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Feng S, Rcheulishvili N, Jiang X, Zhu P, Pan X, Wei M, Wang PG, Ji Y, Papukashvili D. A review on Gaucher disease: therapeutic potential of β-glucocerebrosidase-targeted mRNA/saRNA approach. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2111-2129. [PMID: 38617529 PMCID: PMC11008270 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD), a rare hereditary lysosomal storage disorder, occurs due to a deficiency in the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). This deficiency leads to the buildup of substrate glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in macrophages, eventually resulting in various complications. Among its three types, GD2 is particularly severe with neurological involvements. Current treatments, such as enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), are not effective for GD2 and GD3 due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Other treatment approaches, such as gene or chaperone therapies are still in experimental stages. Additionally, GD treatments are costly and can have certain side effects. The successful use of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines for COVID-19 in 2020 has sparked interest in nucleic acid-based therapies. Remarkably, mRNA technology also offers a novel approach for protein replacement purposes. Additionally, self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) technology shows promise, potentially producing more protein at lower doses. This review aims to explore the potential of a cost-effective mRNA/saRNA-based approach for GD therapy. The use of GCase-mRNA/saRNA as a protein replacement therapy could offer a new and promising direction for improving the quality of life and extending the lifespan of individuals with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunping Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Nino Rcheulishvili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - Pan Zhu
- Cheerland Biomedicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuehua Pan
- Shenzhen Pengbo Biotech Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meilan Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yang Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Dimitri Papukashvili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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2
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Paquet Luzy C, Doppler E, Polasek TM, Giorgino R. First-in-human single-dose study of nizubaglustat, a dual inhibitor of ceramide glucosyltransferase and non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase: Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single ascending and multiple doses in healthy adults. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 141:108113. [PMID: 38113551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.108113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Nizubaglustat is a novel, orally available, brain penetrant, potent, and selective dual inhibitor of ceramide glucosyltranferase and non-lysosomal neutral glucosylceramidase (NLGase), which is currently under development for the treatment of subjects with neurological manifestations in primary and secondary gangliosidoses. The objectives of this first-in-human study were to evaluate the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single oral doses of nizubaglustat after single (1, 3, and 9 mg) and multiple oral doses (9 mg once per day (QD) over 14 days) in healthy adults. Nizubaglustat was rapidly absorbed and systemic exposure was dose-proportional. Steady-state was achieved after three days of QD multiple dosing with minimal accumulation. Renal clearance accounted for around 15% of nizubaglustat elimination. Following multiple dosing, plasma concentrations of glucosylceramide (GlcCer), lactosylceramide (LacCer), and monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3) decreased to a nadir at Day 10. PD target engagement of GCS inhibition was shown by a median decrease from baseline of plasma concentrations of GlcCer, LacCer, and GM3 ganglioside by 70%, 50%, and 48%, respectively. NLGase inhibition was also manifested by increased concentrations of GlcCer in cerebrospinal fluid from Day 1 to Day 14. Nizubaglustat was safe and well-tolerated at all doses tested. Consistent with the high selectivity, and the absence of intestinal disaccharidases inhibition, no cases of diarrhea were reported. No decreased appetite or weight loss was noted. Only treatment-emergent adverse events with preferred terms belonging to the system organ class skin and subcutaneous disorders of mild intensity were reported as drug-related in the nizubaglustat arm, in line with the pharmacological mechanism targeting glucosylceramide metabolism. Taken together, these data support QD dosing of nizubaglustat and its ongoing development in patients with primary and secondary forms of gangliosidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas M Polasek
- Principal Investigator, CMAX Research Phase 1 Unit, Ground Floor 21-24 North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Rd, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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3
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Cabasso O, Kuppuramalingam A, Lelieveld L, Van der Lienden M, Boot R, Aerts JM, Horowitz M. Animal Models for the Study of Gaucher Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16035. [PMID: 38003227 PMCID: PMC10671165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In Gaucher disease (GD), a relatively common sphingolipidosis, the mutant lysosomal enzyme acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), encoded by the GBA1 gene, fails to properly hydrolyze the sphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in lysosomes, particularly of tissue macrophages. As a result, GlcCer accumulates, which, to a certain extent, is converted to its deacylated form, glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph), by lysosomal acid ceramidase. The inability of mutant GCase to degrade GlcSph further promotes its accumulation. The amount of mutant GCase in lysosomes depends on the amount of mutant ER enzyme that shuttles to them. In the case of many mutant GCase forms, the enzyme is largely misfolded in the ER. Only a fraction correctly folds and is subsequently trafficked to the lysosomes, while the rest of the misfolded mutant GCase protein undergoes ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The retention of misfolded mutant GCase in the ER induces ER stress, which evokes a stress response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). GD is remarkably heterogeneous in clinical manifestation, including the variant without CNS involvement (type 1), and acute and subacute neuronopathic variants (types 2 and 3). The present review discusses animal models developed to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Cabasso
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; (O.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Aparna Kuppuramalingam
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; (O.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Lindsey Lelieveld
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 9502 Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.V.d.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Martijn Van der Lienden
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 9502 Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.V.d.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Rolf Boot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 9502 Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.V.d.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Johannes M. Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 9502 Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.V.d.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Mia Horowitz
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; (O.C.); (A.K.)
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4
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Meelua W, Thinkumrob N, Saparpakorn P, Pengthaisong S, Hannongbua S, Ketudat Cairns JR, Jitonnom J. Structural basis for inhibition of a GH116 β-glucosidase and its missense mutants by GBA2 inhibitors: Crystallographic and quantum chemical study. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110717. [PMID: 37726065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum in glycoside hydrolase family 116 (TxGH116) β-glucosidase provides a structural model for human GBA2 glucosylceramidase, an enzyme defective in hereditary spastic paraplegia and a potential therapeutic target for treating Gaucher disease. To assess the therapeutic potential of known inhibitors, the X-ray structure of TxGH116 in complex with isofagomine (IFG) was determined at 2.0 Å resolution and showed the IFG bound in a relaxed chair conformation. The binding of IFG and 7 other iminosugar inhibitors to wild-type and mutant enzymes (Asp508His and Arg786His) mimicking GBA2 pathogenic variants was then evaluated computationally by two-layered ONIOM calculations (at the B3LYP:PM7 level). Calculations showed that six charged residues, Glu441, Asp452, His507, Asp593, Glu777, and Arg786 influence inhibitor binding most. His507, Glu777 and Arg786, form strong hydrogen bonds with the inhibitors (∼1.4-1.6 Å). Thus, the missense mutation of one of these residues in Arg786His has a greater effect on the interaction energies for all inhibitors compared to Asp508His. In line with the experimental data for the inhibitors that have been tested, the favorable interaction energy between the inhibitors and the TxGH116 protein followed the trend: isofagomine > 1-deoxynojirimycin > glucoimidazole > N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin ≈ N-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin > conduritol B epoxide ≈ azepane 1 > azepane 2. The obtained structural and energetic properties and comparison to the GBA2 model can lead to understanding of structural requirement for inhibitor binding in GH116 to aid the design of high potency GBA2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijitra Meelua
- Demonstration School, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand; Unit of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science and Catalysis, and Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Natechanok Thinkumrob
- Unit of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science and Catalysis, and Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | | | - Salila Pengthaisong
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, and School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, and School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Jitrayut Jitonnom
- Unit of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science and Catalysis, and Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
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5
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Pengthaisong S, Piniello B, Davies GJ, Rovira C, Ketudat Cairns JR. Reaction Mechanism of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 116 Utilizes Perpendicular Protonation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5850-5863. [PMID: 37180965 PMCID: PMC10167657 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Retaining glycoside hydrolases use acid/base catalysis with an enzymatic acid/base protonating the glycosidic bond oxygen to facilitate leaving-group departure alongside attack by a catalytic nucleophile to form a covalent intermediate. Generally, this acid/base protonates the oxygen laterally with respect to the sugar ring, which places the catalytic acid/base and nucleophile carboxylates within about 4.5-6.5 Å of each other. However, in glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 116, including disease-related human acid β-glucosidase 2 (GBA2), the distance between the catalytic acid/base and the nucleophile is around 8 Å (PDB: 5BVU) and the catalytic acid/base appears to be above the plane of the pyranose ring, rather than being lateral to that plane, which could have catalytic consequences. However, no structure of an enzyme-substrate complex is available for this GH family. Here, we report the structures of Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum β-glucosidase (TxGH116) D593N acid/base mutant in complexes with cellobiose and laminaribiose and its catalytic mechanism. We confirm that the amide hydrogen bonding to the glycosidic oxygen is in a perpendicular rather than lateral orientation. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations of the glycosylation half-reaction in wild-type TxGH116 indicate that the substrate binds with the nonreducing glucose residue in an unusual relaxed 4C1 chair at the -1 subsite. Nevertheless, the reaction can still proceed through a 4H3 half-chair transition state, as in classical retaining β-glucosidases, as the catalytic acid D593 protonates the perpendicular electron pair. The glucose C6OH is locked in a gauche, trans orientation with respect to the C5-O5 and C4-C5 bonds to facilitate perpendicular protonation. These data imply a unique protonation trajectory in Clan-O glycoside hydrolases, which has strong implications for the design of inhibitors specific to either lateral protonators, such as human GBA1, or perpendicular protonators, such as human GBA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salila Pengthaisong
- School
of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center
for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Beatriz Piniello
- Departament
de Quımica Inorgánica i Orgànica (Secció
de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química
Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament
de Quımica Inorgánica i Orgànica (Secció
de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química
Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School
of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center
for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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6
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Mignani L, Guerra J, Corli M, Capoferri D, Presta M. Zebra-Sphinx: Modeling Sphingolipidoses in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054747. [PMID: 36902174 PMCID: PMC10002607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are inborn errors of metabolism due to the pathogenic mutation of genes that encode for lysosomal enzymes, transporters, or enzyme cofactors that participate in the sphingolipid catabolism. They represent a subgroup of lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the gradual lysosomal accumulation of the substrate(s) of the defective proteins. The clinical presentation of patients affected by sphingolipid storage disorders ranges from a mild progression for some juvenile- or adult-onset forms to severe/fatal infantile forms. Despite significant therapeutic achievements, novel strategies are required at basic, clinical, and translational levels to improve patient outcomes. On these bases, the development of in vivo models is crucial for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of sphingolipidoses and for the development of efficacious therapeutic strategies. The teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a useful platform to model several human genetic diseases owing to the high grade of genome conservation between human and zebrafish, combined with precise genome editing and the ease of manipulation. In addition, lipidomic studies have allowed the identification in zebrafish of all of the main classes of lipids present in mammals, supporting the possibility to model diseases of the lipidic metabolism in this animal species with the advantage of using mammalian lipid databases for data processing. This review highlights the use of zebrafish as an innovative model system to gain novel insights into the pathogenesis of sphingolipidoses, with possible implications for the identification of more efficacious therapeutic approaches.
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Grabowski GA, Mistry PK. Therapies for lysosomal storage diseases: Principles, practice, and prospects for refinements based on evolving science. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:81-91. [PMID: 35933791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Grabowski
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, United States of America; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.
| | - Pramod K Mistry
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Boddupalli CS, Nair S, Belinsky G, Gans J, Teeple E, Nguyen TH, Mehta S, Guo L, Kramer ML, Ruan J, Wang H, Davison M, Kumar D, Vidyadhara DJ, Zhang B, Klinger K, Mistry PK. Neuroinflammation in neuronopathic Gaucher disease: Role of microglia and NK cells, biomarkers, and response to substrate reduction therapy. eLife 2022; 11:e79830. [PMID: 35972072 PMCID: PMC9381039 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic mutations in GBA and buildup of glycosphingolipids in lysosomes. Neuronal injury and cell death are prominent pathological features; however, the role of GBA in individual cell types and involvement of microglia, blood-derived macrophages, and immune infiltrates in nGD pathophysiology remains enigmatic. Methods Here, using single-cell resolution of mouse nGD brains, lipidomics, and newly generated biomarkers, we found induction of neuroinflammation pathways involving microglia, NK cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Results Targeted rescue of Gba in microglia and neurons, respectively, in Gba-deficient, nGD mice reversed the buildup of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph), concomitant with amelioration of neuroinflammation, reduced serum neurofilament light chain (Nf-L), and improved survival. Serum GlcSph concentration was correlated with serum Nf-L and ApoE in nGD mouse models as well as in GD patients. Gba rescue in microglia/macrophage compartment prolonged survival, which was further enhanced upon treatment with brain-permeant inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, effects mediated via improved glycosphingolipid homeostasis, and reversal of neuroinflammation involving activation of microglia, brain macrophages, and NK cells. Conclusions Together, our study delineates individual cellular effects of Gba deficiency in nGD brains, highlighting the central role of neuroinflammation driven by microglia activation. Brain-permeant small-molecule inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase reduced the accumulation of bioactive glycosphingolipids, concomitant with amelioration of neuroinflammation involving microglia, NK cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Our findings advance nGD disease biology whilst identifying compelling biomarkers of nGD to improve patient management, enrich clinical trials, and illuminate therapeutic targets. Funding Research grant from Sanofi; other support includes R01NS110354, Yale Liver Center P30DK034989, pilot project grant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiny Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Glenn Belinsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Joseph Gans
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | - Erin Teeple
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Sameet Mehta
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Lilu Guo
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Jiapeng Ruan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Honggge Wang
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | - DJ Vidyadhara
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Pramod K Mistry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
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9
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Systematic Functional and Computational Analysis of Glucose-Binding Residues in Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH116. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GH) bind tightly to the sugar moiety at the glycosidic bond being hydrolyzed to stabilize its transition state conformation. We endeavored to assess the importance of glucose-binding residues in GH family 116 (GH116) β-glucosidases, which include human β-glucosylceramidase 2 (GBA2), by mutagenesis followed by kinetic characterization, X-ray crystallography, and ONIOM calculations on Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum TxGH116, the structural model for GH116 enzymes. Mutations of residues that bind at the glucose C3OH and C4OH caused 27–196-fold increases in KM for p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside, and significant decreases in the kcat, up to 5000-fold. At the C6OH binding residues, mutations of E777 decreased the kcat/KM by over 60,000-fold, while R786 mutants increased both the KM (40-fold) and kcat (2–4-fold). The crystal structures of R786A and R786K suggested a larger entrance to the active site could facilitate their faster rates. ONIOM binding energy calculations identified D452, H507, E777, and R786, along with the catalytic residues E441 and D593, as strong electrostatic contributors to glucose binding with predicted interaction energies > 15 kcal mol−1, consistent with the effects of the D452, H507, E777 and R786 mutations on enzyme kinetics. The relative importance of GH116 active site residues in substrate binding and catalysis identified in this work improves the prospects for the design of inhibitors for GBA2 and the engineering of GH116 enzymes for hydrolytic and synthetic applications.
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Roh J, Subramanian S, Weinreb NJ, Kartha RV. Gaucher disease – more than just a rare lipid storage disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:499-518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Gras-Colomer E, Mangas-Sanjuán V, Martínez-Gómez MA, Climente-Martí M, Merino-Sanjuan M. Quantitative assessment of the exposure-efficacy relationship of glucocerebrosidase using Markovian elements in Gaucher patients treated with enzyme replacement therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2727-2737. [PMID: 34957594 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study are (i) to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of enzyme activity in Gaucher-type 1 (GD1) patients after intravenous administration of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and, (ii) to establish an exposure-efficacy relationship for bone marrow infiltration to propose dose adjustments according to patient covariate values. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective follow-up, semi-experimental multi-centre study was conducted in four hospitals to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of ERT in GD1 patients. 25 individuals with 266 glucocerebrosidase (GCase) observations in plasma and leukocytes and 14 individuals with 68 Spanish Magnetic Resonance Imaging (S-MRI) observations were enrolled. RESULTS A two concatenated compartments with zero-order endogenous production and first-order distribution (CL1 =3.85 x10-1 L/d) and elimination (CL2 = 1.25 L/d) allowed to describe GCase observations in plasma and leucocytes, respectively. An exponential time-dependency (kT =6.14 x10-1 d-1 ) effect on CL1 was incorporated. The final exposure-efficacy model was a longitudinal logistic regression model with a first-order Markov element. An Emax function (EC50 =15.73 U/L and Emax=2.33) linked steady-state concentrations of GCase in leucocytes to the probability of transition across the different S-MRI stages. CONCLUSION A population pharmacokinetic model successfully characterized the leukocyte activity-time profiles of GCase following intravenous administration of ERT in GD1 patients together with an exposure-efficacy relationship in bone marrow using markovian elements. The information obtained from this study could be of high clinical relevance in individualization of ERT in GD1 patients, as this could lead to anticipate decision-making regarding clinical response in bone and optimal dosing strategy. NONSTANDARD ABBREVIATIONS: -2LL: -2xlog(likelihood); ERT: enzyme replacement therapy; GCase: glucocerebrosidase activity; GD1: Gaucher disease type 1; GOF: goodness-of-fit plots; IIV: inter-individual variability; NLME: non-linear mixed effects modelling; OFV: objective function value; pc-VPC: prediction-corrected visual predictive check; PK: pharmacokinetic; RSE: relative standard error; RUV: residual unexplained variability, S-MRI: Spanish Magnetic Resonance Imaging, TDM: therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Mangas-Sanjuán
- Department of Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Interuniversity Institute of Recognition Research Molecular and Technological Development
| | - María-Amparo Martínez-Gómez
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset of Valencia, Spain.,Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Climente-Martí
- Department of Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset of Valencia, Spain
| | - Matilde Merino-Sanjuan
- Department of Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Interuniversity Institute of Recognition Research Molecular and Technological Development
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12
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Jiang P, Gan M, Yen SH, Dickson DW. Nanoparticles With Affinity for α-Synuclein Sequester α-Synuclein to Form Toxic Aggregates in Neurons With Endolysosomal Impairment. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:738535. [PMID: 34744624 PMCID: PMC8565355 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.738535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. It is characterized pathologically by the aggregation of α-synuclein (αS) in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. A major challenge in PD therapy is poor efficiency of drug delivery to the brain due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). For this reason, nanomaterials, with significant advantages in drug delivery, have gained attention. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that nanoparticles can promote αS aggregation in salt solution. Therefore, we tested if nanoparticles could have the same effect in cell models. We found that nanoparticle can induce cells to form αS inclusions as shown in immunocytochemistry, and detergent-resistant αS aggregates as shown in biochemical analysis; and nanoparticles of smaller size can induce more αS inclusions. Moreover, the induction of αS inclusions is in part dependent on endolysosomal impairment and the affinity of αS to nanoparticles. More importantly, we found that the abnormally high level of endogenous lysosomotropic biomolecules (e.g., sphingosine), due to impairing the integrity of endolysosomes could be a determinant factor for the susceptibility of cells to nanoparticle-induced αS aggregation; and deletion of GBA1 gene to increase the level of intracellular sphingosine can render cultured cells more susceptible to the formation of αS inclusions in response to nanoparticle treatment. Ultrastructural examination of nanoparticle-treated cells revealed that the induced inclusions contained αS-immunopositive membranous structures, which were also observed in inclusions seeded by αS fibrils. These results suggest caution in the use of nanoparticles in PD therapy. Moreover, this study further supports the role of endolysosomal impairment in PD pathogenesis and suggests a possible mechanism underlying the formation of membrane-associated αS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Ming Gan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Shu-Hui Yen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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13
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Walkley SU. Rethinking lysosomes and lysosomal disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136155. [PMID: 34358625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases were recognized and defined over a century ago as a class of disorders affecting mostly children and causing systemic disease often accompanied by major neurological consequences. Since their discovery, research focused on understanding their causes has been an important driver of our ever-expanding knowledge of cell biology and the central role that lysosomes play in cell function. Today we recognize over 50 so-called storage diseases, with most understood at the level of gene, protein and pathway involvement, but few fully clarified in terms of how the defective lysosomal function causes brain disease; even fewer have therapies that can effectively rescue brain function. Importantly, we also recognize that storage diseases are not simply a class of lysosomal disorders all by themselves, as increasingly a critical role for the greater lysosomal system with its endosomal, autophagosomal and salvage streams has also emerged in a host of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite persistent challenges across all aspects of these complex disorders, and as reflected in this and other articles focused on lysosomal storage diseases in this special issue of Neuroscience Letters, the progress and promise to both understand and effectively treat these conditions has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven U Walkley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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14
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Starosta RT, Siebert M, Vairo FPE, Costa BLDL, Ponzoni CT, Schwartz IVD, Cerski CTS. Histomorphometric analysis of liver biopsies of treated patients with Gaucher disease type 1. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2021; 11:e2021306. [PMID: 34458174 PMCID: PMC8387085 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2021.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by a disturbance in the metabolism of glucocerebroside in the macrophages. Most of its manifestations – hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone pain – are amenable to a macrophage-target therapy such as enzyme replacement. However, there is increasing evidence that abnormalities of the liver persist despite the specific GD treatment. In this work, we adapted histomorphometry techniques to the study of hepatocytes in GD using liver tissue of treated patients, developing the first morphometrical method for canalicular quantification in immunohistochemistry-stained liver biopsies, and exploring histomorphometric characteristics of GD. This is the first histomorphometric technique developed for canalicular analysis on histological liver biopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tzovenos Starosta
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Washington University, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marina Siebert
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratorial Research Unit, Experimental Research Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Science in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Filippo Pinto E Vairo
- Mayo Clinic, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic, Department of Clinical Genomics, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Ida Vanessa Doederlein Schwartz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Genetics, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Medical Genetics Service, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Carlos Thadeu Schmidt Cerski
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Science in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Surgical Pathology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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15
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Nakanishi E, Uemura N, Akiyama H, Kinoshita M, Masanori S, Taruno Y, Yamakado H, Matsuzawa SI, Takeda S, Hirabayashi Y, Takahashi R. Impact of Gba2 on neuronopathic Gaucher's disease and α-synuclein accumulation in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Mol Brain 2021; 14:80. [PMID: 33971917 PMCID: PMC8111776 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous mutations in the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase gene, GBA1, cause Gaucher’s disease (GD), while heterozygous mutations in GBA1 are a strong risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD), whose pathological hallmark is intraneuronal α-synuclein (asyn) aggregates. We previously reported that gba1 knockout (KO) medaka exhibited glucosylceramide accumulation and neuronopathic GD phenotypes, including short lifespan, the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuronal cell loss, microglial activation, and swimming abnormality, with asyn accumulation in the brains. A recent study reported that deletion of GBA2, non-lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, in a non-neuronopathic GD mouse model rescued its phenotypes. In the present study, we generated gba2 KO medaka and examined the effect of Gba2 deletion on the phenotypes of gba1 KO medaka. The Gba2 deletion in gba1 KO medaka resulted in the exacerbation of glucosylceramide accumulation and no improvement in neuronopathic GD pathological changes, asyn accumulation, or swimming abnormalities. Meanwhile, though gba2 KO medaka did not show any apparent phenotypes, biochemical analysis revealed asyn accumulation in the brains. gba2 KO medaka showed a trend towards an increase in sphingolipids in the brains, which is one of the possible causes of asyn accumulation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the deletion of Gba2 does not rescue the pathological changes or behavioral abnormalities of gba1 KO medaka, and GBA2 represents a novel factor affecting asyn accumulation in the brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nakanishi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norihito Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute On Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA.
| | - Hisako Akiyama
- Laboratory for Neural Cell Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sawamura Masanori
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Taruno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Matsuzawa
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | | | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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16
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Abed Rabbo M, Khodour Y, Kaguni LS, Stiban J. Sphingolipid lysosomal storage diseases: from bench to bedside. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:44. [PMID: 33941173 PMCID: PMC8094529 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudicum described sphingolipids (SLs) in the late nineteenth century, but it was only in the past fifty years that SL research surged in importance and applicability. Currently, sphingolipids and their metabolism are hotly debated topics in various biochemical fields. Similar to other macromolecular reactions, SL metabolism has important implications in health and disease in most cells. A plethora of SL-related genetic ailments has been described. Defects in SL catabolism can cause the accumulation of SLs, leading to many types of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) collectively called sphingolipidoses. These diseases mainly impact the neuronal and immune systems, but other systems can be affected as well. This review aims to present a comprehensive, up-to-date picture of the rapidly growing field of sphingolipid LSDs, their etiology, pathology, and potential therapeutic strategies. We first describe LSDs biochemically and briefly discuss their catabolism, followed by general aspects of the major diseases such as Gaucher, Krabbe, Fabry, and Farber among others. We conclude with an overview of the available and potential future therapies for many of the diseases. We strive to present the most important and recent findings from basic research and clinical applications, and to provide a valuable source for understanding these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Abed Rabbo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine
| | - Yara Khodour
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine
| | - Laurie S Kaguni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine.
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17
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Srikanth MP, Jones JW, Kane M, Awad O, Park TS, Zambidis ET, Feldman RA. Elevated glucosylsphingosine in Gaucher disease induced pluripotent stem cell neurons deregulates lysosomal compartment through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1081-1094. [PMID: 33656802 PMCID: PMC8235124 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in GBA1, the gene that encodes lysosomal β‐glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Mild mutations in GBA1 cause type 1 non‐neuronopathic GD, whereas severe mutations cause types 2 and 3 neuronopathic GD (nGD). GCase deficiency results in the accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph). GlcSph is formed by deacylation of GlcCer by the lysosomal enzyme acid ceramidase. Brains from patients with nGD have high levels of GlcSph, a lipid believed to play an important role in nGD, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. To identify these mechanisms, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons from nGD patients. We found that elevated levels of GlcSph activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), interfering with lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, which were restored by incubation of nGD neurons with mTOR inhibitors. We also found that inhibition of acid ceramidase prevented both, mTOR hyperactivity and lysosomal dysfunction, suggesting that these alterations were caused by GlcSph accumulation in the mutant neurons. To directly determine whether GlcSph can cause mTOR hyperactivation, we incubated wild‐type neurons with exogenous GlcSph. Remarkably, GlcSph treatment recapitulated the mTOR hyperactivation and lysosomal abnormalities in mutant neurons, which were prevented by coincubation of GlcSph with mTOR inhibitors. We conclude that elevated GlcSph activates an mTORC1‐dependent pathogenic mechanism that is responsible for the lysosomal abnormalities of nGD neurons. We also identify acid ceramidase as essential to the pathogenesis of nGD, providing a new therapeutic target for treating GBA1‐associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa P Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Structure, metabolism and biological functions of steryl glycosides in mammals. Biochem J 2021; 477:4243-4261. [PMID: 33186452 PMCID: PMC7666875 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Steryl glycosides (SGs) are sterols glycosylated at their 3β-hydroxy group. They are widely distributed in plants, algae, and fungi, but are relatively rare in bacteria and animals. Glycosylation of sterols, resulting in important components of the cell membrane SGs, alters their biophysical properties and confers resistance against stress by freezing or heat shock to cells. Besides, many biological functions in animals have been suggested from the observations of SG administration. Recently, cholesteryl glucosides synthesized via the transglycosidation by glucocerebrosidases (GBAs) were found in the central nervous system of animals. Identification of patients with congenital mutations in GBA genes or availability of respective animal models will enable investigation of the function of such endogenously synthesized cholesteryl glycosides by genetic approaches. In addition, mechanisms of the host immune responses against pathogenic bacterial SGs have partially been resolved. This review is focused on the biological functions of SGs in mammals taking into consideration their therapeutic applications in the future.
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19
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Effect of Expression of Human Glucosylceramidase 2 Isoforms on Lipid Profiles in COS-7 Cells. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120488. [PMID: 33261081 PMCID: PMC7761373 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is a major membrane lipid and the precursor of gangliosides. GlcCer is mainly degraded by two enzymes, lysosomal acid β-glucosidase (GBA) and nonlysosomal β-glucosidase (GBA2), which may have different isoforms because of alternative splicing. To understand which GBA2 isoforms are active and how they affect glycosphingolipid levels in cells, we expressed nine human GBA2 isoforms in COS-7 cells, confirmed their expression by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, and assayed their activity to hydrolyze 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4MUG) in cell extracts. Human GBA2 isoform 1 showed high activity, while the other isoforms had activity similar to the background. Comparison of sphingolipid levels by ultra-high resolution/accurate mass spectrometry (UHRAMS) analysis showed that isoform 1 overexpression increased ceramide and decreased hexosylceramide levels. Comparison of ratios of glucosylceramides to the corresponding ceramides in the extracts indicated that GBA2 isoform 1 has broad specificity for the lipid component of glucosylceramide, suggesting that only one GBA2 isoform 1 is active and affects sphingolipid levels in the cell. Our study provides new insights into how increased breakdown of GlcCer affects cellular lipid metabolic networks.
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20
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Gehin M, Melchior M, Welford RWD, Sidharta PN, Dingemanse J. Assessment of Target Engagement in a First-in-Human Trial with Sinbaglustat, an Iminosugar to Treat Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:558-567. [PMID: 33142037 PMCID: PMC7993281 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this first-in-human study, the tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single and multiple oral doses of sinbaglustat, a dual inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) and non-lysosomal glucosyl ceramidase (GBA2), were investigated in healthy subjects. The single-ascending dose (SAD) and multiple-ascending dose (MAD) studies were randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled. Single doses from 10 to 2,000 mg in men and multiple doses from 30 to 1,000 mg twice daily for 7 days in male and female subjects were investigated. Tolerability, PK, and PD data were collected up to 3 days after (last) treatment administration and analyzed descriptively. Sinbaglustat was well-tolerated in the SAD and MAD studies, however, at the highest dose of the MAD, three of the four female subjects presented a similar pattern of general symptoms. In all cohorts, sinbaglustat was rapidly absorbed. Thereafter, plasma concentrations decreased biphasically. In the MAD study, steady-state conditions were reached on Day 2 without accumulation. During sinbaglustat treatment, plasma concentrations of glucosylceramide (GlcCer), lactosylceramide, and globotriaosylceramide decreased in a dose-dependent manner, reflecting GCS inhibition. The more complex the glycosphingolipid, the more time was required to elicit PD changes. After treatment stop, GlcCer levels returned to baseline and increased above baseline at lowest doses, probably due to the higher potency of sinbaglustat on GBA2 compared to GCS. Overall, sinbaglustat was welltolerated up to the highest tested doses. The PK profile is compatible with b.i.d. dosing. Sinbaglustat demonstrated target engagement in the periphery for GCS and GBA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Gehin
- Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Meggane Melchior
- Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Richard W D Welford
- Drug Discovery, Translational Biomarkers, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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21
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Value of Glucosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb1) as a Biomarker in Gaucher Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197159. [PMID: 32998334 PMCID: PMC7584006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of Gaucher disease (GD), an autosomal recessive inborn error of glycosphingolipid metabolism, can negatively impact clinical outcomes. This systematic literature review evaluated the value of glucosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb1), as the most reliable biomarker currently available for the diagnosis, prognosis, and disease/treatment monitoring of patients with GD. Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, ScienceOpen, Science.gov, Biological Abstracts, and Sci-Hub to identify original research articles relevant to lyso-Gb1 and GD published before March 2019. Seventy-four articles met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 56 related to pathology and 21 related to clinical biomarkers. Evidence for lyso-Gb1 as a pathogenic mediator of GD was unequivocal, although its precise role requires further elucidation. Lyso-Gb1 was deemed a statistically reliable diagnostic and pharmacodynamic biomarker in GD. Evidence supports lyso-Gb1 as a disease-monitoring biomarker for GD, and some evidence supports lyso-Gb1 as a prognostic biomarker, but further study is required. Lyso-Gb1 meets the criteria for a biomarker as it is easily accessible and reliably quantifiable in plasma and dried blood spots, enables the elucidation of GD molecular pathogenesis, is diagnostically valuable, and reflects therapeutic responses. Evidentiary standards appropriate for verifying inter-laboratory lyso-Gb1 concentrations in plasma and in other anatomical sites are needed.
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Dupuis L, Chipeaux C, Bourdelier E, Martino S, Reihani N, Belmatoug N, Billette de Villemeur T, Hivert B, Moussa F, Le Van Kim C, de Person M, Franco M. Effects of sphingolipids overload on red blood cell properties in Gaucher disease. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:9726-9736. [PMID: 32767726 PMCID: PMC7520281 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a genetic disease with mutations in the GBA gene that encodes glucocerebrosidase causing complications such as anaemia and bone disease. GD is characterized by accumulation of the sphingolipids (SL) glucosylceramide (GL1), glucosylsphingosine (Lyso‐GL1), sphingosine (Sph) and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). These SL are increased in the plasma of GD patients and the associated complications have been attributed to the accumulation of lipids in macrophages. Our recent findings indicated that red blood cells (RBCs) and erythroid progenitors may play an important role in GD pathophysiology. RBCs abnormalities and dyserythropoiesis have been observed in GD patients. Moreover, we showed higher SL levels in the plasma and in RBCs from untreated GD patients compared with controls. In this study, we quantified SL in 16 untreated GD patients and 15 patients treated with enzyme replacement therapy. Our results showed that the treatment significantly decreases SL levels in the plasma and RBCs. The increased SL content in RBCs correlates with abnormal RBC properties and with markers of disease activity. Because RBCs lack glucocerebrosidase activity, we investigated how lipid overload could occur in these cells. Our results suggested that SL overload in RBCs occurs both during erythropoiesis and during its circulation in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Dupuis
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Chipeaux
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bourdelier
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Suella Martino
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Reihani
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Belmatoug
- AP-HP, CRML Maladies Lysosomales, Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Beaujon, Université de Paris, Clichy, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Hivert
- Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, GHICL, Lille, France
| | - Fathi Moussa
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marine de Person
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mélanie Franco
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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23
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Chen SE, Zhu S, Hu J, Sun J, Zheng Z, Zhao XE, Liu H. 8-Plex stable isotope labeling absolute quantitation strategy combined with dual-targeted recognizing function material for simultaneous separation and determination of glucosylsphingosine and galactosylsphingosine in human plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Wang R, Sun H, Ren H, Wang G. α-Synuclein aggregation and transmission in Parkinson's disease: a link to mitochondria and lysosome. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1850-1859. [PMID: 32681494 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intraneuronal Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) in the substantia nigra (SN) composed of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) has been recognized as a hallmark of pathological changes in Parkinson's disease (PD). Numerous studies have shown that aggregated α-syn is necessary for neurotoxicity. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions are associated with α-syn pathogenicity The hypothesis that α-syn transmission in the human brain contributes to the instigation and progression of PD has provided insights into PD pathology. This review will provide a brief overview of increasing researches that shed light on the relationship of α-syn aggregation with mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions, and highlight recent understanding of α-syn transmission in PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hongyang Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Haigang Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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25
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Murine platelet production is suppressed by S1P release in the hematopoietic niche, not facilitated by blood S1P sensing. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1702-1713. [PMID: 31171507 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019031948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) was recently assigned critical roles in platelet biology: whereas S1P1 receptor-mediated S1P gradient sensing was reported to be essential for directing proplatelet extensions from megakaryocytes (MKs) toward bone marrow sinusoids, MK sphingosine kinase 2 (Sphk2)-derived S1P was reported to further promote platelet shedding through receptor-independent intracellular actions, and platelet aggregation through S1P1 Yet clinical use of S1P pathway modulators including fingolimod has not been associated with risk of bleeding or thrombosis. We therefore revisited the role of S1P in platelet biology in mice. Surprisingly, no reduction in platelet counts was observed when the vascular S1P gradient was ablated by impairing S1P provision to plasma or S1P degradation in interstitial fluids, nor when gradient sensing was impaired by S1pr1 deletion selectively in MKs. Moreover, S1P1 expression and signaling were both undetectable in mature MKs in situ, and MK S1pr1 deletion did not affect platelet aggregation or spreading. When S1pr1 deletion was induced in hematopoietic progenitor cells, platelet counts were instead significantly elevated. Isolated global Sphk2 deficiency was associated with thrombocytopenia, but this was not replicated by MK-restricted Sphk2 deletion and was reversed by compound deletion of either Sphk1 or S1pr2, suggesting that this phenotype arises from increased S1P export and S1P2 activation secondary to redistribution of sphingosine to Sphk1. Consistent with clinical observations, we thus observe no essential role for S1P1 in facilitating platelet production or activation. Instead, S1P restricts megakaryopoiesis through S1P1, and can further suppress thrombopoiesis through S1P2 when aberrantly secreted in the hematopoietic niche.
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Eskes ECB, Sjouke B, Vaz FM, Goorden SMI, van Kuilenburg ABP, Aerts JMFG, Hollak CEM. Biochemical and imaging parameters in acid sphingomyelinase deficiency: Potential utility as biomarkers. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:16-26. [PMID: 32088119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (ASMD), or Niemann-Pick type A/B disease, is a rare lipid storage disorder leading to accumulation of sphingomyelin and its precursors primarily in macrophages. The disease has a broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from a fatal infantile form with severe neurological involvement (the infantile neurovisceral type) to a primarily visceral form with different degrees of pulmonary, liver, spleen and skeletal involvement (the chronic visceral type). With the upcoming possibility of treatment with enzyme replacement therapy, the need for biomarkers that predict or reflect disease progression has increased. Biomarkers should be validated for their use as surrogate markers of clinically relevant endpoints. In this review, clinically important endpoints as well as biochemical and imaging markers of ASMD are discussed and potential new biomarkers are identified. We suggest as the most promising biomarkers that may function as surrogate endpoints in the future: diffusion capacity measured by spirometry, spleen volume, platelet count, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, liver fibrosis measured with a fibroscan, lysosphingomyelin and walked distance in six minutes. Currently, no biomarkers have been validated. Several plasma markers of lipid-laden cells, fibrosis or inflammation are of high potential as biomarkers and deserve further study. Based upon current guidelines for biomarkers, recommendations for the validation process are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline C B Eskes
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Sjouke
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan M I Goorden
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André B P van Kuilenburg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carla E M Hollak
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Glucocerebrosidase: Functions in and Beyond the Lysosome. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030736. [PMID: 32182893 PMCID: PMC7141376 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is a retaining β-glucosidase with acid pH optimum metabolizing the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to ceramide and glucose. Inherited deficiency of GCase causes the lysosomal storage disorder named Gaucher disease (GD). In GCase-deficient GD patients the accumulation of GlcCer in lysosomes of tissue macrophages is prominent. Based on the above, the key function of GCase as lysosomal hydrolase is well recognized, however it has become apparent that GCase fulfills in the human body at least one other key function beyond lysosomes. Crucially, GCase generates ceramides from GlcCer molecules in the outer part of the skin, a process essential for optimal skin barrier property and survival. This review covers the functions of GCase in and beyond lysosomes and also pays attention to the increasing insight in hitherto unexpected catalytic versatility of the enzyme.
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Are Glucosylceramide-Related Sphingolipids Involved in the Increased Risk for Cancer in Gaucher Disease Patients? Review and Hypotheses. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020475. [PMID: 32085512 PMCID: PMC7072201 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of ceramide and its catabolites, i.e., sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate, in the development of malignancies and the response to anticancer regimens have been extensively described. Moreover, an abundant literature points to the effects of glucosylceramide synthase, the mammalian enzyme that converts ceramide to β-glucosylceramide, in protecting tumor cells from chemotherapy. Much less is known about the contribution of β-glucosylceramide and its breakdown products in cancer progression. In this chapter, we first review published and personal clinical observations that report on the increased risk of developing cancers in patients affected with Gaucher disease, an inborn disorder characterized by defective lysosomal degradation of β-glucosylceramide. The previously described mechanistic links between lysosomal β-glucosylceramidase, β-glucosylceramide and/or β-glucosylphingosine, and various hallmarks of cancer are reviewed. We further show that melanoma tumor growth is facilitated in a Gaucher disease mouse model. Finally, the potential roles of the β-glucosylceramidase protein and its lipidic substrates and/or downstream products are discussed.
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Serra-Vinardell J, Roca-Ayats N, De-Ugarte L, Vilageliu L, Balcells S, Grinberg D. Bone development and remodeling in metabolic disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:133-144. [PMID: 30942483 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There are many metabolic disorders that present with bone phenotypes. In some cases, the pathological bone symptoms are the main features of the disease whereas in others they are a secondary characteristic. In general, the generation of the bone problems in these disorders is not well understood and the therapeutic options for them are scarce. Bone development occurs in the early stages of embryonic development where the bone formation, or osteogenesis, takes place. This osteogenesis can be produced through the direct transformation of the pre-existing mesenchymal cells into bone tissue (intramembranous ossification) or by the replacement of the cartilage by bone (endochondral ossification). In contrast, bone remodeling takes place during the bone's growth, after the bone development, and continues throughout the whole life. The remodeling involves the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by the formation of bone matrix by the osteoblasts, which subsequently becomes mineralized. In some metabolic diseases, bone pathological features are associated with bone development problems but in others they are associated with bone remodeling. Here, we describe three examples of impaired bone development or remodeling in metabolic diseases, including work by others and the results from our research. In particular, we will focus on hereditary multiple exostosis (or osteochondromatosis), Gaucher disease, and the susceptibility to atypical femoral fracture in patients treated with bisphosphonates for several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neus Roca-Ayats
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura De-Ugarte
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Balcells
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Aerts JMFG, Artola M, van Eijk M, Ferraz MJ, Boot RG. Glycosphingolipids and Infection. Potential New Therapeutic Avenues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:324. [PMID: 31867330 PMCID: PMC6908816 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), the main topic of this review, are a subclass of sphingolipids. With their glycans exposed to the extracellular space, glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous components of the plasma membrane of cells. GSLs are implicated in a variety of biological processes including specific infections. Several pathogens use GSLs at the surface of host cells as binding receptors. In addition, lipid-rafts in the plasma membrane of host cells may act as platform for signaling the presence of pathogens. Relatively common in man are inherited deficiencies in lysosomal glycosidases involved in the turnover of GSLs. The associated storage disorders (glycosphingolipidoses) show lysosomal accumulation of substrate(s) of the deficient enzyme. In recent years compounds have been identified that allow modulation of GSLs levels in cells. Some of these agents are well tolerated and already used to treat lysosomal glycosphingolipidoses. This review summarizes present knowledge on the role of GSLs in infection and subsequent immune response. It concludes with the thought to apply glycosphingolipid-lowering agents to prevent and/or combat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Artola
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M van Eijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M J Ferraz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R G Boot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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31
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Aerts JMFG, Kuo CL, Lelieveld LT, Boer DEC, van der Lienden MJC, Overkleeft HS, Artola M. Glycosphingolipids and lysosomal storage disorders as illustrated by gaucher disease. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:204-215. [PMID: 31783225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are important building blocks of the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. They are continuously recycled, involving fragmentation inside lysosomes by glycosidases. Inherited defects in degradation cause lysosomal glycosphingolipid storage disorders. The relatively common glycosphingolipidosis Gaucher disease is highlighted here to discuss new insights in the molecular basis and pathophysiology of glycosphingolipidoses reached by fundamental research increasingly using chemical biology tools. We discuss improvements in the detection of glycosphingolipid metabolites by mass spectrometry and review new developments in laboratory diagnosis and disease monitoring as well as therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M F G Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Chi-Lin Kuo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsey T Lelieveld
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne E C Boer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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32
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Jackson KL, Viel C, Clarke J, Bu J, Chan M, Wang B, Shihabuddin LS, Sardi SP. Viral delivery of a microRNA to Gba to the mouse central nervous system models neuronopathic Gaucher disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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33
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Lelieveld LT, Mirzaian M, Kuo CL, Artola M, Ferraz MJ, Peter REA, Akiyama H, Greimel P, van den Berg RJBHN, Overkleeft HS, Boot RG, Meijer AH, Aerts JMFG. Role of β-glucosidase 2 in aberrant glycosphingolipid metabolism: model of glucocerebrosidase deficiency in zebrafish. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1851-1867. [PMID: 31562193 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucosidases [GBA1 (glucocerebrosidase) and GBA2] are ubiquitous essential enzymes. Lysosomal GBA1 and cytosol-facing GBA2 degrade glucosylceramide (GlcCer); GBA1 deficiency causes Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by lysosomal accumulation of GlcCer, which is partly converted to glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph). GBA1 and GBA2 also may transfer glucose from GlcCer to cholesterol, yielding glucosylated cholesterol (GlcChol). Here, we aimed to clarify the role of zebrafish Gba2 in glycosphingolipid metabolism during Gba1 deficiency in zebrafish (Danio rerio), which are able to survive total Gba1 deficiency. We developed Gba1 (gba1 -/-), Gba2 (gba2 -/-), and double (gba1 -/- :gba2 -/-) zebrafish knockouts using CRISPR/Cas9 and explored the effects of both genetic and pharmacological interventions on GlcCer metabolism in individual larvae. Activity-based probes and quantification of relevant glycolipid metabolites confirmed enzyme deficiency. GlcSph increased in gba1 -/- larvae (0.09 pmol/fish) but did not increase more in gba1 -/- :gba2 -/- larvae. GlcCer was comparable in gba1 -/- and WT larvae but increased in gba2 -/- and gba1 -/- :gba2 -/- larvae. Independent of Gba1 status, GlcChol was low in all gba2 -/- larvae (0.05 vs. 0.18 pmol/fish in WT). Pharmacologic inactivation of zebrafish Gba1 comparably increased GlcSph. Inhibition of GlcCer synthase (GCS) in Gba1-deficient larvae reduced GlcCer and GlcSph, and concomitant inhibition of GCS and Gba2 with iminosugars also reduced excessive GlcChol. Finally, overexpression of human GBA1 and injection of recombinant GBA1 both decreased GlcSph. We determined that zebrafish larvae offer an attractive model to study glucosidase actions in glycosphingolipid metabolism in vivo, and we identified distinguishing characteristics of zebrafish Gba2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey T Lelieveld
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chi-Lin Kuo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Bio-organic Synthesis Group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ferraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco E A Peter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Clarke E, Jantrachotechatchawan C, Buhidma Y, Broadstock M, Yu L, Howlett D, Aarsland D, Ballard C, Francis PT. Age-related neurochemical and behavioural changes in D409V/WT GBA1 mouse: Relevance to lewy body dementia. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104502. [PMID: 31299418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in GBA1, the gene which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are a strong genetic risk factor for the development of Lewy body dementia (LBD). Until this point however, recapitulation of the symptoms and pathology of LBD has been limited to a homozygous GBA1 mouse model which genetically and enzymatically reflects the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease. This study reports for the first time cognitive impairment by two independent behavioural tests in heterozygous GBA1 mutant mice (D409V/WT) which demonstrate significant cognitive impairment by the age of 12 months. Furthermore, reductions in GBA1 GCase enzyme activity within the brain reflects levels seen in sporadic and GBA1 mutant LBD patients. While there is no overt deposition of Lewy bodies within the hippocampus, alterations to cholinergic machinery and glial proliferation are evident, both pathological features of LBD. Interestingly, we also describe the novel finding of significantly reduced GBA2 GCase enzyme activity specifically within the hippocampus. This suggests that reduced GBA1 GCase enzyme activity dis-equilibrates the finely balanced glycosphingolipid metabolism pathway and that reductions in GBA2 GCase enzyme could contribute to the pathological and behavioural effects seen. Overall, this study presents evidence to suggest that pathological hallmarks associated with LBD specifically affecting brain regions intrinsically linked with cognition are present in the D409V/WT mice. In the absence of Lewy body deposition, the D409V/WT mice could be considered an early pre-clinical model of LBD with potential for drug discovery. Since few robust pre-clinical models of LBD currently exist, with further characterization, the mouse model described here may contribute significantly to developments in the LBD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Clarke
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, UK.
| | | | - Y Buhidma
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, UK
| | - M Broadstock
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, UK
| | - L Yu
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, UK
| | - D Howlett
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, UK
| | - D Aarsland
- King's College London, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, UK
| | | | - P T Francis
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, UK; University of Exeter, UK
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Wheeler S, Haberkant P, Bhardwaj M, Tongue P, Ferraz MJ, Halter D, Sprong H, Schmid R, Aerts JM, Sullo N, Sillence DJ. Cytosolic glucosylceramide regulates endolysosomal function in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:242-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Vujosevic S, Medenica S, Vujicic V, Dapcevic M, Bakic N, Yang R, Liu J, Mistry PK. Gaucher disease in Montenegro - genotype/phenotype correlations: Five cases report. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:1475-1482. [PMID: 31363476 PMCID: PMC6656677 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i12.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common lysosomal storage disorder is Gaucher disease (GD). It is a deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GBA) due to biallelic mutations in the GBA gene, characterized by the deposition of glucocerebroside in macrophage-monocyte system cells. The report targets clinical phenotypes of GD in order to correlate them with GBA gene mutations, as well as to identify GBA gene mutation in patients in Montenegro that are diagnosed with GD.
CASES SUMMARY Five patients (4 male, 1 female) of type 1 GD (GD1) are reported. The age at diagnosis ranged from 7 to 40. Patients experienced delays of 1-12 years in diagnosis after the original onset of symptoms. The most common mode of presentation was a variable degree of splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia, while other symptoms included bone pain, hepatomegaly, abdominal pain and fatigue. Osteopenia was present in a majority of the patients: 4/5. All patients were found to have an asymptomatic Erlenmeyer flask deformity of the distal femur. On enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), the hematological and visceral parameters showed significant improvement, but no significant progression in bone mineral density was noticed. GBA gene sequencing revealed homozygosity for the N370S mutation in one patient. The genotypes of the other patients were N370S/55bp deletion, N370S/D409H (2 patients), and H255Q/N370S (1 patient).
CONCLUSION The phenotypes of the GD1 encountered in Montenegro were severe but all responded well to ERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Vujosevic
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Sanja Medenica
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Vesko Vujicic
- Hematology Department, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Milena Dapcevic
- Hematology Department, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Nikola Bakic
- Hematology Department, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Ruhua Yang
- Yale Lysosomal Disease Center and Inherited Metabolic Liver Disease Clinic, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Yale Lysosomal Disease Center and Inherited Metabolic Liver Disease Clinic, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Pramod K Mistry
- Yale Lysosomal Disease Center and Inherited Metabolic Liver Disease Clinic, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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Ysselstein D, Shulman JM, Krainc D. Emerging links between pediatric lysosomal storage diseases and adult parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2019; 34:614-624. [PMID: 30726573 PMCID: PMC6520126 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders comprise a clinically heterogeneous group of autosomal-recessive or X-linked genetic syndromes caused by disruption of lysosomal biogenesis or function resulting in accumulation of nondegraded substrates. Although lysosomal storage disorders are diagnosed predominantly in children, many show variable expressivity with clinical presentations possible later in life. Given the important role of lysosomes in neuronal homeostasis, neurological manifestations, including movement disorders, can accompany many lysosomal storage disorders. Over the last decade, evidence from genetics, clinical epidemiology, cell biology, and biochemistry have converged to implicate links between lysosomal storage disorders and adult-onset movement disorders. The strongest evidence comes from mutations in Glucocerebrosidase, which cause Gaucher's disease and are among the most common and potent risk factors for PD. However, recently, many additional lysosomal storage disorder genes have been similarly implicated, including SMPD1, ATP13A2, GALC, and others. Examination of these links can offer insight into pathogenesis of PD and guide development of new therapeutic strategies. We systematically review the emerging genetic links between lysosomal storage disorders and PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ysselstein
- Department of Neurology, Ken and Ruth Davee Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Joshua M. Shulman
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurologic Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Ken and Ruth Davee Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Ługowska A, Hetmańczyk-Sawicka K, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Fogtman A, Cieśla J, Purzycka-Olewiecka JK, Sitarska D, Płoski R, Filocamo M, Lualdi S, Bednarska-Makaruk M, Koblowska M. Gene expression profile in patients with Gaucher disease indicates activation of inflammatory processes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6060. [PMID: 30988500 PMCID: PMC6465595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare inherited metabolic disease caused by pathogenic variants in the GBA1 gene. So far, the pathomechanism of GD was investigated mainly in animal models. In order to delineate the molecular changes in GD cells we analysed gene expression profile in cultured skin fibroblasts from GD patients, control individuals and, additionally, patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC). We used expression microarrays with subsequent validation by qRT-PCR method. In the comparison GD patients vs. controls, the most pronounced relative fold change (rFC) in expression was observed for genes IL13RA2 and IFI6 (up-regulated) and ATOH8 and CRISPLD2 (down-regulated). Products of up-regulated and down-regulated genes were both enriched in genes associated with immune response. In addition, products of down-regulated genes were associated with cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions, matrix remodelling, PI3K-Akt signalling pathway and a neuronal survival pathway. Up-regulation of PLAU, IFIT1, TMEM158 and down-regulation of ATOH8 and ISLR distinguished GD patients from both NPC patients and healthy controls. Our results emphasize the inflammatory character of changes occurring in human GD cells indicating that further studies on novel therapeutics for GD should consider anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ługowska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Cieśla
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Dominika Sitarska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare e Biobanche, Istituto G. Gaslini, L.go G. Gaslini -16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Susanna Lualdi
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare e Biobanche, Istituto G. Gaslini, L.go G. Gaslini -16147, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Marta Koblowska
- Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Welford RWD, Mühlemann A, Garzotti M, Rickert V, Groenen PMA, Morand O, Üçeyler N, Probst MR. Glucosylceramide synthase inhibition with lucerastat lowers globotriaosylceramide and lysosome staining in cultured fibroblasts from Fabry patients with different mutation types. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3392-3403. [PMID: 29982630 PMCID: PMC6140777 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the GLA gene coding for α-galactosidase A (α-GalA). The deleterious mutations lead to accumulation of α-GalA substrates, including globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine. Progressive glycolipid storage results in cellular dysfunction, leading to organ damage and clinical disease, i.e. neuropathic pain, impaired renal function and cardiomyopathy. Many Fabry patients are treated by bi-weekly intravenous infusions of replacement enzyme. While the only available oral therapy is an α-GalA chaperone, which is indicated for a limited number of patients with specific 'amenable' mutations. Lucerastat is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) that is in late stage clinical development for Fabry disease. Here we investigated the ability of lucerastat to lower Gb3, globotriaosylsphingosine and lysosomal staining in cultured fibroblasts from 15 different Fabry patients. Patients' cells included 13 different pathogenic variants, with 13 cell lines harboring GLA mutations associated with the classic disease phenotype. Lucerastat dose dependently reduced Gb3 in all cell lines. For 13 cell lines the Gb3 data could be fit to an IC50 curve, giving a median IC50 [interquartile range (IQR)] = 11 μM (8.2-18); the median percent reduction (IQR) in Gb3 was 77% (70-83). Lucerastat treatment also dose dependently reduced LysoTracker Red staining of acidic compartments. Lucerastat's effects in the cell lines were compared to those with current treatments-agalsidase alfa and migalastat. Consequently, the GCS inhibitor lucerastat provides a viable mechanism to reduce Gb3 accumulation and lysosome volume, suitable for all Fabry patients regardless of genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W D Welford
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Hegenheimermattweg, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - A Mühlemann
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Hegenheimermattweg, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - M Garzotti
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Hegenheimermattweg, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - V Rickert
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - P M A Groenen
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Hegenheimermattweg, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - O Morand
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Hegenheimermattweg, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - N Üçeyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M R Probst
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Hegenheimermattweg, Allschwil, Switzerland
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40
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Substrate reduction therapy for inborn errors of metabolism. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:63-73. [PMID: 33523197 PMCID: PMC7289018 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) represent a growing group of monogenic disorders each associated with inherited defects in a metabolic enzyme or regulatory protein, leading to biochemical abnormalities arising from a metabolic block. Despite the well-established genetic linkage, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations for many IEMs, there remains a lack of transformative therapy. The available treatment and management options for a few IEMs are often ineffective or expensive, incurring a significant burden to individual, family, and society. The lack of IEM therapies, in large part, relates to the conceptual challenge that IEMs are loss-of-function defects arising from the defective enzyme, rendering pharmacologic rescue difficult. An emerging approach that holds promise and is the subject of a flurry of pre-/clinical applications, is substrate reduction therapy (SRT). SRT addresses a common IEM phenotype associated with toxic accumulation of substrate from the defective enzyme, by inhibiting the formation of the substrate instead of directly repairing the defective enzyme. This minireview will summarize recent highlights towards the development of emerging SRT, with focussed attention towards repurposing of currently approved drugs, approaches to validate novel targets and screen for hit molecules, as well as emerging advances in gene silencing as a therapeutic modality.
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41
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Marques ARA, Saftig P. Lysosomal storage disorders - challenges, concepts and avenues for therapy: beyond rare diseases. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs221739. [PMID: 30651381 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of lysosomes in cellular processes is increasingly appreciated. An understanding of the balanced interplay between the activity of acidic hydrolases, lysosomal membrane proteins and cytosolic proteins is required. Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are characterized by disturbances in this network and by intralysosomal accumulation of substrates, often only in certain cell types. Even though our knowledge of these diseases has increased and therapies have been established, many aspects of the molecular pathology of LSDs remain obscure. This Review aims to discuss how lysosomal storage affects functions linked to lysosomes, such as membrane repair, autophagy, exocytosis, lipid homeostasis, signalling cascades and cell viability. Therapies must aim to correct lysosomal storage not only morphologically, but reverse its (patho)biochemical consequences. As different LSDs have different molecular causes, this requires custom tailoring of therapies. We will discuss the major advantages and drawbacks of current and possible future therapies for LSDs. Study of the pathological molecular mechanisms underlying these 'experiments of nature' often yields information that is relevant for other conditions found in the general population. Therefore, more common diseases may profit from a correction of impaired lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R A Marques
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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42
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Davidson BA, Hassan S, Garcia EJ, Tayebi N, Sidransky E. Exploring genetic modifiers of Gaucher disease: The next horizon. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1739-1751. [PMID: 30098107 PMCID: PMC6240360 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from mutations in the gene GBA1 that lead to a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Accumulation of the enzyme's substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine, results in symptoms ranging from skeletal and visceral involvement to neurological manifestations. Nonetheless, there is significant variability in clinical presentations amongst patients, with limited correlation between genotype and phenotype. Contributing to this clinical variation are genetic modifiers that influence the phenotypic outcome of the disorder. In this review, we explore the role of genetic modifiers in Mendelian disorders and describe methods to facilitate their discovery. In addition, we provide examples of candidate modifiers of Gaucher disease, explore their relevance in the development of potential therapeutics, and discuss the impact of GBA1 and modifying mutations on other more common diseases like Parkinson disease. Identifying these important modulators of Gaucher phenotype may ultimately unravel the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype and lead to improved counseling and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A. Davidson
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shahzeb Hassan
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric Joshua Garcia
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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43
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Ben Bdira F, Artola M, Overkleeft HS, Ubbink M, Aerts JMFG. Distinguishing the differences in β-glycosylceramidase folds, dynamics, and actions informs therapeutic uses. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2262-2276. [PMID: 30279220 PMCID: PMC6277158 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r086629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are carbohydrate-active enzymes that hydrolyze a specific β-glycosidic bond in glycoconjugate substrates; β-glucosidases degrade glucosylceramide, a ubiquitous glycosphingolipid. GHs are grouped into structurally similar families that themselves can be grouped into clans. GH1, GH5, and GH30 glycosidases belong to clan A hydrolases with a catalytic (β/α)8 TIM barrel domain, whereas GH116 belongs to clan O with a catalytic (α/α)6 domain. In humans, GH abnormalities underlie metabolic diseases. The lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (family GH30), deficient in Gaucher disease and implicated in Parkinson disease etiology, and the cytosol-facing membrane-bound glucosylceramidase (family GH116) remove the terminal glucose from the ceramide lipid moiety. Here, we compare enzyme differences in fold, action, dynamics, and catalytic domain stabilization by binding site occupancy. We also explore other glycosidases with reported glycosylceramidase activity, including human cytosolic β-glucosidase, intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, and lysosomal galactosylceramidase. Last, we describe the successful translation of research to practice: recombinant glycosidases and glucosylceramide metabolism modulators are approved drug products (enzyme replacement therapies). Activity-based probes now facilitate the diagnosis of enzyme deficiency and screening for compounds that interact with the catalytic pocket of glycosidases. Future research may deepen the understanding of the functional variety of these enzymes and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredj Ben Bdira
- Departments of Macromolecular Biochemistry,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Departments of Macromolecular Biochemistry,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Arkadir D, Dinur T, Revel‐Vilk S, Becker Cohen M, Cozma C, Hovakimyan M, Eichler S, Rolfs A, Zimran A. Glucosylsphingosine is a reliable response biomarker in Gaucher disease. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:E140-E142. [PMID: 29473199 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Arkadir
- Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew UniversityJerusalem Israel
| | - Tama Dinur
- Gaucher unitShaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew UniversityJerusalem Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arndt Rolfs
- Centogene AG, Rare Disease CompanyRostock Germany
- Albrecht‐Kossel‐Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of RostockRostock Germany
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher unitShaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew UniversityJerusalem Israel
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Woeste MA, Wachten D. The Enigmatic Role of GBA2 in Controlling Locomotor Function. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:386. [PMID: 29234271 PMCID: PMC5712312 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase GBA2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide to glucose and ceramide. Loss of GBA2 function results in accumulation of glucosylceramide. Mutations in the human GBA2 gene have been associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA). Patients suffering from these disorders exhibit impaired locomotion and neurological abnormalities. GBA2 mutations found in these patients have been proposed to impair GBA2 function. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the occurrence of mutations in the GBA2 gene and the development of locomotor dysfunction is not well-understood. In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings regarding mutations in the GBA2 gene and their impact on GBA2 function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Woeste
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Bonn, Germany
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46
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Optimization of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry determination in plasma and red blood cells of four sphingolipids and their evaluation as biomarker candidates of Gaucher’s disease. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1525:116-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Beaton B, Monzón JLS, Hughes DA, Pastores GM. Gaucher disease: risk stratification and comorbidities. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1385455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Beaton
- Lysosomal Storage Disorder Unit, Royal Free NHS FT and University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Derralynn A. Hughes
- Lysosomal Storage Disorder Unit, Royal Free NHS FT and University College London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology and Palliative Care, Royal Free NHS FT, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gregory M. Pastores
- Department of Medicine/National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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48
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Glucosylsphingosine Promotes α-Synuclein Pathology in Mutant GBA-Associated Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9617-9631. [PMID: 28847804 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1525-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA) mutations responsible for Gaucher disease (GD) are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the genetic link between GD and PD is well established, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) are not well understood. We propose that glucosylsphingosine, a sphingolipid accumulating in GD, mediates PD pathology in GBA-associated PD. We show that, whereas GD-related sphingolipids (glucosylceramide, glucosylsphingosine, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate) promote α-synuclein aggregation in vitro, glucosylsphingosine triggers the formation of oligomeric α-synuclein species capable of templating in human cells and neurons. Using newly generated GD/PD mouse lines of either sex [Gba mutant (N370S, L444P, KO) crossed to α-synuclein transgenics], we show that Gba mutations predispose to PD through a loss-of-function mechanism. We further demonstrate that glucosylsphingosine specifically accumulates in young GD/PD mouse brain. With age, brains exhibit glucosylceramide accumulations colocalized with α-synuclein pathology. These findings indicate that glucosylsphingosine promotes pathological aggregation of α-synuclein, increasing PD risk in GD patients and carriers.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. Glucocerebrosidase 1 mutations, which cause Gaucher disease, are the most common genetic risk factor for PD, underscoring the importance of delineating the mechanisms underlying mutant GBA-associated PD. We show that lipids accumulating in Gaucher disease, especially glucosylsphingosine, play a key role in PD pathology in the brain. These data indicate that ASAH1 (acid ceramidase 1) and GBA2 (glucocerebrosidase 2) enzymes that mediate glucosylsphingosine production and metabolism are attractive therapeutic targets for treating mutant GBA-associated PD.
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Baldini M, Casirati G, Ulivieri FM, Cassinerio E, Khouri Chalouhi K, Poggiali E, Borin L, Burghignoli V, Cesana BM, Cappellini MD. Skeletal involvement in type 1 Gaucher disease: Not just bone mineral density. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 68:148-152. [PMID: 28693786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is characterized by multi-organ infiltration of phospholipid-laden macrophages. Bone involvement is characterized by typical deformities, osteopenia/osteoporosis, pathological fractures, and bone marrow infiltration (avascular osteonecrosis, infarction). Estimation of skeletal disease includes bone quality that contributes substantially to bone strength. We studied 23 type 1 Gaucher patients (median age 22years, range 3-73) on Enzyme Replacement Therapy from 2months to 26years (median 7years); 4 patients had pathological fractures, 10 bone infarctions, 6 avascular osteonecrosis. We noninvasively assessed bone quality by trabecular microarchitecture and macroscopic geometry, using two innovative dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry tools: Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) and Hip Structural Analysis (HSA). Bone quality parameters distinguished the patients with skeletal complications. TBS was significantly lower in patients with avascular osteonecrosis (p=0.049) and pathological fractures (p=0.024), while it could not identify those with bone infarctions. Among HSA parameters, the Cross Sectional Area of the intertrochanteric region and the Buckling Ratio of the narrow neck allowed the distinction of patients with avascular osteonecrosis. BMD was low in 11 patients (50%); neither BMD nor HSA were associated with pathological fractures. The combined evaluation of bone quality and bone quantity is useful to identify GD patients with more severe skeletal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baldini
- UOC Medicina Interna, Foundation IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Casirati
- UOC Medicina Interna, Foundation IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - F M Ulivieri
- Bone Metabolic Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Foundation IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - E Cassinerio
- UOC Medicina Interna, Foundation IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - K Khouri Chalouhi
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Radiodiagnostica, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Poggiali
- UOC Medicina Interna, Foundation IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - L Borin
- Department of Hematology, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - V Burghignoli
- Radiology Unit, Foundation IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - B M Cesana
- University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - M D Cappellini
- UOC Medicina Interna, Foundation IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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50
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A novel function for glucocerebrosidase as a regulator of sterylglucoside metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2507-2514. [PMID: 28596107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterols are major cell membrane lipids, and in many organisms they are modified with glucose to generate sterylglucosides. Glucosylation dramatically changes the functional properties of sterols. The formation of sterylglucosides from sterols in plants, fungi, and bacteria uses UDP-glucose as a glucose donor. By contrast, sterylglucoside biosynthesis in mammals is catalyzed by the transglucosylation activity of glucocerebrosidases, with glucosylceramide acting as the glucose donor. Recent success in isolation and structural determination of sterylglucosides in the vertebrate central nervous system shows that transglucosylation also occurs in vivo. These analyses also revealed that sterylglucoside aglycons are composed of several cholesterol-related metabolites, including a plant-type sitosteryl. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the biological functions and metabolism of sterylglucosides. We also summarize new findings from studies on the metabolism of vertebrate sterylglucosides and review the circumstances underlying the recent discovery of sterylglucosides in vertebrate brain. Finally, we discuss the role of sterylglucosides in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders such as Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The biological significance of UDP-glucose-independent sterol glucosylation is still unknown, but it is plausible that glucosylation may provide sterols with novel biological functions. Even though sterol glucosylation is a simple reaction, it can dramatically change the physical properties of sterols. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Sterylglucosides may play roles in various physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of different diseases. Arriving at a better understanding of them at the organ and cellular level may open up new approaches to developing therapeutics for a variety of diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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