, 3rd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gerson Guilherme Sapiras
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Clinical Hospital of Passo Fundo (HCPF), Tiradentes 295, 99010-260 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Dunsmoor JE, Murty VP, Clewett D, Phelps EA, Davachi L. Tag and capture: how salient experiences target and rescue nearby events in memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:782-795. [PMID: 35842373 PMCID: PMC9378568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The long-term fate of a memory is not exclusively determined by the events occurring at the moment of encoding. Research at the cellular, circuit, and behavioral levels is beginning to reveal how neurochemical activations in the moments surrounding an event can retroactively and proactively rescue weak memory for seemingly mundane experiences. We review emerging evidence showing enhancement of weakly formed memories encoded minutes to hours before or after a related motivationally relevant experience. We discuss proposed neurobiological mechanisms for strengthening weak memories formed in temporal proximity to a strong event, and how this knowledge could be leveraged to improve memory for information that is prone to forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Vishnu P Murty
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Clewett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lila Davachi
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Correa J, Tintorelli R, Budriesi P, Viola H. Persistence of spatial memory induced by spaced training involves a behavioral-tagging process. Neuroscience 2022; 497:215-227. [PMID: 35276307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spaced training, which involves long inter-trial intervals, has positive effects on memories. One of the main attributes of long-term memories (LTM) is persistence. Here, to identify the process that promotes LTM persistence by spaced learning, we used the spatial object recognition (SOR) task. The protocol consisted of a first strong training session that induced LTM formation (tested 1 day after training), but not LTM persistence (tested 7 or 14 days after training); and a second weak training session that promoted memory persistence when applied 1 day, but not 7 days, after the first training. We propose that the promotion of memory persistence is based on the Behavioral Tagging (BT) mechanism operating when the memory trace is retrieved. BT involves the setting of a tag induced by learning which gives rise to input selectivity, and the use of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) to establish the mnemonic trace. We postulate that retraining will mainly retag the sites initially activated by the original learning, where the PRPs needed for memory expression and/or induced by retrieval would be used to maintain a persistent mnemonic trace. Our results suggest that the mechanism of memory expression, but not those of memory reinforcement or reconsolidation, is necessary to promote memory persistence after retraining. The molecular mechanisms involve ERKs1/2 activity to set the SOR learning tag, and the availability of GluA2-containing AMPA receptor. In conclusion, both the synthesis of PRPs and the setting of a learning tag are key processes triggered by retraining that allow SOR memory persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Correa
- Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Tintorelli
- Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Budriesi
- Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Viola
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Netto CA. Role of brain Β-endorphin in memory modulation revisited. Neuroscience 2022; 497:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Schaan Fernandes H, Popik B, de Oliveira Alvares L. Effects of hippocampal IP 3R inhibition on contextual fear memory consolidation, retrieval, reconsolidation and extinction. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 188:107587. [PMID: 35051621 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium stores (ICS) play a dynamic role in neuronal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis both by buffering Ca2+ excess in the cytoplasm or providing an additional source of Ca2+ when concentration increase is needed. However, in spite of the large body of evidence showing Ca2+ as an essential second messenger in many signaling cascades underlying synaptic plasticity, the direct involvement of the intracellular Ca2+-release channels (ICRCs) in memory processing has been highly overlooked. Here we investigated the role of the ICRC inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) activity during different memory phases using pharmacological inhibition in the dorsal hippocampus during contextual fear conditioning. We first found that post-training administration of the IP3R antagonist 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB) impaired memory consolidation in a dose and time-dependent manner. Inhibiting IP3Rs also disrupted memory retrieval. Contextual fear memory reconsolidation or extinction, however, were not sensitive to IP3R blockade. Taken together, our results indicate that hippocampal IP3Rs play an important role in contextual fear memory consolidation and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Schaan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Popik
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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15
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Vargas LDS, Lima KR, Mello-Carpes PB. Infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortex activation is necessary to the enhancement of aversive memory extinction promoted by reactivation. Brain Res 2021; 1770:147630. [PMID: 34450117 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory extinction has been used in behavioral therapy to treat post-traumatic stress disorders. It was demonstrated that memory reactivation before extinction could facilitate this process. However, the mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, we investigated the participation of two regions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL), in the memory reactivation modulatory effect of fear extinction. We confirmed that the reactivation facilitates the fear extinction in an inhibitory aversive task; however, when the muscimol (a GABAergic agonist) is infused in IL or PL vmPFC after reactivation, extinction's facilitation was not observed. These findings support the idea that the reactivation can modulate the fear extinction process, facilitating it, and that this effect requires the activation of both IL and PL regions of vmPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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16
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Crombie KM, Sartin-Tarm A, Sellnow K, Ahrenholtz R, Lee S, Matalamaki M, Almassi NE, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF, Adams TG, Cisler JM. Exercise-induced increases in Anandamide and BDNF during extinction consolidation contribute to reduced threat following reinstatement: Preliminary evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105355. [PMID: 34280820 PMCID: PMC8487992 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently demonstrated that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise delivered during the consolidation of fear extinction learning reduced threat expectancy during a test of extinction recall among women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These findings suggest that exercise may be a potential candidate for improving the efficacy of exposure-based therapies, which are hypothesized to work via the mechanisms of fear extinction learning. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine whether exercise-induced increases in circulating concentrations of candidate biomarkers: endocannabinoids (anandamide [AEA]; 2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG], brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and homovanillic acid (HVA), mediate the effects of exercise on extinction recall. METHODS Participants (N = 35) completed a 3-day fear acquisition (day 1), extinction (day 2), and extinction recall (day 3) protocol, in which participants were randomly assigned to complete either moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (EX) or a light-intensity control (CON) condition following extinction training (day 2). Blood was obtained prior to and following EX or CON. Threat expectancy ratings during tests of extinction recall (i.e., initial fear recall and fear recall following reinstatement) were obtained 24 h following EX or CON. Mediation was tested using linear-mixed effects models and bootstrapping of the indirect effect. RESULTS Circulating concentrations of AEA and BDNF (but not 2-AG and HVA) were found to mediate the relationship between moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and reduced threat expectancy ratings following reinstatement (AEA 95% CI: -0.623 to -0.005; BDNF 95% CI: -0.941 to -0.005). CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced increases in peripheral AEA and BDNF appear to play a role in enhancing consolidation of fear extinction learning, thereby leading to reduced threat expectancies following reinstatement among women with PTSD. Future mechanistic research examining these and other biomarkers (e.g., brain-based biomarkers) is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Crombie
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Anneliis Sartin-Tarm
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Kyrie Sellnow
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Rachel Ahrenholtz
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Sierra Lee
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Megan Matalamaki
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001
Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,
53719-1176
| | - Neda E. Almassi
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Kinesiology, 285 Med
Sci, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, United States of America, 53706-1121
| | - Cecilia J. Hillard
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Neuroscience Research Center,
Department of Pharmacology and, Toxicology, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI
53226
| | - Kelli F. Koltyn
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Kinesiology, 285 Med
Sci, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, United States of America, 53706-1121
| | - Tom G. Adams
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, 105
Kastle Hill, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America, 40506-0044,Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300
George St., New Haven, CT, United States of America, 06511,National Center for PTSD, Clinical Neurosciences Division,
VA CT Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, United States of
America, 06516
| | - Josh M. Cisler
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity St, Bldg B, Austin, TX, United States of America,
78712
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17
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Ju J, Liao J, Zhou Q. Elevated activity in the dorsal dentate gyrus reduces expression of fear memory after fear extinction training. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E390-E401. [PMID: 34077148 PMCID: PMC8327976 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effectively reducing the expression of certain aversive memories (fear or trauma memories) with extinction training is generally viewed to be therapeutically important. A deeper understanding of the biological basis for a more effective extinction process is also of high scientific importance. METHODS Our study involved intraventricular injection or local injection into the dorsal dentate gyrus of anti-neuregulin 1 antibodies (anti-NRG1) before fear extinction training, followed by testing the expression of fear memory 24 hours afterward or 9 days later. We used local injection of chemogenetic or optogenetic viruses into the dorsal dentate gyrus to manipulate the activity of the dorsal dentate gyrus and test the expression of fear memory. We also examined the effect of deep brain stimulation in the dorsal dentate gyrus on the expression of fear memory. RESULTS Mice that received intraventricular injection with anti-NRG1 antibodies exhibited lower expression of fear memory and increased density of activated excitatory neurons in the dorsal dentate gyrus. Injection of anti-NRG1 antibodies directly into the dorsal dentate gyrus also led to lower expression of fear memory and more activated neurons in the dorsal dentate gyrus. Inhibiting the activity of dorsal dentate gyrus excitatory neurons using an inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) eliminated the effects of the anti-NRG1 antibodies. Enhancing the activity of the dorsal dentate gyrus with an excitatory DREADD or optogenetic stimulation resulted in lower expression of fear memory in mice that did not receive infusion of anti-NRG1 antibodies. Deep brain stimulation in the dorsal dentate gyrus effectively suppressed expression of fear memory, both during and after fear extinction training. LIMITATIONS The mechanism for the contribution of the dorsal dentate gyrus to the expression of fear memory needs further exploration. CONCLUSION Activation of the dorsal dentate gyrus may play an important role in modulating the expression of fear memory; its potential use in fear memory extinction is worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
| | - Zongliang Wang
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
| | - Jun Ju
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
| | - Qiang Zhou
- From the Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China (Zhang, Wang, Zhou); the Precision Medicine Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China (Ju); and the Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China (Zhang, Liao)
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18
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Lopes da Cunha P, Tintorelli R, Correa J, Budriesi P, Viola H. Behavioral tagging as a mechanism for aversive-memory formation under acute stress. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2651-2665. [PMID: 33914357 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral tagging (BT) hypothesis postulates that a weak learning experience, which only induces short-term memory, may benefit from another event that provides plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) to establish a long-lasting memory. According to BT, the weak experience sets a transient learning tag at specific activated sites, and its temporal and spatial convergence with the PRPs allows the long-term memory (LTM) formation. In this work, rats were subjected to a weak inhibitory avoidance (IAw) training and we observed that acute stress (elevated platform, EP) experienced 1 hr before IAw promoted IA-LTM formation. This effect was dependent on glucocorticoid-receptor activity as well as protein synthesis in the dorsal hippocampus. However, the same stress has negative effects on IA-LTM formation when training is strong, probably by competing for necessary PRPs. Furthermore, our experiments showed that EP immediately after training did not impair the setting of the learning tag and even facilitated IA-LTM formation. These findings reveal different impacts of a given acute stressful experience on the formation of an aversive memory that could be explained by BT processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lopes da Cunha
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Tintorelli
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Correa
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Budriesi
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Haydee Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Hector Maldonado" (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Moya NA, Tanner MK, Smith AM, Balolia A, Davis JKP, Bonar K, Jaime J, Hubert T, Silva J, Whitworth W, Loetz EC, Bland ST, Greenwood BN. Acute exercise enhances fear extinction through a mechanism involving central mTOR signaling. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 176:107328. [PMID: 33075479 PMCID: PMC7718627 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Impaired fear extinction, combined with the likelihood of fear relapse after exposure therapy, contributes to the persistence of many trauma-related disorders such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Identifying mechanisms to aid fear extinction and reduce relapse could provide novel strategies for augmentation of exposure therapy. Exercise can enhance learning and memory and augment fear extinction of traumatic memories in humans and rodents. One factor that could contribute to enhanced fear extinction following exercise is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is a translation regulator involved in synaptic plasticity and is sensitive to many exercise signals such as monoamines, growth factors, and cellular metabolism. Further, mTOR signaling is increased after chronic exercise in brain regions involved in learning and emotional behavior. Therefore, mTOR is a compelling potential facilitator of the memory-enhancing and overall beneficial effects of exercise on mental health.The goal of the current study is to test the hypothesis that mTOR signaling is necessary for the enhancement of fear extinction produced by acute, voluntary exercise. We observed that intracerebral-ventricular administration of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reduced immunoreactivity of phosphorylated S6, a downstream target of mTOR, in brain regions involved in fear extinction and eliminated the enhancement of fear extinction memory produced by acute exercise, without reducing voluntary exercise behavior or altering fear extinction in sedentary rats. These results suggest that mTOR signaling contributes to exercise-augmentation of fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette A Moya
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | - Margaret K Tanner
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | - Abigail M Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | - Aleezah Balolia
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | | | - Kelsey Bonar
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | - Jennifer Jaime
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | - Troy Hubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | - Jorge Silva
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | | | - Esteban C Loetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | - Sondra T Bland
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, USA
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Chen N, Tsai TC, Hsu KS. Exposure to Novelty Promotes Long-Term Contextual Fear Memory Formation in Juvenile Mice: Evidence for a Behavioral Tagging. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3956-3968. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Molecular Mechanisms in Hippocampus Involved on Object Recognition Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation. Neuroscience 2020; 435:112-123. [PMID: 32272151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acquired information is stabilized into long-term memory through a process known as consolidation. Though, after consolidation, when stored information is retrieved they can be again susceptible, allowing modification, updating and strengthening and to be re-stabilized they need a new process referred to as memory reconsolidation. However, the molecular mechanisms of recognition memory consolidation and reconsolidation are not fully understood. Also, considering that the study of the link between synaptic proteins is key to understanding of memory processes, we investigated, in male Wistar rats, molecular mechanisms in the hippocampus involved on object recognition memory (ORM) consolidation and reconsolidation. We verified that the blockade of AMPA receptors (AMPAr) and L-VDCCs calcium channels impaired ORM consolidation and reconsolidation when administered into CA1 immediately after sample phase or reactivation phase and that these impairments were blocked by the administration of AMPAr agonist and of neurotrophin BDNF. Also, the blockade of CaMKII impaired ORM consolidation when administered 3 h after sample phase but had no effect on ORM reconsolidation and its effect was blocked by the administration of BDNF, but not of AMPAr agonist. So, this study provides new evidence of the molecular mechanisms involved on the consolidation and reconsolidation of ORM, demonstrating that AMPAr and L-VDCCs are necessary for the consolidation and reconsolidation of ORM while CaMKII is necessary only for the consolidation and also that there is a link between BDNF and AMPAr, L-VDCCs and CaMKII as well as a link between AMPAr and L-VDCCs on ORM consolidation and reconsolidation.
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Huang F, Zou G, Li C, Meng H, Liu X, Yang Z. A novelty-retrieval-extinction paradigm leads to persistent attenuation of remote fear memories. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3319. [PMID: 32094477 PMCID: PMC7039928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a novel environment can enhance the extinction of recent contextual fear in mice. This has been explained by a tagging and capture hypothesis. Consistently, we show in mice that exposure to a novel environment before extinction training promoted the extinction of recent auditory fear. However, such a promoting effect of novelty was absent for remote memories. In the present study, we replaced the regular extinction training with a retrieval-extinction session which capitalized on a reconsolidation window. When novelty exposure was followed by a retrieval-extinction session, remote fear was distinguished more easily and permanently. We have termed it as a “novelty-retrieval-extinction” paradigm. This paradigm played a greater role in the extinction of remote fear when fear conditioning and retrieval-extinction occurred in two different contexts other than in one identical context. The mechanism underlying the facilitating effect of this paradigm might involve up-regulation of histone acetylation in the hippocampus, which has been reported to increase functional and structural neuroplasticity. The present work proposes an effective, drug-free paradigm for the extinction of remote fear, which could be easily adapted in humans with least side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulian Huang
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China.
| | - Guangjing Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China
| | - Zehua Yang
- Department of Physiology, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, 413000, China.
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Hadamitzky M, Lückemann L, Pacheco-López G, Schedlowski M. Pavlovian Conditioning of Immunological and Neuroendocrine Functions. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:357-405. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of behaviorally conditioned immunological and neuroendocrine functions has been investigated for the past 100 yr. The observation that associative learning processes can modify peripheral immune functions was first reported and investigated by Ivan Petrovic Pavlov and his co-workers. Their work later fell into oblivion, also because so little was known about the immune system’s function and even less about the underlying mechanisms of how learning, a central nervous system activity, could affect peripheral immune responses. With the employment of a taste-avoidance paradigm in rats, this phenomenon was rediscovered 45 yr ago as one of the most fascinating examples of the reciprocal functional interaction between behavior, the brain, and peripheral immune functions, and it established psychoneuroimmunology as a new research field. Relying on growing knowledge about efferent and afferent communication pathways between the brain, neuroendocrine system, primary and secondary immune organs, and immunocompetent cells, experimental animal studies demonstrate that cellular and humoral immune and neuroendocrine functions can be modulated via associative learning protocols. These (from the classical perspective) learned immune responses are clinically relevant, since they affect the development and progression of immune-related diseases and, more importantly, are also inducible in humans. The increased knowledge about the neuropsychological machinery steering learning and memory processes together with recent insight into the mechanisms mediating placebo responses provide fascinating perspectives to exploit these learned immune and neuroendocrine responses as supportive therapies, the aim being to reduce the amount of medication required, diminishing unwanted drug side effects while maximizing the therapeutic effect for the patient’s benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hadamitzky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico; and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Lückemann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico; and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico; and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico; and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Facilitation of fear extinction by novelty is modulated by β-adrenergic and 5-HT1A serotoninergic receptors in hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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de Jong R, Lommen MJ, de Jong PJ, Nauta MH. Using Multiple Contexts and Retrieval Cues in Exposure-Based Therapy to Prevent Relapse in Anxiety Disorders. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vargas LDSD, Sevenster D, Lima KR, Izquierdo I, D'Hooge R, Mello-Carpes PB. Novelty exposure hinders aversive memory generalization and depends on hippocampal protein synthesis. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:89-94. [PMID: 30367969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fear generalization is defined as the transferring of fear experienced during a traumatic event to safe conditions resembling or not the traumatic event. It has been related to several psychological disorders. Here we set out to determine whether novelty exposure can be effective to avoid fear generalization. We evaluated the effect of a novelty exposure on fear memory generalization using an aversive memory task, the inhibitory avoidance (IA). Male Wistar rats were trained in IA (day 1) and 24 h after (day 2) they were exposed to a new context similar to the original (modified IA - MIA), with some rats being exposed to a novelty just before the exposure to the MIA, while others were not (controls). On day 3, retention tests for IA and MIA contexts were performed. The control rats generalized the memory, expressing aversive behavioral in both contexts whereas rats exposed to novelty only expressed aversion on IA. Furthermore, both anisomycin, an inhibitor of ribosomal protein synthesis, and rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR-mediated protein synthesis, injected in the CA1 region of dorsal hippocampus blocked the novelty effect, promoting memory generalization. We conclude that novelty exposure hinders aversive memory generalization depending on hippocampal protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane da Silva de Vargas
- Graduate Program on Biological Sciences: Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Karine R Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Iván Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Graduate Program on Biological Sciences: Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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27
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Penha Farias C, Guerino Furini CR, Godfried Nachtigall E, Kielbovicz Behling JA, Silva de Assis Brasil E, Bühler L, Izquierdo I, de Carvalho Myskiw J. Extinction learning with social support depends on protein synthesis in prefrontal cortex but not hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1765-1769. [PMID: 30635411 PMCID: PMC6358673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815893116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction of contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in the presence of a familiar nonfearful conspecific (social support), such as that of others tasks, can occur regardless of whether the original memory is retrieved during the extinction training. Extinction with social support is blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitors anisomycin and rapamycin and by the inhibitor of gene expression 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole infused immediately after extinction training into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) but unlike regular CFC extinction not in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. So social support generates a form of learning that differs from extinction acquired without social support in terms of the brain structures involved. This finding may lead to a better understanding of the brain mechanisms involved in the social support of memories and in therapies for disorders related to dysfunctional fear memories. Thus, here we show that the consolidation of extinction memory with social support relies on vmPFC rather than hippocampus gene expression and ribosomal- and mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent protein synthesis. These results provide additional knowledge about the cellular mechanisms and brain structures involved on the effect of social support in changing behavior and fear extinction memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Penha Farias
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Godfried Nachtigall
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jonny Anderson Kielbovicz Behling
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Silva de Assis Brasil
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Bühler
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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28
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Cahill EN, Milton AL. Neurochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the retrieval-extinction effect. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:111-132. [PMID: 30656364 PMCID: PMC6373198 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extinction within the reconsolidation window, or 'retrieval-extinction', has received much research interest as a possible technique for targeting the reconsolidation of maladaptive memories with a behavioural intervention. However, it remains to be determined whether the retrieval-extinction effect-a long-term reduction in fear behaviour, which appears resistant to spontaneous recovery, renewal and reinstatement-depends specifically on destabilisation of the original memory (the 'reconsolidation-update' account) or represents facilitation of an extinction memory (the 'extinction-facilitation' account). We propose that comparing the neurotransmitter systems, receptors and intracellular signalling pathways recruited by reconsolidation, extinction and retrieval-extinction will provide a way of distinguishing between these accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Cahill
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Amy L Milton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
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29
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Sevenster D, Visser RM, D'Hooge R. A translational perspective on neural circuits of fear extinction: Current promises and challenges. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:113-126. [PMID: 29981423 PMCID: PMC6805216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fear extinction is the well-known process of fear reduction through repeated re-exposure to a feared stimulus without the aversive outcome. The last two decades have witnessed a surge of interest in extinction learning. First, extinction learning is observed across species, and especially research on rodents has made great strides in characterising the physical substrate underlying extinction learning. Second, extinction learning is considered of great clinical significance since it constitutes a crucial component of exposure treatment. While effective in reducing fear responding in the short term, extinction learning can lose its grip, resulting in a return of fear (i.e., laboratory model for relapse of anxiety symptoms in patients). Optimization of extinction learning is, therefore, the subject of intense investigation. It is thought that the success of extinction learning is, at least partly, determined by the mismatch between what is expected and what actually happens (prediction error). However, while much of our knowledge about the neural circuitry of extinction learning and factors that contribute to successful extinction learning comes from animal models, translating these findings to humans has been challenging for a number of reasons. Here, we present an overview of what is known about the animal circuitry underlying extinction of fear, and the role of prediction error. In addition, we conducted a systematic literature search to evaluate the degree to which state-of-the-art neuroimaging methods have contributed to translating these findings to humans. Results show substantial overlap between networks in animals and humans at a macroscale, but current imaging techniques preclude comparisons at a smaller scale, especially in sub-cortical areas that are functionally heterogeneous. Moreover, human neuroimaging shows the involvement of numerous areas that are not typically studied in animals. Results obtained in research aimed to map the extinction circuit are largely dependent on the methods employed, not only across species, but also across human neuroimaging studies. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwke Sevenster
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Renée M Visser
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Vigil FA, Giese KP. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and memory destabilization: a new role in memory maintenance. J Neurochem 2018; 147:12-23. [PMID: 29704430 PMCID: PMC6221169 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the poorly explored role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in memory maintenance, and its influence on memory destabilization. After a brief review on CaMKII and memory destabilization, we present critical pieces of evidence suggesting that CaMKII activity increases retrieval-induced memory destabilization. We then proceed to propose two potential molecular pathways to explain the association between CaMKII activation and increased memory destabilization. This review will pinpoint gaps in our knowledge and discuss some 'controversial' observations, establishing the basis for new experiments on the role of CaMKII in memory reconsolidation. The role of CaMKII in memory destabilization is of great clinical relevance. Still, because of the lack of scientific literature on the subject, more basic science research is necessary to pursue this pathway as a clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antonio Vigil
- Department of Cell and Integrative PhysiologyThe University of Texas Health San Antonio8403, Floyd Curl DriveSan AntonioTX 78229USA
| | - Karl Peter Giese
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceKing's College London125 Coldharbour LaneLondonSE5 9NUUK
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31
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Liu JF, Tian J, Li JX. Modulating reconsolidation and extinction to regulate drug reward memory. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2503-2512. [PMID: 30113098 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is an aberrant memory that shares the same memory processes as other memories. Brief exposure to drug-associated cues could result in reconsolidation, a hypothetical process during which original memory could be updated. In contrast, longer exposure times to drug-associated cues could trigger extinction, a process that decreases the conditioned responding. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations on the reconsolidation and extinction that could be used to interfere with drug reward memories. Pharmacological agents such as β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol can interfere with reconsolidation to disrupt drug reward memory. Pharmacological agents such as the NMDA receptor glycine site agonists d-cycloserine and d-serine can facilitate extinction and then attenuate the expression of drug reward memory. Besides pharmacological interventions, drug-free behavioral approaches by utilizing the reconsolidation and extinction, such as 'post-retrieval extinction' and 'UCS-retrieval extinction', are also effective to erase or inhibit the recall of drug reward memory. Taken together, pharmacological modulation and non-pharmacological modulation of reconsolidation and extinction are promising approaches to regulate drug reward memory and prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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32
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More J, Casas MM, Sánchez G, Hidalgo C, Haeger P. Contextual Fear Memory Formation and Destabilization Induce Hippocampal RyR2 Calcium Channel Upregulation. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5056181. [PMID: 30123252 PMCID: PMC6079367 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5056181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus-dependent spatial and aversive memory processes entail Ca2+ signals generated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ channels residing in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Rodents exposed to different spatial memory tasks exhibit significant hippocampal RyR upregulation. Contextual fear conditioning generates robust hippocampal memories through an associative learning process, but the effects of contextual fear memory acquisition, consolidation, or extinction on hippocampal RyR protein levels remain unreported. Accordingly, here we investigated if exposure of male rats to contextual fear protocols, or subsequent exposure to memory destabilization protocols, modified the hippocampal content of type-2 RyR (RyR2) channels, the predominant hippocampal RyR isoforms that hold key roles in synaptic plasticity and spatial memory processes. We found that contextual memory retention caused a transient increase in hippocampal RyR2 protein levels, determined 5 h after exposure to the conditioning protocol; this increase vanished 29 h after training. Context reexposure 24 h after training, for 3, 15, or 30 min without the aversive stimulus, decreased fear memory and increased RyR2 protein levels, determined 5 h after reexposure. We propose that both fear consolidation and extinction memories induce RyR2 protein upregulation in order to generate the intracellular Ca2+ signals required for these distinct memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileth More
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Mercedes Casas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gina Sánchez
- Pathophysiology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurosciences and Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Haeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Sun W, Li X, An L. Distinct roles of prelimbic and infralimbic proBDNF in extinction of conditioned fear. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Homeostatic Plasticity in the Hippocampus Facilitates Memory Extinction. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1451-1461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Powers MB, de Kleine RA, Smits JAJ. Core Mechanisms of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: A Review. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2017; 40:611-623. [PMID: 29080589 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the extant literature on mediators of change in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression. The authors briefly discuss the efficacy of CBT for anxiety and depression and methods of mediation analysis and detection. Then the authors discuss fear extinction in anxiety treatment and cognitive change in depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Powers
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, Stop E9000, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Baylor University Medical Center, T. Boone Pickens Cancer Hospital, 3409 Worth Street Tower, Suite C2.500, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
| | - Rianne A de Kleine
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, PO Box 9500, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper A J Smits
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, Stop E9000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Extinction of Contextual Cocaine Memories Requires Ca v1.2 within D1R-Expressing Cells and Recruits Hippocampal Ca v1.2-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11894-11911. [PMID: 29089442 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2397-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cocaine-associated contextual cues contributes significantly to relapse. Extinction of these contextual associations, which involves a new form of learning, reduces cocaine-seeking behavior; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. We report that extinction, but not acquisition, of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in male mice increased Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel mRNA and protein in postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions of the hippocampus, a brain region involved in drug-context associations. Moreover, viral-mediated deletion of Cav1.2 in the dorsal hippocampus attenuated extinction of cocaine CPP. Molecular studies examining downstream Cav1.2 targets revealed that extinction recruited calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaMK)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to the hippocampal PSD. This occurred in parallel with an increase in phosphorylation of the AMPA GluA1 receptor subunit at serine 831 (S831), a CaMKII site, along with an increase in total PSD GluA1. The necessity of S831 GluA1 was further demonstrated by the lack of extinction in S831A GluA1 phosphomutant mice. Of note hippocampal GluA1 levels remained unaltered at the PSD, but were reduced near the PSD and at perisynaptic sites of dendritic spines in extinction-resistant S831A mutant mice. Finally, conditional knock-out of Cav1.2 in dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing cells resulted in attenuation of cocaine CPP extinction and lack of extinction-dependent changes in hippocampal PSD CaMKII expression and S831 GluA1 phosphorylation. In summary, we demonstrate an essential role for the hippocampal Cav1.2/CaMKII/S831 GluA1 pathway in cocaine CPP extinction, with data supporting contribution of hippocampal D1R-expressing cells in this process. These findings demonstrate a novel role for Cav1.2 channels in extinction of contextual cocaine-associated memories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Continued drug-seeking behavior, a defining characteristic of cocaine addiction, can be precipitated by contextual cues, yet the molecular mechanisms required for extinction of these context-specific memories remain poorly understood. Here, we have uncovered a novel and selective role of the Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel and its downstream signaling pathway in the hippocampus that mediate extinction of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). We additionally provide evidence that supports a role of Cav1.2 within dopamine D1 receptor-expressing cells of the hippocampus for extinction of cocaine CPP. Therefore, these findings reveal a previously unknown role of Cav1.2 channels within the hippocampus and in D1 receptor-expressing cells in extinction of cocaine-associated memories, providing a framework for further exploration of mechanisms underlying extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior.
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Morellini F, Malyshev A, Volgushev M, Chistiakova M, Papashvili G, Fellini L, Kleene R, Schachner M, Dityatev A. Impaired Fear Extinction Due to a Deficit in Ca 2+ Influx Through L-Type Voltage-Gated Ca 2+ Channels in Mice Deficient for Tenascin-C. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:16. [PMID: 28824389 PMCID: PMC5539374 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C (TNC−/−) express a deficit in specific forms of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, which involve the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (L-VGCCs). The mechanisms underlying this deficit and its functional implications for learning and memory have not been investigated. In line with previous findings, we report on impairment in theta-burst stimulation (TBS)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in TNC−/− mice in the CA1 hippocampal region and its rescue by the L-VGCC activator Bay K-8644. We further found that the overall pattern of L-VGCC expression in the hippocampus in TNC−/− mice was normal, but Western blot analysis results uncovered upregulated expression of the Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 α-subunits of L-VGCCs. However, these L-VGCCs were not fully functional in TNC−/− mice, as demonstrated by Ca2+ imaging, which revealed a reduction of nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ transients in CA1 pyramidal neurons. TNC−/− mice showed normal learning and memory in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm but impaired extinction of conditioned fear responses. Systemic injection of the L-VGCC blockers nifedipine and diltiazem into wild-type mice mimicked the impairment of fear extinction observed in TNC−/− mice. The deficiency in TNC−/− mice substantially occluded the effects of these drugs. Our results suggest that TNC-mediated modulation of L-VGCC activity is essential for fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morellini
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany.,Research Group Behavioral Biology, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Aleksey Malyshev
- Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany.,Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Volgushev
- Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany.,Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia.,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, United States
| | - Marina Chistiakova
- Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany.,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, United States
| | - Giorgi Papashvili
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Laetitia Fellini
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou, China.,Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers UniversityPiscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany.,Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Magdeburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS)Magdeburg, Germany
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38
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Roesler R. Molecular mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in memory reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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One-single physical exercise session after object recognition learning promotes memory persistence through hippocampal noradrenergic mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:120-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Involvement of serotonin 2A receptor activation in modulating medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala neuronal activation during novelty-exposure. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:1-12. [PMID: 28263831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a major role in executive function by exerting a top-down control onto subcortical areas. Novelty-induced frontal cortex activation is 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) dependent. Here, we further investigated how blockade of 5-HT2ARs in mice exposed to a novel open-field arena affects medial PFC activation and basolateral amygdala (BLA) reactivity. We used c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR) as a marker of neuronal activation and stereological quantification for obtaining the total number of c-Fos-IR neurons as a measure of regional activation. We further examined the impact of 5-HT2AR blockade on the striatal-projecting BLA neurons. Systemic administration of ketanserin (0.5mg/kg) prior to novel open-field exposure resulted in reduced total numbers of c-Fos-IR cells in dorsomedial PFC areas and the BLA. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the relative time spent in the centre of the open-field and BLA c-Fos-IR in the ketanserin-treated animals. Unilateral medial PFC lesions blocked this effect, ascertaining an involvement of this frontal cortex area. On the other hand, medial PFC lesioning exacerbated the more anxiogenic-like behaviour of the ketanserin-treated animals, upholding its involvement in modulating averseness. Ketanserin did not affect the number of activated striatal-projecting BLA neurons (measured by number of Cholera Toxin b (CTb) retrograde labelled neurons also being c-Fos-IR) following CTb injection in the ventral striatum. These results support a role of 5-HT2AR activation in modulating mPFC and BLA activation during exposure to a novel environment, which may be interrelated. Conversely, 5-HT2AR blockade does not seem to affect the amygdala-striatal projection.
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Katche C, Tomaiuolo M, Dorman G, Medina JH, Viola H. Novelty during a late postacquisition time window attenuates the persistence of fear memory. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35220. [PMID: 27734911 PMCID: PMC5062250 DOI: 10.1038/srep35220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to avoid threats in the environment is highly adaptive. However, sometimes a dysregulation of fear memories processing may underlie fear-related disorders. Despite recent advances, a major question of how to effectively attenuate persistent fear memories in a safe manner remains unresolved. Here we show experiments employing a behavioural tool to target a specific time window after training to limit the persistence of a fear memory in rats. We observed that exposure to a novel environment 11 h after an inhibitory avoidance (IA) training that induces a long-lasting memory, attenuates the durability of IA memory but not its formation. This effect is time-restricted and not seen when the environment is familiar. In addition, novelty-induced attenuation of IA memory durability is prevented by the intrahippocampal infusion of the CaMKs inhibitor KN-93. This new behavioural approach which targets a specific time window during late memory consolidation, might represent a new tool for reducing the durability of persistent fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Katche
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (UBA-CONICET), UBA, Paraguay 2155, 3 piso, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina
| | - Micol Tomaiuolo
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (UBA-CONICET), UBA, Paraguay 2155, 3 piso, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina
| | - Guido Dorman
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (UBA-CONICET), UBA, Paraguay 2155, 3 piso, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina
| | - Jorge H Medina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (UBA-CONICET), UBA, Paraguay 2155, 3 piso, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Paraguay 2155, 7 piso, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina
| | - Haydee Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (UBA-CONICET), UBA, Paraguay 2155, 3 piso, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular Dr Hector Maldonado, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Argentina
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42
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Garrido Zinn C, Clairis N, Silva Cavalcante LE, Furini CRG, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Izquierdo I. Major neurotransmitter systems in dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala control social recognition memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4914-9. [PMID: 27482097 PMCID: PMC4995962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609883113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social recognition memory (SRM) is crucial for reproduction, forming social groups, and species survival. Despite its importance, SRM is still relatively little studied. Here we examine the participation of the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus (CA1) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and that of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and histaminergic systems in both structures in the consolidation of SRM. Male Wistar rats received intra-CA1 or intra-BLA infusions of different drugs immediately after the sample phase of a social discrimination task and 24-h later were subjected to a 5-min retention test. Animals treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, into either the CA1 or BLA were unable to recognize the previously exposed juvenile (familiar) during the retention test. When infused into the CA1, the β-adrenoreceptor agonist, isoproterenol, the D1/D5 dopaminergic receptor antagonist, SCH23390, and the H2 histaminergic receptor antagonist, ranitidine, also hindered the recognition of the familiar juvenile 24-h later. The latter drug effects were more intense in the CA1 than in the BLA. When infused into the BLA, the β-adrenoreceptor antagonist, timolol, the D1/D5 dopamine receptor agonist, SKF38393, and the H2 histaminergic receptor agonist, ranitidine, also hindered recognition of the familiar juvenile 24-h later. In all cases, the impairment to recognize the familiar juvenile was abolished by the coinfusion of agonist plus antagonist. Clearly, both the CA1 and BLA, probably in that order, play major roles in the consolidation of SRM, but these roles are different in each structure vis-à-vis the involvement of the β-noradrenergic, D1/D5-dopaminergic, and H2-histaminergic receptors therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garrido Zinn
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Clairis
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lorena Evelyn Silva Cavalcante
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
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Abstract
Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R. G. Furini
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jociane C. Myskiw
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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44
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Wang B, Liang RC, Liu ZS, Luo B, Ding Y, Chen ZX, Liao YS, Wang XG. Hippocampal Src kinase is required for novelty-induced enhancement of contextual fear extinction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:656-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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André MAE, Manahan-Vaughan D. Involvement of Dopamine D1/D5 and D2 Receptors in Context-Dependent Extinction Learning and Memory Reinstatement. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:372. [PMID: 26834599 PMCID: PMC4720788 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine contributes to the regulation of higher order information processing and executive control. It is important for memory consolidation processes, and for the adaptation of learned responses based on experience. In line with this, under aversive learning conditions, application of dopamine receptor antagonists prior to extinction result in enhanced memory reinstatement. Here, we investigated the contribution of the dopaminergic system to extinction and memory reinstatement (renewal) of an appetitive spatial learning task in rodents. Rats were trained for 3 days in a T-maze (context "A") to associate a goal arm with a food reward, despite low reward probability (acquisition phase). On day 4, extinction learning (unrewarded) occurred, that was reinforced by a context change ("B"). On day 5, re-exposure to the (unrewarded) "A" context took place (renewal of context "A", followed by extinction of context "A"). In control animals, significant extinction occurred on day 4, that was followed by an initial memory reinstatement (renewal) on day 5, that was, in turn, succeeded by extinction of renewal. Intracerebral treatment with a D1/D5-receptor antagonist prior to the extinction trials, elicited a potent enhancement of extinction in context "B". By contrast, a D1/D5-agonist impaired renewal in context "A". Extinction in the "A" context on day 5 was unaffected by the D1/D5-ligands. Treatment with a D2-receptor antagonist prior to extinction had no overall effect on extinction in context "B" or renewal in context "A", although extinction of the renewal effect was impaired on day 5, compared to controls. Taken together, these data suggest that dopamine acting on the D1/D5-receptor modulates both acquisition and consolidation of context-dependent extinction. By contrast, the D2-receptor may contribute to context-independent aspects of this kind of extinction learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Agnès Emma André
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany; International Graduate School for Neuroscience, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany; International Graduate School for Neuroscience, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
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46
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The key role of extinction learning in anxiety disorders: behavioral strategies to enhance exposure-based treatments. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2016; 29:39-47. [PMID: 26575298 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Extinction learning is a major mechanism for fear reduction by means of exposure. Current research targets innovative strategies to enhance fear extinction and thereby optimize exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders. This selective review updates novel behavioral strategies that may provide cutting-edge clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies provide further support for two types of enhancement strategies. Procedural enhancement strategies implemented during extinction training translate to how exposure exercises may be conducted to optimize fear extinction. These strategies mostly focus on a maximized violation of dysfunctional threat expectancies and on reducing context and stimulus specificity of extinction learning. Flanking enhancement strategies target periods before and after extinction training and inform optimal preparation and post-processing of exposure exercises. These flanking strategies focus on the enhancement of learning in general, memory (re-)consolidation, and memory retrieval. SUMMARY Behavioral strategies to enhance fear extinction may provide powerful clinical applications to further maximize the efficacy of exposure-based interventions. However, future replications, mechanistic examinations, and translational studies are warranted to verify long-term effects and naturalistic utility. Future directions also comprise the interplay of optimized fear extinction with (avoidance) behavior and motivational antecedents of exposure.
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47
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Neural circuits and mechanisms involved in fear generalization: Implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 60:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
In an adaptive memory system, events should be prioritized in memory based on their own significance, as well as the significance of preceding or following events. Here we argue that tag-and-capture models complement the GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) model by describing a mechanism that supports the transfer of memory benefits from one event to the next.
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49
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Bartol TM, Bromer C, Kinney J, Chirillo MA, Bourne JN, Harris KM, Sejnowski TJ. Nanoconnectomic upper bound on the variability of synaptic plasticity. eLife 2015; 4:e10778. [PMID: 26618907 PMCID: PMC4737657 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Information in a computer is quantified by the number of bits that can be stored and recovered. An important question about the brain is how much information can be stored at a synapse through synaptic plasticity, which depends on the history of probabilistic synaptic activity. The strong correlation between size and efficacy of a synapse allowed us to estimate the variability of synaptic plasticity. In an EM reconstruction of hippocampal neuropil we found single axons making two or more synaptic contacts onto the same dendrites, having shared histories of presynaptic and postsynaptic activity. The spine heads and neck diameters, but not neck lengths, of these pairs were nearly identical in size. We found that there is a minimum of 26 distinguishable synaptic strengths, corresponding to storing 4.7 bits of information at each synapse. Because of stochastic variability of synaptic activation the observed precision requires averaging activity over several minutes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10778.001 What is the memory capacity of a human brain? The storage capacity in a computer memory is measured in bits, each of which can have a value of 0 or 1. In the brain, information is stored in the form of synaptic strength, a measure of how strongly activity in one neuron influences another neuron to which it is connected. The number of different strengths can be measured in bits. The total storage capacity of the brain therefore depends on both the number of synapses and the number of distinguishable synaptic strengths. Structurally, neurons consist of a cell body that influences other neurons through a cable-like axon. The cell body bears numerous short branches called dendrites, which are covered in tiny protrusions, or “spines”. Most excitatory synapses are formed between the axon of one neuron and a dendritic spine on another. When two neurons on either side of a synapse are active simultaneously, that synapse becomes stronger, a form of memory. The dendritic spine also becomes larger to accommodate the extra molecular machinery needed to support a stronger synapse. Some axons form two or more synapses with the same dendrite, but on different dendritic spines. These synapses should be the same strength because they will have experienced the same history of neural activity. Bartol et al. used a technique called serial section electron microscopy to create a 3D reconstruction of part of the brain that allowed the sizes of the dendritic spines these synapses form on to be compared. This revealed that the synaptic areas and volumes of the spine heads were nearly identical. This remarkable similarity can be used to estimate the number of bits of information that a single synapse can store, since the size of dendritic spines and their synapses can be used as proxies for synaptic strength. Measurements in a small cube of brain tissue revealed 26 different dendritic spine sizes, each associated with a distinct synaptic strength. This number translates into a storage capacity of roughly 4.7 bits of information per synapse. This estimate is markedly higher than previous suggestions. It implies that the total memory capacity of the brain – with its many trillions of synapses – may have been underestimated by an order of magnitude. Additional measurements in the same and other brain regions are needed to confirm this possibility. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10778.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bartol
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Cailey Bromer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Justin Kinney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michael A Chirillo
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Jennifer N Bourne
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Kristen M Harris
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Shan LL, Guo H, Song NN, Jia ZP, Hu XT, Huang JF, Ding YQ, Richter-Levin G, Richter-Levine G, Zhou QX, Xu L. Light exposure before learning improves memory consolidation at night. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15578. [PMID: 26493375 PMCID: PMC4616152 DOI: 10.1038/srep15578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is recently recognized as a modulator able to activate the hippocampus and modulate memory processing, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms. Here, we report that in mice, a short pulse of white light before learning dramatically improves consolidation of contextual fear memory during the night. The light exposure increases hippocampal active p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP). These light effects are abolished in PAK1 knockout and dominant-negative transgenic mice, but preserved by expression of constitutively active PAK1 in the hippocampus. Our results indicate that light can act as a switch of PAK1 activity that modulate CA1 LTP and thereby memory consolidation without affecting learning and short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Shan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Models and Drug Development, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.,Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Jia
- Neurosciences &Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario 5MS 3H2, Canada
| | - Xin-Tian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jing-Fei Huang
- KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Models and Drug Development, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | | | - Gal Richter-Levine
- The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience, and Sagol Department of Neurobiology and Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Qi-Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Models and Drug Development, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Models and Drug Development, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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