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Ha TS, Smith DP. Recent Insights into Insect Olfactory Receptors and Odorant-Binding Proteins. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13100926. [PMID: 36292874 PMCID: PMC9604063 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Human and insect olfaction share many general features, but insects differ from mammalian systems in important ways. Mammalian olfactory neurons share the same overlying fluid layer in the nose, and neuronal tuning entirely depends upon receptor specificity. In insects, the olfactory neurons are anatomically segregated into sensilla, and small clusters of olfactory neurons dendrites share extracellular fluid that can be independently regulated in different sensilla. Small extracellular proteins called odorant-binding proteins are differentially secreted into this sensillum lymph fluid where they have been shown to confer sensitivity to specific odorants, and they can also affect the kinetics of the olfactory neuron responses. Insect olfactory receptors are not G-protein-coupled receptors, such as vertebrate olfactory receptors, but are ligand-gated ion channels opened by direct interactions with odorant molecules. Recently, several examples of insect olfactory neurons expressing multiple receptors have been identified, indicating that the mechanisms for neuronal tuning may be broader in insects than mammals. Finally, recent advances in genome editing are finding applications in many species, including agricultural pests and human disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Soo Ha
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Dean P. Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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2
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Scalzotto M, Ng R, Cruchet S, Saina M, Armida J, Su CY, Benton R. Pheromone sensing in Drosophila requires support cell-expressed Osiris 8. BMC Biol 2022; 20:230. [PMID: 36217142 PMCID: PMC9552441 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nose of most animals comprises multiple sensory subsystems, which are defined by the expression of different olfactory receptor families. Drosophila melanogaster antennae contain two morphologically and functionally distinct subsystems that express odorant receptors (Ors) or ionotropic receptors (Irs). Although these receptors have been thoroughly characterized in this species, the subsystem-specific expression and roles of other genes are much less well-understood. Results Here we generate subsystem-specific transcriptomic datasets to identify hundreds of genes, encoding diverse protein classes, that are selectively enriched in either Or or Ir subsystems. Using single-cell antennal transcriptomic data and RNA in situ hybridization, we find that most neuronal genes—other than sensory receptor genes—are broadly expressed within the subsystems. By contrast, we identify many non-neuronal genes that exhibit highly selective expression, revealing substantial molecular heterogeneity in the non-neuronal cellular components of the olfactory subsystems. We characterize one Or subsystem-specific non-neuronal molecule, Osiris 8 (Osi8), a conserved member of a large, insect-specific family of transmembrane proteins. Osi8 is expressed in the membranes of tormogen support cells of pheromone-sensing trichoid sensilla. Loss of Osi8 does not have obvious impact on trichoid sensillar development or basal neuronal activity, but abolishes high sensitivity responses to pheromone ligands. Conclusions This work identifies a new protein required for insect pheromone detection, emphasizes the importance of support cells in neuronal sensory functions, and provides a resource for future characterization of other olfactory subsystem-specific genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01425-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Scalzotto
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Renny Ng
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Steeve Cruchet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Saina
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Armida
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Ying Su
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Time-Dependent Odorant Sensitivity Modulation in Insects. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040354. [PMID: 35447796 PMCID: PMC9028461 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects, including blood-feeding female mosquitoes, can transmit deadly diseases, such as malaria, encephalitis, dengue, and yellow fever. Insects use olfaction to locate food sources, mates, and hosts. The nature of odorant plumes poses a challenge for insects in locating odorant sources in the environment. In order to modulate the system for the detection of fresh stimuli or changes in odorant concentrations, the olfaction system desensitizes to different concentrations and durations of stimuli. Without this ability, the chemotaxis behaviors of insects are defective. Thus, understanding how insects adjust their olfactory response dynamics to parse the chemical language of the external environment is not only a basic biology question but also has far-reaching implications for repellents and pest control. Abstract Insects use olfaction to detect ecologically relevant chemicals in their environment. To maintain useful responses over a variety of stimuli, olfactory receptor neurons are desensitized to prolonged or high concentrations of stimuli. Depending on the timescale, the desensitization is classified as short-term, which typically spans a few seconds; or long-term, which spans from minutes to hours. Compared with the well-studied mechanisms of desensitization in vertebrate olfactory neurons, the mechanisms underlying invertebrate olfactory sensitivity regulation remain poorly understood. Recently, using a large-scale functional screen, a conserved critical receptor phosphorylation site has been identified in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster, providing new insight into the molecular basis of desensitization in insects. Here, we summarize the progress in this area and provide perspectives on future directions to determine the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the desensitization in insect olfaction.
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Hurbain I, Macé AS, Romao M, Prince E, Sengmanivong L, Ruel L, Basto R, Thérond PP, Raposo G, D'Angelo G. Microvilli-derived extracellular vesicles carry Hedgehog morphogenic signals for Drosophila wing imaginal disc development. Curr Biol 2021; 32:361-373.e6. [PMID: 34890558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Morphogens are secreted molecules that regulate and coordinate major developmental processes, such as cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis. Depending on the mechanisms of secretion and the nature of their carriers, morphogens act at short and long range. We investigated the paradigmatic long-range activity of Hedgehog (Hh), a well-known morphogen, and its contribution to the growth and patterning of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to Hh long-range activity; however, the nature, the site, and the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of these vesicular carriers remain unknown. Here, through the analysis of mutants and a series of Drosophila RNAi-depleted wing imaginal discs using fluorescence and live-imaging electron microscopy, including tomography and 3D reconstruction, we demonstrate that microvilli of the wing imaginal disc epithelium are the site of generation of small EVs that transport Hh across the tissue. Further, we show that the Prominin-like (PromL) protein is critical for microvilli integrity. Together with actin cytoskeleton and membrane phospholipids, PromL maintains microvilli architecture that is essential to promote its secretory function. Importantly, the distribution of Hh to microvilli and its release via these EVs contribute to the proper morphogenesis of the wing imaginal disc. Our results demonstrate that microvilli-derived EVs are carriers for Hh long-range signaling in vivo. By establishing that members of the Prominin protein family are key determinants of microvilli formation and integrity, our findings support the view that microvilli-derived EVs conveying Hh may provide a means for exchanging signaling cues of high significance in tissue development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Maryse Romao
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Elodie Prince
- Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7277 CNRS, Inserm U1091, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Lucie Sengmanivong
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Ruel
- Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7277 CNRS, Inserm U1091, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pascal P Thérond
- Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7277 CNRS, Inserm U1091, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gisela D'Angelo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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5
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Zhou Y, Gorfe AA, Hancock JF. RAS Nanoclusters Selectively Sort Distinct Lipid Headgroups and Acyl Chains. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:686338. [PMID: 34222339 PMCID: PMC8245699 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.686338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are lipid-anchored small GTPases that switch between the GTP-bound active and GDP-bound inactive states. RAS isoforms, including HRAS, NRAS and splice variants KRAS4A and KRAS4B, are some of the most frequently mutated proteins in cancer. In particular, constitutively active mutants of KRAS comprise ∼80% of all RAS oncogenic mutations and are found in 98% of pancreatic, 45% of colorectal and 31% of lung tumors. Plasma membrane (PM) is the primary location of RAS signaling in biology and pathology. Thus, a better understanding of how RAS proteins localize to and distribute on the PM is critical to better comprehend RAS biology and to develop new strategies to treat RAS pathology. In this review, we discuss recent findings on how RAS proteins sort lipids as they undergo macromolecular assembly on the PM. We also discuss how RAS/lipid nanoclusters serve as signaling platforms for the efficient recruitment of effectors and signal transduction, and how perturbing the PM biophysical properties affect the spatial distribution of RAS isoforms and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alemayehu A. Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John F. Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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PKC98E Regulates Odorant Responses in Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3948-3957. [PMID: 33789918 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3019-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila odorant receptors (Ors) are ligand gated ion channels composed of a common receptor subunit Or co-receptor (ORCO) and one of 62 "tuning" receptor subunits that confer odorant specificity to olfactory neuron responses. Like other sensory systems studied to date, exposing Drosophila olfactory neurons to activating ligands results in reduced responses to subsequent exposures through a process called desensitization. We recently showed that phosphorylation of serine 289 on the common Or subunit ORCO is required for normal peak olfactory neuron responses. Dephosphorylation of this residue occurs on prolonged odorant exposure, and underlies the slow modulation of olfactory neuron responses we term "slow desensitization." Slow desensitization results in the reduction of peak olfactory neuron responses and flattening of dose-response curves, implicating changes in ORCOS289 phosphorylation state as an important modulator of olfactory neuron responses. Here, we report the identification of the primary kinase responsible for ORCOS289 phosphorylation, PKC98E. Antiserum localizes the kinase to the dendrites of the olfactory neurons. Deletion of the kinase from olfactory neurons in the naive state (the absence of prolonged odor exposure) reduces ORCOS289 phosphorylation and reduces peak odorant responses without altering receptor localization or expression levels. Genetic rescue with a PKC98E predicted to be constitutively active restores ORCO S289 phosphorylation and olfactory neuron sensitivity to the PKC98E mutants in the naive state. However, the dominant kinase is defective for slow desensitization. Together, these findings reveal that PKC98E is an important regulator of ORCO receptors and olfactory neuron function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have identified PKC98E as the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of the odorant receptor co-receptor (ORCO) at S289 that is required for normal odorant response kinetics of olfactory neurons. This is a significant step toward revealing the enzymology underlying the regulation of odorant response regulation in insects.
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7
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McLaughlin CN, Brbić M, Xie Q, Li T, Horns F, Kolluru SS, Kebschull JM, Vacek D, Xie A, Li J, Jones RC, Leskovec J, Quake SR, Luo L, Li H. Single-cell transcriptomes of developing and adult olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila. eLife 2021; 10:e63856. [PMID: 33555999 PMCID: PMC7870146 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of environmental cues is essential for the survival of all organisms. Transcriptional changes occur to enable the generation and function of the neural circuits underlying sensory perception. To gain insight into these changes, we generated single-cell transcriptomes of Drosophila olfactory- (ORNs), thermo-, and hygro-sensory neurons at an early developmental and adult stage using single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing. We discovered that ORNs maintain expression of the same olfactory receptors across development. Using receptor expression and computational approaches, we matched transcriptomic clusters corresponding to anatomically and physiologically defined neuron types across multiple developmental stages. We found that cell-type-specific transcriptomes partly reflected axon trajectory choices in development and sensory modality in adults. We uncovered stage-specific genes that could regulate the wiring and sensory responses of distinct ORN types. Collectively, our data reveal transcriptomic features of sensory neuron biology and provide a resource for future studies of their development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen N McLaughlin
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Maria Brbić
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Qijing Xie
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tongchao Li
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Felix Horns
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Sai Saroja Kolluru
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubStanfordUnited States
| | - Justus M Kebschull
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - David Vacek
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Anthony Xie
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Biology Graduate Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Robert C Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jure Leskovec
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubStanfordUnited States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Hongjie Li
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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8
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Wicher D, Miazzi F. Functional properties of insect olfactory receptors: ionotropic receptors and odorant receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:7-19. [PMID: 33502604 PMCID: PMC7873100 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of insect olfactory receptors belong to two distinct protein families, the ionotropic receptors (IRs), which are related to the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, and the odorant receptors (ORs), which evolved from the gustatory receptor family. Both receptor types assemble to heteromeric ligand-gated cation channels composed of odor-specific receptor proteins and co-receptor proteins. We here present in short the current view on evolution, function, and regulation of IRs and ORs. Special attention is given on how their functional properties can meet the environmental and ecological challenges an insect has to face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Wicher
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Fabio Miazzi
- Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Insects thrive in diverse ecological niches in large part because of their highly sophisticated olfactory systems. Over the last two decades, a major focus in the study of insect olfaction has been on the role of olfactory receptors in mediating neuronal responses to environmental chemicals. In vivo, these receptors operate in specialized structures, called sensilla, which comprise neurons and non-neuronal support cells, extracellular lymph fluid and a precisely shaped cuticle. While sensilla are inherent to odour sensing in insects, we are only just beginning to understand their construction and function. Here, we review recent work that illuminates how odour-evoked neuronal activity is impacted by sensillar morphology, lymph fluid biochemistry, accessory signalling molecules in neurons and the physiological crosstalk between sensillar cells. These advances reveal multi-layered molecular and cellular mechanisms that determine the selectivity, sensitivity and dynamic modulation of odour-evoked responses in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden R Schmidt
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Perinatal exposure to diets with different n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios affects olfactory tissue fatty acid composition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10785. [PMID: 32612195 PMCID: PMC7329853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) and the olfactory bulb (OB) are responsible for the detection and processing of olfactory signals. Like the brain and retina, they contain high levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential for the structure and function of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Since the influence of the maternal diet on olfactory lipid profiles of the offspring has been poorly explored, we examined the effects of feeding mice during the perinatal period with diets containing an adequate linoleic acid level but either deficient in α-linolenic acid (ALA) or supplemented in n-3 long-chain PUFAs on the lipid composition of dams and weaning offspring olfactory tissues. In both the OM and OB, the low n-3 ALA diet led to a marked reduction in n-3 PUFAs with a concomitant increase in n-6 PUFAs, whereas consumption of the high n-3 PUFA diet reduced n-6 PUFAs and increased n-3 PUFAs. Structural analysis showed that the molecular species profiles of the main phospholipid classes of olfactory tissues from weaning pups were markedly affected by the maternal diets. This study demonstrates that the PUFA status of olfactory tissues is sensitive to diet composition from the early stages of development.
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11
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Yu KE, Kim DH, Kim YI, Jones WD, Lee JE. Mass Spectrometry-Based Screening Platform Reveals Orco Interactome in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cells 2018; 41:150-159. [PMID: 29429152 PMCID: PMC5824025 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals use their odorant receptors to receive chemical information from the environment. Insect odorant receptors differ from the G protein-coupled odorant receptors in vertebrates and nematodes, and very little is known about their protein-protein interactions. Here, we introduce a mass spectrometric platform designed for the large-scale analysis of insect odorant receptor protein-protein interactions. Using this platform, we obtained the first Orco interactome from Drosophila melanogaster. From a total of 1,186 identified proteins, we narrowed the interaction candidates to 226, of which only two-thirds have been named. These candidates include the known olfactory proteins Or92a and Obp51a. Around 90% of the proteins having published names likely function inside the cell, and nearly half of these intracellular proteins are associated with the endomembrane system. In a basic loss-of-function electrophysiological screen, we found that the disruption of eight (i.e., Rab5, CG32795, Mpcp, Tom70, Vir-1, CG30427, Eaat1, and CG2781) of 28 randomly selected candidates affects olfactory responses in vivo. Thus, because this Orco interactome includes physiologically meaningful candidates, we anticipate that our platform will help guide further research on the molecular mechanisms of the insect odorant receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Do-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Yong-In Kim
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Walton D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - J. Eugene Lee
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
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12
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Martin F, Alcorta E. Measuring activity in olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila: Focus on spike amplitude. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 95:23-41. [PMID: 27614176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory responses at the receptor level have been thoroughly described in Drosophila melanogaster by electrophysiological methods. Single sensilla recordings (SSRs) measure neuronal activity in intact individuals in response to odors. For sensilla that contain more than one olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), their different spontaneous spike amplitudes can distinguish each signal under resting conditions. However, activity is mainly described by spike frequency. Some reports on ORN response dynamics studied two components in the olfactory responses of ORNs: a fast component that is reflected by the spike frequency and a slow component that is observed in the LFP (local field potential, the single sensillum counterpart of the electroantennogram, EAG). However, no apparent correlation was found between the two elements. In this report, we show that odorant stimulation produces two different effects in the fast component, affecting spike frequency and spike amplitude. Spike amplitude clearly diminishes at the beginning of a response, but it recovers more slowly than spike frequency after stimulus cessation, suggesting that ORNs return to resting conditions long after they recover a normal spontaneous spike frequency. Moreover, spike amplitude recovery follows the same kinetics as the slow voltage component measured by the LFP, suggesting that both measures are connected. These results were obtained in ab2 and ab3 sensilla in response to two odors at different concentrations. Both spike amplitude and LFP kinetics depend on odorant, concentration and neuron, suggesting that like the EAG they may reflect olfactory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martin
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Esther Alcorta
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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13
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Wang B, Liu Y, He K, Wang G. Comparison of research methods for functional characterization of insect olfactory receptors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32806. [PMID: 27633402 PMCID: PMC5025650 DOI: 10.1038/srep32806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect olfactory receptors (ORs) in the peripheral olfactory system play an important role detecting elements of information from the environment. At present, various approaches are used for deorphanizing of ORs in insect. In this study, we compared methods for functional analysis of ORs in vitro and in vivo taking the candidate pheromone receptor OR13 of Helicoverpa assulta (HassOR13) as the object of our experiments. We found that the natural system was more sensitive than those utilizing transgenic Drosophila. The two-electrode voltage-clamp recording is more suitable for functional screening of large numbers of ORs, while the in vivo transgenic Drosophila system could prove more accurate to further validate the function of a specific OR. We also found that, among the different solvents used to dissolve pheromones and odorants, hexane offered good reproducibility and high sensitivity. Finally, the function of ORs was indirectly confirmed in transgenic Drosophila, showing that odor-activation of ORs-expressing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) can mediate behavioral choices. In summary, our results compare advantages and drawbacks of different approaches, thus helping in the choice of the method most suitable, in each specific situation, for deorphanizing insect ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Zhou Y, Wong CO, Cho KJ, van der Hoeven D, Liang H, Thakur DP, Luo J, Babic M, Zinsmaier KE, Zhu MX, Hu H, Venkatachalam K, Hancock JF. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Membrane potential modulates plasma membrane phospholipid dynamics and K-Ras signaling. Science 2015; 349:873-6. [PMID: 26293964 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane depolarization can trigger cell proliferation, but how membrane potential influences mitogenic signaling is uncertain. Here, we show that plasma membrane depolarization induces nanoscale reorganization of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate but not other anionic phospholipids. K-Ras, which is targeted to the plasma membrane by electrostatic interactions with phosphatidylserine, in turn undergoes enhanced nanoclustering. Depolarization-induced changes in phosphatidylserine and K-Ras plasma membrane organization occur in fibroblasts, excitable neuroblastoma cells, and Drosophila neurons in vivo and robustly amplify K-Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Conversely, plasma membrane repolarization disrupts K-Ras nanoclustering and inhibits MAPK signaling. By responding to voltage-induced changes in phosphatidylserine spatiotemporal dynamics, K-Ras nanoclusters set up the plasma membrane as a biological field-effect transistor, allowing membrane potential to control the gain in mitogenic signaling circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ching-On Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kwang-jin Cho
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dharini van der Hoeven
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dhananiay P Thakur
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Milos Babic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Konrad E Zinsmaier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kartik Venkatachalam
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John F Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Lee S, Taguchi T, Arai H. Endosomal lipid flippases and their related diseases. Channels (Austin) 2015; 9:166-8. [PMID: 26083369 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2015.1062332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shoken Lee
- a Department of Health Chemistry ; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo ; Tokyo , Japan
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16
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Panatala R, Hennrich H, Holthuis JCM. Inner workings and biological impact of phospholipid flippases. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2021-32. [PMID: 25918123 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane, trans-Golgi network and endosomal system of eukaryotic cells are populated with flippases that hydrolyze ATP to help establish asymmetric phospholipid distributions across the bilayer. Upholding phospholipid asymmetry is vital to a host of cellular processes, including membrane homeostasis, vesicle biogenesis, cell signaling, morphogenesis and migration. Consequently, defining the identity of flippases and their biological impact has been the subject of intense investigations. Recent work has revealed a remarkable degree of kinship between flippases and cation pumps. In this Commentary, we review emerging insights into how flippases work, how their activity is controlled according to cellular demands, and how disrupting flippase activity causes system failure of membrane function, culminating in membrane trafficking defects, aberrant signaling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Panatala
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands Molecular Cell Biology Division, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hanka Hennrich
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands Molecular Cell Biology Division, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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17
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Sartorel E, Barrey E, Lau RK, Thorner J. Plasma membrane aminoglycerolipid flippase function is required for signaling competence in the yeast mating pheromone response pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:134-50. [PMID: 25378585 PMCID: PMC4279224 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The class 4 P-type ATPases ("flippases") maintain membrane asymmetry by translocating phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine from the outer leaflet to the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, five related gene products (Dnf1, Dnf2, Dnf3, Drs2, and Neo1) are implicated in flipping of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylcholine. In MAT A: cells responding to α-factor, we found that Dnf1, Dnf2, and Dnf3, as well as the flippase-activating protein kinase Fpk1, localize at the projection ("shmoo") tip where polarized growth is occurring and where Ste5 (the central scaffold protein of the pheromone-initiated MAPK cascade) is recruited. Although viable, a MAT A: dnf1∆ dnf2∆ dnf3∆ triple mutant exhibited a marked decrease in its ability to respond to α-factor, which we could attribute to pronounced reduction in Ste5 stability resulting from an elevated rate of its Cln2⋅Cdc28-initiated degradation. Similarly, a MAT A: dnf1∆ dnf3∆ drs2∆ triple mutant also displayed marked reduction in its ability to respond to α-factor, which we could attribute to inefficient recruitment of Ste5 to the plasma membrane due to severe mislocalization of the cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate pools. Thus proper remodeling of plasma membrane aminoglycerolipids and phosphoinositides is necessary for efficient recruitment, stability, and function of the pheromone signaling apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Sartorel
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202
| | - Evelyne Barrey
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202
| | - Rebecca K Lau
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202
| | - Jeremy Thorner
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202
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18
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Olfactory Signaling in Insects. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 130:37-54. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Fan CW, Chen B, Franco I, Lu J, Shi H, Wei S, Wang C, Wu X, Tang W, Roth MG, Williams NS, Hirsch E, Chen C, Lum L. The Hedgehog pathway effector smoothened exhibits signaling competency in the absence of ciliary accumulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1680-9. [PMID: 25484239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Misactivation of the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) is frequently associated with basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Cellular exposure to secreted Hedgehog (Hh) protein or oncogenic mutations in Hh pathway components induces Smo accumulation in the primary cilium, an antenna-like organelle with mostly unknown cellular functions. Despite the data supporting an indispensable role of the primary cilium in Smo activation, the mechanistic underpinnings of this dependency remain unclear. Using a cell-membrane-impermeable Smo antagonist (IHR-1), we demonstrate that Smo supplied with a synthetic agonist or activated with oncogenic mutations can signal without ciliary accumulation. Similarly, cells with compromised ciliary Smo trafficking due to loss of the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)-C2α retain transcriptional response to an exogenously supplied Smo agonist. These observations suggest that assembly of a Smo-signaling complex in the primary cilium is not a prerequisite for Hh pathway activation driven by Smo agonists or oncogenic Smo molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Irene Franco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Heping Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Changguang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael G Roth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lawrence Lum
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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20
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Li Z, Ni JD, Huang J, Montell C. Requirement for Drosophila SNMP1 for rapid activation and termination of pheromone-induced activity. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004600. [PMID: 25255106 PMCID: PMC4177743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheromones are used for conspecific communication by many animals. In Drosophila, the volatile male-specific pheromone 11-cis vaccenyl acetate (cVA) supplies an important signal for gender recognition. Sensing of cVA by the olfactory system depends on multiple components, including an olfactory receptor (OR67d), the co-receptor ORCO, and an odorant binding protein (LUSH). In addition, a CD36 related protein, sensory neuron membrane protein 1 (SNMP1) is also involved in cVA detection. Loss of SNMP1 has been reported to eliminate cVA responsiveness, and to greatly increase spontaneous activity of OR67d-expressing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Here, we found the snmp1(1) mutation did not abolish cVA responsiveness or cause high spontaneous activity. The cVA responses in snmp1 mutants displayed a delayed onset, and took longer to reach peak activity than wild-type. Most strikingly, loss of SNMP1 caused a dramatic delay in signal termination. The profound impairment in signal inactivation accounted for the previously reported "spontaneous activity," which represented continuous activation following transient exposure to environmental cVA. We introduced the silk moth receptor (BmOR1) in OR67d ORNs of snmp1(1) flies and found that the ORNs showed slow activation and deactivation kinetics in response to the BmOR1 ligand (bombykol). We expressed the bombykol receptor complex in Xenopus oocytes in the presence or absence of the silk moth SNMP1 (BmSNMP) and found that addition of BmSNMP accelerated receptor activation and deactivation. Our results thus clarify SNMP1 as an important player required for the rapid kinetics of the pheromone response in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jinfei D. Ni
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Jia Huang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Craig Montell
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
- * E-mail:
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